GII PHP NNG CP CHUI GI LA GO VNG NG BNG SNG CU LONG, VIT NAMTin s Nguyn Ph Son Vin Nghin Cu Pht Trin BSCL, i hc Cn Th La go c xem l mt trong nhng mt hng xut khu chin lc ca Vit Nam ni chung v ca ng bng Sng Cu Long (BSCL) ni ring, vi din tch gieo trng khong 7,5 triu hc ta nm 2010, t mc sn lng gn 40 triu tn la (tng ng gn 27 triu tn go). Vi mc sn lng t c ny, sau khi tr i phn tiu dng trong nc v d tr quc gia th lng go xut khu nm 2010 t gn 7 triu tn, vi kim ngch xut khu khong 3,2 t. Tr gi xut khu go nm 2010 chim gn 5% tng kim ngch xut khu ca c nc v gn 20% tng kim ngch xut khu ca ngnh nng, lm, thy sn ca c nc USD (Tng cc thng k, 2011). Nhng con s va nu minh chng c tm quan trng ca ngnh hng ny trong s pht trin chung ca t nc. Tuy nhin, vn tn ti nhiu cu hi t ra lin quan n vn lm sao nng cp chui gi tr ngnh hng ny nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca chui, t gp phn nng cao thu nhp cho cc tc nhn tham gia, c bit l ngi nng dn. tr li cho cu hi ny, thng qua cch tip cn phn tch chui gi tr ca Kaplinsky & Morris (2001) cho ngnh hng la go vng BSCL, c th da trn nghin cu ti 4 tnh ca BSCL, bao gm: An Giang, Kin Giang, Sc Trng v Long An nm 2009-2010, chng ti hy vng s a ra nhng gii php thit thc cho vic pht trin ngnh hng ny. Bi cnh th trng Kt qu nghin cu cho thy tc tng trng hng nm trong khong thi gian 19892009 ca gi go xut khu ca Vit Nam v gi la bn ti nng h ln lt l 3,72% v 5,15% (Dng, 2010), y l du hiu ng mng cho nhng nh xut khu la go, cng nh ngi nng dn v nhu cu th trng xut khu go i vi sn phm la go. Mt du hiu th trng khc cho thy s chp nhn th trng i vi go cht lng cao (5% tm) ca Vit Nam so vi go ca Thi Lan (l i th ln ca Vit Nam trn th trng la go). Hnh 1 bn di cho thy gi go xut khu ca Ta v Thi Lan t 2005 n 2009 khng c s khc bit ng k. iu ny cho thy chng ta vn cn c c hi thm nhp vo khc th trng cht lng cao.

Hnh 1: Gi go xut khu 5% tm ca Thi Lan v Vit Nam (Ngun: Agroinfo DATA, USDA, 2010) 1

Da trn gc quan h cung cu hng ho trong nc cho thy Vit Nam trong 10 nm qua lun c lng go hng ho d tha cho th trng xut khu v trong tng lai vin cnh ny vn cn tip din. C th trong nm 2009, lng go dnh cho xut khu v d tr (sau khi tr i nhu cu trong nc v tht thot) l 6,05 v 1,50 triu tn (Lc, 2009). Nh vy, tim nng xut khu go ca Vit Nam hon ton c th khng nh mt cch lc quan cho hin ti v tng lai. Bn cnh nhng li th cnh tranh trong xut khu go ca Vit Nam, chim 18% th phn th gii, ng hng th hai sau Thi Lan vi 30% th phn (Lc, 2009). Hot ng xut khu ca Vit Nam cn c h tr v mt chnh sch v m nh: Thu xut khu c p dng l 0% cho tt c cc loi sn phm nng v lm nghip, c bit l go, m rng i tng c tham gia xut khu go cho cc doanh nghip k c t nhn c nng lc xut khu, h tr cho nng dn li sut tn tr khi chi ph sn xut bng hoc cao hn gi c th trng, h tr tn dng cho cc doanh nghip vay mua lng la tn ng trong nng dn. Ngoi ra, Chnh ph Vit Nam cng u t ngun vn kh ln cho vic hin i ha h thng sau thu hoch, c bit nng cp ng x, cu, v h thng thy li cng nh ti tiu. Thm vo , Chnh ph tng cng xy dng h thng thng tin th trng cung cp thng tin cho cc doanh nghip v ngi nng dn. Nhng hn ch pht trin chui ngnh hng la go ca Vit Nam Tht thot sau thu hoch: tng lng la tht thot sau thu hoch trong khu sn xut nm 2009 gn 3,4 triu tn, chim 9,8% tng sn lng la. Nu tnh lun c lng tht thot trong khu ch bin v phn phi th lng tht thot ny ln n 20% (Lc, 2009). Nhng nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng tht thot ny bao gm: 1) thiu kho d tr la go, 2) t l go gy cao do thu hoch khng ng thi im v thiu thit b thu hoch, 3) phi sy khng kp thi v khng ng k thut. Ti chnh: u t cho h thng kho tr v my sy t cc doanh nghip v h gia nh hin ti cn rt hn ch do h thiu vn. Bn cnh , cha c s u t thch ng ca Nh nc vo cc khu ny do vy dn n tnh trng tht thot cao v cht lng la go thp. Qun l: mc d Nh nc c chnh sch h tr tn dng cho cc doanh nghip v h nng dn u t my mc, thit b trong khu thu hoch v ch bin, nhng do th tc v qui ch vay cn bt cp, nn kh cho h tip cn ngun vn vay ny. Bn cnh , thiu lao ng nng thn trong thi v thu hoch, mt rung cha bng phng, xung ging khng ng lot, din tch manh mn, khng c s khc bit ngha gia la sy v khng sy (Trm Tn Thnh, 2009) v khng c s lin kt gia ch phng tin sau thu hoch v ngi nng dn lm hn ch trong vic s dng cc my mc, thit b sau thu hoch. K thut: nu nh k thut trong khu sn xut dng nh khng cn l vn ln na, th k nng s dng cc phng tin sau thu hoch (my gt p lin hp, my sy, my xay xt cn nhiu hn ch do trnh k thut ca cc ch phng tin cn yu (Trung Tm Khuyn Nng cc tnh An Giang, Hu Giang v Bc Liu, 2009). Phn phi li nhun gia cc tc nhn: la nng dn sn xut ra bn ch yu cho thng li (93%) v ch c 4,2% bn trc tip cho Cng ty xut nhp khu (Lc, 2009). Nhng con s ny cho thy mi lin kt gia nng dn vi doanh nghip cn rt hn ch. Chnh iu ny cng gp phn dn n phn phi li nhun cho ngi nng dn tham gia chui thp. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca V Th Thanh Lc (2009) th Nng dn nhn 25,6% li nhun/kg go, 39,2% tng li nhun v 22,3% tng thu nhp trong ton chui. Tuy nhin, vi thu nhp ny nu trung bnh mi nng h trng la c 5 nhn khu th thu nhp trung bnh/nhn khu s l 727.062 ng/thng v khong 908.828 ng/thng (nu h c 4 nhn khu). iu ny cho thy rng mc d nng dn c li nhun tng i cao trn 1kg go sn xut ra so vi vi tc nhn khc trong chui nhng thu nhp v la go tnh trn u ngi vn rt thp. 2

Hu cn: phn ln khu vn chuyn trong khu thu mua la c thc hin bng phng tin ghe nn rt kh cho ngi nng dn vng su c iu kin h tng thp. Trong khu tiu th ni a, ch yu s dng phng tin xe ti, cn trong knh xut khu s dng phng tin x lan. Ri ro: nhng ri ro xy ra i vi cc tc nhn trong chui bao gm: 1) ri ro v thi tit, nng dn l tc nhn chu nh hng ln nht t ri ro ny, 2) ri ro v sinh hc v mi trng, mc du ri ro ny v ang hin hu nhng hu ht cc tc nhn u cha nh gi cao v nhng hu qu c dn ra t ri ro ny, 3) ri ro v th trng, nh hng n tt c cc tc nhn, nhng c l nng dn vn l tc nhn chu nh hng ln nht, 4) ri ro v th ch, chnh sch, cng ty xut nhp khu chu nh hng ln t cc chnh sch gi v hp ng mua bn gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v Chnh ph ca cc nc nhp khu. T nhng hn ch va nu, nhng thng tin thu c t vic phng vn cc tc nhn tham gia chui gi tr ngnh hng la go (nng dn, thng li, nh ch bin, cc Cng ty xut khu go) v cc t chc h tr/thc y chui (S Nng Nghip & Pht Trin Nng Thn, cc Nh khoa hc ti cc Vin, Trng, Chnh quyn a phng cc cp) c tng hp, nh gi a ra nhng gii php nng cp chui, nh c trnh by trong phn k tip sau. Nhng gii php nng cp chui ngnh hng la go ca Vit Nam Chin lc ct gim chi ph: thng qua vic tng cng mi lin kt gia cc t chc nng dn vi cc nh cung cp u vo, cng nh vic khuyn khch vn ng nng dn p dng cc chng trnh 3 gim, 3 tng v chng trnh 1 phi 5 gim. Trong khu phn phi cn y mnh vic ni kt th trng cho cc t chc nng dn vi doanh nghip, i i vi vic cng c, pht trin hnh thnh cc t chc kinh t hp tc cho nng dn. Chin lc nng cao cht lng: u t v m rng cc chng trnh lai to v chn lc ging c nng sut cao v p ng c nhu cu ca th trng. To iu kin cho cc t chc nng dn p dng k thut sn xut theo tiu chun cht lng. Tiu chun ny c cc doanh nghip thu mua, da vo nhu cu ca th trng. Chin lc u t cng ngh: u t cc phng tin, thit b sau thu hoch nh l sy, kho cha, my gt p lin hp, ng thi vi vic ci to mt bng ng rung c th s dng c hiu qu cc my mc c u t. Ci tin v pht trin chnh sch: bao gm vic 1) pht trin h thng thng tin th trng v d bo (cp quc gia v cp vng) gip cho doanh nghip v nng dn a ra quyt nh sn xut v kinh doanh hiu qu, 2) tng cng vic thc thi chnh sch xut khu c iu kin thay cho chnh sch xut khu theo hn ngch, 3) Chnh quyn a phng cc cp nn thc s vn thn vo vic xy dng lin kt 4 nh trong sn xut v tiu th la go, 4) p dng chnh sch bo him v tr cp cho ngi nng dn thng qua vic thu 1 la trn 1 tn go xut khu, 5) ci tin th tc cho vay ca ngn hng sao cho ngi dn v doanh nghip d tip cn hn, 6) Nh nc nn u t xy dng nhiu silo d tr la go cp vng, 7) Chnh quyn a phng cng vi cc s ban ngnh c lin quan nn tip tc h tr vic thnh lp v cng c cc t chc kinh t ca nng dn.

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TI LIU THAM KHO AGROINFO weekly report, 2010 (www.agro.gov.vn) Kaplinsky, R. and Morris, M (2001). A handbook for value chain research. paper prepared for the IDRC, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/global/pdfs/VchNov01.pdf. Mller ... Tng cc thng k, 2011(www.gso.gov.vn) Tran Tan Thanh (2009). Some problems with grain quality and post harvest handling. Report on technology and post harvest losses spoken at Cantho Conference in September 2009. TTKN Angiang (2009). Technology before and after harvest in Angiang Province. Report on technology and post harvest losses spoken at Cantho Conference in September 2009. Extension Center. TTKN Baclieu (2009). Technology before and after harvest in Baclieu Province. Report on technology and post harvest losses spoken at Cantho Conference in September 2009. Extension Center. TTKN Haugiang (2009). The situation of rice post harvest in Haugiang. Report on technology and post harvest losses spoken at Cantho Conference in September 2009. Extension Center. Vo Hung Dung (2010). Rice exportation from 1989 2009. The workshop on Vietnam rice tendency in 2010 in Cantho City. V Th Thanh Lc & ctv (2009). Phn tch chui gi tr ngnh hng la go vng BSCL.

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