getting the most from lube oil analysis

7/26/2019 Getting the Most From Lube Oil Analysis

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GETTING THE MOST

OUT OF LUBE OILANALYSIS

Common Oil Analysis Tests & Their Significance


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InsightServices,Inc. | www.TESTOIL.com | @testoil1

TTOverview

Thepracticeofoilanalysishaschangeddrasticallyfromitsoriginal

inceptionintherailroadindustry.Intodaysexplodingcomputerand

informationage,oilanalysishasevolvedintoamandatorytoolinones

predictivemaintenance(PdM)arsenal.

AsaPdMtool,oilanalysisisusedtouncover,isolateandoffersolutions

forabnormallubricantandmachineconditions.Theseabnormalitiescan

resultinexpensive,sometimescatastrophicdamagecausinglost

production,extensiverepaircosts,andevenoperatoraccidents.

Thegoalofaneffectiveoilanalysisprogramistoincreasethereliability

andavailabilityofmachinerywhileminimizingmaintenancecosts

associatedwithoilchangeouts,labor,repairsanddowntime.

Accomplishingthisgoaltakestime,trainingandpatience.However,the

resultsaredramaticandthedocumentedsavingsandcostavoidance

aresignificant.


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3 InsightServices,Inc. | www.TESTOIL.com | @testoil1

Contents

0B0B0B

LubricationProperties .................................................................................................................... 4

1B1B1BTheRoleofOilAnalysis................................................................................................................... 6

2B2B2BElementalSpectroscopy.................................................................................................................. 7

3B3B3BViscosity .......................................................................................................................................... 9

4B4B4BAcidNumber ......................................................................................................................... ........ 10

5B5B5BBaseNumber................................................................................................................................. 11

6B6B6BWaterContamination ................................................................................................................... 12

7B7B7B

ParticleCount................................................................................................................................ 13

8B8B8BFerrousWearConcentration ........................................................................................................ 14

9B9B9BAnalyticalFerrography.................................................................................................................. 15

10B10B10BConclusion..................................................................................................................................... 16


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4 InsightServices,Inc. | www.TESTOIL.com

The primary functions of a lubricant are to

lubricate, cool, clean, protect, seal andtransmit power.

0B0B0BLubrication Properties

Lubeoilanalysisisusedextensivelytohelpcompaniesmaintaintheir

equipment.Inordertotakefullbenefitfromthetestdatafromoilsamples,itisimportanttounderstandthebasicpropertiesofa

lubricant. Equallyimportantistheunderstandingofhowthese

propertiesaffecttheabilityofthelubricantto function.Lastly,

knowledgeofthecommontesttechniquesandinstrumentationusedto

analyzeoilcanaidindatainterpretationandleadtomoreproductive

correctiveaction.

Toeffectivelymonitorhowwellalubricantisworking,thefunctionsof

thelubricantmustbeunderstood.Theprimaryfunctionofalubricantis

quiteobviouslytolubricate(thatis,toreducefriction).Byreducing

friction,wearisreduced,asistheamountofenergyrequiredto

performthework.

In1699,aphysicistnamedGuillaumeAmontonsdeducedthatfrictionis

theresultofsurfaceroughness.Sincenosolidsurfaceisperfectly

smooth,opposingfrictionsurfaceshavepeakscalledasperitiesthat

comeincontactwithoneanother.Ideally,alubricantwillphysically

separatetheseasperitieswithanoilfilm.Thisiscalledfullfluidfilm

lubrication.

Whentheproperlubricantisused,andtheproperloadisapplied,the

asperitiesarenotincontactandintheorynowearwilloccur.When

inadequatelubricationispresent,ortheloadisincreased,theoilfilm

willnotbethickenoughtofullyseparatetheasperities.Mixed

lubrication,a cross between boundary and hydrodynamic

lubrication,occurswhentheoilfilmthicknessisequaltotheaverage

asperityheight.Thelargestasperitieswillcomeincontact,resultingin

increasedwear.

Manyoilsarefortifiedwithantiwearadditivestocombatwearunder

thesecircumstances.Asloadcontinuestoincrease,orlubrication

degrades,boundarylubricationoccursandtheoilfilmthicknesscannot


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separatethefrictionsurfaces.Thiscanresultinmetaltometalcontact.

Atthispoint,asperitiesareadheringtooneanother,causingsevere

machinewear.Thiscanalsomanifestitselfduringperiodsofshock

loading,startuporshutdown.Extremepressureadditivesareusedin

oilsthatfrequentlyencounterthesetypesofsituations.

Lubricantsalsocontrolthetemperatureoftheequipment.Oilabsorbs

heat generatedatthefrictionsurfaceandcarriesitawaytobe

dispersed.Manysystemsincorporateheatexchangersorradiatorsto

aidinremovingheatfromthesystem.Alongwithheat,lubricants

transportdirtandotherdebrisawayfromthefrictionsurface.

Particulatecontaminationleadstoincreasedwearthroughabrasionand

reducedoilflow.Someoiladditivepackagescontainagentsthatbreak

upcontaminantsandholdtheminsuspensiontobefilteredout.This

preventsharmfuldepositsandvarnishfromformingwithinthe

equipment.Alkalineadditivesalsoprotectthecomponentsbyneutralizingacidandpreventingcorrosion.

Hydraulicoilshavetheaddedfunctionoftransmittingpower.To

functionproperly,hydraulicoilmustbecleanandfreeofcontaminants.

Manycontaminantswillcauseoiltofoamandentrainairorwater.

Entrainedaircausestheoiltocompressunderpressure,resultingina

lossofpower.Particulatecontaminantscancausethecontrolvalvesto

malfunctionandrestricttheoilflow.


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1B1B1BThe Role of Oil Analysis

Selectingtheproperlubricant,alongwithcarefulmaintenanceofthat

lubricant,isessentialtoensureadequateprotectiontoanymachine.Properlubricationisdefinedasacorrectamountofthecorrect

lubricantatthecorrecttime.

Maintainingalubricantmeansensuringthatithasthecorrectviscosity

andthenecessaryadditivesfortheapplication.Stepsmustbetakento

keepthelubricantcleanandserviceable.Oilanalysisisthemost

effectivewaytoprolongtheusefullifeoflubricants,whilemaintaining

maximumprotectionofequipment.

Oilanalysistestsrevealinformationthatcanbebrokendownintothree

categories:

Lubricantcondition:theassessmentofthelubricantcondition

revealswhetherthesystemfluidishealthyandfitforfurther

service,orisreadyforachange.

Contaminants:increasedcontaminantsfromthesurrounding

environmentintheformofdirt,waterandprocess

contaminationaretheleadingcauseofmachinedegradation

andfailure.Increasedcontaminationindicatesthatitistimeto

takeactioninordertosavetheoilandavoidunnecessary

machinewear.

Machinewear:anunhealthymachinegenerateswearparticles

atanexponentialrate.Thedetectionandanalysisofthese

particlesassistinmakingcriticalmaintenancedecisions.

Machinefailureduetowornoutcomponentscanbeavoided.It

isimportanttorememberthathealthyandcleanoilleadstothe

minimizationofmachinewear.

Lubricantconditionismonitoredwithteststhatquantifythephysical

propertiesoftheoiltoensurethatitisserviceable.Metalsanddebris

associatedwithmachineweararemeasuredtomonitorequipment

health.Someteststargetspecificcontaminantsthatarecommonly

foundinoils. Itisimperativetoselecttheproperblendofteststo

monitorthemachineslubricantcondition,weardebrisand

contaminantsinordertomeetthegoalsofsuccessfuloilanalysis.


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Elemental Spectroscopy is generally used to

provide qualitative and quantitative

information about metals in oil samples.

2B2B2BElemental Spectroscopy

Elementalspectroscopyisatestthatmonitorsallthreecategories

(lubricantcondition,weardebrisandcontaminants).Aspectrometerisusedtomeasurethelevelsofspecificchemicalelementspresentinanoil.

Twotypesofspectrometersarecommonlyused.Arcemission

spectrometersapplyenergyintheformofanelectricarctothesample.

Thisexcitestheatomsintovaporform,creatingaspectrumwherelight

isgenerated.Individuallightfrequenciesinthespectrumaremeasured

andquantifiedtodeterminethepresenceandquantitiesofspecific

elementspresent.Theothercommontypeofspectrometeristhe ICP

(inductivelycoupledplasma)spectrometer.Thisoperatesonasimilar

principle,exceptthattheenergyisappliedtothesamplebyaplasma

flameratherthananelectricarc.

Therearetypically20elementsmeasuredbyspectroscopyandreported

inpartspermillion(ppm).Thesemeasurementsrepresentelementsin

solution.Spectroscopyisnotabletomeasuresolidparticleslargerthen

roughly7m,whichleavesthistestblindtolargersolidparticles.

Typicallevelsofwearcanvarygreatlydependingonthetypeof

equipmentbeingsampled.Forexample,agearboxwillnormallyhave

muchhigherlevelsofironthanahydraulicsystem.Levelsofwearcan

varyacrossdifferentunitsofthesametypedependingonoilhours,

operatingconditions,loadinglevelsorotherconditions.Forthisreason,

itisimpossibletoestablishfirmlimitsforanypieceofequipmentbased

solelyontheequipmenttype.Totakefulladvantageofmonitoring

wear;atrendshouldbeestablishedtoprovideanoperationalbaseline

ofdata.Thiswillensuredetectionofabnormalwearratesasthey

developandallowsforthefactthatsimilarequipmentmaynotwearat

thesamerate.

Monitoringtheadditivelevelsprovidesinformationtoensurethatthe

properlubricantisbeingusedfortheapplicationandfortoppingoff.

Fourtypesoflubricantsaregenerallyusedinmostindustrial

applications,andeachhasdifferentadditivelevels.Itisimportantto


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Many oils are formulated for specificapplications and alternative additives must

be used.

notethatanoilslevelofadditivesmeasuredbyspectroscopyisnot

necessarilyanindicationoftheoilsquality.

Engineoilswilltypicallycontainantiwearadditivescomposed

ofzincandphosphorus.Oneshouldexpecttoseethese

elementspresentinapproximately1000ppm(200ppm).Adetergentpackageshouldalsobepresent,composedofsome

configurationofbarium,magnesiumandcalcium.Theselevels

willvarydependingontheoil.

Extremepressureoilsaretypicallyforgearapplications.Itis

commontoseesignificantamountsofphosphorus.

Antiwearoilsincludemanybearingoils,somegearoilsand

hydraulicfluids.Theseoilscontainbothzincandphosphorus

from200to600ppm.Theremaybeverylowlevelsof

detergent(magnesiumorcalcium)presentalso.

Rustandoxidationinhibitingoilsaretheeasiesttoidentify.

Theyincludeturbineoils,compressoroil,andsomebearingand

hydraulicoils.Theseoilshavenometallicadditivesthatcanbe

measuredbyspectroscopy,sothereshouldbeextremelylow

numbersforalladditivemetals.

Itisnotuncommontoseelowlevels(20ppm)ofsomeadditivemetals

wheretheyarenotexpected.Thisisusuallytheresultofresidual

contaminationintheequipmentorstoragetanks.

Thereareoilsthatdonotfitintothesedescriptions. Manyoilsare

formulatedforspecificapplicationsandalternativeadditivesmustbe

used.Anexamplewouldbeoilsformulatedforsomestationaryand

electromotivedieselengines.Inmanycases,operatingconditionsor

emissionconcernscallforalesstraditionaladditivepackage.

Aswithanytypeoftesting,spectroscopyissubjecttoinherentvariance.

Highwaterlevelscancauseinterferenceinthespectrum,ascanthe

matrixofsomesyntheticbasestocks.Inshort,alwaysdoublecheckwith

anothersamplebeforetakinganyinvasivemaintenanceaction.Never

relyonjustonepieceofdatawhenmakingamaintenancedecision.


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A lubricant with the improper viscosity will

lead to overheating, accelerated wear. This

will result in the failure of the machine.

3B3B3BViscosity

Anoilsviscosityisconsidereditsmostimportantproperty.Themost

commontechniqueformeasuringanoilsviscosityisfollowingASTMD445usingaviscometer(ASTM,2011).Asmallsampleoftheoilis

drawnintoacalibratedcapillarytubeinaconstanttemperaturebath.

Oncethesamplecomestotemperature,itisallowedtoflowdownthe

tubeapredetermineddistance.Theviscosityistheproductoftheflow

timeandtubecalibrationfactor.Theresultsarereportedastheoils

kinematicviscosityincentistokes(cSt).

IndustrialoilsareidentifiedbytheirInternationalStandardfor

Organizationviscositygrade(ISOVG).TheISOVGreferstotheoils

kinematicviscosityat40C(104F). Anoilsweightcommonlyrefersto

itskinematicviscosityat100C(212F).Theweightofmultigradeoils

isrepresentedbythesecondnumberintherating.A10W30wouldbe

30weightoil.The10aftertheW,whichstandsforwinter,refersto

howtheoilperformsincoldweatherconditions.

Whenanoilsviscosityincreases,itisusuallyduetooxidation,

degradationorcontamination.Thisistheresultofextendedoildrain

intervals,highoperatingtemperatures,orthepresenceofwateror

anotheroxidationcatalyst.Increasedviscositycanalsobetheresultof

excessivecontaminationwithsolidssuchassootordirt,aswellas

toppingoffwithahighergradelube.Watercontaminationcanalso

causehighviscosity.

Adecreaseintheoilsviscosityismostcommonlyduetocontamination

withfuelorasolvent.Anoilsviscosityalsocanbeaffectedifthewrong

oilisusedfortopofforreplenishment.

Ifalubricantdoesnothavetheproperviscosity,itcannotproperly

performitsfunctions.Iftheviscosityisnotcorrectfortheload,theoil

filmcannotbeestablishedatthefrictionpoint.Heatandcontamination

arenotcarriedawayattheproperrates,andtheoilcannotadequately

protectthemachine.


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4B4B4BAcid Number

Acidnumberisanindicatorofoilhealth.Itisusefulinmonitoringacid

buildupinoilsduetodepletionofantioxidants.Oiloxidationcausesacidicbyproductstoform.Highacidlevelscanindicateexcessiveoil

oxidationordepletionoftheoiladditivesandcanleadtocorrosionof

theinternalcomponents.Bymonitoringtheacidlevel,theoilcanbe

changedbeforeanydamageoccurs.

Anoilanalystislookingforasuddenincrease.Whenyouroilisflagged

forhighacidlevels,itindicatesacceleratedoiloxidation,andyoushould

changetheoilassoonaspossible.Ifanyoftheremaininghighlyacidic

oilisleft,itwillquicklydepletetheantioxidantsinthenewoil.

AcidnumberismeasuredbytitrationusingASTMD664orD974.Both

methodsinvolvedilutingtheoilsampleandaddingincremental

amountsofanalkalinesolutionuntilaneutralendpointisachieved.

TheAcidnumberofanewoilwillvarydependentuponthebaseoil

additivepackage.AnR&OoilwillusuallyhaveaverylowAN,around

0.03.AnAWorEPoilwillhaveaslightlyhighervalue,typicallyaround

0.5.EngineoilscommonlyhaveahigherAN,intheneighborhoodof1.5.

Acidnumberismeasuredbytitration

usingASTMD664orASTMD974

(ASTM,2011;ASTM,2008). Bothtest

techniquesinvolvedilutingtheoil

sampleandaddingincremental

amountsofanalkalinesolutionuntila

neutralendpointisachieved.


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5B5B5BBase Number

Basenumbertestingisverysimilartoacidnumbertestingexceptthat

thepropertiesarereversed.Thesampleistitratedwithanacidicsolutiontomeasuretheoilsalkalinereserve. ASTMD2896andASTM

D4739arethemostcommonlyusedmethodstomeasurethebase

number(ASTM,2007;ASTM,2008).

Manyoils(especiallymotoroils)arefortifiedwithalkalineadditivesto

neutralizeacidsthatareformedasaresultofcombustion.Indiesel

engineapplications,acidisformedinthecombustionchamberwhen

moisturecombineswithsulfurunderpressure.Measuringthebase

numberwillhelpensurethatasufficientamountof additiveshave

beenaddedtotheoiltohelpresistoxidationduetoacid.

Thebasenumberofoilishighestwhentheoilisnewanddecreases

withuse.Onceagain,condemninglimitsarebasedontheapplication.

Asarule,thebasenumbershouldnotdropbelowhalfofitsoriginal

value.Basenumbervaluesfornewengineoilsverygreatlydepending

ontheapplication.

Basenumbertestingmeasuresthe

reservealkalinityinalubricant.The

amountofreservealkalinityina

lubricantiscriticalforcertainoils.

Oftenanoilisfortifiedwithalkaline

additivestocombatacidformation.

Thebasenumberisatitshighestasa

newoilanddecreaseswithservice.


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6B6B6BWater Contamination

Watercontaminationisdetrimentaltoanylubricant.Asimplecrackle

testisusedtodetermineifwaterispresentinoil.Asmallvolumeofthelubricantisdroppedontoahotplateand,ifbubblesorcracklesoccur,

waterispresent.

Ifacrackletestispositive,furthertestingisneededtoquantifythe

amountofwaterbyusingKarlFischertitrationbyASTMD6304(ASTM,

2007).Ameasuredamountofoilisintroducedintoatitrationchamber.

ThissolutionistitratedwithKarlFischerreagenttoaspecificendpoint.

Theamountofreagentusedandthesamplevolumearecalculatedand

convertedtoppmorpercentbymass.

Lowlevelsofwater(0.5%)aretypicallytheresultofcondensation.Higherlevelscanindicateasourceofwateringress.Watercanentera

systemthroughseals,breathers,hatchesandfillcaps.Internalleaks

fromheatexchangersandwaterjacketsareotherpotentialsources.

Whenfreewater(nonemulsified)ispresentinoil,itposesaserious

threattotheequipment.Waterisaverypoorlubricantandpromotes

rustandcorrosiontothecomponents.Dissolvedwaterinoil

(emulsified)willpromoteoil

oxidationandreducetheloadhandlingabilityoftheoil.Waterinany

formwillcauseacceleratedwear,increasedfriction,andhighoperating

temperatures.Ifleftunchecked,waterwillleadtoprematuremachinefailure.Inmostsystems,watershouldnotexceed500ppm.

UsingtheKarlFischertitration

method,areagentistitrated

intoameasuredamountof

sampleandreactswiththe

hydroxidemoleculespresent

inthemoisture.This

depolarizesanelectrodeand

determinesthetitration

endpoint.Resultsarereported

aseitherpercentwateror

ppm(1%=10,000ppm).


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High particle counts indicate dirty oil.

7B7B7BParticle Count

Particulatecontaminationhasnegativeeffectsonalltypesofequipment.Particlecounttestingisawaytomonitorthelevelofsolid

contaminationintheoil.Twotypesofautomaticparticlecountersare

usedtotestoilcleanliness:lightblockageandporeblockage.

Lightblockage:Thelightblockagetechniqueinvolvespassinga

samplethroughasmallorificethathasalaserlightsourceonone

sideandanopticalsensorontheotherside.Particlesinterrupting

thelightbeamarecounted,andsizeisdeterminedbythedegreeof

lightblockage.Lightblockageparticlecountingisnoteffectivewhen

oiliscontaminatedwithwaterorwhenairisentrainedintheoil.In

thesecircumstances,waterorairbubbleswillbecountedas

particlescausingerroneousresults.

Poreblockage:Theporeblockageorflowdecaytechniquepasses

thesamplethroughameshfilter.Asafilterclogs,theflowofthe

sampleisslowed.Theamountofflowdecayiscalculated,andthe

particlecountcanthenbeextrapolated.Becausewaterdroplets

andentrainedairwillnotrestrictthefluidflow,thereisno

interferencefromthesecontaminants.

Resultsarereportedasparticlespermilliliterinsixsizeranges:4,6,

14,25,50and100. ISOCleanlinessCodesarethenassignedfor

particlesin4,6and14mranges(ISO4406:1999).Theresultis

reportedbythreenumberswithaslashbetweenthem;thefirstnumber

referstoparticlesinthe4mrange,thesecondtoparticlesinthe6

mrangeandthethirdinthe14mrange.Thelowerthenumbersin

theISOCleanlinessCode,ISO4406,thecleanerthefluid.

Particulatecontaminationisameasurementoftheeffectivenessof

filtrationandcanindicatewhenexcessiveexternalcontaminationis

occurring.Advancedmachinewearwillalsocauseincreasedparticle

counts.Generally,thelowersizerangesareconsideredindicativeof

contaminationandsilt,whilethelargersizerangespointtowear

problems.


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8B8B8BFerrous Wear Concentration

Insomecases,aparticlecountisnotaneffectivetestbecausethe

sampleisinherentlydirtyandfilteringtheoilmaynotbeplausible.Aparticlecountindicatesthatthesampleisextremelydirty,butitdoes

notgiveanyindicationofferrouswear.Ingearboxes,ferrouswearmay

bemoreimportantthanoverallparticlecount.Insuchanapplication,

ferrouswearconcentrationisagoodsubstitutionforaparticlecount

test.

Awearparticleanalyzerquantifiestheamountofferrousmaterial

presentinasampleoffluid. Ameasuredamountofsampleisinserted

intotheanalyzerandamountofferrousmaterialisdeterminedbya

changeinmagneticflux. Thischangeisthenconvertedintoferrous

concentrationinpartspermillion.Usingthismethod,thereareno

interferenceswithnonferrousparticles.

Oneadvantageofaferrousdebrismonitoristhatitwillmeasureferrous

weardebrisinalltypesofoil,fromgearboxlubricantsthrough

hydraulics.Oneoftheotherkeybenefitsisthatitwillalsomeasure

ferrousweardebrisfoundingrease.

AsimilartesttotheferrousdebrismonitorisDR(directread)

ferrography. DRferrographycollectspositivelychargedparticlesontwo

lightsourcesandmeasurestheamountofblockedlighttodetermine

thelevelofferrouscontaminantspresentinanoil. Althoughthesetwo

testsprovidethesameinformation,theyarenotinterchangeable.

Theferrouswear

concentrationgivesa

directmeasureofthe

amountofferrouswear

metalspresentina

sample.


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Analytical Ferrography is the best method for

determining severity and type of wear present

with no particle size or metallurgy

limitations.

9B9B9BAnalytical Ferrography

Analyticalferrographyisusedtoseparatesolidcontaminationandwear

debrisfromalubricantformicroscopicevaluation.Asstatedearlier,spectroscopyisnotabletomeasurewearparticleslargerthan7min

size.Whileparticlecounting,ferrouswearconcentrationandDR

ferrographyareabletodetectthepresenceoflargerparticles,they

cannotqualifytheircompositionororigin.Analytical ferrographyisable

toidentifywearparticles,theircompositionandtheiroriginbyvisually

analyzingthemmicroscopically.

Adilutedoilsampleisallowedtoflowoveraspeciallytreatedslide

whichispositionedatanangleoverastrongmagnet.Theferrous(iron)

particlesareattractedtothemagnetanddepositedontotheslidein

decreasingsizeastheoilflowsdownthesubstrate.Nonferrousparticles

aredepositedrandomlywhileferrousparticleslineupinchainsasa

resultofthemagneticflux.Theresultisamicroscopicslidewiththe

particlesseparatedbysizeandcomposition.

Microscopicexaminationofthedebrisrevealsinformationaboutthe

conditionoftheequipment.Observingtheconcentration,size,shape,

compositionandconditionoftheparticlesindicateswhereand

howtheyweregenerated.Particlesarecategorizedbasedonthese

characteristics,andconclusionscanbedrawnregardingthewearrate

andhealthofthemachine.

Thecompositionoftheparticlescanbeidentifiedbycolor.Heat

treatingtheslidecausesspecificcolorchangestooccurinvarioustypes

ofmetalsandalloys. Theparticlescompositionindicatesitssource.

Theparticlesshaperevealshowitwasgenerated.Abrasion,adhesion,

fatigue,slidingandrollingcontactwearmodeseachgeneratea

characteristicparticletypeintermsofitsshapeandsurfacecondition.

Solidcontaminantscanalsobevisuallyidentifiedprovidedtheyareofa

commonlyfoundorigin.Sandanddirt,fibers,oxidationproducts,rust

andmetaloxidesareexamplesofcontaminationdebristhatcan

beidentified.


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10B10B10BConclusion

While the results of these tests are a powerful maintenance tool, they are useless

if not monitored and acted upon. A successful oil analysis program will be one

where the test data and analysis are coupled with the maintenance departments

knowledge and expertise to provide the most effective maintenance practices.

TTAboutTESTOIL

TTTESTOIL is a full service oil testing laboratory owned by Insight Services. Since

1988 the laboratory has been providing fast and reliable oil analysis results

across all industries throughout the Americas.

TTThe firms comprehensive range of oil analysis services assists reliability

engineers with condition monitoring and identification of machine wear.

TTTESTOIL employs a sophisticated diagnostic technology that assists their

Machine Condition Analysts in making equipment and HHHlubricationHHHcondition

assessments.

References

ASTMD445,StandardTestMethodforKinematicViscosityofTransparentandOpaque

Liquids(andCalculationofDynamicViscosity),ASTMInternational,WestConshohocken,

Pennsylvania,2011.

ASTMD664,StandardTestMethodforAcidNumberofPetroleumProductsby

PotentiometricTitration,ASTMInternational,WestConshohocken,Pennsylvania,2011.

ASTMD974,StandardTestMethodforAcidandBaseNumberbyColorIndicator

Titration,ASTMInternational,WestConshohocken,Pennsylvania,2008.

ASTMD2896,StandardTestMethodforBaseNumberofPetroleumProductsby

PotentiometricPerchloricAcidTitration,ASTMInternational,WestConshohocken,

Pennsylvania,2007.

ASTMD4739,StandardTestMethodforBaseNumberDeterminationbyPotentiometric

HydrochloricAcid

Titration,ASTMInternational,WestConshohocken,Pennsylvania,

2008.

ASTM

D6304,StandardTestMethodforDeterminationofWaterinLiquidPetroleum

Products,LubricatingOilsandAdditivesbyCoulometricKarlFischerTitration,ASTM

International,WestConshohocken,Pennsylvania,2007.

ISO4406:1999,HydraulicFluidPowerFluidsMethodforCodingtheLevelof

ContaminationbySolidParticles,InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,

Geneva,Switzerland,1999.

ContactUs

TTCall:TT2162512510

TTEmail:[email protected]

TTWebsite:www.testoil.com

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