georgia’s colonial history -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Georgia’s Colonial HistorySS8H2 The student will analyze
the colonial period of Georgia’s history.
c. Explain the development of Georgia as a royal colony with
regard to land ownership, slavery, government, and the impact
of the royal governors.
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Impact of the Royal GovernorsThe period after Georgia
returned its charter and became a British royal colony until the end of the American Revolution
was a time of unrest and turmoil in Georgia and in the other colonies.
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In 1752, Puritans from South Carolina bought 32,000
acres of land at Midway in present-day Liberty County.
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They moved there bringing their slaves with them. Soon they began growing rice and
indigo. A port was built nearby at Sunbury so
the planters could ship their crops.
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Governor John ReynoldsOn October 1, 1754,
Georgians cheered when John Reynolds, their first
royal governor arrived.
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Because the trustees had believed that the first Georgia settlers weren’t able to govern themselves, they had not given
them the right to vote, hold elections, or collect taxes.
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Reynolds, a Navy captain, introduced the idea of self-
government. Unlike the trustees, Gov. Reynolds wanted the colonists to
help run the government.
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A bi-cameral, or two-chambered legislature was set
up to represent the eight parishes of the colony. A
parish was a British government district.
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The lower house of the legislature was called the
Commons House of Assembly; the upper house was called
the Governor's Council.
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Those wishing to become a member of the Assembly had to own at least 500 acres of land. The king of England (at left)appointed the members of the Governor's Council.
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Governor Reynolds also set up a court system. When the
colonists had differences with each other, they went before the Court of Conscience over
which presided a local justice of the peace.
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Georgia’s new government met for the first time in 1755 in
Savannah, the colony’s capital and largest city. The delegates
reorganized for the state militia and passed bills
so roads could be built
and repaired.
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The colonial assembly also drew up codes that restricted the rights
of slaves.• (left) Two
small slaves houses still standing in Savannah
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For a while, Gov. Reynolds and the colonial assembly worked
well together. However, during one legislative session, members
of the Governor's Council couldn’t agree on how much was needed to improve the military
defenses of the colony.
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Gov. Reynolds became so angry at their failure to
agree that he stopped the meeting and sent the
legislators home.
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During the months that followed, Reynolds tried to govern Georgia by himself, leaving the colonists angry.
There were arguments between those who thought
he should leave and those who wanted
him to remain.
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Many Georgians didn’t like having their right to self-government taken away and wrote to King George II to complain.
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However, when Reynolds recommended moving Savannah to the Ogeechee River close to
today's Richmond Hill in Bryan County,
we can guess that most of his limited support
evaporated.
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Finally after two years, the group who wanted self-
government won. Georgia’s first royal governor
was replaced.
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Gov. Henry EllisIn February 1757, the king
chose Cap. Henry Ellis as the next royal governor. Gov.
Ellis was a naturalist and a scientist who had
led voyages to different parts of the world.
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Gov. Ellis learned quickly from Gov. Reynolds’ mistakes. During his three years as governor, Ellis brought together people of many different political groups.
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He sought the advice of the governor of South Carolina and
the West Indies. Many of these new settlers brought
slaves with them, and the governor granted
the newcomers large amounts
of land.
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By 1759, the population of the colony as grown
to about 10,000, including 3,600 slaves.
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Ellis was a popular governor under whose direction the
colony made economic gains. There were more and
profitable farms. There were more merchants.
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As a result, the colonists could buy the things they
couldn’t grow or manufacture like cloth, sugar, farming
tools, and seeds for planting.
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In 1759, Gov. Ellis became ill, perhaps from heat-related
problems and asked to return to Great Britain. However, he was reassigned to Nova Scotia as its royal governor in 1761.
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Gov. James WrightAfter Gov. Ellis left, the Hon. James Wright became governor. Wright was born in Charleston, but educated in Great Britain.
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Gov. Wright arrived in Georgia on October 11, 1760 to serve
as lieutenant governor. Before coming to Georgia, he’d been
the attorney general of South Carolina for twenty-one years.
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Wright was loyal to the king, but he also wanted the colonies
to do well. He believed that Georgia would continue to grow if large farms were even bigger, if trading were expanded, and if the western lands of the colony
were opened to the settlers.
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Wright agreed with the self-government program Gov. Reynolds had started, and the colonists were pleased with him at first.
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During his early years as governor, Wright completed the defenses around Savannah. Savannah was surrounded with palisades, and the area forts were made stronger.
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The town of Sunbury grew and became the colony’s official
port of entry for ships arriving from other countries and
colonies. Both houses of the colonial legislature
worked together to promote Georgia’s economic growth.
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Farmers were allowed to borrow more money, so they
bought more land. The amount of owned land grew
from 1 million acres to 7 million acres.
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Rice and indigo became profitable crops. Enough silk was being produced so that by 1767, almost a ton of it
was exported to Great Britain each year.
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There were more schools, and more and more people were reading. Many books were
sold, and in 1763 the colony’s first newspaper, The Georgia
Gazette, was started.
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Many of the small frame houses were taken down. In
their place, two-story houses were built of wood or tabby. Tabby is a mixture of lime,
crushed shells, sand and water.
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There was, however, another side to Georgia during these early years. Many mothers
died in childbirth. School was mostly for children in the
upper economic class.
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A group of what plantation owners called “undesirable people” moved from Virginia and the Carolinas to settle in the middle and western parts of the Georgia colony. These people became known as “crackers.”
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The term “crackers” may have come from the cracking sounds of whips used on oxen or horses as these new settlers went to market to sell their goods or
from the cracking sound of corn as they prepared corn meal.
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Some say the term came from a Scottish word that meant
“boasters.” Now matter how it started, the term was meant as an insult for the lower classes. The
crackers were thought of as people who didn’t obey the law and
weren’t welcome in the colony.