geophysical investigation of the occurrence of tar sand deposit in gbeleju-loda, okitipupa area,...

7/25/2019 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF TAR SAND DEPOSIT IN GBELEJU-LODA, OKITIPUPA AREA, S

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL STATEMENT

Oil sands, tar sands or, more technically, bituin!us sands, are a type of

unconventional petroleum deposit. The oil sands are loose sand or partially consolidated

sandstone containing naturally occurring mixtures of sand, clay, and water, saturated with a

dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum technically referred to as bitumen (or

colloquially tardue to its similar appearance, odour and colour). They are characterized by their

high viscosity and high density (low A! density) at reservoir conditions ("wynn and #anson,

$%%&).

This natural bitumen is the remnants of very large volumes of conventional oils that have

been generated and subsequently degraded, principally by bacterial action (Attanasi and 'eyer,

$%%&). The resource base of igeria bitumen is enormous and can mae a ma*or contribution to

oil supply if it can be extracted and transformed into useable refinery raw material at costs that

are competitive with alternative resources. +eside, bitumen is a useful mineral resourcein road

and building construction. revious studies on the igerian tar sand deposit included, research of

its occurrence, geology and geochemical by nu, -/0 and weozor and wachuwu, -/.

!ts nature and occurrence were described by nu (-/0)1 he also remared that the tar

sand porosity ranges from -23 to 403. weozor and wachuwu (-/) determine the

igerian bitumen origin and identify the causative factor for its transformation to asphatic

residues. 5tudies using geophysical method for sub6surface understanding of igeria tar sand

deposit have been carried out in recent times (Ao et. al., -/41 7dunaie et al, $%-% and

Ainmosin et al, $%--). 5ome other examples of the application of geophysical methods

employed in tar sand exploration have also been reviewed in this wor i.e. 8ristall et al., $%%91

+auman, $%%0 and :ellet and 'avis, $%%0. The present study considers the use of geophysicalmethod of electrical resistivity (;5) as tools to establish the stratigraphic profiles across the

study area, map possible structures and determine the depth, thicness and extent of its tar sand.

1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_oil


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"i#. 1.1 G$!l!#i%al Ma& !' S!ut($rn &art !' Ond! Stat$ s(!)in# t($ Stud* Ar$a +M!di'i$d

a't$r PT", 1-.

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1./ AIMS AND OECTI2ES

This study was aimed at determining the occurrence of oil sands (tar sands) by employing

the use of electrical resistivity method. The ob*ectives of the study are6

TALE 5./ APPARENT RESISTI2IT4 DATA "OR 2ES ;>

5@ A+@$

(m)

'@$

(m)

;5

2

;5

&

;5

/

;5

1 - %.0 4499.$- 4-0//.%& $4.-/ 4-.99

/ $ %.0 -2-%.40 -9%&&.%2 --&2. 4%02./&

3 4 %.0 -9/.0 --2$0.-$ 49.&- 9%-.$2

5 9 %.0 -440.0 $9&.-/ 90%.$9 92&9.%%

6 2 %.0 -%$.- &2/%.2% 0&.9/ 0/-$.9-

; 2 -.% -$9&.&/ &-9.&& 92.&9 0&0&.2$

- / -.% --4.90 0&0-.9& 2$$.42 20%.&0

8 -$ -.% -%42.$0 9/-/.-4 &-0.% 22/0.-2

-0 -.% //$.&% 9$42.2 20.&/ 2//0.%2

10 -0 $.% /&.&0 0909.90 2/4.2 20-%.-0

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11 $% $.% 224.2& 94/&.2 2/$.-- 9%&9.$%

1/ $0 $.% 9$%.-4 $/9$./& 09-.&9 4$49.

13 4$ $.% $4/.% &$4-.0 4&/.-9 449$.&&

15 9% $.% -2&.9& 0%$9.%% $%/9.94 4%29.29

16 9% 0.% $%%.4% 4%%9.04 $/49.%2 42$0.9&1; 90 0.% -0/.0/ -2-.9& /-/.90 4-&-.0%

1- 0% 0.% -$4.&$ -&%.02 4%/4.20 $-9./-

18 20 0.% &&.

1 /% 0.% &.

/0 -%% 0.% $4$.2%

35


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"i#.5.1 +a T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n 1

"i#.5.1 +b T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n /

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"i#.5.1 +% T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n 3

37


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"i#.5.1 +d T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n 5

38


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"i#.5.1 +$ T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n 6

39


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"i#.5.1 +' T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n ;

40


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"i#.5.1 +( T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n 8

42


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"i#.5.1 +i T*&i%al 2ES %ur:$ '!r l!%ati!n

43


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5.1./ GEOELECTRIC INTERPETATION

The successful application of geo6electric techniques in tar sands exploration is based

upon the existence of measurable physical contrast associated with tar and the host geology. The

various products of petroleum such as oil, gas and bitumen have very high electrical resistivity.

The tar (bitumen) and tar6bearing sands in formations are nown to be characterized by high

resistivity (e, $%%0) but some tar sands are characterized by low apparent resistivity values

depending on their composition. The interpretation results of the ;5 data measured in the study

area are presented as geoelectric sections in Digures 9.$ a6c. Digures 9.$a, 9.$b and 9.$c describe

the $6 geoelectric sections along Traverse TB-, TB$ and TB4

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"i#. 5./a G$!$l$%tri% s$%ti!n a%r!ss tra:$rs$ 1

45


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"i#.5./b G$!$l$%tri% s$%ti!n a%r!ss tra:$rs$ /

46


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"i#.5./% G$!$l$%tri% s$%ti!n a%r!ss tra:$rs$ 3

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5./ DISCUSSION

Dour geoelectric layers are shown beneath these traverses. These include the topsoil, tar

sand, clayey sand and sandy layer. The topsoil resistivity values vary from 442 to $-%2 m

with thicness range of between -.%- and -%.%0 m. The second layer is composed of bituminous

sand having apparent resistivity values ranging from 9-% to-9--0 m. !ts thicness varies

between $. and -/.& m. The third layer is clayey sand1 they range in resistivity from 0% to -2-4

m with thicness varying between $.0 and &9 m. The fourth layer is a sandy layer and it ranges

in resistivity between $9 and 2092 m.

The second layer is considered the formation hosting the tar (bitumen) in the study area.

The lithologic log sample +"i#.5.3was used to determine the lithology of the study area. This

was done by taing samples at different intervals of 4m from the top soil down to the bottom

layer.

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TALE 5.39 2ES INTERPRETATION RESULTS "OR RESISTI2IT4 CUR2ES IN THE

STUD4 AREA.

2ES

NUMER

CUR2E

T4PES

THIC


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"i#.5.5 Tra:$rs$ 1 lit(!l!#i%al s$%ti!n

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"i#.5.6 Tra:$rs$ / lit(!l!#i%al s$%ti!n

52


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"i#.5.; Tra:$rs$ 3 lit(!l!#i%al s$%ti!n

CHAPTER "I2E

6.0 CONCLUSION

This study has shown the successful application of vertical electrical sounding in

electrical resistivity geophysical method in the exploration of "bele*u6loda tar sand. The

inversion of the geoelectric parameters of ;5 indicate the possible presence of tar (bitumen) in

the bituminous sandstone layer located at a mean depth of -9m. The results have also indicated

that the tar sand layer is characterized by good lateral continuity and it=s sufficiently thic for

commercial exploitation. The tar bearing (bitumen) sandstone layer is infinitely thic based on

the geophysical study carried out in this area. The fine sand layer is the ma*or aquifer which is

moderately porous and permeable thereby maing it a good reservoir roc for tar sand extraction.

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Tar sand development by way of surface mining is considered feasible at this location in

"bele*u6loda village.

RE"ERENCES

Ad$#!F$ O.S. 1--9Bull. Am. Palaeontol., ;ol. &-, o. $0, pp40&.

Ad$*$i G.O., AFin!sin A.A., Alad$sani A.O. and adus G.O. /0139 Geophysical and

sedimentological characterization of a Tar Sand Rich Area in South!estern "igeria.Fournal of

nvironment and arth 5cience !55 $$$964$-2 (aper) ;ol.4, o.-9, pp&-6/4.

A#a#u O.


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Enu E.I(-/0). Textural characteristic of the igeria Tar 5ands. 5edimentary geology. ;. 99, pp

206/-.

G)*nn .7. and Hans!n ".2. /00< )ndo State Bituminous Sands. ;ol. -, Dolio -0.

Hnpublished.

Id!)u .O., Aib!*$ S. A., Il$sani M. A. and Tani!la 139 A, *ournal of +ining and

Geology,vol.$, pp6-0.

Nt!n M.E. /0019 Sedimentological and geochemical studies of roc, units in the eastern

(ahomey &asin$ south!estern "igeria$ unpu&lished P.-.( thesis, Hniversity of !badan,pp 4-0.

Nt!n M.E. and Elu$$ A.A. /0069*ournal of +ining and Geology.9-$ pp-&0 6-/9.

!n$s H.A. and H!%F$* R.D 1;59 The Geology of Part of South!estern "igeria/. "eol.

5urv. igeria +ull. 4-< /&.


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OdunaiF$ R.


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+1 - %.0 -%,$&& $& 4/%.24 0./ $$9-.-/ $ %.0 -%,-0% 9% $04.&0 $9.&9 2$&&.&23 4 %.0 -&0$ 99 4./$ 02.-2 $$42.$5 9 %.0 -$49 9 $0.-/ -%%.-0 $0$-.&/

6 2 %.0 2&- 00 -$.$% $$0. $&00./; 2 -.% -4/2 00 $0.$% --$.4 $/$.2- / -.% ---/ &9 -0.-$ $%%.4 4%$/.098 -$ -.% 90- 2- &.4 90-.& 444/.%2 -0 -.% $9- 04 9.00 &%2.-2 4$-4.%410 -0 $.% 0-0 09 .09 40-. 440&.-411 $% $.% $/& 2$ 9.24 2$2./ $%$.%/1/ $0 $.% -4/ 04 $.2% /%.4 $09/.&/13 4$ $.% &2 0 -.$ -2%&.- $%&4.-215 9% $.% 49 02 %.2- $0-$.% -04$.4$16 9% 0.% &/ 02 -.4 -%%-.0- -4$.-%

1; 90 0.% 2$ &$ %./2 -$2/.2 -%$.9-1- 0% 0.% 4% 09 %.02 -02&.- /&%.2-18 20 0.% 0 94 %.-$ $20-.2 4%/.441 /% 0.% - 4- %.%4 9%-&.2 -$.2%

GEOPH4SICAL DATA SHEET +2ES

GPS COORDINATES< %2%4/= 0%.4s

%%9%04= -/.&s

ELE2ATION< 9-.2m

2ES NUMER< T?7 (%$)

DATE< -&6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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8 -$ -.% $9- $ /.4- 90-.& 4&04.&/

-0 -.% -9% $& 0.- &%2.-2 422-.0&

10 -0 $.% $&0 $& -%.- 40-. 40/9.-&

11 $% $.% $%% 4- 2.90 2$2./ 9%94./&

1/ $0 $.% -%9 $ 4.0 /%.4 40-0.0213 4$ $.% 9/ $& -.&/ -2%&.- $/0&.%&

15 9% $.% $9 4 %.2$ $0-$.% -090./0

16 9% 0.% 24 $ $.-& -%%-.0- $-&0.2

1; 90 0.% 42 $& -.44 -$2/.2 -2-.9&

1- 0% 0.% $ 42 %./- -02&.- -$2$.4


GPS COORDINATES< %2%4/= 0$.4s

%%9%04= $4.$s

ELE2ATION< 4/.2m

2ES NUMER< T#B (%4)

DATE< -&6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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11 $% $.% -& 9 9.$0 2$2./ $224.%

1/ $0 $.% -4 / -.24 /%.4 -0$.

13 4$ $.% 4 & %.94 -2%&.- 2//.&2

15 9% $.% $ %.$$ $0-$.% 00/.$$

16 9% 0.% 4 %.44 -%%-.0- 444./91; 90 0.% 0 $- %.$9 -$2/.2 4%$.%0

1- 0% 0.% 4 $9 %.-4 -02&.- -0./

18 20 0.% - $2 %.%9 $20-.2 -%-./


GPS COORDINATES< %2%4/= 9.0s

%%9%04= 9.4s

ELE2ATION< 40m

2ES NUMER< D7HB (%9)

DATE< -&6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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16 9% 0.% 2 4% %.$% -%%-.0- $%%.4%

1; 90 0.% 0 9% %.-4 -$2/.2 -0/.0/

1- 0% 0.% 4 4/ %.%/ -02&.- -$4.&$

18 20 0.% - 49 %.%4 $20-.2 &&.

1 /% 0.% - 9- %.%$ 9%-&.2 &./0 -%% 0.% - $& %.%9 2$/%.- $4$.2%


GPS COORDINATES< %2%4/= 0-.s

%%9%04= -2.9s

ELE2ATION< 90m

2ES NUMER< D!; (%0)

DATE< -/6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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1 /% 0.% - 4/ %.%4 9%-&.2 -%0.&4


GPS COORDINATES< %2%4/= 0.$

%%9%04= $%.9s

ELE2ATION< 9&m

2ES NUMER< 5!W (%2)

DATE< -/6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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GPS COORDINATES< %2%4/= 4&.&s

%%9%04= -.4s

ELE2ATION< 4-.9m

2ES NUMER< 5; (%&)

DATE< -/6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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%%9%04= $$.%s

ELE2ATION< 4&m

2ES NUMER< !"#T (%/)

DATE< -/6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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2ES NUMER< ! (%)

DATE< -/6%-6$%-9

SN A/ + MN/ + 2 I R +2I < Ja+RK


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geophysical investigation of the occurrence of tar sand deposit in gbeleju-loda, okitipupa area,...

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