geology_structural_geology_googleacad.ppt

7/21/2019 Geology_Structural_Geology_GoogleAcad.ppt

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The Soul Would Have No Rainbow,If The Eyes Had No Tears.

Minquass


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Structural eolo!y"anny M. #au!hn, $h."., %MS

The study of how& why roc's fold,bend, & brea'.


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Stress and Strain

( Stress an applied force.

( $ressure amount of force applied. ( Lithostatic ( Directed

( Strain a rocks response to stress(deformation)

( Shape

(Volume


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Ty)es of Strain

Elastic defor*ation Brittle failure

Plastic deformation

Temporary deformation(until the elastic li*it is

surpassed)

Slow, continuous, low stressconditions.


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( $er*anent defor*ation that occurs when a roc'breaks .( +ccurs w low te*)erature,low, but sudden )ressurechan!es.

( Mineral bonds brea' alon! a-one of *a i*u* stress.

Ty)es of Strain

lastic deformation /rittle failure Plastic deformation


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Ty)es of Strain

lastic deformation Brittle failure $lastic defor*ation

( $er*anent defor*ation thatoccurs when a roc' chan!es itssha)e without brea'in!.

( Hi!h te*)erature, hi!h)ressure conditions.

( 0to*s *ove fro* *a i*u* tolower stress areas.


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1actors 0ffectin! Roc' "efor*ation

Ma!nitude of stress Rate stress a))lied Temperature Pressure !omposition

How *uch )ressure & atwhat rate of s)eed the forceis a))lied.

What is *a!nitude2What does rate ofstress *ean2


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"a#nitude of stress $ate stress applied Te*)erature

$ressure !ompositionHi!her te*)eratures &)ressure result in )lasticdefor*ation.


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"a#nitude of stress $ate stress applied Temperature Pressure

%o*)osition Ti*e( Water wea'ens bonds creatin!)lastic behavior.( Mineralo!y 3bonds4 can overridete*)erature, )ressure, & therate of stress.( $yro ene & !arnet 3stron!4.( %alcite & *ica 3wea'4.( %ontinuous low *easures of stressover ti*e result in )lastic behavior.


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Ty)es of Stress %o*)ression

Tension Shear Torque


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/earin! & 0-i*uth

Bearing 5 a quadrant syste* of an!ular *easure. Azimuth 5 a continuous *easure of an!ular *easure.


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Studyin! "efor*ed Roc'sMeasurin! Stri'e and "i)

Stri'e % Thecompass direction of the line that forms at the intersection of the plane and an ima#inary hori&ontal plane

"i) % Theangle at 'hich a plane is inclined relati e to the hori&ontal


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Stri'e and "i)


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Stri'e and "i) 6

Rule of Structure 7#8

6

6

6


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$lastic "efor*ation 9 1olds


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$hoto*icro!ra)h of 1olded Minerals


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Ty)es of 1olds 0nticlines

Synclines Domes Basins


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1oldSy**etry


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1oldSy**etry


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Ty)es of 1olds

0nticlines Synclines Domes Basins

0sy**etric 1olds


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Recu*bent 1old


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1oldin!

Compressional forces(convergent plate boundaries)


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Ty)es of 1olds

:andfor*s 1ollowin! Erosion


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ll & id $h i )hi $ i


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#alley & Rid!e $hysio!ra)hic $rovince%entral $ennsylvania


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Su**ary State*ents


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#alley & Rid!e $hysio!ra)hic $rovince%entral $ennsylvania

) f ld


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Ty)es of 1olds -nticlines Synclines

"o*es /asins


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Ty)es of 1olds

-nticlines Synclines

"o*es /asins

/l ' Hill " *


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/lac' Hills "o*e


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/rittle "efor*ation 9 ;ointsRoc' fractures with no evidence of *ove*ent

/ ittl " f * ti 9 1 lt


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/rittle "efor*ation 9 1aultsRoc' fractures with evidence of *ove*ent

idence of mo ement Displacement !rushed rock alon# fault

plane Slickensides

Faulting 5 fracturin! wdis)lace*ent due to oneor *ore for*s of stress.

) f l


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Ty)es of 1aults

Stri'e9sli) faults"o ement (slip) in the

direction of strike(hori&ontal)

"i)9sli) faults"o ement (slip) in the

direction of dip ( ertical)


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Ty)es of 1aults"i)9sli) faults


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Nor*al 1ault

T ) f 1 lt


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Nor*al fault $e erse fault

/an#in# all

0oot all


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Ty)es of 1aultsHorst & raben

T ) f 1 l


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Ty)es of 1aultsHorst & raben


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/ells %anyon,


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"eath #alley, %alifornia


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/loc' 1aulted Mountains

( Sierra%1e ada 2 Tetons.( 1ormal fault alon# ,ase.( Tilted alon# a normal fault

plane.( 3ntrusion of #ranitic ma#ma.


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Reverse 1ault


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1ormal fault Reverse fault

/an#in# all

0oot all

) l ) l


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"i)9Sli) 1aultsThrust 1ault

%hi f M t i


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%hief Mountain


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Stri'e9Sli) 1ault


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Ty)es of 1aultsStri'e9sli) faults

$i#ht%lateral Left%lateral


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Ty)es of 1aults1ault $lanes

$late Tectonics & 1aultin!


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$late Tectonics & 1aultin!


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$late Tectonics & 1oldin!

$late /oundary %ollisions


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Oceanic-Continental Collision

Formed Rockies, Andes, Cascades,Sierra of Central America,

$late /oundary %ollisions

%ontinental9%ontinental %ollision


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%ontinental9%ontinental %ollision

Results in folding, overt rusting,faulting, ! uplifting "# overturned folds ($appes)%

&imala'a ! Alps%

+ceanic9+ceanic %ollision


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+ceanic9+ceanic %ollision

Results in volcanic island arcs ndonesia, *apan, + ilippines,

Aleutians%

+ro!enesis 9 Mountain /uildin!


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+ro!enesis 9 Mountain /uildin!

4 Lar#e scale crustal deformation.4 !ompressional forces+ olcanism+ capture of

mi#ratin# terranes+ intrusion of ma#ma.4 $ocky "ountains ( Laramide Orogeny + 56 million yr.

a#o).4 Sierra 1e adas ( Sierra-Nevadan Orogeny + 78 million

yrs. a#o)+ ,atholithic intrusions 976%9:6 million yrs.a#o.

4 -ppalachians ( Alleghany Orogeny + ;86%766 millionsyrs. a#o '< earlier episodes).4 -lps ( Alpine Orogeny + ;6%9;6 million yrs. a#o '

geology_structural_geology_googleacad.ppt

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