geologicalsurveyoffinland pyhäsalmitupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/raportti/534_pyhäsalmi.pdf ·...

Mineral Deposit Report OF 44 1.4.2020Geological Survey of Finland

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PyhäsalmiAlternative Names: RuotanenOccurence type: deposit

Commodity Rank Totalmeasure

Total production Total resource Importance

zinc 1 1579152.24 t 1351380.24 t 227772 t Large depositsulphur 2 31005075.43

t23168384.43 t 7836691 t Very large

depositcopper 2 690945.59 t 531609.59 t 159336 t Medium

sized depositgold 3 14.96 t 7.5 t 7.46 t Medium

sized depositsilver 3 512.97 t 252.01 t 260.96 t Medium

sized depositmercury 4 NA NA NA NAselenium 4 NA NA NA NAiron 4 11379757.85

t11379757.85 t 0 t Medium

sized deposit

Easting EUREF: 452777.194 Easting YKJ: 3452930Northing EUREF: 7059422.065 Northing YKJ: 7062380

Discovery year: 1958Discovered by: private prospectorProvince: Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi (Zn, Cu)District: Pyhäsalmi (Zn, Cu)Comments: Found by local farmer when digging a well: ore subcrop at the well bottomReferences: 1, 4, 17, 21, 23, 26, 27, 32, 40, 42, 44, 47, 55, 56, 58

Mineral deposit type

Group:Metallogenic depositMain type: VMS (mixed hydrothermal)Sub type 1: Bimodal-felsicComments: Formed in submarine synvolcanic hydrothermal system: massive sulphides by sub-seafloor replacement of tuffaceous and intrusive rocks immediately below a hydrothermal mound,and semi-massive banded sulphides right above the sea floor.References: 5, 6, 17, 18, 25, 29, 39, 43, 46, 53

Dimension

Expression: concealed Area (ha): NAForm: discordant Dip azim: 112Shape: irregular Dip: 80Length (m): 400 Plunge azim: NAWidth (m): 105 Plunge dip: NAThickness (m): NA Orientation method: NADepth (m): 1400Dimension comments: A vertical hammer-shaped ore body: a flat, subvertical (80° to the ESE), 1000m long, 150-650 m wide and 10-60 m thick 'handle' extending from the surface to about 1000 m


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depth. At the surface, in horizontal section, the ore body has a shape of an open 'S' with roughly aNNE-SSW strike. At the lower end of the 'handle', 1000-1400 m below surface, a 300-400x200-300 m'knob' of the 'hammer', in a fold-nose. The 'handle' and the ''knob' are separated from each other bya shear zone

Holder history

Current holder: First Quantum Minerals LtdYears: 2013Holding type:Mining concession (old law)

Previous holders:

Company Years Holding type CommentsInmet Mining Corporation 2001-2013 Mining concession

(old law)NA

Outokumpu Oy 1959-2001 NA NA

Figures


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Guide map:


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EXPLORATION ACTIVITY

Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy

Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref2003-2019 core drilling Timo Mäki mineral reserve defined 27

In the area below -1000 m: underground mapping and diamond drilling. Just during 1997-1999: >22 km.IntersectionsHoleID NAFrom-To NALength 44mzinc 1.55%copper 1.85%HoleID NAFrom-To NALength 22.2mzinc 7.99%copper 0.4%

Geological Survey of Finland

Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1980-1980 regional geophysics NA key geological features 16, 19, 28, 29, 37,

43, 48Low-altitude airborne magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric survey

University of Turku

Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1980-2002 detailed geology Heikki Papunen, Pasi Eilu,

Antti Mustonen, Jari Ylinen,Marcelo Imana

key geological features 1, 2, 3, 30, 41, 42, 58

Ore mineralogy and structural studies of the deposit

Geological Survey of Finland

Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1977-2004 geological

interpretationErkki Marttila, Gabor Gaal,Jukka Kousa, Jouni Luukas

key geological features 1, 5, 16, 22, 23, 24,25, 28, 29, 31, 32,38, 48, 53, 54

Subregional to detailed interpretation of the Pyhäsalmi deposit and its surroundings

1977-1990 regional geology NA NA 16, 19, 28, 29, 37,43, 48


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1977-1990 detailed geology NA key geological features 16, 19, 28, 29, 37,43, 48

Outokumpu Oy

Years Activity type Geologist Exploration result Ref1959-2002 detailed

geochemistryOlavi Helovuori, Timo Mäki geochemical anomaly 16, 33, 34, 35, 37,

39, 41Zn, Cd, Cu and S anomaly in till extending for 600 m from the ore. In felsic rocks K/Na, and in mafic rocksMg/Ca increase towards the ore. A distinct dispersion halo around ore is also defined by Ag, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe,Pb, Sa and Zn; the Zn, Pb, Cu and Ba anomalies extend laterally for 200-400 m from the ore. The mostconsistent geochemical vectors to ore are defined by S and K/Na.

1959-2002 core drilling Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Mäki

mineral reserve defined 23

Diamond and percussion drilling with an yearly rate at 2-10 km and 2-8 km, respectively

1958-1958 mining pilot Veikko Vähätalo positive feasibility study 4, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27,30, 33, 34, 38, 43,45, 46, 57

1958-2002 detailed geology Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Mäki

key geological features 4, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27,30, 33, 34, 38, 43,45, 46, 57

1958-2001 detailed geophysics Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Rekola,Timo Mäki

geophysical anomaly 6, 16, 45, 55

A slingram and a gravimetric anomaly related to the ore.

1958-1991 regional geophysics Tauno Huhtala, OlaviHelovuori

geophysical anomaly 4, 17, 18, 19, 43, 45

Airborne magnetic and electric surveys

1958-1958 core drilling Veikko Vähätalo mineral resource defined 57During the first 8 months of exploration, 1958-59: 47 diamond-drill holes, total 8650 m.

1958-1958 percussion drilling Veikko Vähätalo, OlaviHelovuori, Timo Mäki

NA 4, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27,30, 33, 34, 38, 43,45, 46, 57


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RESOURCES AND RESERVES

Most recent

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource First Quantum

Minerals Ltd2014 NA NI 43-101 8

Comments: 31.12.2014Category: Measured mineral resourceTonnage: 12.83 Mtcopper 0.78 %zinc 1.01 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 42.22 %Cutoff: NA

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve First Quantum


Comments: 31.12.2014Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 5.81 Mtcopper 1.02 %zinc 1.69 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 41.65 %Cutoff: NA

Previous calculations

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource First Quantum


Category: Measured mineral resourceTonnage: 7.22 Mtcopper 0.6 %zinc 0.45 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 42.79 %Cutoff: NA

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve First Quantum


Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 7.393 Mtcopper 1.05 %zinc 1.79 %


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gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 41.65 %Cutoff: NA

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource Inmet Mining

Corporation2010 NA NI 43-101 20

Category: NATonnage: 7.168 Mtzinc 0.5 %copper 0.6 %sulphur 44 %Cutoff: NA

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve Inmet Mining

Corporation2010 NA NI 43-101 20

Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 9.137 Mtzinc 2 %copper 1.1 %gold 0.4 ppmsilver 14 ppmsulphur 41 %Cutoff: NA

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Resource Inmet Mining

Corporation2008 NA NA 36

Category: Measured mineral resourceTonnage: 8.2 Mtzinc 0.4 %copper 0.6 %sulphur 43.8 %Cutoff: NA

Type: Company: Year: Date: Calc Method: Reference:Reserve Inmet Mining

Corporation2008 NA NA 36

Category: Proved ore reservesTonnage: 13.4 Mtzinc 2.2 %copper 1.1 %silver 14 ppmgold 0.4 ppmsulphur 41.4 %Cutoff: NA


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MINING

Pyhäsalmi

Easting EUREF: 452777.194Northing EUREF: 7059422.065Status: OperatingOperating years: 1959-2019Years in production: 61Total ore mined: 59813983 tReferences: 36

Total production:Product Product measurecopper 531609.59 tiron 11379757.85 tzinc 1351380.24 tgold 7.5 tsilver 252.01 tsulphur 23168384.43 t

Other materials:Material type Material measurewastes from mineral excavation 15596841 twaste from mineral metalliferousexcavation

119112 t

Mining activity:Year Ore mined Ore

processedActivity type Production Other material

2019 1066367 t 1066000 t underground miningcopper 8003 tzinc 12080 tsulphur 553644 t

waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation 0 t

2018 1247536 t 1247536 t underground miningcopper 11904 tzinc 22716 tsulphur 645885 t


2017 1259632 t 1.26 Mt underground miningcopper 13501 tzinc 17397 tsulphur 692124 t


2016 1379546 t 1.38 Mt underground miningcopper 14795 tzinc 20800 tsulphur 490480 t


2015 1378554 t 1.38 Mt underground miningzinc 21331 tcopper 12046 tsulphur 839706 t


2014 1376572 t 1377000 t underground miningzinc 19762 tcopper 14304 tsulphur 840929 t

2013 1382059 t 1382059 t underground mining


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zinc 22099 tcopper 14057 tsulphur 825821 t



waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation42266 t

2011 1385607 t 1385607 t underground miningzinc 32300 tcopper 14000 t

waste from mineralmetalliferous excavation76846 t

2010 1400723 t 1400723 t underground miningzinc 30100 tcopper 14700 tsulphur 588303.66 t

wastes from mineralexcavation 59855 t

















2001 1107945 t 1107945 t underground miningcopper 10525.47 tzinc 14181.69 tsulphur 478964.62 tgold 565.05 kgiron 478964.62 tsilver 13627.72 kg






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copper 11061.58 tzinc 17430.37 tsulphur 464027.97 tgold 480.45 kgiron 464027.97 tsilver 13631.45 kg


1998 1059544 t 1057951 t underground miningcopper 9627.35 tzinc 18090.96 tsulphur 410167.6 tgold 454.91 kgiron 410167.6 tsilver 12907 kg

















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1988 966200 t 966200 t underground miningcopper 8212.7 tzinc 27440.08 tsulphur 355948.08 tgold 415.46 kgiron 323677 tsilver 15942.3 kg






1985 805397 t 891602 t underground miningcopper 6419.53 tzinc 25767.29 tsulphur 321333.36 tiron 272562.73 t












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copper 5509.43 tzinc 18692.71 tsulphur 259435.17 tiron 222443.28 t








1976 811430 t 861476 t open-pit miningcopper 6288.77 tzinc 22656.81 tsulphur 254307.71 tiron 216919.65 t


1975 875384 t 795778 t open-pit miningcopper 5092.97 tzinc 21486 tsulphur 237937.62 tiron 206106.5 t












1969 807116 t 807116 t open-pit miningcopper 7102.62 tzinc 34141 tsulphur 278777.86 tiron 238906.33 t


1968 774290 t 774290 t open-pit mining


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copper 6736.32 tzinc 29500.44 tsulphur 280602.69 tiron 239333.03 t










1963 564621 t 564621 t open-pit miningcopper 5081.58 tzinc 24730.39 tsulphur 212862.11 tgold 169.38 kgiron 176669.91 tsilver 10163.17 kg




1961 105 t 0 t open-pit miningwastes from mineralexcavation 45507 t

1960 0 t 0 t open-pit miningwastes from mineralexcavation 297080 t



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GEOLOGYOre: Sulphide oreWall rock: Rhyolite, Mica schist, Felsic tuff, Tholeiitic basalt, Dolomitic marble

Sulphide ore (Ore)

Rock type: OreProportion: allGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 2, 3, 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 43Comments: Ore types: 1) Massive Pyrite, massive, 0.2-2 cm pyrite porphyroblasts, 90-95 % sulphides;2) Spotty Massive Pyrite, colloform, crustified and replacement textures, digenetic banding, 70-85 %sulphides; 3) Cu-Pyrite, cataclastic, clast-supported breccia, massive, 90 % sulphides; 4) Zinc,dissemination, banding, 40-60 % sulphides; 5) Zinc, porphyroclastic breccia, mylonitic banding, >60%sulphides; 6) Remobilised Sulphides, veins, veinlets, replacement in xenoliths and wallrocks, 50-95%sulphides.

Ore minerals:Mineral Proportion Mineral textureArsenic minor DisseminationArsenopyrite minor DisseminationBournonite minor DisseminationChalcopyrite major Massive, DisseminationElectrum minor DisseminationGalena minor DisseminationGold minor DisseminationHessite minor DisseminationJordanite minor DisseminationMagnetite minor DisseminationMarcasite minor DisseminationMolybdenite minor DisseminationPyrite major Massive, DisseminationPyrrhotite major DisseminationSeligmannite minor DisseminationSphalerite major DisseminationTetrahedrite minor Dissemination

Other minerals:Mineral Proportion Mineral textureAnthophyllite present Alteration productBaryte presentBiotite present Alteration productCalcite presentChlorite present Alteration productCordierite present Alteration productDolomite presentMuscovite present Alteration productPlagioclase presentQuartz presentSericite presentSillimanite present Alteration productTalc present


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Tourmaline presentTremolite present Alteration product

StructuresBrecciaVeined

TexturesMassiveBandedPorphyroclastic

Alteration: Distribution: Degree: Relation to mineralization:chloritic alteration NA NA NAComments: K-altered and Na-depleted rocks cover an area 100-1000 m wide and >6 km long along strike, at the presentsurface.sericitic alteration NA NA NAComments: K-altered and Na-depleted rocks cover an area 100-1000 m wide and >6 km long along strike, at the presentsurface.

Metamorphic description:

Type: Facies: Degree: Relation tomineralization:

Min P- Max P(kbar)

MIn T- Max T(°C)

Regional amphibolitemetamorphic facies

mediummetamorphic grade

NA 2.5-7 530-700

Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Pyrite-sphalerite-baryte-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-calcite-dolomite.

Geological age:

Geological era: Max age - Minage(Ma):

Inferred age (Ma): Age of mineralization:

Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600Ma)

1944-1969 1957 Y

Comments: The mineralisation is older than 1.86 Ga, probably during 1.93-1.91 Ga; Data also suggest asignificant input of crustal Pb into the mineralising system.Radiometric age: Method: Age: Error (Ma): Mineral: Reference:

Pb-Pb 1944 Galena 24, 43, 54Pb-Pb 1969 Galena 24, 43, 54

Rhyolite (Wall rock)

Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43Comments: The host volcanic sequence is composed of a bimodal complex of low- to medium-Krhyolites, transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic, and sub-alkaline low- to medium-Ktholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. Trace element chemistry of the volcanic rocks indicates amature island arc setting.


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Min P- Max P(kbar)

MIn T- Max T(°C)



NA 2.5-7 530-700

Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Altered felsic rocks: quartz-sericite-feldspar. Felsic, unaltered volcanic rocks: quartz-plagioclase-K feldspar-biotite-muscovite.

Geological age:




1910-1930 N

Mica schist (Wall rock)

Rock type:Wall rock

Felsic tuff (Wall rock)

Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43



Min P- Max P(kbar)

MIn T- Max T(°C)



NA 2.5-7 530-700

Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4.

Geological age:




1910-1930 N

Tholeiitic basalt (Wall rock)

Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43Comments: The host volcanic sequence is composed of a bimodal complex of low- to medium-Krhyolites, transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic, and sub-alkaline low- to medium-K


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tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. Trace element chemistry of the volcanic rocks indicates amature island arc setting.



Min P- Max P(kbar)

MIn T- Max T(°C)



NA 2.5-7 530-700

Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4; Altered metavolcanic rock:cordierite-biotite-almandine-plagioclase-quartz. Mafic, unaltered volcanic rocks: plagioclase-hornblende ± quartz, biotite,cummingtonite.

Geological age:




1910-1930 N

Dolomitic marble (Wall rock)

Rock type:Wall rockProportion:minorGrain size: NAColor: NAReferences: 4, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43Comments:Within the schist belt, dolomitic marbles are only detected locally in the Pyhäsalmi oreand in its immediate footwall rocks. Colloform and fine banded carbonate patches in Spotty PyriteOre and A Zinc.

TexturesBandedColloform



Min P- Max P(kbar)

MIn T- Max T(°C)



NA 2.5-7 530-700

Comments: Peak metamorphism is related to the intrusion of synorogenic, 1.89-1.87 Ga, granitoids. Peak regionalmetamorphism during D2-D3, at 1890 Ma, and retrograde metamorphism during D4.

Geological age:




1910-1930 N

Figures


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Schematic modelling:


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Outcrop photo:


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Structure:

Structure:


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Structure:


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Local geology:


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Outcrop photo:

Outcrop photo:


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Metamorph photo:


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Metamorph photo:


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Plan view:


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Plan view:


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Regional geology:


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34


35


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Regional geology:


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Geology of the Pyhäsalmi-Mullikkoräme region. Image pruduced by Jukka Kousa (GTK), 7


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Aug 2015:


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REFERENCES1. Aatos, S. 1992. Geokemiallisen muuttumisindeksin soveltaminen metamorfoituneiden vulkaanis-sedimenttisten sinkkiesiintymien sivukiviin. MSc thesis. Department of Geology, University of Turku.114 p. (in Finnish)

2. Eilu, P., Papunen, H. & Reino, J. 1988. Pyhäsalmen malmin kullasta. Summary: Distribution of goldin the Pyhäsalmi ore deposit. Vuoriteollisuus 46, 20-24.

3. Eilu, P. 1985. Mikroskooppinen tutkimus kullan esiitymisestä Pyhäsalmen malmissa. Dept. Geology,Univ. Turku. 18 p. (in Finnish)http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/6_2015.pdf

4. Ekberg, M. & Penttilä, V-J. 1986. The Pyhäsalmi Cu-Zn-pyrite deposit. In: Gaál, G. (ed.) ProterozoicMineral Deposits in Central Finland. 7th IAGOD Symposium and Nordkalott Project Meeting (Luleå,1986): Excursion Guide no 5. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning. Ser. Ca 63, 20-25.

5. Ekdahl, E. 1993. Early Proterozoic Karelian and Svecofennian formations and the evolution of theRaahe-Ladoga Ore Zone, based on the Pielavesi area, central Finland. Geological Survey of Finland,Bull. 373. 137 p.http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_373.pdf

6. Fairclough, M. & Luukas, J. 2001. Structural geology and geophysics of a Proterozoic-Archaeanboundary - the central Raahe-Ladoga Zone, Finland. In: Williams P.J. (ed.) 2001: A HydrothermalOdyssey. May 17-19th, 2001,Townsville. Extended abstracts. EGRU and JCU. 52-53.

7. First Quantum Minerals Ltd 2014. Annual information form as at December 31, 2013.http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/12_Kevitsa/12_FQ_2013_AIF.pdf

8. First Quantum Minerals Ltd 2015. Annual information form as at December 31, 2014. 130 p.http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/12_Kevitsa/12_FQ_2014_AIF.pdf

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11. First Quantum Minerals 2017. Management's Discussion and Analysishttp://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_FirstQuantum044_2017_02_16_Q4_and_2016_results.pdf

12. First Quantum Minerals 2020. Management's Discussion and Analysis.http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_2020_03_Q4-2019-FQM-Management's-Discussion-Analysis.pdf

13. First Quantum 2019. Management’s Discussion and Analysis.http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_2019_10_28_First_Quantum_Minerals_Q3_results_xMDAx.pdf

14. FQM 2018. Consolidated financial statement 31 December 2017.http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_FirstQuantum048_2018_02_12_Minerals_consolidated_financial_statements_2017.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/6_2015.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/bulletin/bt_373.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/12_Kevitsa/12_FQ_2013_AIF.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/12_Kevitsa/12_FQ_2014_AIF.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/12_Kevitsa/12_FirstQuantum041_20160330_Annual_Report.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/12_Kevitsa/12_FQ_2014_MD&A.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_FirstQuantum044_2017_02_16_Q4_and_2016_results.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_2020_03_Q4-2019-FQM-Management's-Discussion-Analysis.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_2020_03_Q4-2019-FQM-Management's-Discussion-Analysis.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_2019_10_28_First_Quantum_Minerals_Q3_results_xMDAx.pdf

http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_FirstQuantum048_2018_02_12_Minerals_consolidated_financial_statements_2017.pdf


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15. FQM 2019. First Quantum Minerals Announces Preliminary 2018 Production and Sales.http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/references/534_Pyh%C3%A4salmi/534_2019_01_15_First_Quantum_Minerals_preliminary_2018_production_and_sales.pdf

16. Gaal, G. (ed.) 1988. Exploration target selection by integration of geodata using statistical andimage processing techniques: an example from Central Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Reportof Investigation 80. 156 p.http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/tutkimusraportti/tr_080.pdf

17. Helovuori, O. 1979. Geology of the Pyhäsalmi ore deposit, Finland. Economic Geology 74, 1084-1101.

18. Huhtala, T. 1979. The geology and zinc-copper deposits of the Pyhäsalmi-Pielavesi district,Finland. Economic Geology 74, 1069-1083.

19. Huhtala, T. 1981. Tutkimusraportti. Pyhäjärven lentomittausalue, matalalento/GTL-77.Outokumpu Oy Finnmines Report 001/3321/TEH/81. 14 p. (in Finnish)http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/001_3321_teh_81.pdf

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22. Korsman, K. (ed.) & Glebovitsky, V. (ed.) 1999. Raahe-Ladoga Zone structure-lithology,metamorphism and metallogeny: a Finnish-Russian cooperation project 1996-1999. Map 2:Metamorphism of the Raahe-Ladoga Zone 1:1000000. Geological Survey of Finland.

23. Kousa, J., Luukas, J., Mäki, T., Ekdahl, E., Pelkonen, K., Papunen, H., Isomäki, O.-P., Penttilä, V.-J. &Nurmi, P. 1997. Geology and mineral deposits of the central Ostrobothnia. Geological Survey ofFinland. Guide 41, 43-67.http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/opas/op_041_pages_043_067.pdf

24. Kousa, J., Marttila, E. & Vaasjoki, M. 1994. Petrology, geochemistry and dating ofPaleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks in the Pyhäjärvi area, central Finland. Geological Survey ofFinland, Special Paper 19, 7-27.http://tupa.gtk.fi/julkaisu/specialpaper/sp_019_pages_007_027.pdf

25. Lahtinen, R. & Huhma, H. 1997. Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the evolution of the1.93-1.79 Ga Svecofennian crust and mantle in Finland. Precambrian Research 82, 13-34.

26. Lestinen, P. 1983. Sulphide deposits of central Finland. Outokumpu, Pyhäsalmi, Vihanti. X IGES -III SMGP Symposium, 1983. Excursion Guide. Espoo: Geological Survey of Finland. 9 p.

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