geological storage - risk assessment & monitoring€¦ · areal reservoir coverage ......
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Geological Storage - Risk Assessment & Monitoring
IEA GHG Summer School, Beijing
David White 12th-17th August 2012
Schlumberger - over 80 years of history & technology
First electrical log run by Marcel and Conrad Schlumberger Pechelbronn, Alsace, France September 5, 1927
Why Monitor? – Manage Risk
Risk =
“ (Impact of Undesirable Occurrence) x
(The Probability of its Occurrence)”
But it is not that simple……
Risk Perception Public vs. Experts
Public Feels - The Dread Factor - reacts very negatively to “worst-case” risk assessments, Public: Risk Size= (“Known” factor)*(”Dread” factor) Experts Calculate - tend to rely on quantifiable “realist” perspectives, Risk Size= (Probability)*(Loss)
Expert risk studies are rarely effective for convincing the public that a proposed project is safe.
Thesis by Gregory Singleton, MIT May 2007
CCS Risk Types
GENERAL RISKS
● Public acceptance ● Economic ● Legal TECHNICAL RISKS:
● Extreme events (major releases) ● Ground fresh water resources contamination ● Soil contamination ● Leaks
● Risk Acceptance Criteria ● Standards ● Regulations and Policies
Key Concerns: Leakage & Seismicity
Risks can be managed – we do it all the time
● Evaluate & Understand ● Model & Simulate ● Measure & Monitor ● Mitigate ● Experiment and
Demonstrate
(I bet they tried it with a dummy first … …and it might be a fake!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXXC2etJeZQ
What do we need?
Finding the right Storage Site
…the best risk reduction approach is to choose the right site in the first place
Capacity: The amount of CO2 that can be safely stored
Injectivity: The ease with which the CO2 can be injected
Containment: The ability to store CO2 safely and permanently
Other: • Environment • Infrastructure • Regulation • Public opinion • Finance
CO2 Monitoring – 3 objectives
Boundaries
Containment
#1: Watch stored CO2
#2: Watch possible leakage paths
#3: Monitor the environment Well Integrity
Sealed fault
Monitoring well
Abandoned well
Monitoring well
CO2 injection
well
Freshwater aquifer
Operational Monitoring
Drawing from the Oilfield: Static and Dynamic Modeling Workflow
Surface imaging Mapping
Data input
3D Geological model
Log interpretation and correlation
Reservoir and Aquifer property population
History match
Fault and Fracture modelling
3-D flow simulation Geochemistry Geomechanics
ECLIPSE
Zooming in on the sub-surface
The Need for Technology: Hi-Res versus Conventional
Monitoring in the Storage Lifecycle
Pre Selection
Appraisal /
Characterization
Development CO2 Injection
Closure
Post closure
Post liability transfer
Performance Management & Risk Control
Pre-injection Injection Post-injection
Abide by laws & Regulations:
EU CCS, EU ETS, state law
Designing a Monitoring Plan
Minimize Costs:
For each technique, For the overall plan over time
Site & technical constraints:
Deployment restrictions, Measurement sensitivity
Reduce Risk & Optimize Performance:
Added value for the operator
Monitoring Plan
Monitoring challenges
Range of scales ● Time - from the very short to the very long ● Space - from the very small to the very large
You can’t directly measure what you want to… ● Spatial distribution and concentration of CO2
● Sealing boundaries, capacity, permeability.
You can’t measure where you want to… ● Confined to the surface or wells
…BUT you measure what you CAN and construct models ● Consistent with available information ● Improve with time ● With some predictive power (within limits)
Questions for Designing a Monitoring System
● What do I want to monitor? ● What property change can I monitor? ● What variation am I considering?
● What measurement technique to use? ● What should be my sensor
specifications?
● Where should I place my sensor? ● For how long? ● How can I deploy it? ● How can I interrogate it?
● How can I interpret the measurement?
● CO2 movements, leaks… ● P, CO2 Saturation, Resistivity
● Accuracy / Precision
● Surface, Obs. Well ● (Permanent, Logging…)
● Operation phase, surveillance
0.001
0.01
0.1
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10
100
1000
10000
Verti
cal R
esol
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n, m
Areal Reservoir Coverage
Tracking CO2 evolution – what we can see
In-well measurements
4D Seismic
Surface-to-well measurements
Well-to-well (Seismic, EM)
CSEM (Offshore only) Gravity
(Onshore only)
InSAR
Microseismic (Onshore)
Size = relative cost
What we can monitor?
CO2 Saturation (neutron, density, resistivity, sonic) Sampling, downhole fluid analysis Cased Hole Formation Resistivity Pressure & Temperature Well Integrity (Cement, Corrosion) Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) Microseismic X-well seismic X-well EM Distributed Temperature Sensing Tiltmeters
2D, 3D Seismic Microseismic Gravimetry (to back up time-lapse seismic) Echosounding, Seafloor samples Noble Gas Tracers MT (natural source plane wave electrical method) CSEM InSAR (Satellite Radar Imaging)
In boreholes From the surface
CO2 Saturation Measurement - Ketzin
CO2 Saturation ~ 60% in upper sand section (yellow). Little presence of CO2 in lower sand No CO2 above 625 m
625 m
CO2 presence over 4 week interval
Contrast between formation water and CO2 properties can be detected by neutron capture cross-section, hydrogen index, density, resistivity and sonic velocity to quantify the amount of free-phase CO2 present in the pore volume.
Site feasibility
• Are there any wells on the potential storage site? • Do we have access to the well data? • If yes, can we assess the current state of the wells?
Site appraisal
• What data do we need to acquire to assess/reduce the risk of
leakage from wells? • What data do we need to satisfy regulatory requirements
Concept selection
• Can we convert existing wells to CO2 injectors? • Does any well pose a risk of leakage during project life? • If yes, how could the risk be managed/eliminated?
FDP
• What is the residual risk of leakage from the wells? • What remediation/contingency plans need to be in place during
operations life? • What monitoring plans will be implemented during injection?
Well integrity risk: questions…
EU regulations state that risk of leakage from a potential storage site must be assessed before a storage licence can be granted. During operations, risk assessment drives site monitoring, post-closure and liability transfer plans.
Pitting Corrosion
Cement Alteration
Wellbore Integrity
Isolation Scanner of the formation wall through casing and cement reveals hole enlargement
Mechanical: multi-finger
caliper
Acoustic: imaging
A primary electromagnetic field is generated from a first well, inducing currents in the formation and a secondary EM field, detected by receivers in the second well. It has a limited resolution but could be used to track the CO2 plume, possibly in conjunction with seismic methods.
Electromagnetic technology - Local application Cross-well Electro-Magnetic
Global measurements
Time-lapse Seismic
InSAR Elevations determined from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images by interferometric methods. Uses two (microwave) antennas, displaced either vertically or horizontally, installed on the same satellite or aircraft platform. One of the antennas transmits the signal, but both receive it, resulting in two images being created.
Gravimetry Sensitive to formation density
CO2 replacing water can be detected due to contrast between CO2 and water Gravimeters are placed at the surface or downhole
Sleipner 4D: Courtesy of Statoil
Magnetotelluric (MT) Measures the natural low-frequency electromagnetic field of the Earth
CO2 storage in Norway? Utsira formation (Millenium atlas, 2000)
Tordis
Important to perform a 3D mapping of storage volumes
Crater created by injection of bore fluids into the wrong formation (shale instead of Utsira sand) close to Tordis field: 8 m deep and 25 m wide
Quantitative Analysis of time-lapse seismic monitoring
Source: Quantitative Analysis of time-lapse seismic monitoring data at the Sleipner CO2 storage operation. The Leading Edge, Feb. 2010, BGS, IFP, SINTEF, Schlumberger, TNO, INIOAG
Seismic amplitudes in 2006
Top Utsira Sand CO2 – Water contacts 2001 --------- 2004 --------- 2006 ---------
Calculate the expected time-lapse seismic signal (rock physics modelling, based on Gassman’s equation ), to decide on 4D seismic. Some indicative rules of thumb:
Signal will be stronger in aquifer than in depleted gas reservoirs Shallower reservoirs will result in a stronger signal than deep reservoirs
Gravity technology - application
Courtesy: - Arts et al., 2008, First Break - Gravity monitoring at Sleipner CO2 injection site Report on 2002 baseline survey ,O. Eiken, T. Stenvold, M. Zumberge, S. Nooner, 2003
Time-lapse gravity: CO2 density is lower than water density, higher than gas density Resolution is an order of magnitude lower than seismic resolution Surface gravity and borehole gravity
4D gravimetry and 4D seismic - Sleipner
Note: Accuracy of ~4 microGal
Courtesy of Statoil
How Microseismic data can be recorded
MONITOR WELL
Live well Monitor well Behind casing
Surface seismic Buried seismic array
LIVE WELL
Sensor locations
Microseismic visualisation
Microseismicity induced by injection
Remote sensing technology - InSAR
We can calculate the expected changes in surface elevation based on pressure changes and a 1D Mechanical Earth Model. This allows us to decide if a satellite acquisition will provide the required resolution (several mm).
From Mathieson et al. GHGT9; 2008
Ground deformation monitoring using radar imaging by satellite. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar is a space borne geodetic tool used to obtain high spatial
resolution surface deformation maps.
1989 – Underground flow from well 2/4-14 (Saga-well) – first 4D on Norwegian shelf
Figure from Dag O. Larsens SEG-presentasjon in 1990.
Fractured cap-rock due to high injection pressure
Source: Well performance diagnostics by integrating 4D seismic in a coupled fluid flow / geomechanical model Jarle Haukås*, Jan Øystein Haavig Bakke, Martin Häge, Lars Sønneland, Schlumberger Stavanger Research.
Top reservoir Measured time shifts
Assurance Monitoring
Tracking the CO2 plume
• Geophysics techniques • Pressure, Temperature • Well logs (CO2 Saturation) • Sampling • Geodetic methods
Quantification of leaks • Soil gas measurements • Surface gas measurements • …
• Potable water quality • Soils acidity • Atmospheric concentration • Surface deformation
Impact: HSE monitoring Injection operation control • Wellhead pressure • Bottom hole Pressure and Temperature • Injection rate • Microseismicity
Quantification of injected CO2
• Mass flow • Gas stream composition and phase
Well Integrity • Annulus pressure • Corrosion • Cement • Soil gas measurements
Cap Rock / Fault Integrity
• Microseismicity • Pressure interference
Detection of leaks/migration • Sampling & chemical analysis • Geophysics techniques • Pressure interference • Soil gas measurements • Vegetation stress • Eddy correlation tower
Verification Monitoring
Operational Monitoring
Verification Monitoring
Operational Monitoring
Objectives of the monitoring plan - Summary
Conclusion: Monitoring as part of Minimizing Storage Risk
Containment – THE storage issue: ● Failure of sealing cap rock ● Permeable faults and fractures ● Migration along wellbores Risk reduction through: ● Choosing the right site ● Detailed reservoir characterization ● Comprehensive modelling ● Ongoing monitoring Risk mitigation through: ● Remediation methodologies ● Risk-based approach to project
management
Monitoring: ● Different types of monitoring objectives ● Existing technologies and tools ● More work/research on the integration ● Closely related to Modelling
Capacity
Injectivity
Containment