geological...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Geological Forces
Continental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes
![Page 2: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
In 1912, a man namedAlfred Wegener proposed
that at one time thecontinents were joined
together, but over time havemoved slowly to their
current locations.
His hypothesis is calledContinental Drift.
![Page 3: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Wegener called the once connectedlarge landmass Pangaea.
![Page 4: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pangea Puzzle Time
![Page 5: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Wegener and Continental Drift Reading
![Page 6: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Other than the“puzzlelike” fit of theseparated continents,
what evidence wasused to support the
theory of continental drift?
![Page 7: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rock, fossil, and climate clues were the main types of
evidence for continental drift. Advances in technology have provided additional clues to
help explain continental drift.
![Page 8: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
During the 1940s and 1950s, using technology developed during World War I, scientists began using sound waves to map
the ocean floor.
![Page 9: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Researchers discovered an underwater system of ridges (mountains) and valleys
like those found on the continents.
![Page 10: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The theory of seafloor spreading explains the formation of the underwater mountain
ranges.
![Page 11: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Seafloor Spreading• Hot, less dense material below
the Earth’s crust rises toward the surface at the mid-ocean ridges.
• The seafloor spreads apart and magma is forced upward pushing the older seafloor away from the ridge in opposite directions.
• The magma becomes solid as it cools and sinks forming new seafloor.
![Page 12: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Seafloor Spreading
![Page 13: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The idea of seafloor spreading showed that more than just the continents were moving, as continental drift had shown.
Scientists now believe that sections of the seafloor and continents move in
relation to one another.
![Page 14: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What is the mechanism driving continental drift and seafloor spreading?
![Page 16: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Visual
Organizer
and Cause
and Effect
![Page 17: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
REMINDER…Seafloor Spreading
• Hot, less dense material below the Earth’s crust rises toward the surface at the mid-ocean ridges.
• The seafloor spreads apart and magma is forced upward pushing the older seafloor away from the ridge in opposite directions.
• The magma becomes solid as it cools and sinks forming new seafloor.
![Page 18: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Seafloor spreading and convection currents cause the movement of the plates as well as the reversal of the Earth’s magnetic poles. This is called reverse polarity.
![Page 19: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Seafloor Spreading Activity
![Page 24: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A new theory that combined continental drift and seafloor spreading was developed known as the theory of
Plate Tectonics.
![Page 25: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The theory of Plate Tectonics states that the Earth’s crust and part of the Upper Mantle
are broken into plates (sections) that move.
![Page 26: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Inner Core
Solid
Outer Core
Liquid
Mantle
Crust
Lithosphere – Crust and
Upper Layer of the Mantle
Layer of the Mantle
(asthenosphere) that
consists of hot rock of
tar-like consistency,
which slowly moves
The “plates” of the
lithosphere float and
move around on the
asthenosphere.
![Page 27: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Plate Boundary Map
![Page 28: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Volcanoes and Earthquakes form along tectonic plate boundaries
![Page 29: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Types of Plate Boundaries
Reading/Organizer activity
![Page 30: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Boundary Type Diagram Seafloor Change
Events Observed
Examples
N/A
![Page 31: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
When plates move, they can
interact in several ways:
• They can move toward each other
• They can pull apart from each other
• They can slide alongside one another
The result of plate movement
can be seen at plate boundaries.
![Page 32: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Divergent Plate Boundary:two plates are moving apart
and new crust is created
![Page 33: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Divergent Plate Boundary: Continental Plate Continental Plate
When two continental plates spread apart rifts (cracks) begin. Magma can rise and squeeze
between the cracks sometimes forming volcanoes.
![Page 34: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Divergent Boundary in
Iceland
![Page 35: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Divergent Boundary in
Africa
![Page 36: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Divergent Plate Boundary: Continental Plate Continental Plate
Continental
CrustContinental
Crust
Ridge
![Page 37: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Divergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Plate Oceanic Plate
When two oceanic plates spread apart magma is forced upward
pushing the older seafloor away in opposite directions forming a ridge.
![Page 38: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Divergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Plate Oceanic Plate
![Page 39: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Divergent Boundary:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
![Page 40: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Divergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Plate Oceanic Plate
Oceanic
CrustOceanic
Crust
Mid-Ocean Ridge
![Page 41: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Turn to a seat partner and discuss the cause, effects, and
importance of divergent boundaries.
![Page 42: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:two plates collide
![Page 43: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Continental
![Page 44: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:
Oceanic Continental• The denser oceanic plate subducts (goes down),
under the continental plate into the mantle.
• A deep sea trench is created where one plate bends and sinks.
• High temperatures cause rock to melt around the subducting plate as it goes under the other plate
• Newly formed magma is forced upward along these plate boundaries, forming volcanoes.
![Page 45: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Continental
![Page 46: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Model a Convergent Boundary with Subduction:
• Place your hands in front of you with your palms facing the floor as shown in the picture.
• Push your left hand slightly under your right hand.
• This motion demonstrates what happens when one plate slides under the other.
![Page 47: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Convergent Boundary
Andes Mountains
![Page 48: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
New crust is added at divergent boundaries while it disappears
below the surface at the subduction zones of convergent
boundaries.
![Page 49: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Continental
Oceanic
Crust
Continental
Crust
Trench
Volcano
![Page 50: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:Continental Plate Continental Plate
the crust buckles and pushes upward forming mountains
![Page 51: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Convergent Plate BoundaryContinental Continental
![Page 52: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Convergent Plate BoundaryContinental Continental
Earthquakes are common at these convergent boundaries, but volcanoes do not form because
there is no, or little, subduction.
![Page 53: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Convergent Plate BoundaryContinental Continental
Himalayan Mountains
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visual
izations/es1105/es1105page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
![Page 54: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Convergent Plate BoundaryContinental Continental
Continental Crust Continental Crust
Why no
volcanoes?
Mountains
![Page 55: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Oceanic
![Page 56: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:
Oceanic Oceanic• A colder, older, denser oceanic plate subducts (goes
down), under another oceanic plate into the mantle.
• A deep sea trench is created where one plate bends and sinks.
• High temperatures cause rock to melt around the subducting plate as it goes under the other plate
• Newly formed magma is forced upward along these plate boundaries, forming volcanoes.
• Over millions of years, erupted lava piles up until it rises above sea level to form volcanic islands.
![Page 57: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:
Oceanic Oceanic
![Page 58: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Convergent Plate Boundary:Oceanic Oceanic
Oceanic
Crust
Oceanic
Crust
Underwater Volcanoes
and Volcanic Islands
Trench
![Page 59: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Sometimes volcanic islands form due
to the movement of lithospheric plates over hot spots.
![Page 60: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Transform Plate Boundary:Plates Slide Past Each Other
![Page 61: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Transform Boundary• Plates move in opposite directions or in the
same direction at different rates
• When one plate slips past another plate suddenly, earthquakes occur
• These plate boundaries do not destroy or build up Earth’s crust.
![Page 62: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Transform Boundary
![Page 63: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Model a Transform Boundary:• Place your hands in front of
you, side by side, with your palms facing the floor as shown in the picture.
• Move your right hand forward and your left hand backward.
• This type of movement occurs along the California coast at a transform boundary.
![Page 64: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Transform Boundary:San Andreas Fault in California
![Page 65: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Transform Boundary
Earthquakes
![Page 66: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Plate Tectonics and Plate Boundaries
![Page 67: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Based on what you have learned, what causes the
lithospheric plates to move?
Convection Currents in the Mantle
![Page 68: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Plate movement along the boundaries causes
earthquakes and other geological forces.
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
![Page 69: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Convection Currents in the Mantle cause lithospheric plates
to move. As the plates move, they interact. These interactions
produce many geological features and events.
![Page 70: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Movement of the lithospheric plates puts stress on the rocks
near the plate edges.
To relieve this stress, rocks tend to bend, compress, or stretch.
If the stress is great enough, the rocks will break.
![Page 71: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Earthquakes are sudden breaks in crust continuously stressed by
plate movement.
![Page 72: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Along plate boundaries, the Earth’s lithosphere fractures along faults. As plates move, blocks of crust shift along the faults.
There are different kinds of faults.
![Page 73: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
When rocks move suddenly along the fault, releasing stress,
seismic waves travel through the earth’s crust in the form
of waves.
![Page 74: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Tsunamis are ocean waves caused by earthquakes and landslides that occur near
or under the ocean in oceanic crust.
![Page 75: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The lowest point of a tsunami wave hits inland first and
creates a vacuum that sucks up the coastal water near
the shoreline away from the land, exposing the sea
floor. This is the first indicator that the destructive part
of the wave is on its way.
![Page 76: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
As a tsunami’s waves travel across deep water they
may be only a foot or so high and hard to detect. Once
it reaches inland the surge can reach heights of 100
feet or more.
It is a massive wall of water that reaches land and can
cause incredible destruction and loss of life.
![Page 77: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Modeling Plate
Movements
![Page 79: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
1
Volcanoes
![Page 80: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
What is a Volcano?
81
• A volcano is a hole in the Earth’s crust where magma from the mantle escapes up and forms new land.
![Page 81: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
What are the parts of a volcano named?
82
![Page 82: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Where do most volcanoesform?
83
• Most volcanoes form
on the edge of
earth’s tectonic
plates.
![Page 83: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
What are
tectonic plates?
The Earth’s crust
is broken up into
different plates or
pieces. They
slowly move in
different directions
making mountains,
volcanoes, or deep
trenches.
8
4
![Page 84: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
What is the Ring of Fire?
85
• The Ring of Fire is the ring
of volcanoes that formed
at the edge of the Pacific
Plate
![Page 85: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
What is a hot spot volcano?• A few volcanoes are
formed by hot spots. Hotspots are incredibly hot places in the mantle where it has melted a hole through the crust.
•When the plates move over the hot spot it can form new volcanoes like the Hawaiian Islands.
86
![Page 86: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
9
What is magma and lava?
• Magma is the hot molten rock
• coming from the mantle.• When magma escapes
to the surface it is called lava.
![Page 87: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Why do volcanoes erupt?
• The heat from the
inside of the earth
creates pressure and
pushes up through
weak spots in the
crust like at the edge
of plates or in hot
spots and causes
volcanoes to erupt.
88
![Page 88: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Are volcanoes, earthquakes, andtsunamis related?
89
• Yes, volcanic eruptions cause earthquakes when
they erupt and sometimes earthquakes can
cause volcanic eruptions. They both mainly
happen by the edge of tectonic plates.
![Page 89: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
12
Are volcanoes, earthquakes, andtsunamis related?
• Volcanoes and
earthquakes release
a lot of energy and
can cause the ocean
to create monster
waves called
tsunamis. They can
be dangerous if you
live right by the
ocean.
![Page 90: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
13
What are 3 types of volcanoes?
• The 3 types of
volcanoes are
cinder cone, shield,
and composite.
![Page 91: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
14
What is a famouscomposite volcano?
• Composite volcanoes often form the largest and tallest volcanoes. They are the most explosive and dangerous of the types of volcanoes. A famous composite volcano is Mt. Saint Helens in Washington state. In 1980, it erupted destroying most of the life around it and sending ash across much of the western United States.
![Page 92: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
15
What is a famous cinder conevolcano?
• Cinder cone volcanoes
are usually smaller in
size than composite
volcanoes, and the
eruptions are smaller
also. They form into
steep cone shaped hills.
A famous cinder cone
volcano is Paricutin in
Mexico.
![Page 93: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
16
What is a famous shield volcano?
• Shield volcanoes do not erupt or explode
like composite or cinder cone volcanoes.
Shield volcanoes have much smaller
eruptions producing less ash. However they
pour out a lot more lava over a long period
of time. One of the most famous shield
volcanoes is Muana Loa in Hawaii.
![Page 94: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
What is so dangerous aboutvolcanoes?
• Poisonous Gases: Many dangerous gases to humans escape from volcanoes like sulfur
and carbon dioxide.
Lava: It is incredibly hot and
will melt you if you touch it.
• Flying Rocks: large rocks may be thrown through the air in a big explosion
• Ash: when you breath it in, it will clog your lungs and make it so you can’t breath.
![Page 95: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
What is so dangerous
about volcanoes?
96
• Pyroclastic flows: when a large
volcano erupts, it can produce a
super fast and hot wave of ash and
small rocks that sweeps down the
volcano.
• Floods & Mudslides: Some
volcanoes have lots of snow on
them. When the volcano erupts, it
quickly melts the snow causing a
large flood of water and mud to
flow down hill wiping out everything
in its path.
![Page 96: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Are volcanoes always active?• No, sometimes
volcanoes are dormant or inactive. They do not erupt for a long periods of time (hundreds or thousands of years).
•However some
volcanoes like Mauna
Loa stay active and
erupt much more often.97
![Page 97: Geological Forcesqueenwhitley.com/files/documents/d067cb67-710b-4bcf-a3a3-4cbc34f3ae99.pdfContinental drift, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes . In 1912, a man named Alfred](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060304/5f08f01e7e708231d4247355/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
20
People who study volcanoes for
a living are called volcanologists.
They take
samples of lava,
measure the
temperature,
measure gas
that comes from
volcanic vents,
and measure
the shaking of
the Earth using
a seismograph
to study
volcanoes.
It is a very dangerous job. But, they help us to
better understand volcanoes and predict when
they will erupt.
Who studies about volcanoes for a living?