IGCSEGEOGRAPHYGOVERNMENTPOPULATIONPOLICY

KENYAINDIAJAPANPRESENTATION2

Stage 2: Kenya (LEDC)Stage 2: Kenya (LEDC) In the late 1960’s the National Family Planning In the late 1960’s the National Family Planning

campaign began. This involved:campaign began. This involved: Official policy of matching population size with Official policy of matching population size with

available resourcesavailable resources Local Local health-care officialshealth-care officials were the main were the main

method of spreading ideas.method of spreading ideas. Poster campaigns and visitsPoster campaigns and visits were predominant were predominant

in in rural areasrural areas where large families were/are where large families were/are common and distrust of contraception and common and distrust of contraception and health-care was once prevalent.health-care was once prevalent.

Why would the Kenyan Why would the Kenyan Government target rural Government target rural areas in their campaign?areas in their campaign?

Why would some people Why would some people be dubious of health be dubious of health workers?workers?

Why is a population with Why is a population with many ‘young many ‘young dependants’ a problem dependants’ a problem for a country?for a country?

Successful.Successful.

Average number of births per women Average number of births per women was 8 in 1980’s, it is now 4.was 8 in 1980’s, it is now 4.

Contraception use has risen from 7% Contraception use has risen from 7% in 1978 to 30% today.in 1978 to 30% today.

Stage 3: India (MEDC ?)Stage 3: India (MEDC ?) By 2050 India will be the world’s most By 2050 India will be the world’s most

populous country.populous country.

First country in the world to recognise and First country in the world to recognise and introduce a national campaign to lower birth introduce a national campaign to lower birth rates.rates.

1952 saw the world’s first population poster 1952 saw the world’s first population poster campaign.campaign.

In the 1970’s a ‘Population State of Emergency’ In the 1970’s a ‘Population State of Emergency’ was declared.was declared.

Forced sterilisationsForced sterilisations of poorest people of poorest people Health-care workers who performed most Health-care workers who performed most

operations were operations were rewardedrewarded RadiosRadios given to vasectomy volunteers given to vasectomy volunteers ContraceptionContraception made easily available and made easily available and

promotedpromoted Not successfulNot successful as women saw Family as women saw Family

Planning as an ‘all or nothing option’, they Planning as an ‘all or nothing option’, they became wary of contraception.became wary of contraception.

Who is the Who is the Government’s poster Government’s poster campaign aimed at; campaign aimed at; men, women or men, women or both?both?

What benefits of a What benefits of a small family are small family are shown in the shown in the Government poster?Government poster?

Today, the Indian Government policy is Today, the Indian Government policy is aimed at advancing women aimed at advancing women academically, academically, socially and economicallysocially and economically..

Independent womenIndependent women are more likely to are more likely to have later marriages and small families.have later marriages and small families.

Today’s policy is much more effective Today’s policy is much more effective than the extreme measures of the 1950’s.than the extreme measures of the 1950’s.

Stage 4 / 5: Japan (MEDC)Stage 4 / 5: Japan (MEDC) Japan's sagging birth rate, only 1.35 births Japan's sagging birth rate, only 1.35 births

per woman, is a major worry to Japanese per woman, is a major worry to Japanese leaders. They have doubts about the leaders. They have doubts about the ability of future generations to ability of future generations to support the support the swelling ranks of elderlyswelling ranks of elderly..

They must raise the birth rate to produce They must raise the birth rate to produce an ‘an ‘economically activeeconomically active’ future generation.’ future generation.

Why are Japanese Why are Japanese couples not having couples not having children?children?

Japan’s ‘old Japan’s ‘old dependant’ dependant’ population is 17%.population is 17%.

What resources do What resources do ‘old dependants’ ‘old dependants’ need in society?need in society?

Some Japanese localities, facing significant Some Japanese localities, facing significant population loss, are offering population loss, are offering economic economic incentivesincentives. Yamatsuri, a town of 7,000 just . Yamatsuri, a town of 7,000 just north of Tokyo, offers parents $4,600 for the north of Tokyo, offers parents $4,600 for the birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years. birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years. (Australia, Singapore, France, Italy and (Australia, Singapore, France, Italy and Poland all offer monetary schemes to Poland all offer monetary schemes to parents).parents).

The Japanese Government is trying to The Japanese Government is trying to encourage couples to have children. As well encourage couples to have children. As well as economic bonuses they promote the as economic bonuses they promote the lifestylelifestyle of a family instead of a child-free life. of a family instead of a child-free life.

Some recent newspaper articles quoting the Some recent newspaper articles quoting the Japanese Government were:Japanese Government were:

‘…‘…work less, have more babies' government work less, have more babies' government says in report on nation's lifestyle’.says in report on nation's lifestyle’.

‘…‘…the goal would be to free people from the goal would be to free people from Japan's corporate grind of 18-hour-work Japan's corporate grind of 18-hour-work days and mandatory drinks with the boss so days and mandatory drinks with the boss so they can better balance family and career’.they can better balance family and career’.

‘…‘…it proposed tackling such attitudes with it proposed tackling such attitudes with "lifestyle structural reforms," a nod to the "lifestyle structural reforms," a nod to the structural overhaul Koizumi is proposing to structural overhaul Koizumi is proposing to rescue Japan's sinking economy’.rescue Japan's sinking economy’.