genomics and dna barcoding approaches in plant breeding ... · plant genomes – total size human...
TRANSCRIPT
Genomics and DNA Barcoding approaches in plant breeding, species identification,
food authentication and adulteration traceability
Panagiotis Madesis Researcher C
Institute of Applied Biosciences CERTH, Thessaloniki
The problem
• Population increase
The problem • Climate change
– Water (drought or flooding)
– Less land
– Less inputs
The problem
• Increased demands
The Solution Plant Breeding
We need another Green Revolution
Norman Borlauge 1960 High Yielding Variety (HYV) semi-dwarf
Genomics
From Mendel to Genomics
Genomics The next Green Revolution ?
• Bacteriophage fX174, was the first genome to be sequenced, a viral genome with only 5,368 base pairs (bp).
• In 2000 the first plant genome was
announced Arabidopsis thaliana
(115.4 megabases of the 125-megabase
genome, 25,498 genes found
• In 2007 the first Human genome is announced 14.8 billion bp, 26,588 genes
Sequenced Genomes
Sequencing of crop-plant genomes
– Importance as crop
• Largest food source for poor
• Feeds half of world’s population (3 billion)
– Demand likely to increase dramatically
– 80% of daily calories in Asia come from rice
– In Asia alone, demand will increase by at least 35%.
– 1000 varieties have been sequenced
Plant Genomes – Total Size
Human Cotton Sugarcane
3,300Mbp 2,500Mbp 930Mbp
x2 x4 x8-12
Wheat
17,000
x6
Tomato breeding
Genotyping and Phenotyping of Vitis vinifera
• 450 samples, ~300 varieties
• SSR analysis, RNA-Sequencing of elite cultivars
• Partner of the EU Vitis Database
Aidani Agiorgitiko Vidiano Vertzami
GrapeNet (COST action FA1003)
Methylation Studies
Salt tolerance Over-expression of GSTs
Species identification, food authentication and adulteration
traceability
• 6300 plant taxa (species and subspecies)
• ~ 1000 endemic taxa
• 45 PDO related to plants http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/
Identification and authentication of Greek biodiversity: a major objective!
EU categories of quality agricultural products and foodstuffs
• Protected Designation of Origin (PDO),
• Protected Geographical Indication (PGI),
• Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG)
• Mountain products
• Island products
Plant Genetic Resources and landraces
• Important for local society: adapted to the local conditions, important nutritional and economical value
• Important for breeding : source of invaluable genes for the development of new varieties
• Genetic erosion: more than 90% of wheat and vegetable varieties have been lost in the last 50 years
Leguminous crops
Fava Santorinis
Fava Santorinis
Other “Fava” species
Fava Santorinis
Prespes beans
Bean varieties
Lentils Eglouvis
Lentil varieties
Olive varieties
Olive varieties
Olive oil
Oil authentication
Olive oil
Cherries – Tragana Edessis
Identification of Cherry varieties and rootstocks
Traceability of Tragana Edessis Cherries in commercial products
Medicinal Plants Sideritis species “tsai tou vounou - Mountain Tea”
Madesis et al 2014 in Press
ITS2
Mediterranean Pine species
Feta cheese
Greek Feta Cheese
Goat + sheep milk Goat milk up to 30%
Authentication of Greek feta cheese
Greek feta
New varieties development Cultivation Processing
Agricultural Production
Genetics and Genomics technologies are invaluable sources
teosinde Maize Breeding
Plant Breeding - Genomics
Einkorn Emmer spelt AA AABB AABBDD Aegilops tauschii
Triticum aestivum ΑΑΒΒDD Wheat
Plant Breeding - Genomics
defense and adaptation in the agri-bio + food domain
catalysts
information sciences big data
core facilities tissue banks
technology transfer & incubator workshops & training
agri-bio/food health
Institute of Applied Biosciences
Conclusions
• Genomics could be the next green revolution being a valuable tool in plant breeding
• Barcoding plants for species identification “plant molecular forensics”
• Identification and authentication of plants and food products
• Valuable tool for innovative crop and food production
Acknowledgments Antonios Makris Anagnostis Argyriou Theodora Farmaki Zoi Hilioti Kostas Stamatopoulos Kostas Pasentsis Fotini Kopani Athanasios Tsaftaris
