generation aayush

8/3/2019 Generation Aayush

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Computer can classified in to five types according to

generations i.e time period

. First generation computer

. Second generation computer

. Third generation computer

. Fourth generation computer

. Fifth generation computer


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First generation computer

Period : 1940 1956

inventor : Lee de Forest

Main processing device :Vacuum tubes


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TECHNOLOGY USED: THOUSANDS OF VACUUM TUBES

A vacuum tube is high speed electronic device, which used

filaments as a source of electronics & could control and amplify

electronic signals.

Data and instructions were fed into the system from punchedcards.

SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY USED

The instructions were written in machine and assemblylanguages.

The stored program concept was used.


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KEY CHARACTERISTICS

Bulky in size

Highly unreliable

Limited commercial use

Difficult commercial Production

CostlyDifficult to use

EXAMPLES

ENAIC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701


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Advantages :

. It was only electronic device

. First device to hold memory

Disadvantages :

. Too bulky i.e large in size

. Vacuum tubes burn frequently

. They were producing heat

. Maintenance problems


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Vacuum tube


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Vacuum tube


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Vacuum tubes


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Observing Vacuum tube


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Punched cards


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Punched cards models


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Too bulky i.e large in size


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Vacuum tubes burn frequently


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Maintenance problems


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Second generation computer

Period : 1956 1963

inventor :William Shockley

Main processing device :Transistor

Storage media : Magnetic disc


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HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY USED

Transistors because of following propertiesHighly reliable as compared to tubes

Could switch ten times faster than tubes

One-tenth the power consumed by tube

Smaller than a tube

Less expensive to produceDissipated less heat as compared to vacuum

Magnetic disks and tapes as secondary storage media



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High level programming languages (FORTRAN, COBOL)

were used.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS

Ten times faster than first generation computer

Smaller in size

Consumed less power and dissipated less heatMore reliable and less prone to hardware failure

Commercial production was still difficult & costly

EXAMPL

ESHoneywell 400, IBM 7030, CDC 1604, UNIVAC LARC


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Second generation computer

Advantages :

. Size reduced considerably

. The very fast

. Very much reliable

Disadvantages :

. They over heated quickly

. Maintenance problems


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Transistor


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Third generation computer

Period : 1964 1971

inventor :Jack KilbyRobert Noyce

Main processing device : IC (integrated circuit)

Storage media : Floppies


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HARDWARE TECHNOLOGY USED: ICS

Integrated circuits are circuits consisting of several electronic

components like transistors,grown on a single silicon chip.

Larger capacity magnetic disks & tapes as secondary storage

Mini computers


Standardization of high level languages (Fortran & COBOL).

Unbundling of software from hardware


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KEY CHARACTERISTICS

Powerful, capable of performing about 1 million instructions persecond

Smaller in size than second generation

Consumed less power & dissipated less heat

More reliable & less prone to hardware failures & requiring lowermaintenance cost

Cheaper to produce commercially

EXAMPLEIBM 360/370, PDP 8, PDP -11, CDC 6600


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Third generation computer

Advantages :

. ICs are very small in size

. Improved performance

. Production cost cheap

Disadvantages :

. ICs are sophisticated


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IC (integrated circuit)


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ICs (integrated circuits)


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IC (integrated circuit)


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Fourth generation computer

Period : 1971 1989

Inventor :Ted Hoff

Main processing device : ICs with VLSI

(Very Large Scale Integration)

Storage media : Floppies, CDs.


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ICs with very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, capable of

integrating 1 million components on a chip

A Microprocessorcontains all circuits needed to perform

arithmetic logic & control functions on a single chip

Semiconductor memory

Larger capacity hard disks as in-built secondary storage

Magnetic tapes & floppy disks as portable storage media

Personal computer

Spread of high speed computer network


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OS like MS-DOS, Ms-Windows, Apple were developedfor PCs

Graphical user Interface (GUI) provides icons and

menus to make it user friendly

PC based applications like powerful word processing

package, spread sheet package, etc.

UNIX OS

C programming language became popular


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KEY CHARACTERISTICS

PCs were smaller and cheaper than mainframes or minicomputers

of third generationSmall, affordable, reliable, easy to use PCs

More powerful Mainframe systems

They were general purpose machines

Easier to produce commercially

Groupware is such application that allows multiple members

working on a single project located at distant locations using

network

Add-on Hardware feature that allows to invest only in hardwareconfiguration & software of their need and value

EXAMPLE

IBM PC, APPLE II, TRS 80, VAX 9000, CRAY-I, CRAY-2, CRAY-X


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Fourth generation computer

Advantages :

. It is a compact

. Less power consumption

. Production cost is cheap

Disadvantages :

. No artificial intelligent.


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ICs with VLSI

(Very Large Scale Integration)


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Fifth generation computer

Period : 1989- Present

Main processing device : ICs with parallelprocessing

Storage media :Video disks

Advantages :

. Artificial intelligence. Expert system


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ICs with ULSI (Ultra Large scale Integration) resulting in chipshaving ten million components

Larger capacity main memory

Larger capacity hard disks

Notebook Computers

Powerful desktop PC

s & workstations

Very powerful mainframe

The Internet


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A vast ocean of information became readily available to

computer users through World Wide Web (www)

Multimedia applications

Internet based applications like e-mail

KEY CHARACTERISTICS

Portable computers

More powerful, cheaper, reliable


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Very powerful mainframesGeneral purpose machines

Easier to produce commercially

Cont

EXAMPLE

IBM, Notebooks, Pentium PCs, SUN Workstations, IBM SP/2,PARAM 10000


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. First generation computer . Second generation computer

. Third generation computer . Fourth generation computer

. Fifth generation computer

Vacuum tubes Transistors

ICs ICs with VLSI

ICs with parallel

processing


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Computer is a group of electronic devices used to

process the data.

The characteristics of a computer are:

4. Accuracy

5. Functionality

6. Tirelessness

1. Speed

2. Reliability

3. Memory capacity


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1. Speed: computer process the data at an

unimaginable speed. The speed of the computerranges up to Nano seconds.

2. Reliability:The next important characteristic ofa computer is its reliability. we can always rely on

the information given by a computer.

3. Memory capacity:The memory capacity of a

computer is measured in in bits and bytes. Largeamount of the data can be stored in computer and

retrieved. Memory capacity of the computer

ranges in Giga bytes.


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4. Accuracy:Accuracy of the computer is very

high it performs calculation with greater accuracy

in less time.

5. functionality: computer can performs many kinds

of jobs. They not process the data but also can be

Used for plying music, movies, and printing jobs.

It finds its applications in all most all the fields.

6. Tirelessness:A computer never gate tired.


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6. functionality: computer can performs many kinds

of jobs. They not process the data but also can be

Used for plying music, movies, and printing jobs.

It finds its applications in all most all the fields.

7. Tirelessness:A computer never gate tired.


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SOURCES:

1. Website: Http://en.wikipedia.org2. Fundamentals of Computers:-P.K.SINHA


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Presented By:-

Aayush SrivastavaMBA(G)

Div-A

Roll No 03

generation aayush

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