general review

®LUIS ROBERTO ORTIZ GUERRERO

GENERAL REVIEW MT EXAM 2016


GENERAL OUTLINE

Present Simple Present Porgressive Past Simple Past Progressive Present Perfect Simple Comparative and Superlative Future will

Infinitives Passive Voice


PRESENT SIMPLE


WHEN TO USE IT?

We use the present simple tense for:• Permanent states• Habits or actions that happend regularly • For general truths


EXAMPLES

• Ben lives in London ( permanent states)

• We always have breakfast at eight (happens regularly)

• The Earth goes round the sun. (general truth)


AFFIRMATIVE

subject verb

I workHe/She/It works

We/You/They work


NEGATIVE

subject aux. verb verb

I don´t workHe/She/It doesn´t work.We/You/

They don´t work


INTERROGATIVE

Aux. verb subject verb ?

Do I work ?

Does He/She/It work ?

DoWe/You/They

work ?


BE CAREFUL

If the verb ends in –o // -sh // -ch, then you have to add –es at the end of the verb.


Play Plays Dance Dances Watch Watches Go Goes Wash Washes


PRESENT PROGRESSIVE


WHEN TO USE IT?

We use the present simple tense for:• Temporary states• Action happening at the moment of speaking• For future arrengements


EXAMPLES

• I´m taking driving lesson this month ( temporary states)

• Lucy is sleeping now (actions at the moment)

• For future arrengements (We´re flying to Acapulco tonight)


AFFIRMATIVE

subject V. Be conj verb

I am workingHe/She/It is workingWe/You/

They are working


NEGATIVE

subject aux. verb NOT verb

I am not workHe/She/It is not work.We/You/

They are not work


INTERROGATIVE


Am I working ?

Is He/She/It working ?

AreWe/You/They

working ?


Be careful when conjugating the verbs in present progressive!


PRESENT SIMPLE VS. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE


PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

MAIN USE• Permanent states

• Habits or regular actions• General truths

MAIN USE• Temporary states

• Actions happening at the moment• Future arrengements

TIME EXPRESSIONS:• Usually, always, often, every day, in the

morning, on Monday, once, twice, etc.

TIME EXPRESSIONS:• Now, at the moment, today, these days,

this week, tonight, tomorrow, next week, etc.


STATIVE VERBS


THE FOLLOWING VERBS ARE NORMALLY NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES

VERBS OF EMOTION Like, dislike, love, hate, want, need, prefer

VERBS OF SENSES Feel, hear, smell, seem, appear


THE FOLLOWING VERBS ARE NORMALLY NOT USED IN PROGRESSIVE TENSES

OTHER VERBS Be, have, own, belong, cost

VERBS OF PERCEPTION AND OPINION Know, mean, think, understand, remember, froget, imagine, hope,

believe


PAST SIMPLE


WHEN TO USE IT?

We use the past simple tense for:• Actions that started and were completed at a

specific time in the past• Habitual or repeated actions in the past• Completed actions that happened one after the

other in the past


EXAMPLES

• We bought a house five years ago (started//completed in

the past)

• I always went to bead Early when I was 5 (habits in past)

• I made a sándwich, turned on the TV and watched the match

+ VPS + COMPLEMENT

I went shopping yesterday.

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2 DIFFERENT OPTIONS

Verbs

Regular Irregular

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REGULAR VERBS For regular verbs, we only add “ed” at the end of the verb.

Play PlayedTalk Talked Stay Stayed

Jump Jumped

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EXCEPTIONS1. Verbs ending in –e, only add a –d at the end

2. Verbs ending in a consonant + -y, add –ied

3. Verbs with one syllable ending in CVC form, double the last consonant.

4. Verbs with 2 or more syllables ending in the CVC form and with the last stressed syllable

5. Verbs ending in one vowel + -L, double the –L before the –ed

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VERBS ENDING IN –E, ONLY ADD A –D AT THE END

Dance Danced

Agree Agreed

VERBS ENDING IN A CONSONANT + -Y, ADD –IED

Try- Tried

Carry - Carried

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BE CAREFUL!

Play Played

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VERBS WITH ONE SYLLABLE ENDING IN CVC FORM, DOUBLE THE LAST CONSONANT.

Stop Stopped C V C

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BE CAREFUL!

IF THE VERB ENDS IN X OR W, DON´T DOUBLE THE LAST CONSONANT

FIX FIXEDMIX MIXED

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VERBS WITH MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE, YOU ONLY DOUBLE THE CONSONANT IF IT HAS THE CVC AND IT IS STRESSED

Prefer Preferred

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BE CAREFUL!

Answer Answered

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VERBS ENDING IN ONE VOWEL + -L, DOUBLE THE –L BEFORE THE –ED

Travel Travelled

Cancel Cancelled

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BE CAREFUL!

Sail Sailed

IRREGULAR VERBS

There is no specific rule for the Irregular verbs.

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IRREGULAR VERBS

Irregular verbs are different from each other, so, you need to learn

one by one the cases.

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SOME EXAMPLES

HAVE HAD GET GOT BUY BOUGHT MAKE MADE COME CAME EAT ATE

LEAVE LEFT DO DID GO WENT SEE SAW

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TIME EXPRESSIONS YesterdayLast NightLast DayLast SummerTwo days ago

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCESI

YouHeSheIt

WeThey

Verb in past

Comp.

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EXAMPLES

• I played soccer last week.• Demian danced salsa yesterday.• The kids ate broccoli last morning.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

IYouHeSheIt

WeThey

Didn´t

Comp.Verb in

simple form

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SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Talk about the things you did last weekend.

EXAMPLE• Last weekend, I went with some friends to a party, it was incredible. We drank some beer and also we ate some tacos.


THE VERBS CONTEST

he / a book / buy you / English and French/ teach the dog / bark they / us / call we / a to a party/ go / yesterday John / stamps / collect we / in London / live I / hungry / be they / a hamster / have he / to school / go



PAST PROGRESSIVE


WHEN TO USE IT?

We use the past progressive tense for:• Actions that were happening at a specific point of

time in the past • Describe backgrounds scenes to a story


EXAMPLES

• I was watching TV at 7 o´clock yesterday evening.

• Jill was walking in the forest and it was raining.


AFFIRMATIVE

subject was//were Verb ing.

I/He/She/It was workingWe/You/

They were working


NEGATIVE

subject was//were NOT Verb

ing.

I/He/She/It was not workingWe/You/

They were not working


INTERROGATIVE

subject was//were Verb ing. ?

Was I/He/She/It working ?

Were We/You/They working ?


PAST SIMPLE VS. PAST PROGRESSIVE


We use the past progressive and the past simple in the same sentence when one action interrupted another in the past. We use the Past Progressive for the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter action. In this case, we usually use while, when, as As/While I was driving, I saw a cat in the Street.

I was sleeping when the telephone rang.


PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

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WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE …

For actions which happened in the past, but we don´t mention when exactly I´ve visited the National Museum, so I don´t want to go there again.

For actions that happened in the past and their results are obvious in the present Look! Herry has broken his leg!


HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE?

We form it with the following rule

Have/has + verb in past participle


AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

SUBJECT HAVE/HAS VERB IN PPI HAVE PLAYED

YOU HAVE PLAYEDHE HAS PLAYEDSHE HAS PLAYEDIT HAS PLAYED

WE HAVE PLAYEDYOU HAVE PLAYEDTHEY HAVE PLAYED


NEGATIVE SENTENCES

SUBJECT HAVE/HAS NOT VERB IN PPI HAVE NOT PLAYED

YOU HAVE NOT PLAYEDHE HAS NOT PLAYEDSHE HAS NOT PLAYEDIT HAS NOT PLAYED

WE HAVE NOT PLAYEDYOU HAVE NOT PLAYEDTHEY HAVE NOT PLAYED


AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

HAVE/HAS SUBJECT VERB IN PP ?

HAVE I PLAYED ?HAVE YOU PLAYED ?HAS HE PLAYED ?HAS SHE PLAYED ?HAS IT PLAYED ?HAVE WE PLAYED ?HAVE YOU PLAYED ?HAVE THEY PLAYED ?


TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

AlwaysNeverEverBeforeOnce twice


THE VERBS CONTEST

COMPARATIVES

We use the comparative of adjectives when we compare two people, animal or things. The two

basic ways to compare are using as .. as or than

THAN

When comparing with than some changes to the adjective are necessary, depending on the

number of syllables the adjective has

THAN Our car is bigger than your car.This computer is better than that one.It's much colder today than it was yesterday.

SUPERLATIVES

Superlatives are used when we compare one person, animal or thing with several

of the same kind.

formation

My car is newer than yours.

My car is the newest of the whole parking lot!

All one-syllable and most two-syllable adjectives taker –er / -est Short – shorter - shortest

One-syllable adjectives ending in –e take –r/-st Safe – Safer – safest

One-syllable adjectives ending in the CVC form, double the last consonant

before adding –er/-estBig – Bigger – Biggest

Adjectives ending in consonant + -y, drop the y and taker –ier / -iest Easy – Easier - Easiest

Adjectives with three or more syllables and some two-syllables adjectives take

more+adj / most+adjDangerous – more dangerous – most

dangerous

HOWEVER …

There are some Irregular forms

IRREGULAR FORMSPOSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Good Better The best

Bad Worse The worst

Far Farther

Further

The farthest

The furthest

Many/Much More The most

SPEAKINGDiscuss with your partners who do you think is the best/worst …

SingerActor/ActressMusical BandMovieBookTV serieMexican dish

EXERCISE My house is (big) ________________ than yours. This flower is (beautiful) ________________ than that one. This is the (interesting) ________________ book I have ever read. Non-smokers usually live (long) ________________ than smokers. Which is the (dangerous) ________________ animal in the world? A holiday by the sea is (good) ______________ than a holiday in the

mountains. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) ________________ than a

beer. Who is the (rich) ________________ woman on earth? The weather this summer is even (bad) ________________ than last

summer. He was the (clever) ________________ thief of all.

1. Joe is ______________ than Ed. (short)2. Al is the ______________ . (short)3. Ed is the ______________. (thin)4. Joe is ______________ than Al. (thin)5. Al has the ______________ clothes. (colourful)6. Al is ______________ than Joe. (heavy)7. Ed is the ______________ . (light)8. Joe is ______________ than Ed. (happy)9. Ed is the ______________ . (mysterious)10. Joe is ______________ than Ed. (energetic)


PASSIVE VOICE


We use the passive voice to emphasise the action rather than who or what is

reponsible for it


FORMATION

The passive voice is formed with the verb be in the appropriate form and the past

participle of the main verb


PRESENT SIMPLEPASSIVE VOICE


AFFIRMATIVE

subject verb

I amcalled / given

He/She/It isWe/You/

They are


NEGATIVE

subject v.be NOT verb

I am not

called / given

He/She/It is notWe/You/They

are not


NEGATIVE

V. Be subject verb

Am Icalled / given

Is He/She/It

Are We/You/They


PAST SIMPLEPASSIVE VOICE


AFFIRMATIVE

subject verb

I/He/She/It wascalled / given

We/You/They were


NEGATIVE

subject V.be NOT verb

I/He/She/It was notcalled / givenWe/You/

They were not


INTERROGATIVE


Was I/He/She/Itcalled/given

?

Were We/You/They ?


Active Voice

Passive Voice

Subject

Subject

Verb

Verb

Object

Agent

Mary wrote a letter.

A letter was written by Mary

EXERCISE

He opens the door. – The door is opened by him We set the table. - She pays a lot of money. - I draw a picture. - They wear blue shoes. - They don't help you. - He doesn't open the book. - You do not write the letter. - Does your mum pick you up? - Does the police officer catch the thief? -


EXERCISE She sang a song. – A song was sung by her. Somebody hit me. - We stopped the bus. - A thief stole my car. - They didn't let him go. - She didn't win the prize. - They didn't make their beds. - I did not tell them. - Did you tell them? - Did he send the letter? - ®LUIS ROBERTO ORTIZ GUERRERO

general review

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