general pathology review. assumptions studying pathology enables us to better treat people normal...
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General PathologyReview
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Assumptions
• Studying pathology enables us to better treat people
• Normal people participate positively in the society
• Activity of the human is the product of all the body systems
• The organ is the functional unit of the body• The cell is the structural unit of the body
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Assumptions
• The human body can be divided into systems and organs based on the Anatomy, and Tissues and cells based on the Histology
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Assumptions
• Pathology is any process that is not physiological
• Diseases can be explained by evidence of defects in:– The structure or – The function or– The activity or – The participation of the human
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Hypotheses
• There is a limited number of pathological processes: cell injury, cell death, adaptation, inflammation, infectious, Fibrosis, immune mechanism, genetic, developmental, hemodynamics, metabolic, degenerative, and neoplastic
• Each process may involve any system, organ, tissue or cell
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Hypotheses
• There are causes for each pathological process
• Clinical presentations can be explained by the underlying pathological process
• Complications arise if the pathology persists
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Hypotheses
• We can control (manage) disease by focusing on:– The etiology– The pathological process– The clinical signs and symptoms– The complications
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Health and Disease
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Pathological Processes
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Cell Injury
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Cell DeathNecrosis
Apoptosis
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Patterns of necrosis
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Cellular adaptationin Growth
in differentiation
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Injury and Response
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Inflammation
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Causes of Inflammation
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Clinical Features of Inflammation
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Acute inflammationOutcome of acute inflammation
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Chronic Inflammation
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Inflammatory diseases
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Granulomatous inflammaioncauses
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Lymphatics and lymph nodes
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Chemical Mediators
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Tissue Repair
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RegenerationAbility of cells to proliferate
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Fibrosis
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Loss of function
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Inflammatory diseases
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Hemodynamic Disorders
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Edema
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CongestionHyperemiaIschemia
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Hemorrhage
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Shock
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thrombosis
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Virchow triad
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Fate of thrombus
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Embolism
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Infarction
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Neoplasia
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Transformation
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Benign vs Malignant
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Rate of growthinvasion
AnaplasiaMetastasis
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Dysplasia
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Monoclonality
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Nomenclature
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Genetic Defect
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OncogenesTumor suppressor genesApoptosis genes BCL-2
DNA mismatch repair genesaging and Telomerase
Angiogenesis
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Mulistep carcinogenesis
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Causes of neoplasia:Hereditary
Environmental
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Cancer
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Preneoplstic disorders
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Screening
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Presentation of Cancer
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Diagnosis of Neoplsm
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Tumor markers
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Grading of Cancer
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Staging of Cancer
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Prognosis