general orientation 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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2011
Sea Turtle Research Internships
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Four focus areas
Science training
Paper writing Spanish
Cultural adaptation-teamwork
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Field Work
Nest
Protection
Climate change
Studies
Habitat surveys Monitoring
Projects
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Community
outreach
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Cabo San Lucas areaPuerto Vallarta area
Cancun areaBay Islands, HondurasCosta RicaBrazil
Where?
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Orientation Spanish Classes
Field work
Paper and presentations 3 units Geography 499
or Bio 499
3 units Latin American Studies 499 $500 scholarship
What?
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SEA TURTLES
"For in the end we will conserve only what we love.
We will love only what we understand. We will
understand only what we are taught."
-B. Dioum
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Slides borrowed from:http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/miliefsky-m/MarBioPPTs/009d-Marine%20Reptiles.ppt.
http://www.sacs.k12.in.us/school155/images/files/b18_file439_5277.ppt.
http://marinediscovery.arizona.edu/lessonsF00/brittle_stars/2.html
And Previous Science Exchange interns: Monica Rosquillas,Sarah Maxey and Daniel Soares and Jeff Weaver
http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/miliefsky-m/MarBioPPTs/009d-Marine%20Reptiles.ppthttp://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/miliefsky-m/MarBioPPTs/009d-Marine%20Reptiles.ppthttp://www.sacs.k12.in.us/school155/images/files/b18_file439_5277.ppthttp://www.sacs.k12.in.us/school155/images/files/b18_file439_5277.ppthttp://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/miliefsky-m/MarBioPPTs/009d-Marine%20Reptiles.ppthttp://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/miliefsky-m/MarBioPPTs/009d-Marine%20Reptiles.ppt -
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Sea Turtles in Mythology
Turtles have long beenrevered in myths.
Most Indian tribes seeturtles as being sacred.
The are seen as beingsupernatural becauseof their powers forsurvival.
The Greeks saw turtlesas standing for wisdom.
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More Sea Turtle Myths
In a Chinese myth, aturtle was believedto have developedthe world within its
shell. Some Indians
believe that theworld in which we
live was formed onthe back of a turtle.
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Sea Turtles
Sea Turtles have long fascinated humans,and have figured prominently in themythology and folklore of many cultures
Millions of sea turtles once roamed theoceans, but now only a fraction remain
Their spiritual significance has not savedthem from exploitation for food and profit
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Sea Turtles
Trade in sea turtle meat, eggs, shells, oil,and leather has driven almost every speciesof sea turtles to the brink of extinction
Also, thousands of sea turtles die each yearin shrimp nets, gill nets, long-line hooks,and polluted waters
Dramatic changes to coastlines and beach
property also affect sustainability
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Sea TurtlesCommon Characteristics
Large, air-breathing reptiles
Inhabit tropical & subtropical seasthroughout the world
Shells consist of an upper part, called acarapace, and a lower section, called a
plastron Hard scales (scutes) cover all but the
leatherback; the number & arrangementcan be used to identify the species
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Sea TurtlesCommon Characteristics
Dont have teeth, but jaws have modifiedbeaks suited to their particular diet
Dont have visible ears, eardrumscovered by skin
Hear best at low frequencies
Sense of smell is excellent Vision underwater is good, above water
they are nearsighted
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Sea TurtleAnatomy
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Green Sea Turtle
4 pairs of large scaleson either side (coastalscales)
Does not have thickoverlapping scales
Carapace high domed
Color light to darkgreen with darkmottling
Green Sea TurtleGreen Sea Turtle
CarapaceCarapace
DescriptionDescription
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Green Sea Turtle
Diet
Adult greens feed
mostly on seaweedsand seagrassesalthough immaturegreens arecarnivorous.
SeaweedSeaweed
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Green Marine TurtleWorld Wide Range and Breeding Grounds
The range of the Green Marine Turtle,The range of the Green Marine Turtle,
( Chelonia mydas ), is the largest of any of the sea( Chelonia mydas ), is the largest of any of the sea
turtlesturtles
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Black SeaTurtle
The black sea turtle is controversialbecause not all scientists consider it to be aspecies. It is often considered to be merelya subspecies of the green turtle and it isclassified as Chelonia mydas agassizii.
IntroductionIntroduction
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Black Sea Turtle
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General DescriptionGeneral Description
The head size isThe head size is
comparatively smallercomparatively smaller
than that of green seathan that of green seaturtles.turtles.
Adult black turtles weighAdult black turtles weigh
as much as 220 poundsas much as 220 pounds..It nests at night and hasIt nests at night and has
70 eggs.70 eggs.
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Black Sea Turtle
DietBlack sea turtlesare not carnivores
Their dietconsists mainly ofalgae, seagrasses, jellies
Red AlgaeRed Algae
Sea GrassSea Grass
JellyfishJellyfish
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Loggerhead Sea Turtle
Description
long, slightly taperingcarapace
5 pairs (rarely 6) of largescales on each side (coastalscales)
Carapace longer than wide
Color red-brown to brownAdult carapace approx.1.0m
Loggerhead SeaLoggerhead Sea
Turtle CarapaceTurtle Carapace
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Loggerhead Sea TurtleDiet
Loggerheads arecarnivorous
They feed mostly
on shellfish, crabs,sea urchins andjellyfish.
Sea UrchinsSea Urchins
CrabCrab
JellyfishJellyfish
Loggerhead Sea
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Loggerhead SeaTurtle
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World Wide Range and Breeding GroundsWorld Wide Range and Breeding Grounds
Loggerhead turtles can be found in all of the oceans of the worldLoggerhead turtles can be found in all of the oceans of the world
Major nesting areas are in Australia, Japan, United States andMajor nesting areas are in Australia, Japan, United States and
Central AmericaCentral America
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Loggerhead Sea Turtle
Endangered
The Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) is on theendangered species list Internationally and in allcountries where they nest. The loggerhead turtle has lost 50-80% of itsannual nesting population in the last decade. Further loss of only hundreds of loggerheadturtles annually may threaten the survival of the
species in worldwide
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Olive Ridley Sea TurtleArribadas
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Olive Ridley Sea TurtleDiet
The olive ridley turtle iscarnivorous, feedingmostly on shellfish andsmall crabs.
ShrimpShrimp
LobsterLobster
CrabCrab
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Olive Ridley Sea TurtleWorld Wide Distribution
The largest "arribada" thus far recorded in Ostional(Costa Rica), took place in November 1995 when a
calculated 500 000 females came ashore.
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Hawksbill Sea Turtle
Diet
Sponges make up a majorpart of the diet of hawksbills.
They also feed onseagrasses, algae, softcorals and shellfish.
Yellow Sponge
(Eretmochelys imbricata)
The Hawksbill Turtle gets its name
from its hawk-like beak.
. This turtle's shell is the source of
"tortoise shell", and because of this
commercial exploitation has caused
their numbers to dwindle.Their shell and oils are in constant
demand, placing this turtle in danger.
H k bill S T l
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Hawksbill Sea Turtle
World Wide Range and Breeding Grounds
The Hawksbill Sea Turtle (EretmochelysThe Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelysimbricata), prefers shallow coastal waters.imbricata), prefers shallow coastal waters.
It is the most tropical of all sea turtlesIt is the most tropical of all sea turtles..
L th b k S T tl
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Leatherback Sea Turtle
(
Dermochelyscoriacea)
The Leatherback isthe largest of the sea
turtles. They canreach a length of 6feet
Leatherback Marine TurtleLeatherback Marine Turtle
CarapaceCarapace
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Leatherback Sea Turtle
Unlike the other turtles,the Leatherback's shell hasno scales. Instead it iscovered with a rubberyleather-like skin.
The leatherback turtle iscarnivorous and feedsmainly in the open oceanon jellyfish and other soft-bodied invertebrates
Sea Nettle JellyfishSea Nettle Jellyfish
(Chrysaora fuscescens)(Chrysaora fuscescens)
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Kemps Ridley Sea Turtle
Background
Modern historyfinds this smallestof sea turtlesfighting its way
back from thebrink of extinction.
K Ridl S T tl
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Kemps Ridley Sea Turtle
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The range of the Kemps Ridley Sea Turtle is from theCaribbean Sea to Eastern Canada
The only major nesting site is in the Gulf of Mexico
Range and Breading GroundsRange and Breading Grounds
Sea Turtle Population
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Sea Turtle PopulationDecline
Typical sea turtle population reduction
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Mating- at sea
Migration- occurs in late spring; female is
accompanied by male
Egg laying behavior- return to same beach (natal
beach)
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Kemps Ridley nesting
Usually nest at night
Front flippers dig pit, rear flippers carve out burrow
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Turtle nest
Cross section
Egg tooth- used to chip away at shell
Group effort to get out of nest-emerge at night (safer) and head
towards brightest light
Artificial lights- confuse hatchlings
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Clutch size- about 100 eggs & covers pit with sand
Egg incubation- 2 months depending upon speciesSex determined by temperature- males lower temp,
females higher temp pivotal temperature ~31 C
Leatherback hatching Kemps Ridley hatchlings
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Navigation
Sight
Position of themoon
Wave direction Internal compass
(turtles that we
know use this:loggerhead andleatherback)
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Navigation
Some turtlesmigrate over 2600km but most will
only travel 1000km.
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A. Incidental fishing
B. Direct Fishing
C. Egg PoachersD. Beach Development
E. Marine Debris
F. Rising sand temperatures
G.Fibropapilloma
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To Sell forMeat BBQs or Soup Eggs- Cocktails
Jewelry Leather
Strong cultural traditions at partiesEggs through to be an aphrodisiac
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
(CITES): turtle commerce prohibited in countries that signed
agreement
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Marine Debris- plastic bags, soda can plastic rings,
fishing line, oil and tar
Costal development and habitat degradation- noise,light, beach obstructions- affect nesting habitat
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Fibropapilloma- virus in Green turtles
Affects ability to feed, see, move about, or breath
May be due to pollutants, blood parasites, or habitat change
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Turtle
Excluder
Device
2 H h
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2. How can we protect theturtles and their habitat?
Protect nestinggrounds
A. Reserves andwildlife refuge
B. Relocate eggs tohatcheries.
C. Patrol the beachesfrom poachers
D. Prevent coastaldevelopment andactivity.
2 H t t th
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2. How can we protect theturtles and their habitat?
Education
A. Get localsinvolved
B. Decreaseinternational tradeof products
C. Scientificresearch
D. Tell others
2 H t t th
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2. How can we protect theturtles and their habitat?
Improvements
A. Improve fishingtrawls (TED)
B. Protect withturtle farms
C. Decreasepollution and trash
D. Get involved
3 P bl b i f d ith
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3. Problems being faced withenforcing laws
Not all countrieshave the money ormanpower to
control poachingon beaches.
Violations ofpoaching may only
face a simple fine,or may bedisregarded.
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3. Problems being faced withenforcing laws
Jurisdiction variesbetweengovernmental
agencies: water = fishery
depart.
land = wildlife and
forest depart.
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3. Problems being faced withenforcing laws
Turtle farms for tradeand reinstatementcost millions ofdollars and take 20 to
start. to some people . . . trade
and conservation appear toconflict, but if properlyapplied, they could well be
the key to surviving thespecies
--H. Reichart
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3. Problems being faced withenforcing laws
Local people arenot educatedenough in rural
countries and needturtle meat as asource of protein.
Not all nesting
beaches can beprotected.
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1964: Conservation of Tortugas began in Mexico1990: Total ban on sea turtle take in Mexico1994: Conservation of Tortugas began in Los Cabos area (
80% of nesting )
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ASUPMATOMA
Saving theSaving theSea TurtlesSea Turtles
One Egg at aOne Egg at a
timetime
Analysis of Sea Turtle
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Analysis of Sea Turtle
Nest Temperatures and
Future Global Warming
Effects on Two Coasts of
MexicoNick Furst, Allison Baxter, Armando Lorences
Camargo,
Carla Cristina Sanchez Salazar, Katherine ComerSantos
International Sea Turtle SymposiumSan Diego, 2011
Sea Turtle
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kumal Baxter 2010 San Cristobal Furst 2010
Sea Turtle
Internships
throughThe Science
Exchange
Summer 2010
M f L ti t
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Map of Locations at
San Cristobal and Akumal
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Problem
Incidental fishing, habitatloss, poaching, pollution,disease, lethal nesttemperatures due to
global warming. Nests in other studies
are currently reachinglethal limits (Matsuzawa et al.1985; Matsuzawa et al. 2002; Hays et
al. 2003;Valverde et al. 2010; Fuenteset al. 2010).
Akumal green, Baxter 2010
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Research Questions1. Are nests in our study areas currently in danger of
reaching lethal limits?
2. Can we use regional weather station data to monitor our
study sites? (Is there a significant correlation?)
3. Can we use weather data to monitor sand temperatures
at our study sites? (Is there a significant correlation?)
4. Will global warming cause sand temperatures in 2100
reach lethal limits on these beaches?
Nadia releasing hatchlings in Akumal, Baxter 2010
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Assumptions Metabolic heat produces about 1.7 C of heat
compared to surrounding sand temperature(Segura and Cajade 2010).
The lethal limit for embryos occurs at around
34C (Bustard and Greenham 1968; McGehee; 1979; Yntema andMrosovsky 1980; Miller et al. 2003)
Akumal Baxter 2010
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Future air temperatures were modeled by theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Changeand are predicted to rise about 1.8 C by 2100(IPCC 2007)
Assumptions (cont.)
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Methods and Materials
Followed Hawkes et al. 2007 and Gallegos et al. 2009 Walked daily to check sand thermometers buried at nest levels indifferent areas of Akumal and San Cristobal beaches
Measured daily climate variables at the beaches
Downloaded weather data from local weather stations
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Variables
Dependent: max sand temperature
Independents: min and max air humidity
min and max air temperature
dew point
wind speed
precipitation
Used a Pearsons Correlation
Matrix(PSPP freeware)
Akumal, Baxter 2010
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Results
Only minimum airtemperature was sig.correlated with maximumsand temperatures
R values = 0.64 at Akumal 0.68 at San Cristobal (p
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Global warming prediction
We used the Rvalues to extrapolatetemperature changey = change in sand temp
m = slope or R
x = increase in air temp (1.8 C)b = 0
2100 predicted sandtemperatures willincrease by:1.22 C at Akumal1.15 C at SanCristobal
Results: Predicted Global Warming
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Results: Predicted Global Warming
Effects on Sand Temps
Location MeanTemperature
(includes 1.7 C formetabolic heat)
CI(alpha = .05)
2100Temperatures
(=1.22 Cincrease )
AB SandTemp Max
30.5 (+/-) 0.19 31.7
HMB SandTemp Max
31.4 (+/-)0.22 32.6
PT SandTemp Max
30.4 (+/-)0.22 31.6
Akumal 2010
Results: Predicted Global Warming
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Results: Predicted Global Warming
Effects on Sand Temps
Location 2010Temperature
(includes 1.7 Cfor metabolic
heat)
CI(alpha = .
05)
2100 temperatures(=1.15 C increase )
Temp 1 28.6 (+/-)0.51 29.7
Temp 2 28.8 (+/-)0.34 29.9
Temp 3 29.8 (+/-)0.38 31.0
Temp 4 30.7 (+/-)0.33 31.9Temp 5 30.5 (+/-)0.41 31.7
Temp 6 30.9 (+/-)0.28 32.1
Temp corral 29.8 (+/-)0.37 30.9
Hobo 30.9 (+/-)0.38 32.0
San Cristobal Beach 2010
Previous Studies in Baja
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California Sur, Mexico
Location 2008Temperature
(includes 1.7 C formetabolic heat)
2100temperatures
(.81 C increase)
Presidente Hatcheryestuary side
33.5 34.3
Presidente Hatchery 33.1 33.9
Playa Tortuga zoneB
31.9 32.7
Playa Tortuga zoneC
34.0 34.8
Playa El Cardoncitozone B
34.3 35.1
Playa El Cardoncitozone C
34.2 35.0
Playa La Fortunazone B
33.3 34.1
La FortunaHatchery 34.6 35.4
San Jose del Cabo 2008 (Maxey et al. 2Location 2008
Temperature(includes 1.7 C for
metabolic heat)
2100temperatures
(.89 C increase )
Sensor 1 32.4 33.3
Sensor 3 32.4 33.3
Sensor 4 32.6 33.5
Sensor 5 33.1 34.0
an Cristobal 2008 (Hurtado unpubl.)
Conclusions
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Conclusions
1. Several zones in San Jose del Cabo in
2008 reached lethal limits, our studies in
2010 stayed around 31 C
2. Regional weather stations did notserve as
surrogates for local weather data in ourstudy
Akumal Baxter 2010
Conclusions (cont )
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Conclusions (cont.)
3. Minimum air (night) temperatures were
consistently and significantly correlated with themaximum sand temperatures, although onlyexplaining about half the variation.
4. Prediction: 2100 sand temperatures will likely
reach lethal levels on the in Baja California.
Akumal Baxter 2010
Conservation
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Conservation
Recommendations
If night-time temperatures stay high for a period of
time check your nest temperatures!
If sand temperatures get high, use shade to cool
nests
Courtesy of ICV, Ostional , CR 2011
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ResearchRecommendations
Longer study period, more studylocations
Standardize equipment, Nest cages to
protect hobos
Study sand moisture, color, grain size,
compaction
Predict effect of global warming on sex
ratios
Quantify time lag to heat/cool sand
Courtesy of Sea Turtle Municipal Program
Cabo San Lucas 2007
More questions if sand
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More questionsif sand
temperatures rise
Will sea turtles respond witha shift in seasons?
Shift in latitude?
Shift in pivotal temperature? Shorter incubation times?
Will these responses
help/harm turtle
populations? Will responses happen
quickly enough?
Puerto Vallarta, Katherine Santos
G i !
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Armando Lorences Camargo
Carla Cristina Sanchez Salazar
Graciela Tiburcio PintosElizabeth Gonzalez Payan
Katherine Comer Santos
Sarah Maxey
Chris Hurtado
Gracias!
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Akumal
Turismo en Akumal y la
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yTortuga Marina por Monica
Rosquillas
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Akumal
Akumal es un puebloplayero turistico en laRiviera Maya.
A 100km de Cancun, estalocalizando entre Playa delCarmen y Tulum.
Cuenta con bellas playas
donde anidan tortugasblancas y caguamas.
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Tortuga Blanca (Chelonia
Mydas) En Peligro de extincion 100-250 kg
1.2 meters
Anidan de Junio aSeptiembre
Hembras anidan de 3-7veces al ao
Alimentan de pastosmarinos
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Caguama (Caretta Caretta)
En Peligro deExtincion
100-200 kg
1.15 metros
Hembras anidad deAbril a Julio
Alimentan decrustaceos
Rutas migratorias de TortugaC ( h l
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Carey (Eretmochelys
imbricata)
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Punta Banco
5 weeks $1230
6 weeks $1450 $280 ground
transport
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San Miguel
Corazolito bicycles
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Caletas Only tents
M i F t
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Mexico Facts
2 million square kilometres (over760,000 sq mi),
14thlargest independent nationinthe world . estimatedpopulation of 111 million
Capital DF 31 States
President Felipe Calderon
11th most populous country and the
most populous Hispanophone country onearth.
World bank $14,570 GDP
wikipedia
C t Ri
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanophonehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area -
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Costa Rica
Per capita income: (2009) $6,900; (2010est., PPP) $10,569.
Unemployment (2010 est.): 6.7%.
Currency: Costa Rica Colon (CRC). Natural resources: Hydroelectric power,
forest products, fisheries products.
Commerce, tourism, and services (68%of GDP): Hotels, restaurants, touristservices, banks, and insurance.