General Introduction to CDMA Mobile Communications

CDMA Business Department

Shenzhen ZTE Corporation, China

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA

Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation Communications System)

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile Communication

Cell/sector

Frequency Reuse

Handoff

Cell-splitting

Mobility： flexible and convenient， global personal

communication Poor environment and conditions ：

Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and time)shadow effect and delay, power change and other noise,

Multiple MS and channels： Interference 、 near and far effect

Limit of frequency resources Reliability is a must

registration, handoff, switching, control

Characteristics of Mobile Communication

1946 First mobile phone system , 120 KHZ( AT&T): FM 60’s IMTS 25-30KHZ （ Bell System): FM 1 G Analog Cellular/FDMA

AMPS (US, 800 MHZ/30KHZ/10 kbps) TACS (British, 900 MHZ/25 KHZ/8 kbps)

2 G digital cellular/TDMA GSM, DAMPS, JDC IS-95 CDMA

3G IMT-2000 (International Mobile telecommunications) UTRA/W-CDMA (Japan, Europe) CDMA 2000 MC (US) UTRA TDD (Europe) and TD-SCDMA(China) UWC-136 (TDMA) DECT (TDMA)

Evolution of Mobile Communications System

Concepts: FDMA, TDMA & CDMA

FDMA TDMA CDMA

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated pathway through a transmission medium for one user information

Any of the dimensions of the transmitted signal can be segmented into private assigned channels for users. Here how the three most popular technologies establish channels:

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access each user on a different frequency a channel is a frequency

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access each user on a different window period

in time slot a channel is a specific time slot on a

specific frequency CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns

a channel is a unique code pattern FrequencyTime

Power

FrequencyTime

Power

FrequencyTime

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

Channel Structure For FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

Frequency Reuse and Large Capacity

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (1)

Cell Coverage CDMA: varies with traffic load

No load: 3 × GSM coverage

20 channels/sector: 2 × GSM coverage

GSM: coverage not affected by traffic load

Number of BTS CDMA=20% × GSM

1000 km2 coverage: CDMA 45 BTS, GSM 200 BTS

Capacity: CDMA=5 × GSM=10 × AMPS

Voice quality: vocoder CDMA 8K> GSM 13K, CDMA 13K approaches 64K PCM

Handoff CDMA : soft handoff, GSM: hard handoff, more dropp

ed calls Network Planning and Expansion

CDMA : simple ( N=1), GSM: more complicated (N=4/7)

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (2)

13

2

4

3

2

4

24

4

1

2

3

14

2

31

4

GSM： N＝ 4 CDMA： N＝ 1

111

11 1

1

11

11

1

111

11

11

11

1

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA

Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation Communications System)

Technical Features of CDMA Spread Spectrum

Ensures high transmission and voice quality, security Short PN, long PN and Wash codes are used for coding

Multiple Access Code Division:Improve frequency reuse and guarantee large capacity

Soft Handoff Seamless communication without call dropping High communication quality

Power Control Ensure optimum power level with least interference to other channels,

reducing Near and Far Effect and thus increasing capacity Low radiation and longer battery usage time

Diversity Receiver (Rake Receiver) Achieve signal gain and avoid Multi-path Effect

Voice Activation Lower transmitting power and low speed

Voice Coding

Spread Spectrum-Basis for CDMA Technology

Definition: Spread spectrum technique ,employ a transmission bandwidth that is

several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal bandwidth.

Theoretic Basis: Shannon’s Law C=Blog2(1+S/N)

C: Channel Capacity B: bandwidth S/N: signal to noise ratio

Conclusion: When C is a fixed value, S/N is a reciprocal ratio of B

Another techniques for Spread Spectrum: DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Traditional radio communication systems transmit data using the minimum bandwidth required to carry it as a narrowband signal, e.g. FDMA and TDMA systems.

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

SlowInformation

Sent

TX

SlowInformationRecovered

RX

NarrowbandSignal

Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula

C = Blog2(1+S/N)

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued)

Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal, W N is average power for noise, W

It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.

Direct-Sequence Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the

receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

FastSpreadingSequence

SlowInformation

Sent

TX

SlowInformationRecovered

RX

FastSpreadingSequence

WidebandSignal

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued

The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal

The gain can be used to increase system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both

Processing Gain For SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Gp=10log (B/Bm) Where, Gp is processing gain, dB B is spreading signal bandwidth, Hz Bm is original signal bandwith, Hz E.g., it is 21 dB for IS-95A CDMA system.

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued)

Basic Spreading & DeSpreading ExampleUser Data Spread, Sent, Recovered

XORExclusive-OR

Gate

1

1

Input A: Received Signal

Input B: Spreading Code

Output: User Original Data

Input A: User Data

Input B: Spreading Code

Spread Spectrum Signal

XORExclusive-OR

Gate

At Originating Site: Input A: User’s Data @ 19,200 b

its/second Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.22

88 Mcps Output: Spread spectrum signal

At Destination Site: Input A: Received spread spectr

um signal Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.22

88 Mcps Output: User’s Data @ 19,200 b

its/second just as originally sent

via air interface

Channel Coding（ SS）

Carrier Modulation

DS-PN

Radio Channel

Source Coding

Channel Decoding

CarrierDemodulation

DS-PN

SourceDecoding

Transmit Receive

Antenna

Channel Decoding

Carrier Demodulation

DS-PN

Radio Channel

Source Decoding

ChannelCoding（ SS）

CarrierModulation

DS-PN

SourceCoding

TransmitReceive

Antenna

A B

Spread Spectrum （ 1 ）

f

S（ f）

f0Signal Frequency Before Decoding

f

S（ f）

f0Signal Frequency Before SS

Signal

Signal

Noise

f

S（ f）

f0

Signal Frequency after SS

Signal

f

S（ f）

f0

Signal Frequency After Decoding

Signal

Noise

Signal Pulse Noise Other Noise

Spread Spectrum (2)

Spread Spectrum (3)- Spreading Codes

Spreading Code Rate: 1.2288Mc/s Multi-path separation,(delay:1--100µs)

Delay<1 µs , rate>1 MHZ Multiples of base band rate 9.6 kbps

Spreading Codes Forward : Walsh code Reverse: Long PN Codes (242-1)

Spread Spectrum (4)

Advantages: Avoid interference arising from jamming

signal or multi-path effects SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed

and filtered Security: difficult to detect Privacy: Difficult to demodulate Multiple Access:

Improve Frequency Reuse Enlarge Capacity

CDMA Spreading Principle

Any data bitstream can be combined with a spreading sequence The resulting signal can be de-spreading and the data stream recovered if t

he original spreading sequence is available and properly timed After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intactNote - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scal

e

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

SpreadingSequence

SpreadingSequence

InputData

RecoveredData

Spread Data Stream

Single spreading sequence are reversible

CDMA Spreading Principle (Continued)

Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and then reapplied in opposite order, to recover the original data stream the spreading sequences can have different desired properties

All spreading sequences originally used must be available in proper synchronization at the recovering destination

Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scale

Multiple successive sequence are reversible

SpreadingSequence

A

SpreadingSequence

B

SpreadingSequence

C

SpreadingSequence

C

SpreadingSequence

B

SpreadingSequence

A

InputData

X

RecoveredData

X

X+A X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B X+ASpread-Spectrum Chip Streams

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

Code Division Multiple Access (1)

Orthogonal Walsh function Forward link: Spreading and building of coded channels Reverse link: orthogonal modulation of MS signal

Long PN Code ( cycle length: 242 –1) Forward link: identification of MS Reverse link: Spreading and user MS identification

Short PN Code (cycle length: 215-1) Forward and Reverse link: both for orthogonal QPSK

modulation, with different phase for different BS and identical phase for different MS (0 offset)

Division of Channels Forward Link

Pilot: continuous transmission, for synchronization and handoff, no message

Synchronization : for the mobile to capture initial timing or synchronization when initializing

Paging Channel: for the transmission of system message and paging message, registration and traffic channel assignment

Forward Traffic Channel: transmission of voice, data and related signalling

Reverse Link Access : used for initiating communication with BS and responding to

paging message ( 1 Paging channel corresponds to up to32 access ) Reverse Traffic: for transmission of user and signalling information during

call establishment.

Code Division Multiple Access (2)

Code Division Multiple Access (3)

Traffic

User traffic MS power control Sub-channel

Forward CDMA Channels

Pilot Sync. Paging Paging Traffic Traffic

W0 W32 W1 W7 W8 W62 W63

Reverse CDMA Channels

Access Access Traffic Traffic Traffic

CDMA Spreading Code

64Sequences, each 64 chips long

Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with respect to all other Walsh Codes

Walsh Code

EXAMPLE:

Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59

#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 “1”, 32 “0”: Orthogonal!!

Unique Properties:Mutual Orthogonality

WALSH CODES # ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------ 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 2 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 3 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 4 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 5 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 6 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 7 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 8 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 9 010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010101011010101010 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 010110100101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010122 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 001100111100110000110011110011001100110000110011110011000011001143 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Hn Hn

H2n = ___

Hn Hn

0110

1100

1010

0000

10

000

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)

Every User’s Long Code is 242 chips long Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, it requires 41.4 days to complete Each phone has a world-unique User Long Code generated using its 32-bit ESN, an Operato

r-Definable 10-bit User Mask, and the current long code state expressed as a 42-bit binary number

Users Long Codes are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different to permit reliable decoding on the reverse link

Long Code( GENERATED I N TAP - SUMMED SH I F T TER )REG I S

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 PERMUTED ESN+=

0

Long CodeState

(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

Public Long CodeMask (STATIC)

User Long Code(@1.2288 MCPS)

one chip at a time

SUM

Modulo-2 Addition

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)

Short Code The PN Sequence is 32,768(215)

chips long a two-dimensional binary

sector with distinct I and Q component sequences, each 32,768 chips long

The PN Sequence (and any sequence) correlates with itself perfectly if compared at a timing offset of 0 chips

The Short PN Sequence is special: Orthogonal compared with itself using any possible timing offset other than 0

IQ

IQIQ

Total Correlation: All bits = 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset

IQIQ

Orthogonal: 16,384 “1 “ + 16,384 “0”

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

Unique Properties:

32,768 chips long26.666 ms.

(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)Summary of Characteristics & Functions

Walsh Code

Short Code

Long Code

Type of Sequence

Mutually Orthogonal

Orthogonal with itself at any time shift value

near-orthogonal if shifted

Special Properties

64

1

1

HowMany

64 chips1/19,200 sec.

32,768 chips26-2/3 mS

75x in 2 sec.

242 chips~40 days

Length

Modulation

Quadrature Spreading (Zero offset)

Distinguish users, allow recovery

Reverse Link Function

User identitywithin logic

channel

Distinguish Cells & Sectors

Data Scrambling to distinguish

users

Forward Link Function

Each CDMA spreading sequence is used for a specific purpose on the forward link and a different purpose on the reverse link

The sequences are used to form code channels for users in both directions

Cell

Forward Link

Forward CDMA channel modulation process

User data fromBS in 9600bps4800bps 2400bps1200bps

ConvolutionalEncoder andRepetitioninterleaverr=1/2,K=9

19.2kbps

Datascrambling

MUX

Power contrl bit

Walsh code

Long code generator

Long codefor user

Decimator

1.2288Mcps

Decimator

4

800Hz

Base band Filter

Base band Filter

I Q

I-channel Pilot PN SequenceQ- channel Pilot PN Sequence

Reverse IS-95 channel modulation for a single user

InformationBit9600bps4800bps2400bps1200bps

Converlutional

Encoder andRepetitionr=1/3 K=9

BlockInter-leaver

CodeSymbol28.8kbps

64-aryOrtho-gonal

Modulator

Code Symbol

DataBurstRand-omizer

Walshchip307.2kcps

Long Code Generator

Long Code Maskfor user PN chip

1.2288Mcps

Base-bandFilter

I-channel

PN chip

DBasebandFilter

I(t)

Q(t) Q-channel

1/2 PN chip Delay=406.9ns

I、 Q :Zero-offset Pilot Sequence

41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0

110001111 ACN PCN BASE_ID PILOT_PN

ACN:number of access channel;PCN:number of paging chBASE_ID, PILOT_PN.

Access channel long code mask:

Public long code mask:

41 32 31 0

1100011000 Permuted ESN

What is mask ?

Different approaches to bandwidth problem

CDMA

TDMAFDMA

Coding Process on CDMA Forward Channels

Each user is assigned one of the 64 Walsh Codes and their traffic is mixed with the Walsh code to establish a dedicated code channel

Each Users Long code is applied incidentally for data scrambling All user code signals are then analog-summed to produce one composite waveform The composite waveform is the combined with the PN sequence using a specific offs

et to uniquely identify this cell sector

BTSPilot Walsh 0

Walsh 19

Paging Walsh 1

Walsh 6

Walsh 11

Walsh 20

Sync Walsh 32

Walsh 42

Walsh 37

Walsh 41

Walsh 55

Walsh 60

Walsh 55

PN OFFSET 372

PN OFFSET 116BTS

PN OFFSET 226BTS

PN OFFSET 511BTS

ANALOG

SUM

PN372

WALSH19

x

x

x

Functions of the CDMA Forward channels

Pilot Walsh 0

Walsh 19

Paging Walsh 1

Walsh 6

Walsh 11

Walsh 20

Sync Walsh 32

Walsh 42

Walsh 37

Walsh 41

Walsh 55

Walsh 60

Walsh 55

PILOT: WALSH CODE 0 The Pilot is a structural beacon which does

not contain a character stream. It is a timing source used in system acquisition and as a measurement device during handoffs

SYNC: WALSH CODE 32 This carries a data stream of system

identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition

PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7 There can be from one to seven paging

channels as determined by capacity needs. They carry pages, system parameters information, and call setup orders

TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes The traffic channels are assigned to

individual users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh codes are available, subject to overall capacity limited by noise

Analog Summing for Multiple Access

This simplified demonstration shows analog summing using only four abbreviated Walsh codes, each 4 bits long. Four users are talking.

Each user signal is XORed with their assigned Walsh code, and the results are analog-summed and sent over a single medium, much like in CDMA.

At the other end, the Walsh codes are applied to recover each user data.

X

X

X

X

User A

User B

User C

User D

User A

User B

User C

User D

Walsh 0

Walsh 1

Walsh 2

Walsh 3

Walsh 0

Walsh 1

Walsh 2

Walsh 3

A + 0

B + 1

C + 2

D + 3

Analog Summing

Input Bits#1 #2

Spreading De-SpreadingPower

IntegrationOutput Bits

#1 #2

In CDMA, this is the air

interface

Coding Process on CDMA Reverse Channels

Each mobile is uniquely identified by an offset of the User Long Code, which it generates internally

All mobiles transmit simultaneously on the same 1.25-MHz wide frequency band Any nearby BTS can dedicate a channel element to the mobile and successfully

extract its signal Mobiles also use the other CDMA spreading sequences, but not for channel-

identifying purposes Short PN Sequence is used to achieve phase modulation Walsh Codes are used as symbols to give ultra-reliable communications recovery

at the BTS

User Long Code BTS BSC MSC

Functions of the CDMA Reverse channels

ACCESS: It is used by mobiles not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signalling information

an access channel is defined by a special public long code mask

Access channels are paired with Paging Channels. There can be up to 32 access channels per paging channel

TRAFFIC:It is used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS

a traffic channel is defined by a specific User Long Code

there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as there are CDMA phones in the world

911

REG

BTS

Technical Advantages of CDMA Technology

For the Telecom Service Provider High Efficiency of Frequency Utilization Large Capacity Network Simple Frequency Planning Compatible with Analog Mobile Network Smooth migration to 3G

For the Subscriber Crystal-clear Voice Quality Good Anti-jamming Inter system soft handoff reduces call dropping Low radiation and Long Standby time (long battery duration) Reliable Security

Development of CDMA Technology

CDMA One : core technology IS95 : IS 95A: only 1 spreading code for 1 traffic channel, 14.4 Kbps

1980, First field test by Qualcomm 1990, first version of CDMA UM interface standard by Qualcomm 1995, N-CDMA standard IS-95A by TIA

IS 95B : max. 8 codes for 1 traffic channel (one user for high-speed packet data service

enhanced Air interface, hardware compatible with IS-95A 64 kbps dual way data service ,

CDMA 2000 :144K/384K/2M bps CDMA 2000-1X: 144 kbps CDMA 2000-3X: 2 Mbps (CDMA 2000-1X-EV)

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA

Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation Communications System)

Dynamics of 3G Background

Higher demand of QoS Seamless internal roaming, wideband, flexible Large capacity, frequency resource usage

IMT-2000 Naming

commercial use expected in 2002 First phase frequency band around 2 G HZ.

Requirements QoS: voice/coverage, transmission/delay(BER<10 -3 for voice/video, BER<10 –6 for dat

a; delay is variable with multi-media data services) New services and capabilities: wideband service(mobile laptop, medical applications, r

eal-time map), flexible band allocation(low rate paging message—high rate video transmission, low delay requirement for voice while absolute integrity for document)

Development and evolution: step by step evolution, investment protection Flexibility: MS (multi-mode/frequency support international roaming), self-adaptive co

ntrol (adjustment of radio channel parameters for different environment) Mobility management: Personal communication, seamless roaming among different net

works.

Dynamics of 3G

UIM MT RAN CNOther CN of IMT-2000

family

UIM: user identity module

MT: mobile terminal

RAN: radio access network

CN: core network

RTT: Radio Transmission Technology Proposed standards: 10 (FDD: 8 , TDD 5)

Dynamics of 3G

No. RTT Proposed Duplex Proposer

1 J: W – CDMA FDD, TDD Japan: ARIB

2 ETSI – UTRA - UMTS FDD, TDD Europe: ETSI

3 WIMS W - CDMA FDD US: TIA

4 WCDMA/NA FDD US: TIPI

5 Global CDMA II FDD SK: TTA

6 TD - SCDMA TDD China: CATT

7 CDMA 2000 FDD, TDD US: TIA

8 Global CDMA I FDD SK: TTA

9 UWC - 136 FDD US: TIA

10 DP – DECT TDD Europe: ETSI

1. 1 – 5 : similar to WCDMA, harmonization forms 3GPP WCDMA

2. 7 – 8 similar to CDMA 2000, harmonization forms 3GPP2 CDMA 2000

3. 9 : UWC – 136, based on IS – 136 TDMA (D-AMPS)

Dynamics of 3G

Wireless Access Network Various standards:

W-CDMA FDD, W-CDMA TDD(TD-SCDMA), CDMA-2000 Multi-carrier, UWC-136 TDMA

Widely accepted standards: CDMA 2000 W-CDMA UWC-136

Core Network ANSI TIA/EIA-41 MAP GSM MAP

Comparison Between W-CDMA & CDMA 2000

Item W-CDMA CDMA-2000

Min. Band Width

SS technique Single Carrier DS Multi-carrier Or DS

Code chip rate 4.096Mcps ， reduced to 3.84Mc

N1.2288Mcps

Sync. Between BS

Async, Sync. Can be selected Sync. (GPS)

Frame length 10ms 20ms

Voice Coding Fixed rate Variable rate

Power Control Rate

1600Hz 800Hz

Dynamics of 3 G

Wireless Access Standards Development from 2 G to 3 G GSMGSM-----GRPS and EDGE (up to 384 kbps)---W-CDMA (5 MHZ) CDMA

IS 95A/B(14.4-64 kbps) cdma2000-1X (144 kbps) cdma2000-3X

cdma2000-1X-EV TDMA (TIA-EIA-136)IS136 IS-136+(TIA/EIA 136-A/B) TDMA/EDGE/GRPS(384kbps) IS137

2.5 G 3 G

Consolidation of ITU IMT-2000 ： Very complicated task  Technical difference:

SS, code chip rate, Sync. Mode, Pilot, core network(GSM-MAP and IS-41)

Conflict of interest of various parties involved ： current market status of mobile communications, IPR, interest of

service provider and manufacturers 3GPP （ 1998-12 ）

Initiated by ETSI and joined by ARIB， TCC， TI， TTA CN: GSM-MAP, RAN: UTRA

3GPP2 （ 1999-1 ） Initiated by TIA/ANSI and joined by ARIB, TTC, TTA CN: ANSI/IS-41, RAN: cdma2000

Dynamics of 3 G

Typical IS95A Network Structure of ZTE

MSC/VLR

HLR/AUC

MS

Abis

Abis

Abis

PSTN/PLMN

BSC

BSC

Abis

BSC

A-ISO2 .x

Um IS41D/E

Evolution from 2G System to 3G System

HDR

IS-95Acdma2000-3x

1X-EV

IS-95B

cdma2000-1x

CDMA Network Evolution of ZTE

IS95A Cdma 2000 1X

Transition methods

Data service rate

Adopts IOS4.0 for A Interface

144K — 2M

Smooth evolution to 3G

MSS evolves from current Circuit Switching

mode to full IP mode

CDMA2000-1X Network Structure

MSC/VLR

HLR/AUC

2G BTS

3G BTS (1X) or 2G BTS+upgrade

2G/3G MS

Abis

Abis

Abis

PSTN/PLMN

2G BSC+upgrade or 3G BSC/ PCF (1X)

Internet

PDSN

HAAAA server

router router

Ethernet

ATM

2G BTS

2G BSC

Abis

BSM

E1Um

IS95

Um

IS2000 E1 STM-1

E1 STM-1

Ethernet

2G BSC+upgrade or 3G BSC/ PCF (1X)

3G BTS (1X) or 2G BTS+upgrade

The end !