general dermatology pearls€¦ · molluscum contagiosum herpes zoster herpes simplex erythema...
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General DermatologyPearls
Jason M Cheyney, MPAS, PA-CDermatologic Surgery Specialists
Macon, Ga 31211
Inflammatory Diseases of the Skin
Infectious Diseases of the Skin
Atopic dermatitis
Contact Dermatitis
Unknown etiology, suspect genetics and environmental influencesIncreased permeability of the skin to environmental allergens and immunologic hypersensitivityTypically appears in infancy peaks at one year of age and resolves by 6-8 years of ageSome individuals have lifelong issuesSanitary environment may predispose to development. Immune system becomes tolerant of antigens when exposed at a young age
Restoration of skin barrier of paramount importance
Consider infection stimulating superantigen and treat with appropriate antibiotic if flaring
Topical calcineurin inhibitors
Topical corticosteroids
UV light extremely beneficial
Oral steroids as last resort
If no control refer to dermatology for more aggressive therapy.
Caused by contact with an external allergenMost common is plant typeMetals, most common nickel but gold is a rising problem and starting to see platinumTwo most common topical causes are diphenhydramine and triple antibioticDelayed hypersensitivity, rash typically appears 5-7 days after exposureIf concerned about workplace allergen refer to dermatology or allergist for patch testingMost cases resolve spontaneously in several days to weeks
AVOIDANCE
Topical corticosteroids
Oral corticosteroids
Oral antihistamines – NON-SEDATING
If no improvement within 3-4 weeks need biopsy or referral to specialist
Tinea
Folliculitis
Impetigo
Molluscum Contagiosum
Herpes Zoster
Herpes Simplex
Erythema Infectiosum
Pityriasis Rosea
Intertrigo
Verruca
Tinea (Dermatophyte)
Corporis
Cruris
Pedis
Versicolor (Yeast)
aka “Ringworm”
Dermatophyte Infection of the Trunk, Legs, Arms and/or Neck. (not feet, hands or groin)
Etiology
T. rubrum - most common
T. mentagrophytes
M. canis – from an infected animal
M. gypseum – from infected soil
Transmission:
Direct contact with another person, animal or infected soil.
Auto-innoculation possible (T. pedis, T. cruris)
Treatment:
Topical Antifungal of Choice
Oral Antifungal if Widespread or Recalcitrant
Oral Ketoconazole is Not Indicated for Dermatophyte Infection in the United States
BacterialMechanicalPityrosporumGram NegativeHot TubEosinophilicDissectingViral
Aka Malassezia Folliculitis (Yeast)Most Often Appears on Chest and BackBiopsy Often NecessaryTreatment Options:Topical anti-yeast creamsKetoconazole 200 mg x 1 and repeat in 1 weekRecurrence is Common
Deep Dermatophytic Folliculitis
Found in Any Hair-Bearing Area
Often Secondary to Steroid Use
Etiology
T. rubrum
T. tonsurans
T. mentagrophytes
Common and Contagious
Honey Colored Crusting
EtiologyStaph aureus
Strep pyogenes
Minor Skin TraumaBreak in the skin – Trauma
Atopic Dermatitis
Easily Missed
Minimal Erythema
Ruptures to form thin rim with flat center
Lesions seen in all stages
Staph aureus is primary pathogen
Reactivation of the varicella(chickenpox) virusAfter initial infection disease lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglionProdrome is typically painPost-herpetic neuralgia most common complication which can lasts months to yearsOphthalmic involvement Suppressed immune status leads to greater chance of longterm side effects and complicationsRisk increases with age 4 in 1000 will develop in lifetime, 10 in 1000 after the age of 60
Valacyclovir 1 gm tid for 7 days
Acyclovir 800 mg 5x/day for 7 days
Vaccination for pts 60 yo and older even pts who have had a zoster outbreak
HSV IPredominately around the mouth, eyes, face and throat
HSV IIPrimarily anogenital
Individuals with altered immune systems are more susceptible to severe complications
Eczema herpeticum
Approximately 80% of world population is infectedAsymptomatic carriers are common
Condom use to reduce transmission when active lesions present
Valacyclovir1st - 1 gm bid for 7 days
Recurrence - 500 mg bid for 3 days
Suppression - 1 gm qd
Acyclovir1st – 400 mg tid for 7 days
Recurrence – 400 mg tid for 5 days
Suppression – 400 mg bid
The “fifth” of the classic childhood exanthems
Etiology: HPV (Parvovirus) B19
Children between 5 – 15 years of age
Prodrome of fever, malaise and pharyngitis
Circumoral pallor and “Slapped Cheeks”
Lace-like rash on trunk and proximal limbs
Lasts up to 4 weeks but may recur with sun exposure
Transient aplastic crisis may occur
Parent Reassurance
LabsCBC
Serology
Antipyretics (acetaminophen, ibuprofen)
Systemic Corticosteroids
Rarely Blood Transfusion
Typically preceded by a “Herald Patch”
Commonly mistaken for “ringworm”
Most cases asymptomatic but can be extremely pruritic
Unknown etiology, suspect viral URI as culprit
No evidence of being contagious
Typically lasts 6-8 weeks and resolves spontaneously
None necessary if asymptomatic – self limiting
UV Light can be helpful
Erythromycin, 500 mg bid for 7 days
Topical mid-potency corticosteroid for itching
Oral antihistamines – NON-SEDATING
Inflammation in areas of skin to skin contactAxillaBreastsGroin
Multiple etiologiesBacterialFungalViral
Get comfortable with KOHBe careful not to mistake inverse psoriasis or seborrheic dermatitis for intertrigoRare cases of cancer can mimic always look at the area. Please never take the pts word and treat with out an evaluation, no matter how uncomfortable.
Targeted against cause
Oral or topical antibiotic
Oral or topical antifungal
Topical corticosteroid
Diaper rash cream is a great prevention, reduces skin surface tension
Always see pt back in two weeks or if symptoms worsen.
If no improvement or worsening – BIOPSY or refer!
Multiple types – All in Human Papilloma Virus Family
Common – 2 & 4
Flat – 3, 10 & 28
Genital – 6 & 11 most common, 16 & 18 associated with most cases of cervical and penile cancer
Periungal – 2 & 4
Plantar - 1
Virus that is transmitted from person to person, typically through broken skin
Multiple Therapies – too many to list!!
My ListLeave it alone.
Cryotherapy
Topical keratolytic
Immunotherapy
Vaccine – Giardisil
MMR
Canthardin
Surgery
QUESTIONS?