gender and education for all - the leap to equality, 2003/4 report

7/23/2019 Gender and Education for All - The Leap to Equality, 2003/4 Report

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Hgejgr bej Gjunbtfoe cor Baa

ZMG AGB\ ZO GRWBAFZVHgejgr bej Gjunbtfoe cor Baa

ZMG AGB\ ZO GRWBAFZV



Hgejgr bej Gjunbtfoe cor BaaZMG AGB\ ZO GRWBAFZV



WEG^NO \u`afsmfeh

Hgejgr bej Gjunbtfoe cor Baa

ZMG AGB\ ZO GRWBAFZV



Zmg jgsfhebtfoes gipaoygj bej tmg prgsgetbtfoe oc tmg ibtgrfbafe tmfs puàfnbtfoe jo eot fipay tmg gxprgssfoe oc bey opfefoewmbtsogvgr oe tmg pbrt oc WEG^NO noengrefeh tmg aghba stbtusoc bey nouetry, tgrrftory, nfty or brgb, or oc fts butmorftfgs, ornoengrefeh tmg jgafiftbtfoe oc fts croetfgrs or òuejbrfgs.

\uàfsmgj fe 0<<> `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Gjunbtfoeba,^nfgetfcfn bej Nuaturba Orhbefzbtfoe8, \abng jg Coetgeoy, 87>70 \brfs <8 ^\

Hrbpmfn jgsfhe `y ^yavbfeg @bgygesHrbpmfns `y Fj-\roj\rfetgj `y Hrbpmoprfet, \brfsF^@E 60->-2<>62:-=

©WEG^NO 0<<>\rfetgj fe Crbeng



Z mg hobas oc Gjunbtfoe cor Baa (GCB) brg ngetrbaay noengregj wftm gqubafty. Fc nmfajrgebrg gxnaujgj croi bnngss to gjunbtfoe, tmgy brg jgefgj tmgfr muibe rfhmts bejprgvgetgj croi jgvgaopfeh tmgfr tbagets bej fetgrgsts fe tmg iost `bsfn oc wbys.Gjunbtfoe fs b tornm wmfnm nbe mgap to hufjg bej faauifebtg tmgfr afvgs. Ft fs tmgbnkeowagjhgj rgspoesf`fafty oc baa hovgreigets to gesurg tmbt gvgryoeg fs hfvge

tmg nmbeng to `gegcft croi ft fe tmgsg wbys. Ft fs baso fe tmg cuejbigetba fetgrgsts oc sonfgty tosgg tmbt tmfs mbppges „ prohrgss wftm gnoeoifn bej sonfba jgvgaopiget jgpgejs upoe ft.

Egvgrtmgagss, ifaafoes oc nmfajrge brouej tmg woraj stfaa cbfa to hbfe bnngss to snmooafeh, bejgvge abrhgr eui`grs bioeh tmosg wmo jo geroa agbvg prgibturgay, jroppfeh out `gcorg tmgskfaas oc aftgrbny bej euigrbny mbvg `gge propgray hbfegj. B ibdorfty oc sunm nmfajrge brghfras. Bs b rgsuat, tmg snourhg oc faaftgrbny stfaa bccgnts iorg tmbe =3< ifaafoe bjuats, baiosttwo-tmfrjs oc wmoi brg woige.

Zmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui mgaj fe Jbkbr, ^geghba, fe Bprfa 0<<< bjoptgj sfx ibdor hobas corgjunbtfoe, two oc wmfnm baso `gnbig Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas abtgr fe tmg sbig ygbr.Zmg Jbkbr hobas novgrgj tmg bttbfeiget oc Wefvgrsba \rfibry Gjunbtfoe (W\G) bej hgejgrgqubafty, fiprovfeh aftgrbny bej gjunbtfoeba qubafty, bej fenrgbsfeh afcg-skfaas bej gbraynmfajmooj gjunbtfoe prohrbiigs, bej wgrg to `g bnmfgvgj wftmfe 27 ygbrs. Mowgvgr, tmghgejgr hoba wbs dujhgj to `g pbrtfnuabray urhget „ rgqufrfeh tmg bnmfgvgiget oc pbrfty fegeroaigets cor hfras bej òys bt prfibry bej sgnoejbry agvgas `y 0<<7, bej oc cuaa gqubaftytmrouhmout gjunbtfoe `y 0<27.

Bs tmfs fssug oc tmg Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport hogs to prgss, tmg woraj fs two ygbrs bwby croitmg jbtg `y wmfnm tmg hgejgr pbrfty hoba fs to `g bnmfgvgj. Ft fs, tmge, tfigay tmbt tmg rgport

smouaj pby pbrtfnuabr bttgetfoe to tmg prohrgss `gfeh ibjg wftm fts fipagigetbtfoe „ bej wftmtmbt oc tmg aoehgr-tgri hoba oc bnmfgvfeh hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe. Zmg rgport smows tmbt,wmfag ibey nouetrfgs brg afkgay to ifss tmg 0<<7 hoba, tmfs nfrnuistbeng nouaj nmbehg qufnkayfc bpproprfbtg nmbehgs fe poafny wgrg ibjg. Mowgvgr, bnmfgvfeh gqubafty tmrouhmout gjunbtfoefs iorg procouejay nmbaagehfeh. Gjunbtfoeba fegqubafty fs nbusgj `y jggpgr corngs fe sonfgtytmbt gxtgej wgaa `gyoej tmg òuejbrfgs oc gjunbtfoeba systgis, festftutfoes bej prongssgs.Zmg rgport jgioestrbtgs tmbt nmbehgs fe b wfjg rbehg oc gnoeoifn bej sonfba poafnfgs „ bswgaa bs fe gjunbtfoe ftsgac „ wfaa `g eggjgj fc hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe fs to `g bttbfegj.

F bi noevfengj tmbt tmg woraj fs oe tmg pbtm towbrjs hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe, ùt tmgrgrgibfes soig wby to trbvga. Zmfs rgport provfjgs b ibp cor bt agbst tmg cfrst pbrt oc tmg

douregy. Zmg ueftgj gccorts oc hovgreigets, EHOs, nfvfa sonfgty, tmg norporbtg sgntor bej tmgfetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty wfaa `g nrunfba to gesurg ibxfiui possfàg prohrgss bs tmg routg

uecoajs.

Corgworj

Koïnmfro IbtsuurbJfrgntor-Hgegrba oc WEG^NO



Noetgets



Gxgnutfvg suiibry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Pfhmts, gqubafty bej Gjunbtfoe cor Baa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe4 aghba oàfhbtfoes vgrsus poaftfnba noiiftigets . . . . . . . . . . . .0:Gxtgejfeh tmg bhgejb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .08Zfig-òuej tbrhgts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0=Fipbnt oc hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe oe otmgr jgvgaopiget o`dgntfvgs . . . . . .0=

Noenausfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>2

Zowbrjs GCB4 bssgssfeh prohrgss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>>Gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>:Wefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe bej tmg hgejgr hobas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .::^gnoejbry gjunbtfoe bej tmg hgejgr hobas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe bej tmg hgejgr hobas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83Agbrefeh prohrbiigs cor afcg skfaas bej aftgrbny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=:Gjunbtfoeba qubafty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Noipbrfeh tmg prohrgss oc nouetrfgs towbrjs GCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<=

Xmy brg hfras stfaa mgaj `bnk? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227Zmg agbp croi pbrfty to gqubafty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe4 wmbt mbppges outsfjg tmg snmooa?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe4 nmfajrge fe spgnfba nfrnuistbengs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe4 tmg suppay oc snmooafeh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>7Pfhmts wftmfe gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:>Pfhmts tmrouhm gjunbtfoe4 bnmfgvfeh gqubafty oc outnoigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:=

Agssoes croi hooj prbntfng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277Mfstorfnba agssoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273Ibkfeh puàfn poafny cft cor hfras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232EHOs bej gjunbtfoe provfsfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=:Noenausfoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=6

Croi tbrhgts to rgcori4ebtfoeba strbtghfgs fe bntfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262\bttgres oc pgrcoribeng „ wmbt jrfvgs prohrgss? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260Fiportbeng oc noetgxt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26:Noiiftigets bej tfig-òuej tbrhgts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263Gvfjgeng oc ebtfoeba rgcori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<2\brtfnfpbtfoe „ fs nfvfa sonfgty fevoavgj? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<>Jgngetrbafzbtfoe4 fs ft ibkfeh b jfccgrgeng? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<6Ibkfeh prfibry gjunbtfoe bccorjbàg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .023GCB fe fejustrfbafzgj bej trbesftfoe nouetrfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000

Iggtfeh our fetgrebtfoeba noiiftigets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>2Bfj caows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>>Fetgrebtfoeba feftfbtfvgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:8^trgehtmgefeh fetgrebtfoeba no-orjfebtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .077

Hgejgrgj strbtghfgs cor GCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .037Rubetftbtfvg bspgnts oc prohrgss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .033Hgejgr-bwbrg strbtghy cor gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .033Ebtfoeba strbtghfgs cor GCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .082Iggtfeh fetgrebtfoeba noiiftigets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .080

BeegxgsBppgejfngs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08=^tbtfstfnba beegx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06:Haossbry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >=:Pgcgrgengs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >==Bnroeyis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :20

Nmbptgr 8

Nmbptgr 3

Nmbptgr 7

Nmbptgr :

Nmbptgr >

Nmbptgr 0

Nmbptgr 2



Cfhurgs

0.2. Jfstrfùtfoe oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to jurbtfoe oc prg-prfibry snmooafeh (2666)(fe mours pgr snmooa ygbr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>7

0.0. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 pgrngetbhg nmbehgs fe hross geroaiget rbtfo `gtwgge 266< bej 0<<<(oeay nouetrfgs wftm jbtb bvbfabàg cor tmg two ygbrs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>8

0.>. Egw getrbets fe prfibry Hrbjg 2 wmo mbvg gxpgrfgengj soig cori oc GNNG prohrbiig,`y hgejgr (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>6

0.:. \grngetbhg oc prfvbtg geroaiget fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe (0<<<)4igjfbe vbaugs bej vbrfbtfoe wftmfe rghfoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:2

0.7. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 smbrg oc prfvbtg bej pu afn geroaiget fe hross geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:0

0.3. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 pgr nbpftb HE\ bej hross geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:>

0.8. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hross fetbkg rbtg to Hrbjg 2 (266< bej 0<<<)(nouetrfgs wftm jbtb cor tmg two ygbrs, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc HFP fe 0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:7

0.=. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hross fetbkg rbtg, igjfbe vbaugs bej vbrfbtfoe wftmfe rghfoes (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:30.6. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hgejgr pbrfty fejgx oc hross fetbkg rbtg (266< bej 0<<<)

(jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs wftm jbtb cor 266< bej 0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:8

0.2<. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 fetbkg rbtg bej hgejgr pbrfty (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:6

0.22. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hross geroaiget rbtfo `y hgejgr (0<<<) (eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftmH\F `gtwgge <.68 bej 2.<>, f.g. vgry naosg to pbrfty, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc totba HGP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7>

0.20. Nmbehgs fe hgejgr jfspbrftfgs oc hross geroaiget rbtfos `gtwgge 266< bej 0<<<(nouetrfgs wftm nmbehgs oc 7 pgrngetbhg pofets or iorg, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F fe 0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7:

0.2>. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 pgrngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs `y hgejgr (0<<<) (eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wmgrgrgpgbtgrs brg agss tmbe 0% oc geroaiget, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc ibag rgpgbtgrs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7=

0.2:. Aftgrbny rbtg oc 00- to ::-ygbr-oajs fe tmg Ngetrba Bcrfnbe Pgpuàfn, bnnorjfeh to ygbrsoc snmooafeh (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3<

0.27. û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb4 pgrngetbhg oc cgibag tgbnmgrs bej hgejgr pbrfty fe bnngss to snmooas (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . .3<

0.23. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 pgrngetbhg oc cgibag tgbnmgrs (266< bej 0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300.28. \grngetbhg oc cgibag tgbnmgrs `y agvga oc gjunbtfoe (0<<<) (fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc pgrngetbhg

cgibag fe prfibry gjunbtfoe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

0.2=. Zrbesftfoe rbtgs croi prfibry to sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, `y hgejgr (2666) (nouetrfgs wmgrg gftmgribag or cgibag rbtgs, or òtm, brg `gaow 6<%; fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc ibag rbtgs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

0.26. û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej Brb` ^tbtgs4 hgejgr pbrfty fejgx cor bnngss to prfibry (0<<<)bej trbesftfoe rbtg croi prfibry to sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe (2666/0<<<) (fe fenrgbsfeh orjgroc hgejgr pbrfty cor bnngss to prfibry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3=

0.0<. ^gnoejbry gjunbtfoe4 nmbehgs fe hgejgr pbrfty fejgx oc hross geroaiget rbtfo (266<„0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8<

0.02. Hgejgr pbrfty fejfngs cor hross geroaiget fe prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe (0<<<)(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc prfibry H\F wftmfe rghfoes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

0.00. Jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs, gxnaujfeh Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe4 rgabtfoe `gtwgge H\Fsoc prfibry bej sgnoejbry hross geroaiget rbtfos fe 87 nouetrfgs (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

0.0>. ^gnoejbry hgegrba gjunbtfoe4 pgrngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs `y hgejgr (0<<<) (eot fenaujfehnouetrfgs wftm pgrngetbhg rgpgbtgrs gaow 0%, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc ibag rgpgbtgrs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8>

0.0:. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 F^NGJ Agvga 7 „ pgrngetbhg oc cgibag stujgets fe typg B bejtypg @ prohrbiigs (0<<<) (fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc cgibag pgrngetbhg fe typg B prohrbiigs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

0.07. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 cgibags bs pgrngetbhg oc baa stujgets fe bjvbengj rgsgbrnm prohrbiigs„ F^NGJ Agvga 3 (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=<

0.03. \grngetbhg fenrgbsgs fe bjuat aftgrbny rbtg, `y hgejgr (croi 266< to 0<<< bej croi 0<<< to 0<27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=6

0.08. \grngetbhg oc cgibags bioeh bjuat faaftgrbtgs, `y rghfoe (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=6

0.0=. Gstfibtgj aftgrbny rbtgs, cor bjuats bej youtm, fe cour sgagntgj rghfoes (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27)(bjuats4 bhg 27 bej ovgr; youtm4 bhg hroup 27„0:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6<

Afst oc cfhurgs, tbàgs bej tgxt òxgs



0.06. Hgejgr pbrfty fejfngs cor bjuat bej youtm aftgrbny rbtgs (266<„0<27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6<

0.><. Bjuat aftgrbny rbtg `y hgejgr (0<<<) (eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftm ovgrbaa aftgrbny rbtgs bòvg 87%) . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

0.>2. Gstfibtgj bjuat bej youtm aftgrbny rbtgs (0<<<), bej prodgntfoes oc youtm aftgrbny rbtg to 0<27(eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftm ovgrbaa bjuat aftgrbny rbtg bòvg 87%; fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc bjuataftgrbny rbtg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

0.>0. H\F oc bjuat aftgrbny rbtg `y nouetry (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27)(eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftm H\F bòvg <.87 fe 266<; fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F fe 266<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6>

0.>>. H\F oc youtm aftgrbny rbtg `y nouetry (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27) (fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F fe 266<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6:

0.>:. \upfa/tgbnmgr rbtfo fe prfibry gjunbtfoe, `y rghfoe (266< bej 0<<<)4 igjfbe vbaugs bej vbrfbtfoewftmfe rghfoes (fe pbrgetmgsgs, tmg eui`gr oc nouetrfgs fenaujgj fe gbnm rghfoe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

0.>7. Jfstrfùtfoe oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to eui`gr oc pupfas pgr tgbnmgr fe prfibry gjunbtfoe (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

0.>3. \grngetbhg oc prfibry tgbnmgrs wmo mbvg rgngfvgj pgjbhohfnba trbfefeh, `y hgejgr (0<<<)

(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc totba pgrngetbhg trbfegj wftmfe rghfoes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6=0.>8. \uàfn gxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe bs pgrngetbhgs oc HE\ bej oc totba puàfn gxpgejfturg (0<<<)

(nouetrfgs fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc pgrngetbhg oc HE\ wftmfe rghfoes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<<

0.>=. \uàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oe prfibry gjunbtfoe bs pgrngetbhg oc puàfn nurrget gxpgejfturgoe gjunbtfoe (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<2

0.>6. \uàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oe prfibry gjunbtfoe bs pgrngetbhg oc HE\ bej gxpgejfturgpgr pupfa bs pgrngetbhg oc pgr nbpftb HE\ (0<<<) (fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc gxpgejfturg pgrpupfa bs pgrngetbhg oc pgr nbpftb HE\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<0

0.:<. Hgejgr jfccgrgeng fe pgrcoribeng oe tmg noi`fegj rgbjfeh aftgrbny snbag, \F^B (0<<>)(Ibag snorg „ Cgibag snorg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<>

0.:2. \grngetbhg oc cgibag tgbnmgrs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe bej pgr nbpftb HE\ (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<7

0.:0. \grngetbhg oc ibag bej cgibag bioeh tmg aowgst pgrcorigrs oe tmg noi`fegj rgbjfehaftgrbny snbag (0<<>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2<3

0.:>. \rospgnts oc bnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrfty fe prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, `y rghfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22<>.2. ^nbttgr paot oc tmg hgejgr pbrfty fejgx (H\F) bhbfest totba egt geroaiget rbtfo (EGP)fe prfibry gjunbtfoe (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

>.0. ^nbttgr paot oc pgr nbpftb HE\ bhbfest prfibry EGP (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

>.>. ^nbttgr paot oc H\F cor prfibry geroaigets bej pgr nbpftb HE\ (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

>.:. ^tujgets rgngfvfeh bjjftfoeba rgsourngs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe fe nross-ebtfoebanbtghory B bs b pgrngetbhg oc baa nmfajrge fe prfibry gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>>

:.2. Pgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge totba cgrtfafty rbtg bej hgejgr gipowgriget igbsurg fevbrfous nouetrfgs (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

3.2. \grngetbhg rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc OJB jfsùrsgigets, bvgrbhg (266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>>

3.0. @fabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe (266<„0<<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>>

3.>. \grngetbhg noiposftfoe oc ”uespgnfcfgj‖ gjunbtfoe bfj, sgagntgj nouetrfgs, bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>8

3.:. Bfj to gjunbtfoe tmrouhm otmgr sgntors bs b pgrngetbhg oc totba bfj to gjunbtfoe, bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2) . . . . . . .0>8

3.7. Pghfoeba jfstrf utfoe oc `fabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe, bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2), bjuat faaftgrbtgs,snmooa-bhg popuabtfoe bej out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge (0<<<), pgrngetbhg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:2

3.3. EGP fe prfibry gjunbtfoe bej `fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj pgr out-oc-snmooa nmfaj(fe noestbet 0<<< W^$), bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:0

3.8. Bjuat aftgrbny rbtg bej `fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj pgr bjuat faaftgrbtg (fe noestbet 0<<< W^$),bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:0

3.=. Xoraj @bek agejfeh to gjunbtfoe, noestbet 0<<2 prfngs fe W^$ ifaafoes (266<„0<<0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:>

3.6. \grngetbhg rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc F@PJ bej FJB nuiuabtfvg agejfeh totba bej corgjunbtfoe (266<„0<<0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0::



>.2. Eui`gr bej pgrngetbhgs oc nmfajrge gehbhgj fe gnoeoifn bntfvfty, nmfaj abòur bejworst coris oc nmfaj abòur, `y bhg (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

>.0. Ibrrfgj bjoagsngets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20>

>.>. Nouetrfgs wftm prfibry snmooa cggs y rghfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>3

>.:. ûiibry cgg survgy rgsuats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>8

:.2. Zrgejs fe cgrtfafty bej cgibag abòur corng pbrtfnfpbtfoe rbtgs, sgagntgj Gbst Bsfbe nouetrfgs(267<„0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27=

:.0. Hfra-ngetrgj gjunbtfoe/poafny prodgnts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28:

:.>. @oy/hfra rbtfos fe Hrbjgs 2 bej 0 fe snmooas fe ^fmbrb, Egpba (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=0

:.:. \bss rbtgs fe Hrbjgs 2 bej 0 fe snmooas fe ^fmbrb, Egpba (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=0

:.7. \roiotfoe, rgpgtftfoe bej jrop-out rbtgs fe Egpba, noipbrgj wftm GNNG hroups fe^fmbrb Jfstrfnt (266=„0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=0

:.3. ûiibry oc muibe rfhmts gjunbtfoe postgr nbipbfhe (@behabjgsm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=87.2. Zmg snbag oc tmg nmbaagehg (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26:

7.0. Egt geroaiget bej bjuat faaftgrbny (0<<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

7.>. Crbenopmoeg Xgst Bcrfnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

7.:. ^gttfeh tbrhgts cor coriba gjunbtfoe fe tmg 263<s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268

7.7. ^gttfeh W\G hobas bej tbrhgts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26=

7.3. ^gttfeh qubafty-rgabtgj snmooa-agvga `genmibrks bej fejfnbtors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

7.8. Jgngetrbafzbtfoe4 iotfvgs bej o`dgntfvgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .022

7.=. Nosts oc prfibry snmooafeh fe Zbezbefb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02=

7.6. Xmbt fs tmg ibfe rgbsoe cor agbvfeh snmooa? (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .026

7.2<. Crgg prfibry gjunbtfoe fe cfvg Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00<

7.22. ^nmooa cggs bej \P^\s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00>

3.2. Zotba Occfnfba Jgvgaopiget Bssfstbeng (OJB), egt jfsùrsgigets, W^$ `faafoes (266<„0<<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>0

3.0. @fabtgrba bfj noiiftigets to gjunbtfoe fe noestbet 0<<< W^$ ifaafoes (266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>:

3.>. \grngetbhg nmbehgs fe `fabtgrba bfj caows to gjunbtfoe bej to `bsfn gjunbtfoe fenoestbet 0<<< W^$ ifaafoes, bvgrbhg (266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>7

3.:. \grngetbhg noiposftfoe oc `fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bssfstbeng (266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>3

3.7. Bfj to gjunbtfoe4 poafny orfgetbtfoe oc gfhmt fabtgrba bhgenfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:<

3.3. Gjunbtfoe bfj y rghfoe bej ebtfoeba nmbrbntgrfstfns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:2

3.8. Iuatfabtgrba OJB noiiftigets, gxnaujfeh tmg Xoraj @bek, fe noestbet 0<<< W^$ ifaafoes,bvgrbhg (266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:>

3.=. @fabtgrba bej iuatfabtgrba bssfstbeng to gjunbtfoe fe noestbet 0<<< W^$ `faafoes bvgrbhg(266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0::

3.6. Fejfnbtfvg Crbigwork `genmibrk nrftgrfb bej CZF proposba tbrhgts cor 0<<2 (`bsg ygbr) bej 0<27 . . . . . . . . . . . .07<

3.2<. Cfebenfeh noiiftigets cor CZF gejorsgj nouetrfgs (Buhust 0<<> fe W $ ifaafoes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0723.22. Zmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Xorkfeh Hroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .07=

3.20. Fetgr-Bhgeny cabhsmfp prohrbiigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .032

8.2. ^nmooa cggs fe nouetrfgs bt rfsk oc eot bnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrfty fe prfibry snmooafeh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .036



Zgxt òxgs

2.2. Zmg ”hgejgr noiiftiget‖ festruigets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

2.0. Zmg Jbkbr Crbigwork bej Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .08

2.>. Hgejgr, gjunbtfoe bej nftfzgesmfp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06

0.2. Zrgejs fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe fe nouetrfgs fe trbesftfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>=

0.0. Ebtfoeba bvgrbhgs noengba noesfjgrbàg fegqubafty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:<

0.>. Hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe bttgejbeng bnross Fejfbe stbtgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

0.:. ûrvfvba bej noipagtfoe rbtgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

0.7. F^NGJ 2683 noipbrgj wftm F^NGJ 26684 fipbnt oe geroaiget noipbrfsoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3=

0.3. Hgejgr bej vonbtfoeba/tgnmefnba stujfgs fe Crbeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:

0.8. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 jgcfeftfoe oc F^NGJ Agvgas 7B, 7@ bej 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8=

0.=. Afcg skfaas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=7

0.6. ôurngs bej fejfnbtors cor ioeftorfeh Hobas > bej : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=30.2<. Aftgrbny Bssgssiget bej Ioeftorfeh \rohrbiig (ABI\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .=8

0.22. Fetgrprgtfeh tmg aftgrbny hoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .==

0.20. Zrbjftfoeba WEG^NO jgcfeftfoes oc aftgrbny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .==

0.2>. Fiprovfeh hgejgr pbrfty fs tmg `gst prgjfntor oc prohrgss towbrjs GCB bs b wmoag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22>

>.2. Hgejgr bej prfibry geroaigets4 soig sfipag bssonfbtfoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

>.0. Hgejgr fegqubaftfgs fe gjunbtfoe4 tmg ôutm Bsfbe nbsg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20<

>.>. Gtmfopfbe hfras spgbk up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20>

>.:. \u`grty iytms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20:

>.7. Mow costgr nmfajrge cbrg fe Xgst Bcrfnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

>.3. Cfhmtfeh MFS/BFJ^ fe @rbzfafbe snmooas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20=

>.8. Hfras fe tmg brigj corngs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>2

>.=. Jfsb`faftfgs bej hgejgr fe OGNJ nouetrfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>>>.6. Mbrbssiget oc jfsbàgj hfras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>:

>.2<. Zmg fiportbeng oc tmg pmysfnba gevfroeiget cor jfsbàgj hfras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2>6

>.22. Wegquba pbrtegrsmfps oe snmooa noiifttggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:2

>.20. Frbe4 noesgrvbtfvg poafnfgs oost hfras‖ snmooafeh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:0

>.2>. Gejurfeh stgrgotypgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:3

>.2:. ^gxfsi bej pbrgetba prgcgrgengs fe Ibaf fipbnt eghbtfvgay oe rgnruftiget oc cgibag tgbnmgrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:8

>.27. Fe tmg corigr sonfbafst àon, cgibag tgbnmgrs oe tmg rfsg bs rgba wbhgs cbaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:=

>.23. Xmy jo hfras noesfstgetay outpgrcori òys fe tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2:6

>.28. Nbrf` gbe pbrbjox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

>.2=. ^tujget ”nmofngs‖ brg egvgr uecgttgrgj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270

>.26. Gjunbtfoe, hgejgr bej gipaoyiget fe Ibhmrg` nouetrfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27>

:.2. Zmg Kgrbab ”iojga‖ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273:.0. ^tbhgs oc tmg rgvoautfoe bej woige‖s stbtus fe tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278

:.>. Cgrtfafty jgnafeg bej tmg jgiohrbpmfn trbesftfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

:.:. Gjunbtfoe bs noetrbngptfoe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23<

:.7. Ibfestrgbifeh hgejgr4 mbvg bjgqubtg rgsourngs `gge baaonbtgj? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23>

:.3. Cuentfoefeh oc tmg Cgibag ^gnoejbry ^nmooa ^tfpgej \rohrbiig, @behabjgsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238



:.8. Hgttfeh nmfajrge out oc work bej feto snmooa fe @rbzfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236

:.=. Zmg Cooj Cor Gjunbtfoe (CCG) prohrbiig fe @behabjgsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28<

:.6. Nostb Pfnb4 @ufajfeh Opportueftfgs cor youeh iotmgrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28>

:.2<. ôutm Bcrfnb4 tgbnmgrs‖ uefoes conus oe MFS/BFJ^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

:.22. Zrbfefeh tgbnmgrs bhbfest vfoageng fe ôutm Bcrfnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283

:.20. Gjunbtfoeba cgifefsi fe tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283

:.2>. Nmbehg croi Xftmfe4 b Dbibfnbe feftfbtfvg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288

:.2:. Nurrfnuaui rgcori fe Ibabwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

:.27. Nrgbtfeh be fecoriba nbjrg oc woige tgbnmgrs fe Pbdbstmbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=<

:.23. Gjunbtfoe cor bjoagsnget hfras fe brigj noecafnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=2

:.28. Fipbnt oc GNNG oe prfibry hgejgr rbtfos fe Egpba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=0

:.2=. Aghba aftgrbny fe Fejfb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=::.26. \opuabr gjunbtfoe bej woige‖s poaftfnba pbrtfnfpbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=7

:.0<. Hgejgr-bwbrg gjunbtfoe provfsfoe4 tmg @PBN EC\G iojga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2=3

7.2. ôig jgtgrifebets oc tmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Jgvgaopiget Fejgx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26>

7.0. Hobas bej tbrhgts4 gjunbtfoe rgcori cor tmg keowagjhg gnoeoiy fe Dorjbe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

7.>. Weftgj tbtgs „ tbnkafeh fegqubaftfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<<

7.:. Guropgbe Wefoe „ `genmibrks cor mfhmgr pgrcoribeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<2

7.7. NÔs „ cfejfeh b pabng bt tmg tbàg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<7

7.3. @rbzfafbe pbrtegrsmfps bhbfest faaftgrbny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<3

7.8. Zrfhhgrfeh tmg jg btg4 noestftutfoeba bigejigets bej NÔs fe Fejfb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<=

7.=. Hufegb bej tmg Efhgr4 wmo nbaas tmg tueg? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<6

7.6. CBXG fe Whbejb „ sgttfeh b trgej . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<6

7.2<. Noejftfoes cor sunngss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02<7.22. Hgttfeh tmg noejftfoes rfhmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02<

7.20. Jgngetrbafzbtfoe fe Kgrbab4 stroeh rmgtorfn, getrgenmgj pbttgres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02>

7.2>. ^nmooa noiifttgg rgspoesf`faftfgs fe tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .02:

7.2:. Fipgjfigets to jgngetrbafzbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .027

7.27. \oafny bej strbtghy fe Whbejb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000

3.2. ^tbtfstfns oe bfj to gjunbtfoe4 tmg qubafty oc rgportfeh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>=

3.0. ^tbtfstfns oe bfj to gjunbtfoe4 rgportfeh jfccfnuatfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>6

3.>. @fabtgrba bhgenfgs4 hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:7

3.:. Hgejgr, gjunbtfoe bej \P^\s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:3

3.7. Hgejgr bej IJH rgports4 rgsuats oc b ”snbe‖ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0:8

3.3. ^babrfgs bej tgbnmgrs‖ uefoes4 tmg Efhgr bej Nútg j‖Fvofrg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .072

3.8. Feftfbtfvgs bej nbipbfhes oc rgagvbeng to GCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .07>3.=. Aftgrbny bej sustbfebàg jgvgaopiget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .07:

3.6. Zmg tgxt oc tmg rgnoiigejbtfoes croi tmg GCB Mfhm-Agvga Hroup 0<<0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .073

3.2<. Ioeftorfeh prohrgss towbrjs GCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .076

3.22. Ibdor fetgrebtfoeba rgports oc rgagvbeng to GCB fe 0<<>„<: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03<

3.20. Cour cabhsmfp prohrbiigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .030



Zmfs Pgport fs wfjg-rbehfeh fe òtm su`dgnt ibttgr bej hgohrbpmfnba novgrbhg bejjrbws oe jfccgrget jfsnfpafegs bej pgrspgntfvgs bej b rfnm òjy oc fetgrebtfoebagxpgrtfsg bej rgsgbrnm. Ft rgprgsgets b stroeh noaagntfvg gccort, fe tmg `gst spfrft ocGjunbtfoe cor Baa.

Xg brg fejg`tgj to ^fr Dome Jbefga, WEG^NO‖s Bssfstbet Jfrgntor-Hgegrba cor Gjunbtfoebej to B`mfibeyu ^fehm, Agbj Ibebhgr fe WEG^NO‖^ Jbkbr Coaaow-up Weft, bej tmgfrnoaagbhugs cor tmgfr support fe tmg noipfafeh oc tmfs ygbr‖s Pgport.

Zmg hgegrba smbpg oc tmg Pgport `gegcftgj croi tmg bjvfng oc tmg fetgrebtfoeba Gjftorfba@obrj bej croi fts nmbfrpgrsoe, Befa @orjfb. Iorg prgnfsg cori wbs hfvge `y b sibaabjvfsory hroup, noiprfsfeh Ibjgagfeg Breot, Hgegvfívg Crbfssg, Hoaebr Igmrbe bejEgaafg \. ^troiqufst, wmfnm igt fe \brfs fe Cg`rubry 0<<>.

Zmg GCB Pgport jgpgejs hrgbtay oe tmg work oc tmg WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns(WF^) bej Jgefsg Afgvgsagy, ^fioe Gaafs, ^bfj @gakbnmab, Nabujg Bkpb`fg bej tmgfrnoaagbhugs noetrfùtgj sfhefcfnbetay to tmg Pgport, gspgnfbaay fe prgpbrbtfoe oc ibtgrfba

cor tmg stbtfstfnba tbàgs.

^pgnfba tmbeks brg jug to baa tmosg wmo prgpbrgj `bnkhrouej pbpgrs, eotgs bej òxgscor tmg rgport. Zmgsg wgrg4

Nmbrags \bua B`bef, Vbsifeg Bjf` Xbm`b Xbm`y, Dosgpm Bmbembezo,Bheís Baf @ono, Ibjgagfeg Breot, @gbtrfng Bvbaos-@gvbe, F`rbmfib @bm-Abayb,@br`brb @bfagy, Nabujfg @bujfeo, oefb P. @mbaotrb, Nbtmgrfeg @abyb, Ibréb @oefeo,Ibrk @rby, Ifnmbga @ropmy, Jg``fg @ujagejgr, Kbssbw Nmgkoag, Afejb Nmfsmoai,Fsbfbm Nmoa Brubf, Nrfbeb Noeeba, Ioefnb Jbage, Grfn Jæ`br`fgux, Ibrngaab Jgaunb,Aukb @foeh Jgeh, Vbnou`b Jfbhbeb, Hbay Jf`g, Po`fe Gaafsoe, \gtgr Gvbes,Ibkmouiy Cbaa, Dbegt Cagfsnmibe, Dujg Crbesibe, Agb Hb`b-Bcoujb,

Beeg-Ibrfg Hogtz, Bjrfbeb Horhb, Ioumbibjou Huíyg, Duafge Hufehefjo Hbyg,Aburb Huziâe ^tgfe, Warfkg Mbegibee, Pgewfnk Frvfeg, ^mbrbjb Dbfe,Kbigsmwbrf Dbejmybab, Sfrhfafo Tbnbrfbs Duvbeg, Ebfab Kb`ggr, Fjrfssb Kbòrg,Jorfs Kbkuru Iumwgzf, Mbiouj B`jga Xgjouj Kbifa, Jgòrbm Kbsgetg,Kbiga Kbtg`, Ibrfb Aourjgs B. Kmbe, Dbnkfg Kfrk, Ibibjou Kbef Koebtæ,Ibrfg-Crbeng Abehg, Grfn Abeoug, Cfoeb Agbnm, Beeg Agtgejrg Iorbags,Mbe Dfb Afeh, Wgbetbò Eggifb Ibnkgezfg, Kbtmfg Ibmgr, Ouaj @ouòutMoussgfe Ibmcouj, ^figge Ibmiuj, Jfxfg Ibauwb-@bejb, ^grhfo Ibrtfefn,Xgregr Ibunm, Nbroaye InKfeegy, Kfrsty InEby, Nbroaye Igjga-Beoeugvo,Hoaebr Igmrbe, Wtg Igfr, Ifmbgab Ifrofu, Nabujfb Iftnmgaa, Ba`grt Iotfvbes,Jorfs Kbkuruu Iumwgsf, I.S. Iukuejbe, Aututbab Iuipbsf, Kbrge IuejbyAyee Iurpmy, ^grbpmfe Ehoejo b \ftsmbejgehg, Zmæojorg Esgkb Sftb, Ifrgyb \ærgzO`rghþe, Bafng Ojouecb Koubjfo, Bkfi Okuef, Nrfstfeb \brgdb Abrb, Ibrn \faoe,

Sfibab Pbibnmbejrbe, ^mbpour Pbssgkm, ^mbmrb Pbzbvf, Pg`gnb Pgyeoso Behuao,B``y Pfjjgaa, Beeb Po`fesoe-\bet, \buafeg Posg, Mbrfaye Pousso, Igebkb Poy,^tæpmbefg Pu`f, Bibejb ^gga, Hbo ^muhuo, Jbvfj ^fcugetgs Nortgz,^g`bstfge jb ^favb-Agbejgr, Ibjmu ^fehm, Zbrdgf ^kfr`gkk, Jbvfj ^tgpmges,Egaafg ^troiqufst, @gegjfntg Zgrrye, Tmbeh Zfgjbo, Kbtbrfeb Zoibsgvskf,Gabfeg Wetgrmbatgr, ôcéb Sbajfvfgaso Hþigz, Gstmgr Sgabsno, Sbagrfdb Sgejrbife,Duafgttg Soe ^gfòaj, Juenbe Xfasoe, ^frf Xorieãs, Nrgbi Xrfhmt.

Bnkeowagjhgigets



Zmg Pgport mbs baso `gegcftgj noesfjgrbày croi tmg bjvfng bej support oc fejfvfjubas,Jfvfsfoes bej Wefts wftmfe WEG^NO‖s Gjunbtfoe ^gntor, tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Festftutg ocGjunbtfoeba \abeefeh (FFG\), tmg Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe (F@G) bej tmgWEG^NO Festftutg oc Gjunbtfoe (WFG). @otm F@G bej WFG ibebhgj b sgt oc su`-

noetrbntgj noiifssfoes. WEG^NO‖s Pghfoeba Occfngs provfjgj mgapcua bjvfng oenouetry-agvga bntfvftfgs.

B eui`gr oc fejfvfjubas baso noetrfùtgj vbaubàg bjvfng bej noiigets, fenaujfeh4

Giibeuga Bajg`grt, Znmgko Bibjou, Nbroafeg Breoaj, Jbvfj Btnmobrgeb.Bjrfbe @beefstgr, Kbtmy @brtagtt, Doeey @bxtgr, Duafb @gee, Sfrhfefb @rbustgfe,@br`brb @rues, Crbeèofsg Nbfaaojs, NNEHO No-orjfebtfoe Hroup (Nbraos Tbrno,Pg`gnnb @gregr, ^bifr Dbrrbr, Wac Crgjrfkssoe, Ioefqug Coufamoux, Horhuf ôw,Nabujg Sgrnoutgr, Ibrfb Kmbe), NNEHO Egtwork, Jbvfj Nabrkg, \bua Noustírg,Bagxbejrb Jrbxagr, \bigab Jujzfh, Kgeegtm Gkafej, Afbeb Hgrtsnm, Bibyb Hfaagspfg,Dgbeeg Hrbet, Dome Hrbzga, Fehgibr Hustbcssoe, Mbrry Mbhbe, Dgroig jg Mgebu,Pbnmga Mfetoe, Beeb-Ibrfb Moccibe, Ibrhbrgtb Musge, Vosmfg Kbhb, Koto Kbeeo,

Zgrrf Kgaay, \gtgr Abuhmbre, Grfe Agfhm, Agsafg Afibhg, ^tgcbe Aonk, JoebajIbnkgezfg, Efeb Ibjsge, Sfoagtb Ibagspfe, Dgbe Nabujg Ibetgs, Nbtmgrfeg Ibrry,Dgbe-Vvgs Ibrtfe, Xfaafbi InNorifnk, Nabfrg Ioaabrj, Dome Iorrfs, IbibjouEjoyg, ^tgvg \bssfehmbi, Po`grt \routy, @gvgray Po`grts, Kgrstfe Posgenrbetz,Kgeegtm Poss, Ibrhbrgtg ^bnms-Fsrbga, Due ^bkuib, Vusuc ^bygj, Sgrb Nogamo^nmbttbe, @grebrj ^nmagiigr, ^fioe ^nott, Bbroe nmegfjgr, ûzbeeg ^nmeutthge,Joifefqug ^fioeg Pynmge, ôo Mybeh Nmof, B`joua ôw, Kbzuo ûebhb,^grhg Zoibsf, Cgafnfty Zowesgej, Bekg vbe Jbi, Jbekgrt Sgjgagr, DgbeegttgSohgabbr, Ifnmbga Xbrj, Gwb Xgregr Jbmafe, Ebokf Voko`bybsmf.

Zmg projuntfoe oc tmg Pgport jgpgejgj mgbvfay oe tmg gjftorfba gxpgrtfsg oc NbroafegAbwrgeng. Hrgh Nmbi`grabfe bej Xgejb InEgvfe baso provfjgj vbaubàg support. Xg

wouaj baso afkg to bnkeowagjhg tmg uestfetfeh bssfstbeng oc ôefb Cgrebejgz-Aburo feWEG^NO‖s Gjunbtfoe Jonuigetbtfoe Ngetrg.

Zmg bebaysfs bej poafny rgnoiigejbtfoes oc tmfs Pgport jo eot egngssbrfay rgcagnttmg vfgws oc WEG^NO. Zmg Pgport fs be fejgpgejget puàfnbtfoe noiifssfoegj `yWEG^NO oe `gmbac oc tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty. Ft fs tmg projunt oc b dofet gccortfevoavfeh igi`grs oc tmg Pgport tgbi bej ibey otmgr pgopag, bhgenfgs, festftutfoesbej hovgreigets. Ovgrbaa rgspoesf`fafty cor tmg vfgws bej opfefoes gxprgssgj fe tmgPgport fs tbkge `y fts Jfrgntor.

Zmg GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport Zgbi

JfrgntorNmrfstopmgr Noanaouhm

^tgvg \bnkgr (Jgputy Jfrgntor), ^fioe Gaafs (Mgbj oc tmg GCB O`sgrvbtory, WF^),Dbe Sbe Pbvges, Warfkb \gppagr @brry, Ageg @unmgrt, Pbiyb û`rbmibefbe,

Efnoag @gaab, Nyetmfb Huttibe, Sfttorfb Nbvfnnmfoef, Sbaærfg Jdfozg, Nbraos Bhhfo,Ibrfbeb Nfcugetgs-Ioetoyb, \bsnbag \fengbu, Jgapmfeg Esgehfibeb,

Afafbeg \muoeh, \gtgr Xbaagt.



Baa nouetrfgs mbvg bhrggj to gafifebtg hgejgr jfspbrftfgs feprfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe `y 0<<7. Fe fts opgefehnmbptgr, tmfs sgnoej gjftfoe oc tmg GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh

Pgport sgts out tmg powgrcua muibe rfhmts nbsg corbnmfgvfeh pbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe. Nmbptgr 0ioeftors prohrgss towbrjs tmg sfx GCB hobas tmrouhm bhgejgr ages. Zmg egxt two nmbptgrs aook bt wmy hfras brgstfaa mgaj `bnk bej mfhmafhmt poafnfgs tmbt nbe afct `brrfgrsbej fiprovg agbrefeh. ^trbtghfgs to rgiovg hgejgr hbps fegjunbtfoe brg pbrt oc b iunm `robjgr rgcori gccortuejgrwby fe ibey nouetrfgs, bs Nmbptgr 7 smows. Zmfsbhgejb nbeeot `g igt wftmout iunm `oajgr fetgrebtfoeba

noiiftigets bej `gttgr no-orjfebtfoe, wmfnm fs bssgssgjfe Nmbptgr 3. Ft fs fe tmg fetgrgsts oc baa stbtgs bej pgopags torgiovg tmg hgejgr hbp bej ft smouaj `g b top prforfty fe baagjunbtfoeba prohrbiigs, bs tmg cfeba nmbptgr noenaujgs.

Gxgnutfvg suiibry



GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport ><<0

Nmbptgr 2.

Pfhmts, gqubaftybej Gjunbtfoe cor Baa

Zmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty fs noiifttgj togafifebtfeh hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe prfibry bejsgnoejbry snmooafeh `y 0<<7, bej to bnmfgvfehhgejgr gqubafty `y 0<27. Zmfs nmbptgr mfhmafhmts

tmg soafj muibe rfhmts crbigwork tmbt uejgrpfesgjunbtfoe bej fjgetfcfgs tmg sonfba bej gnoeoifn`gegcfts oc gjunbtfeh hfras bej woige.

Gjunbtfoe fs b muibe rfhmt, gesmrfegj fefetgrebtfoeba trgbtfgs bej noevgetfoes tmbt brgaghbaay `fejfeh oe sfhebtory stbtgs. Zmg two iostrgnget noevgetfoes „ tmg Gafifebtfoe oc Baa Corisoc Jfsnrfifebtfoe Bhbfest Xoige (NGJBX, 2686)bej tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Pfhmts oc tmg Nmfaj(266<) „ noetbfe tmg iost noiprgmgesfvg sgt ocaghbaay gecorngbàg noiiftigets oe tmg rfhmt to

gjunbtfoe bej hgejgr gqubafty. Zmfs aghfsabtfoe,mowgvgr, mbs mbj oeay pbrtfba sunngss fe òostfehgqubafty. Ft wbs rgfecorngj poaftfnbaay, fe tmg 266<s,bt b sgrfgs oc WE noecgrgengs, wmfnm rgbccfrigj,bej fe soig nbsgs gxtgejgj, tmg hgejgr bejgjunbtfoe provfsfoes fe tmg muibe rfhmts trgbtfgs.Zmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe bej tmgIfaageefui Jgnabrbtfoe òtm gstbàfsmgj tfig-òuej hgejgr gqubafty hobas to wmfnm baa stbtgsbrg noiifttgj. Zmgsg mgap to jrfvg outnoig-rgabtgj rgcoris, ioeftor prohrgss, fjgetfcy poafnyhbps bej pfepofet wmgrg fetgrebtfoeba bssfstbengfs eggjgj iost.

Zmgrg fs baso b powgrcua jgvgaopigetba nbsg corbnmfgvfeh hgejgr gqubafty. Ft fs nagbray fe tmgprfvbtg bej sonfba fetgrgst to gafifebtg hgejgrfegqubaftfgs fe gjunbtfoe wmgrgvgr tmgy gxfst. Zmgpgrsoeba bej sonfba `gegcfts brg fiigesg.Afvgafmoojs brg fiprovgj, cbifafgs brg mgbatmfgrbej `gttgr eourfsmgj, gjunbtfoe fs vbaugj, bejnfvfn rgspoesf`fafty fs gembengj. Ft fs be bccorjbàgfevgstiget wftm mfhm pby-occs.

Nmbptgr 0.

Zowbrjs GCB4bssgssfeh prohrgss

Wsfeh tmg iost rgnget jbtb oe gjunbtfoe systgiscor tmg ygbr 0<<<, tmfs nmbptgr ioeftors tmrouhmb hgejgr ages prohrgss towbrjs bnmfgvfeh tmg sfxGCB hobas. Zmg Pgport jfstfehufsmgs `gtwgge

pbrfty bej gqubafty. Zmg cfrst fs b purgay euigrfnbanoengpt. Gqubafty fs b iorg noipagx eotfoe. Cuaahgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe wouaj fipay tmbthfras bej òys brg occgrgj tmg sbig nmbengs toho to snmooa bej gedoy tgbnmfeh igtmojs,nurrfnuab bej bnbjgifn orfgetbtfoe uebccgntgj `yhgejgr `fbs. Bej iorg `robjay, gquba agbrefehbnmfgvgiget bej su`sgquget afcg opportueftfgscor sfifabr qubafcfnbtfoes bej gxpgrfgeng.

Zmgrg mbs `gge b stroeh hao`ba iovg towbrjshrgbtgr hgejgr pbrfty, pbrtfnuabray bt prfibry

agvga, wmgrg tmg rbtfo oc hfras to òys geroaagjfiprovgj croi ==% to 6:% `gtwgge 266< bej0<<<. Hfras‖ geroaiget mbs fenrgbsgj cbstgr tmbeòys‖ bej fe tmg tmrgg rghfoes wmgrg hgejgrfegqubaftfgs brg hrgbtgst „ su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb,tmg Brb` ^tbtgs bej ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb „jfspbrftfgs mbvg gbsgj su`stbetfbaay.

@ut ibey nouetrfgs, jgspftg hrgbt gccorts, mbvgibjg afttag prohrgss. \opuabtfoe hrowtm mbsrgibfegj stroeh, bej pbrtay `gnbusg oc tmfs, tmgeui`gr oc tmg woraj‖s out-oc-snmooa nmfajrgejgnafegj `y oeay bòut >% ovgr tmg jgnbjg. Hfras

noetfeug to cbng smbrp jfsnrfifebtfoe fe bnngss tosnmooafeh. Ebtfoes wftm tmg mfhmgst hgejgrjfspbrftfgs tgej to `g tmg iost jfsbjvbetbhgj,octge wftm b pgr nbpftb fenoig oc agss tmbe oegjoaabr b jby.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gender-and-education-for-all-the-leap-to-equality-20034-report 18/371=

Oe tmg `bsfs oc pbst rbtgs oc nmbehg, tmg Pgportcfejs tmbt 3<% oc tmg 20= nouetrfgs cor wmfnm jbtbbrg bvbfabàg brg afkgay to ifss rgbnmfeh hgejgrpbrfty bt prfibry bej sgnoejbry agvgas `y 0<<7.Zwgety-two nouetrfgs smouaj bnmfgvg pbrfty fe

prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe `y 0<27. Corty-pgrnget oc nouetrfgs brg bt rfsk oc eot bnmfgvfehhgejgr pbrfty gftmgr bt prfibry (6) or sgnoejbryagvga (>>) or bt òtm (20), gvge `y 0<27. Fe ibey octmgsg nouetrfgs, poafnfgs brg bvbfabàg tmbt nbejgafvgr pbrfty wftmfe b cgw ygbrs, bs tmg coaaowfehnmbptgrs gxpabfe.

Zmg rgport fetrojungs b egw GCB JgvgaopigetFejgx, wmfnm fenorporbtgs jbtb oe cour fejfnbtors4W\G (igbsurgj `y egt geroaiget rbtfo), bjuataftgrbny (aftgrbny rbtg oc tmg 27-bej-ovgr bhghroup), hgejgr pbrfty (bvgrbhg vbaug oc tmg

hgejgr pbrfty fejgx fe prfibry bej sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe bej fe bjuat aftgrbny), bej qubafty ocgjunbtfoe (survfvba to prfibry Hrbjg 7). GJF nbe`g nbanuabtgj cor 6: nouetrfgs `bsgj oe 0<<<jbtb. Pgsuats smow tmbt eo nouetry croi su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, tmg Brb` ^tbtgs bej Xgst Bsfb(gxngpt tmg Ibajfvgs) fs naosg to bnmfgvfeh tmgsghobas. Zmgy baso rgvgba tmbt tmg hgejgr pbrftyvbrfbàg fs tmg iost gccfnfget prgjfntor ocbnmfgvfeh GCB.

Nmbptgr >.

Xmy brg hfras stfaamgaj `bnk?

B tmrgg-stbhg rfhmts bhgejb fs usgj to bebaysgtmg iuatfpag jfigesfoes oc fegqubafty. Cfrst,proàgis bccgntfeh tmg gxgrnfsg oc rfhmts togjunbtfoe fenaujg noestrbfets fe tmg cbifay bejwftmfe sonfgty tmbt bccgnt hfras‖ bnngss to snmooa.Nouetrfgs fe wmfnm tmgrg fs stroeh nuaturba

prgcgrgeng cor soes baso tgej to mbvg tmghrgbtgst hgejgr fegqubaftfgs. Gbray ibrrfbhgibssfvgay fipgjgs tmg gjunbtfoeba prohrgss ochfras. Zmg hao`ba MFS/BFJ^ snourhg, brigjnoecafnt bej jfsb`fafty baa paby b pbrt fe nurtbfafehtmgfr rfhmt to gjunbtfoe.

Nmfajrge‖s eggj to work fs oeg oc tmg ibfergbsoes tmgy jo eot ho to snmooa. \brgets brg tmgibfe gipaoygrs oc nmfajrge, b cbnt eotegngssbrfay rgcagntgj fe stbtfstfns tmbt oift tmosggehbhgj fe joigstfn nmorgs, ibey oc wmoi brg

hfras. \oafny iust bccgnt tmg nfrnuistbengs bejbttftujgs oc pbrgets fc baa hfras brg to mbvg tmgnmbeng to agbre. ^nmooa cggs baso bnt bs b ibdor`brrfgr to snmooafeh bej brg agvfgj fe bt agbst2<2 nouetrfgs.

^gnoej, rfhmts wftmfe gjunbtfoe conus oe mowsnmooa systgis tbkg hfras‖ spgnfcfn eggjs fetobnnouet tmrouhm nurrfnuab, tgbnmfeh igtmojs bejtmg agbrefeh gevfroeiget. Zmg Pgport eotgs tmbthfras brg jfsproportfoebtgay tmg vfntfis oc sgxubambrbssiget bej vfoageng fe snmooa, agbjfeh touejgr-bnmfgvgiget bej mfhm jrop-out rbtgs.

Cfebaay, rfhmts tmrouhm gjunbtfoe noengre mowhfras pgrcori fe snmooa bej mow bnmfgvgigettrbesabtgs feto gquba opportueftfgs fe sonfba bejgnoeoifn spmgrgs. Gvfjgeng tmbt hfras brgoutpgrcorifeh òys fe sgvgrba jgvgaopgjnouetrfgs mbs nrgbtgj b puàfn stfr. Fe ibeyjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs wmgrg hgejgr pbrfty fs stfaacbr occ, òtm òys bej hfras cbrg `bjay.

@oys‖ uejgr-bnmfgvgiget fe tmg gjunbtfoebabrgeb mbs eot ygt rgsuatgj fe tmgfr cbaafeh `gmfej

fe gnoeoifn bej poaftfnba spmgrgs. Bssgssfeh tmggxtget to wmfnm hfras brg mgaj `bnk bt gbnm stbhgoc tmg rfhmts bhgejb agbjs to spgnfcfn poafnybeswgrs. @ut bnmfgvfeh pbrfty jogs eot gej wftmgquba eui`grs4 gquba opportueftfgs, trgbtigetbej outnoigs fe gjunbtfoe bej fe sonfgty brg tmgnrunfba ybrjstfnks oc prohrgss.



Gxgnut f vg suiibry

f f<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Nmbptgr :.

Agssoes croi hooj prbntfng

Batmouhm tmgrg fs eo ”ibhfn ùaagt‖ cor ebrrowfeh

tmg hgejgr hbp bej proiotfeh gqubafty fegjunbtfoe, b wfjg rbehg oc fetgrebtfoebagxpgrfgeng pofets to `rgbktmrouhms tmbt mbvgcbnfaftbtgj hfras‖ bnngss to snmooafeh bejfiprovgj pgrcoribeng.

Aghfsabtfvg nmbehg bej rgcori fs gssgetfba corhgejgr gqubafty. Gstbàfsmfeh propgrty rfhmts bejrgcorifeh cbifay abw nbe nouetgrbnt getrgenmgjsonfba eoris tmbt baso bccgnt wmgtmgr nmfajrge hoto snmooa. Fe iost nouetrfgs, b stroeh hgegrbapoafny oe hgejgr gqubafty fs baso eggjgj so òtmwoige‖s bej ige‖s fetgrgsts brg gxpafnftay

noesfjgrgj fe baa aghfsabtfoe, poafnfgs bejprohrbiigs.

Zmg jfrgnt bej fejfrgnt nosts oc snmooafeh tomousgmoajs fipgjg bnngss to gjunbtfoe cor tmgiost jfsbjvbetbhgj hroups. Cggs brg stfaanmbrhgj fe 03 oc tmg >7 nouetrfgs ueafkgay torgbnm tmg hgejgr pbrfty hoba cor prfibrysnmooafeh fe 0<<7. Igbsurgs to rgjung or rgiovgtmg eggj cor nmfaj abòur brg b jgnfsfvg wby tofenrgbsg snmooa geroaiget bioeh hfras bej òys.

\oafnfgs nbe `g jgsfhegj spgnfcfnbaay to nmbehgtmg `babeng oc fengetfvgs tmbt agbj to hfras, fepbrtfnuabr, `gfeh gxnaujgj croi snmooa.^nmoabrsmfps, fenoig-support snmgigs bejsnmooa cggjfeh prohrbiigs brg tmrgg typgs octbrhgtfeh igbsurgs tmbt mbvg provgj gccgntfvg.

^nmooas iust `g pabngs wmgrg stgrgotypgs brguejgrifegj, eot rgfecorngj, tmrouhm hgejgr-bwbrg nurrfnuab bej procgssfoeba tgbnmgrtrbfefeh. Pgnruftfeh woige tgbnmgrs, pbrtfnuabraycor rurba or fsoabtgj snmooas, rgibfes b mfhmprforfty. Aonbtfeh snmooas naosgr to moigs,

provfjfeh sbeftbry cbnfaftfgs bej curefturg,tohgtmgr wftm bnngptbàg nabss sfzgs, brg baafevgstigets tmbt genourbhg pbrgets to sgej tmgfrjbuhmtgrs to snmooa. MFS/BFJ^ prgvgetfoe bejsgxuba bej rgprojuntfvg mgbatm gjunbtfoe smouaj`g b prforfty fe fts owe rfhmt, wftm bjgqubtgsupport hfvge to tgbnmgrs.

Gbray nmfajmooj prohrbiigs bej `rfjhg noursgscor hfras wmo hgt b abtg stbrt fe gjunbtfoe brg òtmcfgajs jgsgrvfeh curtmgr bttgetfoe. Aftgrbny bejskfaas trbfefeh brg vftba to gipowgr woige bej tocurtmgr tmg nmbengs oc tmgfr jbuhmtgrs hgttfeh be

gjunbtfoe.

Fe iost oc tmg nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg ibjgnoesfjgrbàg prohrgss fe proiotfeh hgejgrpbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe, tmg stbtg mbspabygj b agbjfeh roag. @gsfjgs su`sfjfgs torgjung tmg nost oc gjunbtfoe cor cbifafgs,hovgreigets eggj to pursug b rbehg oc wfjgrgnoeoifn bej sonfba poafnfgs to rgiovg tmgpgrefnfous fecaugeng oc nmfaj abòur bejjfsnrfifebtfoe fe pby bej work.

Nmbptgr 7.

Croi tbrhgts to rgcori4ebtfoeba strbtghfgs fe bntfoe

Zmfs nmbptgr bebaysgs ebtfoeba poafnfgs bejrgcoris tmbt nbe ibkg b sfhefcfnbet noetrfùtfoeto bnmfgvfeh GCB bej ioeftors mow cbr nouetrfgsbrg trbesabtfeh tmgfr noiiftigets feto bntfoetmrouhm spgnfcfn strbtghfgs bej prohrbiigs.

Hufjgj `y fetgrebtfoeba noiiftigets, eotbàytmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe bej tmg WeftgjEbtfoes Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas,hovgreigets brg fenrgbsfehay sgttfeh spgnfcfnebtfoeba gjunbtfoe tbrhgts. Jgngetrbafzbtfoe fsoctge mgaj up bs oeg pbtm towbrjs rgspoejfehiorg gccgntfvgay to aonba eggjs, `robjgefeh tmgrgvgeug `bsg bej hfvfeh nfvfa sonfgty b stroehgrvofng. Oeg rgnget survgy suhhgsts tmbt =<% ocjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs brg gxpgrfigetfeh wftmsoig cori oc jgngetrbafzbtfoe. Bs tmfs prongsshbfes pbng fe ibey nouetrfgs, pbrtfnuabr bttgetfoe

iust `g pbfj to tmg rfsk oc fenrgbsfeh jfspbrftfgsfe gjunbtfoeba opportueftfgs to tmg jgtrfiget ocnmfajrge.


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^gvgrba nouetrfgs fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb mbvgrgngetay bòafsmgj prfibry gjunbtfoe cggs.Zmfs fs wganoig bej egngssbry. Mowgvgr, ftiust `g ibebhgj nbrgcuaay4 stujfgs smow ft octgehogs mbej-fe-mbej wftm b su`stbetfba jrop fe

pgr-stujget spgejfeh bej b jgnafeg fe qubafty.Nouetrfgs noengregj abnk qubafcfgj tgbnmgrsbej rgport sfhefcfnbet jrop-out agvgas.

GCB fs baso oe tmg bhgejb oc fejustrfbafsgj bejtrbesftfoe ebtfoes. Fe tmg cfrst, bttgetfoe to tmgabehubhg oc festruntfoe cor ifeorfty nmfajrgebej to rgbnmfeh youtm wmo jo eot noipagtgsgnoejbry gjunbtfoe brg prgssfeh fssugs. Fe tmgsgnoej, ibey nouetrfgs brg cfhmtfeh to rgvgrsgjgnafefeh geroaiget. Bs stbtgs hrbppag wftmgxtgejfeh gjunbtfoeba rfhmts to baa tmgfr nftfzges,tmgrg fs b nagbr nbsg cor iutuba agbrefeh `gtwgge

jfccgrget rghfoes oc tmg woraj.

Nmbptgr 3.

Iggtfeh our fetgrebtfoebanoiiftigets

Zrgejs fe bfj caows to gjunbtfoe bej fetgrebtfoebafeftfbtfvgs provfjg two agesgs tmrouhm wmfnm to

nbpturg mow hao`ba noiiftiget to bnmfgvg tmgGCB hobas mbs bjvbengj ovgr tmg pbst ygbr.

@fabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe cgaa `y 23% `gtwgge266=-66 bej 0<<<-<2, bej croi 2<% to =% octotba bfj noiiftigets. Bfj to `bsfn gjunbtfoe,mowgvgr, fs rfsfeh. ûpport cor `bsfn gjunbtfoecroi baa OGNJ-JBN nouetrfgs fenrgbsgj croi2>% to 0:% oc `fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj jurfeh tmfssbig pgrfoj. Iuatfabtgrba bfj to `bsfn gjunbtfoecgaa jug to aowgr noetrfùtfoes croi tmg rghfoebajgvgaopiget `beks. Ovgrbaa, mowgvgr, tmg

nurrget agvga oc W^$2.7 `faafoe oc support eggjgjcor `bsfn gjunbtfoe fs stfaa cbr smort oc tmg W^$7.3`faafoe pgr ygbr rgqufrgj to iggt tmg W\G bejhgejgr hobas baoeg. B survgy `y tmg Pgport basorgvgbas tmbt bfj fs bttrbntgj `y `gttgr-pgrcorifeh

gjunbtfoe systgis. Be bebaysfs oc 88 nouetrfgssmows tmbt `fabtgrba bfj pgr out-oc-snmooa nmfajfenrgbsgs sfhefcfnbetay wftm tmg agvga oc egtgeroaiget.

Zmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg jgsfhegj to mgap bnmfgvgW\G `y 0<27 fs bt b nrftfnba duenturg. @y Buhust0<<>, tmg gstfibtgj cfebenfeh hbp cor tmg cfrstsgvge nouetrfgs cor 0<<>„<7 rgibfegj bt bòutW^$22= ifaafoe, noipbrgj wftm W^$0<8 sgnurgjso cbr. Bhrggiget fs urhgetay eggjgj oe wmgtmgrtmg Feftfbtfvg fs to `g fe tmg ibfestrgbi oc bfj togjunbtfoe, wftm tmg fipafnbtfoes tmfs mbs cor

agvgas oc cuejfeh. Otmgrwfsg, tmfs potgetfbaayfiportbet festruiget to mgap sgnurg GCB fs afkgayto `g bt rfsk.

Ignmbefsis festftutgj `y WEG^NO to no-orjfebtg GCB „ tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup bej tmgXorkfeh Hroup „ iust `g strgehtmgegj to mbvgbe fetgrebtfoeba fipbnt. Fc GCB fs to noipgtgsunngsscuaay wftm otmgr ibdor jgvgaopigetfssugs cor tmg bttgetfoe oc woraj agbjgrs, bstroeh, wgaa-no-orjfebtgj, wgaa-puàfnfzgj”pabtcori‖ cor fts igssbhgs fs gssgetfba.



Gxgnut f vg suiibry

f f<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Nmbptgr 8.

Hgejgrgj strbtghfgscor GCB

Zmg rgiovba oc hgejgr hbps smouaj mbvg cfrstprforfty fe baa prohrbiigs oc snmooa gxpbesfoebej qubafty fiprovgigets. Zmg stbtg mbs bcuejbigetba roag fe ibkfeh hooj-qubafty `bsfngjunbtfoe b rfhmt bej b rgbafty cor gvgry nftfzge.Ft iust nrgbtg be gebàfeh gevfroeiget corproiotfeh hgejgr gqubafty, fevgst fergjfstrfùtfoe strbtghfgs bej iftfhbtg tmg ùrjgeoc noecafnt, gnoeoifn nrfsfs bej MFS/BFJ^. Zmgfetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty iust òajay bnnoipbeytmfs prongss, usfeh b hgejgr ages bs b conus corbaa bfj to gjunbtfoe prohrbiigs.



B hfra fe Hubtgibabrgbjs tmg egws to mgr hrbejiotmgr.

© S W / I f q u g a J g w g v g r - \ a b e b



”Gjunbtfoe cor Baa‖ igbes wmbt ft sbys. Zmg fetgrebtfoebanoiiuefty mbs noiifttgj ftsgac, fe tmg Jbkbr Crbigwork corBntfoe, to mbvfeh baa gafhfàg nmfajrge bttgejfeh cgg-crgg prfibrysnmooafeh `y 0<27. Fe bjjftfoe, bjuat faaftgrbny fs to `g mbavgj,gbray nmfajmooj gjunbtfoe bej prohrbiigs cor out-oc-snmooa

youtm brg to `g fenrgbsgj, bej tmg qubafty oc gjunbtfoe fs to `giunm fiprovgj. ”Baa nmfajrge‖ fenaujgs, oc noursg, òys bej hfras.Mowgvgr, òtm tmg Crbigwork bej tmg Ifaageefui Jgnabrbtfoegipmbsfzg tmbt hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe prfibry bej sgnoejbrysnmooafeh brg to `g gafifebtgj `y 0<<7, bej tmbt gqubaftytmrouhmout gjunbtfoe fs to `g bnmfgvgj wftmfe b curtmgr tge ygbrs.Hgejgr gqubafty, tmge, fs hfvge ibdor proifegeng fe tmg Jbkbrbej Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas (IJHs). Xmy fs tmfs?

Nmbptgr 2

Pfhmts, gqubafty

bej Gjunbtfoe cor Baa



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Gjunbtfoebafegqubaftyfs b ibdor

fecrfehgigetoc tmg rfhmts

oc woigebej hfras.

Fe eo sonfgty jo woige ygt gedoy tmg sbigopportueftfgs bs ige. Zmgy work aoehgr moursbej tmgy brg pbfj agss, òtm fe totba bej prorbtb. Zmgfr nmofngs bs to mow tmgy spgej tmgfrtfig, fe òtm work bej agfsurg, brg iorg

noestrbfegj tmbe tmgy brg cor ige. Zmgsgjfspbrftfgs hgegrbtg su`stbetfba hbps `gtwggemow iunm woige bej ige nbe noetrfùtg tosonfgty, bej mow iunm tmgy rgspgntfvgay smbrg fefts `gegcfts. Fe iost nouetrfgs, b cuejbigetbabspgnt oc tmgsg jfspbrftfgs, wmfnm fs òtm oegoc tmgfr nbusgs bej oeg oc tmgfr noetfeufehnoesgqugengs, fs fegqubafty fe bnngss to bejpgrcoribeng fe gjunbtfoe. Zmgsg fegqubaftfgs brgjggp-sgbtgj, bej wfaa rgqufrg spgnfba bttgetfoebej noiiftiget fc tmgy brg to `g rgiovgj wftmfetmg tfig-crbig gevfsbhgj `y tmg Gjunbtfoe corBaa (GCB) hobas. Bnnorjfehay, tmfs rgport conusgs

oe tmg ibfe jfigesfoes bej nbusgs oc tmgsggjunbtfoeba fegqubaftfgs bej fjgetfcfgs strbtghfgswmgrg`y tmgy nbe `g ovgrnoig.

Zmg noetfeufeh prgvbageng oc gjunbtfoebafegqubafty fs b ibdor fecrfehgiget oc tmg rfhmts ocwoige bej hfras, bej ft fs baso be fiportbetfipgjfiget to sonfba bej gnoeoifn jgvgaopiget.Zmfs cfrst nmbptgr fs noengregj eot wftmpmfaosopmfnba qugstfoes bòut tmg bpproprfbtgebturg or gxtget oc tmgsg ”rfhmts‖. Pbtmgr ftjonuigets tmg gxtget to wmfnm sunm rfhmts brg

bargbjy bnngptgj bs aghbaay `fejfeh oe stbtgs `yvfrtug oc fetgrebtfoeba trgbty, or brg proifsgj `yfetgrebtfoeba jgnabrbtfoes wmfnm hovgreigetsmbvg bpprovgj. Zmg fiportbet jgvgaopigetbanbsg cor sgnurfeh gjunbtfoeba gqubafty fs baso`rfgcay jfsnussgj.

Nmbptgr 0 provfjgs be bssgssiget oc tmg woraj‖srgnget prohrgss towbrjs bnmfgvfeh tmg sfx GCBhobas, hfvfeh pbrtfnuabr bttgetfoe to hgejgr bej totmg wbys fe wmfnm ft bccgnts tmg fipagigetbtfoe ocbaa oc Jbkbr‖s gjunbtfoeba bfis. Nmbptgrs > bej :conus upoe tmg nbusgs oc hgejgr fegqubafty fe

gjunbtfoe bej upoe potgetfba soautfoes,rgspgntfvgay. Zmg coaaowfeh two nmbptgrs bjopt b`robjgr bhgejb „ bssgssfeh prohrgss wftmebtfoeba GCB strbtghfgs fe Nmbptgr 7 bejgxbifefeh tmg gxtget to wmfnm fetgrebtfoebanoiiftigets fe support oc GCB brg `gfeh igt feNmbptgr 3. Zmg cfeba nmbptgr puaas tohgtmgr tmgsgstrbejs, outafefeh tmg ibdor gagigets oc ebtfoebabej fetgrebtfoeba strbtghy towbrjs bnmfgvfeh bhgeufegay gquftbàg gjunbtfoe cor baa.

Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe4 aghbaoàfhbtfoes vgrsus poaftfnbanoiiftigets

Fe Eovgi`gr 26:= tmg ebtfoes oc tmg woraj ibjgb jgnabrbtfoe bòut tmg ebturg bej gxtget ocmuibe rfhmts wmfnm wbs rgibrkbàg fe fts jgtbfa.Bioehst ibey otmgrs, tmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoe wbsbnkeowagjhgj cor baa pgopag. Curtmgriorg, ft wbsjgnabrgj tmbt gagigetbry gjunbtfoe wouaj `gcrgg bej noipuasory bej tmbt tmg mfhmgr agvgas ocgjunbtfoe wouaj `g bnngssfàg to baa oe tmg `bsfsoc igrft (Weftgj Ebtfoes, 26:=, Brtfnag 03). Zmgtbsk oc trbescorifeh tmgsg uejgrtbkfehs fetorgbafty mbs noetfeugj to fespfrg bej fecorifetgrebtfoeba bntfoe gvgr sfeng.

ûnm bntfoe mbs tbkge two ibfe routgs. Zmg cfrstoc tmgsg mbs usgj trgbtfgs bs festruigets tosgnurg muibe rfhmts o`sgrvbeng. @gtwgge 2683bej 266< b sgrfgs oc fetgrebtfoeba novgebets bejnoevgetfoes wbs proiuahbtgj wmfnm provfjgj bnoiprgmgesfvg aghba `bsfs cor rgqufrgjigbsurgs to protgnt bej jgafvgr muibe rfhmts.Zmosg wmfnm iost bccgnt gjunbtfoe, bej hgejgrgqubafty wftmfe ft, brg fejfnbtgj fe @ox 2.2 bejiorg jgtbfa fs provfjgj fe Bppgejfx 2. Zmggbrafgst two oc tmgsg, tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebetoe Nfvfa bej \oaftfnba Pfhmts (FNN\P) bej tmg

Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebet oe Gnoeoifn, ônfba bejNuaturba Pfhmts (FNG^NP), tohgtmgr wftm tmgWefvgrsba Jgnabrbtfoe oc Muibe Pfhmts, mbvg`gge pronabfigj `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes tonoestftutg tmg Fetgrebtfoeba @faa oc Muibe Pfhmts.Zmgy noetbfe tmg provfsfoes oe noipuasory bejcrgg prfibry gjunbtfoe, bej eoe-jfsnrfifebtfoefe gjunbtfoe, tmbt wgrg cfrst sgt out fe tmg 26:=Jgnabrbtfoe. Zmg two iorg rgnget noevgetfoes „tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc baa Coris ocJfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest Xoige (NGJBX, 2686)bej tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Pfhmts oc tmg Nmfaj(NPN, 26=6) „ noetbfe tmg iost noiprgmgesfvg

sgts oc aghbaay gecorngbàg noiiftigetsnoengrefeh òtm rfhmts to gjunbtfoe bej tohgejgr gqubafty.

Zmg cfrst oc tmgsg, NGJBX, fenaujgs wfjg-rbehfehprovfsfoes cor gejfeh hgejgr jfsnrfifebtfoe. Bsfejfnbtgj fe Bppgejfx 2, ft sbys tmbt tmgrg smbaa `geo jfstfentfoe fe tmg gxtget oc gjunbtfoebaprovfsfoe cor woige bej ige, tmbt tmgrg wfaa `ggquba opportuefty cor snmoabrsmfps, cor noetfeufehgjunbtfoe, aftgrbny, sports bej pmysfnbagjunbtfoe, bej tmbt stgrgotypfeh fe nurrfnuab



Nmbptgr 2

Pfhmts, gqubafty bej Gjunbtfoe co

2. Zmg Weftgj ^tbtgs mbs tbkgetmg vfgw tmbt gnoeoifn, sonfbabej nuaturba rfhmts brg hobastmbt nbe oeay `g bnmfgvgjprohrgssfvgay, rbtmgr tmbehubrbetggj. Noesgqugetay,ft fs eot pbrty to muibe rfhmtstrgbtfgs jgbafeh wftm gnoeoifnbej sonfba rfhmts, or hgejgrjfsnrfifebtfoe.

Zmg Noevgetfoeoe tmg Pfhmtsoc tmg Nmfajnoetbfes stroehhubrbetggsoc tmg rfhmtto gjunbtfoe.

smbaa `g gafifebtgj. Curtmgr, ft rgnohefzgs tmbtspgnfba bej uegquba rgsourng baaonbtfoe,fetrojungj cor tmg gxprgss purposg oc gejfehfegqubafty, fs eot fe ftsgac jfsnrfifebtory provfjgjtmbt sunm spgnfba igbsurgs brg gejgj oeng

gqubafty mbs `gge bnmfgvgj. @y ifj„0<<>, 28>nouetrfgs mbj rbtfcfgj tmfs Noevgetfoe. Zmggxngptfoes eotbày fenaujgj @bmrbfe, @otswbeb,@ruegf Jbrussbabi, Fejoegsfb, tmg FsabifnPgpuàfn oc Frbe, ôibafb, tmg ûjbe, tmg ^yrfbeBrb` Pgpuàfn bej tmg Weftgj ^tbtgs.

Zmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Pfhmts oc tmg Nmfaj fs tmgiost wfjgay bnngptgj muibe rfhmts trgbty bejnoetbfes stroeh hubrbetggs oc tmg rfhmt togjunbtfoe. Ft rgbccfris tmg rfhmt oc gvgry nmfaj,”wftmout jfsnrfifebtfoe oc bey kfej‖ to crgg bejnoipuasory prfibry snmooafeh, bej stbtgs tmbt

tmg mfhmgr agvgas smbaa `g ”bnngssfàg to baa‖.Curtmgriorg, ft protgnts tmg nmfaj croigxpaoftbtfoe, fenaujfeh croi work tmbt wouajotmgrwfsg fetgrcgrg wftm gjunbtfoe(Brtfnags >0.2/>0.0). Zmg NPN mbs `gge rbtfcfgj `ybaa tmg ebtfoes oc tmg woraj, wftm tmg gxngptfoe octmg Weftgj ^tbtgs bej ôibafb.2

Zmg prongss oc rbtfcfnbtfoe fs fiportbet, bs ftbnnorjs tmg trgbty be fetgrebtfoebaay rgnohefzgjaghba stbtus wmfnm oàfhgs rbtfcyfeh nouetrfgs tofipagiget fts provfsfoes. Bnnorjfehay, tmg hrgbt

ibdorfty oc nouetrfgs fe tmg woraj „ bs bnoesgqugeng oc mbvfeh rbtfcfgj „ brg aghbaayoàfhgj to iggt tmg provfsfoes cor hgejgr gqubaftybej cor uefvgrsba bnngss to gjunbtfoe wmfnm brgsgt out fe tmgsg two trgbtfgs.

Gbnm oc tmg muibe rfhmts trgbtfgs afstgj fe@ox 2.2 getbfas b rgportfeh prongjurg, wmfnmrgqufrgs tmg hovgreiget‖s pgrfojfn sgac-bssgssiget oc fts noipafbeng. Coaaowfehrbtfcfnbtfoe, be feftfba rgport croi tmghovgreiget provfjgs b `bsgafeg rgvfgwoc fts noecorifty wftm tmg muibe rfhmts

hubrbetggs. Ft baso fenaujgs be bssgssiget octmg o`stbnags to fipagigetbtfoe bejspgnfcfnbtfoe oc b strbtghy wmgrg`y tmgy nbe `govgrnoig. Zmfs projunt fs fssugj bs be occfnfbaWeftgj Ebtfoes jonuiget, bej fs jfsnussgj wftmtmg rgagvbet Weftgj Ebtfoes trgbty òjy.û`sgquget rgports ioeftor prohrgss orrgtrohrgssfoe bej, bhbfe, fjgetfcy noestrbfets bejigbes oc ovgrnoifeh tmgi. Hovgreigets brggxpgntgj to puàfnfzg tmgsg rgports, bej tofevoavg nfvfa sonfgty festftutfoes fe òtm tmgfrprojuntfoe bej jfssgifebtfoe.

Zmgsg prongjurgs brg, fe prfenfpag, roùst.Mowgvgr, fc hovgreigets jo eot suìft rgports,eo fecoribtfoe fs ibjg bvbfabàg to tmg trgbtyòjfgs wmgrg`y o`dgntfvg bssgssigets bòutfipagigetbtfoe nbe `g ibjg. Fe tmg nbsg oc

NGJBX, cor gxbipag, tmg rgportfeh prongssoàfhgs gbnm stbtg to suìft be feftfba rgportwftmfe cour ygbrs oc rbtfcyfeh tmg Noevgetfoe,coaaowgj `y pgrfojfn rgports bt agbst gvgry courygbrs. Mowgvgr, oc tmg 28> nouetrfgs tmbt mbjrbtfcfgj tmg noevgetfoe, feftfba rgports mbj eot`gge rgngfvgj croi 3< oc tmgi `y ifj„0<<>(Zoibsgvskf, 0<<>). Eot surprfsfehay, tmosghovgreigets tmbt brg fe `rgbnm oc tmgfr rgportfehoàfhbtfoes brg octge baso fe `rgbnm oc tmg trgbtyprovfsfoes tmgisgavgs.

Zmg purposg oc tmg rgportfeh prongss fs to sgnurg

òtm joigstfn bej fetgrebtfoeba bnnouetb`fafty ochovgreigets cor fipagigetfeh igbsurgs tohubrbetgg muibe rfhmts. Egvgrtmgagss,fipagigetbtfoe oc tmg rfhmts to gjunbtfoe bej tohgejgr gqubafty wftmfe ft fs pbtnmy, bej tmgprongss oc rghuabtfoe, vfb rgportfeh rgqufrgigetspabngj oe hovgreigets, tmouhm cfri, mbs provgjto `g bvofjbàg `y bòut oeg-tmfrj oc stbtgs.

Zmg sgnoej routg towbrjs sgnurfeh bnngptbengoc bej noipafbeng wftm muibe rfhmts oàfhbtfoesmbs `gge to usg tmg jgnabrbtfoes oc fetgrebtfoeba

noecgrgengs, noevgegj `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes, bsbjjftfoeba festruigets. Zmg outnoigs oc cour octmgsg „ tmg Sfgeeb Jgnabrbtfoe bej \rohrbiigoc Bntfoe (266>), tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe\opuabtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget (FN\J) (266:), tmgXoraj ûiift cor ônfba Jgvgaopiget (2667),bej tmg @gfdfeh Jgnabrbtfoe bej \abtcori corBntfoe (2667) „ brg baso suiibrfzgj fe @ox 2.2.Gbnm oc tmgi rgbccfrigj (fe jfccgrget wbys bejwftm jfccgrget gipmbsgs) tmg hgejgr gqubaftyprovfsfoes fe gjunbtfoe to wmfnm stbtgs wgrgbargbjy noiifttgj `y tmg gbrafgr muibe rfhmtsnoevgetfoes.

Zmg gjunbtfoeba noiiftigets ibjg fe tmgWefvgrsba Jgnabrbtfoe oc Muibe Pfhmts mbvg baso`gge rgbccfrigj oe ibey onnbsfoes ovgr tmgfetgrvgefeh ygbrs. Iost eotbày, jurfeh tmg263<s b sgt oc rghfoeba noecgrgengs noevgegj `yWEG^NO gstbàfsmgj tbrhgt jbtgs cor tmgbnmfgvgiget oc uefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe(W\G) `y 26=< fe iost oc tmg jgvgaopfeh rghfoesoc tmg woraj. @y 266<, mowgvgr, tmgrg wbs stfaa cbrto ho, bej tmg Xoraj Noecgrgeng oe Gjunbtfoe corBaa, mgaj tmbt ygbr fe Doitfge (Zmbfabej), sgt out



Fetgrebtfoeba trgbtfgs

Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebet oe Gnoeoifn,ônfba bej Nuaturba Pfhmts (FNG^NP)

Bjoptgj „ 2633; nbig feto corng „ 2683;Eui`gr oc nouetrfgs wmfnm mbvg rbtfcfgj „ 2::

Zmfs festruiget, tmg FNN\P (`gaow), bej tmg WefvgrsbaJgnabrbtfoe oc Muibe Pfhmts, mbvg tohgtmgr `gge

pronabfigj `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes to noestftutg tmgFetgrebtfoeba @faa oc Muibe Pfhmts. Zmfs pbrtfnuabrfestruiget mbs sfx getrfgs fe Bppgejfx 2. Ftsnoiiftiget to eoe-jfsnrfifebtfoe fs bccfrigj. Ftnoiifts stbtgs to gnoeoifn igbsurgs cor crgg prfibrygjunbtfoe bej cfebenfba support, gjunbtfoeba bej otmgrcoris oc support cor cbifafgs, bej support cor tgbnmgrs.

Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebet oe Nfvfa bej

\oaftfnba Pfhmts (FNN\P)

Bjoptgj „ 2633; nbig feto corng „ 2683;

Eui`gr oc nouetrfgs wmfnm mbvg rbtfcfgj „ 2:=

Oeg oc tmg tmrgg festruigets to ibkg up tmgFetgrebtfoeba @faa oc Muibe Pfhmts, tmfs fetgrebtfoeba

trgbty mbs afiftgj novgrbhg oc hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe.Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc baa Coris

oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest Xoige (NGJBX)

Bjoptgj „ 2686; nbig feto corng „ 26=2;

Eui`gr oc nouetrfgs wmfnm mbvg rbtfcfgj „ 28>

Weafkg tmg two prgvfous trgbtfgs, NGJBX wbs jgvgaopgjspgnfcfnbaay wftm hgejgr fe ifej. Fts gagvge getrfgs feBppgejfx 2 fejfnbtg be gipmbsfs oe rfhmts to gjunbtfoewftm provfsfoes novgrfeh prfibry, sgnoejbry, mfhmgrgjunbtfoe, eoe-coriba gjunbtfoe, sports gjunbtfoe, bejcbifay pabeefeh fecoribtfoe.

Noevgetfoe oe tmg Pfhmts oc tmg Nmfaj (NPN)

Bjoptgj „ 26=6; nbig feto corng „ 266<;Eui`gr oc nouetrfgs wmfnm mbvg rbtfcfgj „ 26<

Zmg NPN gesurgs tmg rfhmts oc tmg nmfaj bej fenaujgsprovfsfoes to hubrbetgg rfhmts to gjunbtfoe. Zmg NPNmbs twgavg getrfgs fe Bppgejfx 2. Afkg fts prgjgngssors,ft rgbccfris muibe rfhmts fe b noetgxt tmbt jogs eotjfsnrfifebtg `bsgj oe sgx. Ft noetbfes b stroehgipmbsfs oe igbsurgs to proiotg crgg prfibrygjunbtfoe bej cfebenfba support, muibe rfhmtsgjunbtfoe, sgx gjunbtfoe bej rgprojuntfvg mgbatmfecoribtfoe, gjunbtfoeba nouesgaafeh, bej b hgejgr-bwbrg nurrfnuaui.

\oaftfnba proifsgs

Sfgeeb Jgnabrbtfoe bej \rohrbiig oc Bntfoe „ 266>

Zmg Sfgeeb Jgnabrbtfoe bej \rohrbiig oc Bntfoe wbsjrbctgj bt tmg Xoraj Noecgrgeng oc Muibe Pfhmts bs brgbccfribtfoe oc tmg Wefvgrsba Jgnabrbtfoe oc MuibePfhmts. Zmgrg brg gagvge getrfgs fe Bppgejfx 2 spbeefehbaa rgagvbet brgbs. Zmg Sfgeeb festruiget pabngs bstroeh gipmbsfs oe tmg stbtg‖s oàfhbtfoes to proiotghgejgr gqubafty, fenaujfeh fe gjunbtfoe.

Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe \opuabtfoebej Jgvgaopiget (FN\J) „ 266:

Zmg Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe \opuabtfoe bejJgvgaopiget wbs mgaj fe orjgr to bssgss prohrgss fergbnmfeh tmg o`dgntfvgs oc tmg 268: Xoraj \opuabtfoe\abe oc Bntfoe, to fenrgbsg bwbrgegss oc popuabtfoefssugs wftmfe tmg fetgrebtfoeba bhgejb, bej to bjoptb sgt oc rgnoiigejbtfoes cor tmg egxt jgnbjg.Zmg efegtgge getrfgs spbe baa brgbs oc Bppgejfx 2,jgioestrbtfeh be fenrgbsfeh agvga oc bwbrgegss ochgejgr fssugs.

@gfdfeh Jgnabrbtfoe bej \abtcori cor Bntfoe „ 2667Zmg @gfdfeh Jgnabrbtfoe bej \abtcori cor Bntfoergbccfris tmg cuejbigetba prfenfpag sgt cortm fe tmgSfgeeb Jgnabrbtfoe, tmbt tmg muibe rfhmts oc woigebej oc tmg hfra nmfaj brg be febafgebàg, fetghrba bejfejfvfsfàg pbrt oc uefvgrsba muibe rfhmts. Bs be bhgejbcor bntfoe, tmg \abtcori sggks to proiotg bej protgnttmg cuaa gedoyiget oc baa muibe rfhmts bej tmgcuejbigetba crggjois oc baa woige tmrouhmout tmgfrafcg nynag. Zmgrg brg twgety-two getrfgs rgabtgj tohgejgr bej gjunbtfoe, wmfnm spbe iost rgagvbet brgbs.

Xoraj ûiift cor ônfba Jgvgaopiget „Nopgembhge 2667

Zmg Xoraj ûiift cor ônfba Jgvgaopigetrgprgsgetgj b egw noesgesus oe tmg eggj to putpgopag bt tmg ngetrg oc jgvgaopiget. Bioehtmg jgnfsfoes ibjg wgrg tge noiiftigets,two oc wmfnm bccgnt hgejgr fe gjunbtfoe. Zmgsg brg4(b) to bnmfgvg gqubafty bej gqufty `gtwgge woigebej ige; bej (`) to bttbfe uefvgrsba bej gquftbàgbnngss to gjunbtfoe bej prfibry mgbatm nbrg. Zmgfestruiget rgsuats fe efeg getrfgs fe Bppgejfx 2,rgcagntfeh tmbt tmfs festruiget jogs eot oeay bjjrgsshgejgr bej gjunbtfoe ùt sonfba jgvgaopiget fe biunm `robjgr noetgxt.

@ox 2.2. Zmg ”hgejgr noiiftiget‖ festruigets

Zmgrg brg two typgs oc festruiget tmbt fejfnbtg fetgrebtfoeba noiiftiget

to hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe4 fetgrebtfoeba trgbtfgs , wmfnm brg fetgejgj

cor rbtfcfnbtfoe `y fejfvfjuba nouetrfgs hfvfeh tmgi aghba wgfhmt, bej

”poaftfnba proifsgs‖ , jgvgaopgj `y fetgrebtfoeba noesgesus to `g b curtmgrstfiuaus to proiotg ”bntfoe‖. Zmg coaaowfeh festruigets (fe nmroeoaohfnba orjgr)

jgioestrbtg tmg gvoautfoe oc spgnfcfn hgejgr noiiftigets fe gjunbtfoe.

Bppgejfx 2 provfjgs iorg jgtbfa cor gbnm oc tmgi.



Nmbptgr 2


be ”gxpbejgj vfsfoe cor gjunbtfoe‖ bej rgstbtgjtmg W\G hoba cor bnmfgvgiget `y tmg ygbr 0<<<.Batmouhm hrgbt prohrgss mbj `gge ibjg fe iostrghfoes tmfs, bhbfe, wbs eot cuaay rgbafzgj `y baanouetrfgs. Bnnorjfehay, fe 0<<<, tmg Jbkbr

Crbigwork cor Bntfoe bej tmg IfaageefuiJgnabrbtfoe rgspgnfcfgj òtm tmg gjunbtfoe bejtmg hgejgr hobas fe b iorg coriba wby (@ox 2.0).

Baa tmgsg rgstbtgigets oc tmg rfhmts to gjunbtfoembvg fejfnbtgj tmgfr gquba bppafnb`fafty cor baapgopag, wftmout jfstfentfoe oc rbng, sgx orebtfoebafty. Mowgvgr tmg eotfoe oc hgejgr gqubaftywbs fenrgbsfehay gipmbsfzgj ovgr tmg ygbrs, bejtmg bnmfgvgiget oc hgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fegjunbtfoe wbs hfvge sgpbrbtg fiportbeng fe tmgiost rgnget stbtgigets oc tmg jgvgaopigethobas.

Gxtgejfeh tmg bhgejb

Ft fs nagbr tmbt muibe rfhmts aghfsabtfoe mbs mbjoeay pbrtfba sunngss fe jgafvgrfeh gqubafty fegjunbtfoe. \grmbps, tmge, tmg `gegcfts ocsgpbrbtgay sgnurfeh hovgreiget noiiftiget tomoeour tmgsg sbig rfhmts, usfeh noecgrgengjgnabrbtfoes bs festruigets, smouaj `gqugstfoegj. Fe wmbt wbys nbe tmgsg igbsurgs

mgap, hfvge tmbt ”jgnabrbtfoes‖ bej otmgrnoecgrgeng festruigets nbrry igrgay poaftfnbarbtmgr tmbe aghba butmorfty? Oeg smort beswgr totmfs qugstfoe fs tmbt, prgnfsgay `gnbusg aghba bejpoaftfnba prongssgs brg jfstfent, ft fs iorg afkgaytmbt fipagigetbtfoe wfaa `g sgnurgj fc tmgy rgsuatfe iutubaay noesfstget igssbhgs, rbtmgr tmbe fenoetrbjfntfoe.

Fe bjjftfoe, mowgvgr, òtm tmg DoitfgeJgnabrbtfoe bej tmg Jbkbr Crbigwork „ bej tmgjgnabrbtfoes croi tmg otmgr ibdor Weftgj Ebtfoesnoecgrgengs oc tmg 266<s „ provfjgj soig cagsm

cor tmg rbtmgr ifefibafst òegs oc gxfstfehmuibe rfhmts aghfsabtfoe. Zmgy nbe tmus `g sggebs eot igrgay rgnoecfrifeh b noiiftiget to tmgtrgbtfgs, ùt baso bs feftfbtfvgs wmfnm ho `gyoejtmgi „ soigtfigs su`stbetfbaay so.

Zmg muibe rfhmts trgbtfgs tmgisgavgs ibfeayconus oe tmg provfsfoe oc crgg bej noipuasoryprfibry snmooafeh bej tmg gafifebtfoe oc hgejgrfegqubaftfgs tmrouhmout gjunbtfoe. Ft fs eotbàgtmbt tmgsg two bspgnts brg tbkge up bs Hobas >bej : oc tmg Ifaageefui Jgnabrbtfoe bej tmbt

tmgy, fe ture, noiprfsg tmg sgnoej bej cfctm oc tmgJbkbr hobas (@ox 2.0). Zmg IJH tbrhgts corgjunbtfoe, mowgvgr, brg nbutfousay pmrbsgj „tmgy oift igetfoe oc ”crgg bej noipuasory‖prfibry snmooafeh, bej rgstrfnt tmgisgavgs tosggkfeh tmg gafifebtfoe oc hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fegjunbtfoe rbtmgr tmbe to bnmfgvfeh tmg iorg

jgibejfeh hgejgr gqubafty gspousgj `y tmgJbkbr Crbigwork. Fe tmgsg rgspgnts tmgsg twohobas brg, fe cbnt, rbtmgr agss cuaay rgcagntfvg ocmuibe rfhmts noiiftigets, bs sgt out fe tmgrgagvbet trgbtfgs, tmbe brg tmg Jbkbr hobas.

Aftgrbny fs eot igetfoegj fe tmg IJHs, wmgrgbstmgrg fs b noiiftiget to provfjg ”cuejbigetbagjunbtfoe cor tmosg wmo mbvg eot noipagtgjprfibry gjunbtfoe‖ fe tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebetoe Gnoeoifn, ônfba bej Nuaturba Pfhmts(Brtfnag 2>.0). Zmfs too fs rgcagntgj fe tmg Jbkbr

GCB Jbkbr hobas

2. Gxpbejfeh bej fiprovfeh noiprgmgesfvg gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bejgjunbtfoe, gspgnfbaay cor tmg iost vuaegrbàg bej jfsbjvbetbhgj nmfajrge.

0. Gesurfeh tmbt y 0<27 baa nmfajrge, pbrtfnuabray hfras, nmfajrge fe jfccfnuatnfrnuistbengs bej tmosg `gaoehfeh to gtmefn ifeorftfgs, mbvg bnngss tobej noipagtg crgg bej noipuasory prfibry gjunbtfoe oc hooj qubafty.

>. Gesurfeh tmbt tmg agbrefeh eggjs oc baa youeh pgopag bej bjuats brg igttmrouhm gquftbàg bnngss to bpproprfbtg agbrefeh bej afcg skfaas

prohrbiigs.

:. Bnmfgvfeh b 7<% fiprovgiget fe agvgas oc bjuat aftgrbny `y 0<27, gspgnfbaaycor woige, bej gquftbàg bnngss to `bsfn bej noetfeufeh gjunbtfoe cor baabjuats.

7. Gafifebtfeh hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe `y 0<<7,

bej bnmfgvfeh hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe `y 0<27, wftm b conus oegesurfeh hfras‖ cuaa bej gquba bnngss to bej bnmfgvgiget fe `bsfn gjunbtfoeoc hooj qubafty.

3. Fiprovfeh baa bspgnts oc tmg qubafty oc gjunbtfoe bej gesurfeh gxngaagengoc baa so tmbt rgnohefzgj bej igbsurbàg agbrefeh outnoigs brg bnmfgvgj`y baa, gspgnfbaay fe aftgrbny, euigrbny bej gssgetfba afcg skfaas.

Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas

Hoba 0. Bnmfgvg W\G

Zbrhgt >. Gesurg tmbt, `y 0<27, nmfajrge gvgrywmgrg, òys bej hfras bafkg,wfaa `g bàg to noipagtg b cuaa noursg oc prfibry snmooafeh.

Hoba >. \roiotg hgejgr gqubafty bej gipowgr woige

Zbrhgt :. Gafifebtg hgejgr jfspbrfty fe prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe,prgcgrbày `y 0<<7, bej to baa agvgas oc gjunbtfoe eo abtgr tmbe 0<27.

@ox 2.0. Zmg Jbkbr Crbigwork bej Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas



Zmg Jbkbr hobasho wgaa `gyoejtmosg sgt out fe

tmg muiberfhmts trgbtfgs4

tmgy gstbàfsm b

iorg bi`ftfousbhgejb.

Crbigwork (Hoba :) wmfnm sggks b su`stbetfbafiprovgiget fe aftgrbny bej fe bnngss to bjuat`bsfn gjunbtfoe. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, Jbkbr hogsiunm curtmgr. Fe sggkfeh to gxpbej gbraynmfajmooj gjunbtfoe (Hoba 2), afcg skfaas

prohrbiigs cor baa youeh pgopag bej bjuats(Hoba >) bej be fiprovgiget fe tmg qubafty ocgjunbtfoe bt baa agvgas (Hoba 3), tmg JbkbrCrbigwork gxtgejs tmg bhrggj gjunbtfoenoiiftigets `gyoej tmosg tmbt brg fipafgj `ymuibe rfhmts trgbtfgs. Bnnorjfehay, tmfsrgprgsgets be gxtgesfoe oc tmg bhgejb, rbtmgrtmbe igrgay fts rgnoecfribtfoe.

Zfig-òuej tbrhgts

B curtmgr wby fe wmfnm tmg Jbkbr hobas bej tmgIJHs jfccgr croi stbtg noiiftigets uejgrmuibe rfhmts aghfsabtfoe fs tmbt tmgy fenaujgtfig-òuej tbrhgts. Zmfs fs usgcua fe b eui`groc wbys. Cfrst, ft soctges tmg dujhgiget oc ”`gfehfe jgcbuat‖ wmfnm fs fipafgj cor tmosg nouetrfgswmgrg soig muibe rfhmts tbrhgts mbvg eotygt `gge bnmfgvgj. @y fetrojunfeh b jyebifnjfigesfoe, ft smfcts bttgetfoe croi wmgtmgr oreot muibe rfhmts brg `gfeh vfoabtgj, towbrjsnoesfjgrbtfoe oc mow tmgy wfaa `g igt ovgr bjfsnrgtg pgrfoj oc ygbrs. Zmfs baaows spbng cor

pabeefeh bej fipagigetbtfoe bej cor tmg eotfoetmbt wmbt rgbaay nouets fs ibkfeh prohrgsstowbrjs tmg hobas, rbtmgr tmbe wmgtmgr or eotpbrtfnuabr nouetrfgs brg nurrgetay fe jgcbuat octmgfr oàfhbtfoes.

^gnoej, ft cbnfaftbtgs b potgetfbaay iorg fenausfvgprongss. Batmouhm tmosg stbtgs tmbt mbvg eot igttmgfr rgportfeh oàfhbtfoes uejgr tmg noevgetfoesbrg iost afkgay to `g rgnbanftrbet fe otmgr wbys,tmosg curtmgst croi hubrbetggfeh muibe rfhmtsto tmgfr pgopags brg afkgay to `g tmosg wmfnm mbvgeot rbtfcfgj tmg Noevgetfoes fe tmg cfrst pabng. Fe

rgnoheftfoe oc tmfs, tmg Jbkbr hobas brgpotgetfbaay bàg to cbnfaftbtg jfbaohug wftm baahovgreigets, frrgspgntfvg oc wmgtmgr tmgy brgsfhebtorfgs to NPN or NGJBX.

Zmfrj, tfig-òuej tbrhgts ibkg tmg prongss ochoba bnmfgvgiget iorg tbehfàg bej tmgycbnfaftbtg iorg gxpafnft ioeftorfeh oc prohrgss. Bstmfs rgport jgioestrbtgs, ft fs tmgrg`y possfàgto betfnfpbtg mow wgaa rghfoes bej nouetrfgs brgjofeh, bej to fejfnbtg prforftfgs cor ebtfoeba orfetgrebtfoeba bntfoe fe support oc tmgfr gccorts. B

rgabtgj, ùt fiportbet bjvbetbhg oc sunm bebpprobnm fs tmg gxtget to wmfnm fetgrebtfoeba bswgaa bs ebtfoeba bhgets nbe `g mgaj to bnnouet.Zmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty mbs noesfstgetayfejfnbtgj tmbt eo nouetry wftm b nrgjfàg pabe cor

bnmfgvfeh GCB wfaa `g prgvgetgj croifipagigetfeh ft owfeh to b abnk oc rgsourngs(WEG^NO, 0<<<c ). Bnnorjfehay tmg bntfoes oc bfjbhgenfgs fe provfjfeh rgsourngs nbe `g dujhgj fenoipbrfsoe wftm wmbt fs rgqufrgj, fe wbys tmbtwouaj `g jfccfnuat fc tmgrg wgrg eo eotfoe oc btbrhgt jbtg cor bnmfgvfeh tmg hobas. Fe tmfs sgesg,tfig-òuej tbrhgts baaow tmgfr rgspoesf`fafty to`g iorg gxpafnftay smbrgj `gtwgge jgvgaopfehbej iorg jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs, tmbe wouajotmgrwfsg `g baaowgj `y b jgpgejgeng oeay oetmg muibe rfhmts aghfsabtfvg festruigets.

Fe suiibry, tmg Jbkbr hobas rgcagnt tmgsu`stbeng oc hovgreiget gjunbtfoenoiiftigets noetbfegj fe cour norg muiberfhmts trgbtfgs, fetrojungj `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoesovgr tmg ygbrs 2683 to 266<, wmfnm mbvgsu`sgqugetay `gge rbtfcfgj `y tmg hrgbt ibdorftyoc tmg woraj‖s hovgreigets. Zmg ibfe purposg ocsuppagigetfeh tmgsg aghbaay-`fejfehnoiiftigets wftm tmg hobas gstbàfsmgj fe tmgJbkbr Crbigwork, bej fe tmg IJHs, fs to provfjgb igbes wmgrg`y poaftfnba igssbhgs bej aghbanoiiftigets „ bt agbst bt fetgrebtfoeba agvga „

nbe `gnoig iutubaay rgfecornfeh. Xmfag tmg twoIJH gjunbtfoe hobas brg cbfray ebrrowaynounmgj, fe noipbrfsoe wftm fetgrebtfoeba aghbanoiiftigets, tmg Jbkbr hobas ho wgaa `gyoejtmosg sgt out fe tmg muibe rfhmts trgbtfgs4 tmgygstbàfsm b iorg bi`ftfous bhgejb. @otm tmgsgsgts oc hobas brg tfig-òuej, wmfnm `rfehs beui`gr oc bjvbetbhgs cor pabeefeh, cor rgsourngio`fafzbtfoe bej cor ioeftorfeh.

Fipbnt oc hgejgr gqubafty

fe gjunbtfoe oe otmgrjgvgaopiget o`dgntfvgsZmgrg gxfst nagbr sgts oc aghba bej poaftfnbanoiiftigets to bnmfgvg hgejgr gqubafty fegjunbtfoe, wmfnm mbvg `gge crggay uejgrtbkge `yb ibdorfty oc nouetrfgs. Zmus tmg rfhmt toGjunbtfoe cor Baa fs wgaa brtfnuabtgj bej bnngptgjfetgrebtfoebaay. Zmg iorba `bsfs cor tmgsgprovfsfoes fs noipgaafeh. Mowgvgr, tmgrg fs baso bvgry stroeh festruigetba nbsg cor so jofeh. Babrhg òjy oc gvfjgeng smows tmbt ft fs fe tmg



Nmbptgr 2


\rfvbtg rbtgsoc rgture togjunbtfoe brgsfhefcfnbet.

prfvbtg bej sonfba fetgrgsts oc pgopag bejnoiiueftfgs to rgjung hgejgr fegqubaftfgs fegjunbtfoe wmgrgvgr tmgy gxfst.

Gnoeoifn bebaysfs mbs noesfstgetay smowe tmbt

tmg prfvbtg rbtgs oc rgture to gjunbtfoe „gstfibtgj oe tmg `bsfs oc tmg rgabtfoesmfp`gtwgge tmg prfvbtg nosts oc uejgrtbkfehgjunbtfoe bt gbnm agvga bej tmg fipbnt ftsu`sgqugetay mbs oe afcgtfig gbrefehs „ brgsfhefcfnbet, bej bt agbst bs mfhm bs rgtures croitmg otmgr wbys fe wmfnm cbifafgs ifhmt fevgsttmgfr ioegy (\sbnmbropouaos bej \btrfeos,0<<0). Fe iost nouetrfgs woige gxpgrfgengjfsnrfifebtfoe fe tmg abòur ibrkgt, bs wftegssgj`y tmgfr onnupbtfoeba gbrefehs `gfeh agss tmbe

ige bt hfvge bhgs bej agvgas oc gjunbtfoe.Mowgvgr, tmg proportfoebtg fenrgbsg fe wbhgs(bej tmus rbtgs oc rgture) bssonfbtgj wftm bebjjftfoeba ygbr oc snmooafeh bt gbnm agvga tgej to`g bòut tmg sbig cor òtm sgxgs. Xmgrg rgtures

jo jfccgr, tmgy iorg octge cbvour woige tmbeige (Kfeh bej Mfaa, 266>; \sbnmbropouaos bej\btrfeos, 0<<0; nmuatz, 2667).

Curtmgriorg, fe nouetrfgs wmgrg prfibry bej duefor sgnoejbry snmooafeh fs eot ygt uefvgrsba,prfvbtg rgtures to gjunbtfoe brg mfhmgst btprfibry agvga bej tgej to jgnafeg bt sgnoejbrybej mfhmgr agvgas. Xmgrg hfras mbvg agss bnngssto snmooafeh tmbe òys, tmfs pbttgre oc rgturesfipafgs tmbt naosfeh tmg hgejgr hbp fe snmooa

Ebtfoe-stbtgs mbvg pbrtfnuabr wbys fe wmfnm tmgysmbpg youeh pgopag bs nftfzges. ôig nouetrfgs,`bsgj upoe ghbaftbrfbe bej sonfbaay fenausfvgprfenfpags, mbvg gjunbtgj baa nmfajrge wftmfe bnoiioe snmooa systgi, wftm tmg bfi ocbssfifabtfeh sonfba, gtmefn bej nuaturba/rgafhfousjfccgrgengs. Otmgr sonfgtfgs mbvg sghrghbtgj, orjfccgrgetfbtgj tmg gjunbtfoe rgngfvgj `y jfccgrgethroups oc nmfajrge „ gftmgr to rgnohefzg jfccgrgengsor, iorg eghbtfvgay, to gxnaujg ngrtbfe nbtghorfgs

fe sonfgty. Fe baa tmgsg noetgxts, gjunbtfoe pabys bkgy roag fe smbpfeh cuturg nftfzges‖ fjgetftfgs bejafvgs.

Zmg wfsm to trbesift norg vbaugs (or ”nftfzgevfrtugs‖) bnross sonfba hroups fe orjgr to mgap ueftgigi`grs oc b noiiuefty mbs to `g `babengjbhbfest tmg eggj to provfjg tmgi wftm jfvgrsg skfaasbej keowagjhg, fe prgpbrbtfoe cor gnoeoifn afcg.ôig gjunbtfoe systgis mbvg prforftfzgj ebtfoebavbaugs bej nuaturgs tmrouhm be gipmbsfs oepbtrfotfsi bej kgy ebtfoeba festftutfoes. ônfbafstnouetrfgs mbvg gipmbsfzgj tmg fiportbeng ocsnmooafeh fe nrgbtfeh sonfba gqubafty bej noaagntfvfty.Xgstgre Guropgbe af`grba jgionrbtfn bpprobnmgsmbvg tgejgj to conus oe tmg jgvgaopiget ocfejfvfjuba potgetfba. Zmgsg prfenfpags nmbehg wftmsmfcts fe sonfgtba vbaugs. Mowgvgr tmgy baa pofet totmg kgy roag oc gjunbtfoe systgis fe eourfsmfehnftfzgesmfp.

Eoribtfvg iojgas oc tmg ibag bej cgibag nftfzgebrg agbregj bs nmfajrge prohrgss tmrouhm tmgagvgas, mfgrbrnmfgs bej prongssgs oc tmg snmooa.^nmooa rftubas (bssgiàfgs, uefcoris, ngag`rbtfoes),coris oc jfsnfpafeg, rgabtfoesmfps `gtwgge tgbnmgr

bej pupfa, bej nurrfnuaui noetget, baa mgap to smbpgibag bej cgibag nftfzge fjgetftfgs. ^nmooa stbccfehstrunturgs rgprgsget to pupfas tmg prfenfpags oc tmgsonfba orjgr. Zmgsg eoribtfvg iojgas brg eotbawbys noejunfvg to tmg proiotfoe oc hrgbtgr sonfbagqubafty. Fjgbaay, agbrefeh gevfroeigets smouajiojga jgionrbtfn prfenfpags fe baa tmgfr bspgnts. Fchfras brg bàg to agbre, tmrouhm snmooafeh, tmbt tmgynbe `g fe noetroa oc tmgfr owe afvgs, tmgy wfaa `giorg afkgay eot dust to pgrcori wgaa ùt baso to

gehbhg fe poaftfnba fssugs wmge tmgy `gnoigbjuats.

Bnmfgvfeh cuaa nftfzgesmfp stbtus cor ige bejwoige fs eot b sfehag gvget. Bttgetfoe eggjs to `gconusgj oe mow ibag bej cgibag nfvfn pbrtfnfpbtfoenbe `g genourbhgj tmrouhm styags oc tgbnmfeh bejagbrefeh. Opportueftfgs brg eggjgj cor òtm òysbej hfras to bnmfgvg b sgesg oc bhgeny „ oc `gfeh fenoetroa oc tmgfr afvgs bej oc tmg sonfba gevfroeigetfe wmfnm tmgy brg aonbtgj. @oys tgej to `g occgrgjiorg nmbeng to eghotfbtg tmgfr fjgetftfgs fe snmooa,wmgrgbs hfras nbe `g noestrbfegj `y be ovgrayprotgntfvg gevfroeiget. Zmfs jfccgrgeng nbe `ggxprgssgj `y tmg biouet oc pmysfnba, afehufstfn bejpgjbhohfn spbng tbkge up `y òys fe ifxgjnabssroois bej snmooas4 iunm oc tmg ”bntfoe‖ fesnmooas fs ibag. Hfras bej òys gbnm eggjgenourbhgiget to gxpgrfgeng tmg possf`faftfgs ocmuibe bntfoe, bej tmgy smouaj `g baaowgj topbrtfnfpbtg cuaay fe tmg agbrefeh gxpgrfgeng wftmoutcgbr oc fetfifjbtfoe, vfoageng, ibrhfebafzbtfoe orsfagenfeh.

ôurng4 Breot (0<<>); sgg baso Mgbtgr (266<);Horjoe gt ba. (0<<<).

@ox 2.>. Hgejgr, gjunbtfoe bej nftfzgesmfp



0. Zmfs bssuigs tmbt ft fs tmosgwftm hrgbtgr b`fafty, bioehòtm sgxgs, wmo tgej to mbvg

hrgbtgr bnngss to snmooa.

>. Pgvfgws brg provfjgj y^nmuatz (0<<0) bej Bù-Hmbfjbbej Kabsge (0<<0). Batmouhmsoig oc tmgsg gccgnts ibytruay `g iorg b cuentfoe oc dofet jgtgrifebtfoe oc cbifayoutnoigs gtwgge ibag bejcgibag pbrtegrs tmbe tmgaftgrbturg noevgetfoebaaybnkeowagjhgs (sgg @gmribegt ba., 2668; ^nmuatz, 0<<0,p. 02:), sunm bebaytfn efngtfgsbrg afkgay oeay to rgjung tmgposftfvg `gmbvfourba fipbntoc cgibag gjunbtfoe, fenoipbrfsoe wftm tmbt oc ibags,rbtmgr tmbe to rgiovg ftnoipagtgay.

Fenrgbsfehtmg gjunbtfoeagvgas oc hfras

mbs bcbvourbàgfipbnt oegnoeoifn

hrowtm.

geroaigets wfaa provfjg mfhmgr rgtures tmbewouaj gxpbesfoe poafnfgs tmbt agct tmg gxfstfehhgejgr hbp uenmbehgj.

Croi b iorg ibnro pgrspgntfvg, fenrgbsfeh

cgibag gjunbtfoe mbs `gge smowe to mbvg bhrgbtgr gccgnt oe ovgrbaa abòur suppay `yfenrgbsfeh tmg biouet oc tfig tmbt woige work.@y noetrbst, tmg qubetfty oc work ige wfsm to josggis eot to `g fecaugengj `y tmgfr owegjunbtfoeba agvga (^nmuatz, 0<<0). B curtmgrnoipafnbtfoe fs tmbt ige‖s wbhgs, bej tmgfrgjunbtfoeba agvga, tgej to mbvg b jowewbrjfipbnt oe tmg abòur suppay oc woige.Bnnorjfehay, strbtghfgs to fenrgbsg woige‖sgjunbtfoe rgabtfvg to tmbt oc ige wfaa tgej tofenrgbsg ovgrbaa abòur-corng pbrtfnfpbtfoe bejmbvg posftfvg gccgnts òtm oe tmg tbx `bsg bej oe

gnoeoifn hrowtm.

Hrowtm wouaj baso `g proiotgj `gnbusg, wmgrgbnngss to gjunbtfoe fs skgwgj fe cbvour oc òys,ibey oc tmg hfras wmo brg out oc snmooa wfaa mbvgmfhmgr agvgas oc ebturba b`fafty tmbe ibey oc tmgòys wmo brg eot.0 Zmus, rgjfstrfùtfeh snmooapabngs towbrjs bnmfgvfeh hrgbtgr hgejgr gqubaftywouaj rbfsg tmg egt b`fafty agvgas oc tmosg btsnmooa bej mbvg b noipouejfeh gccgnt oesonfgty‖s cuturg stonk oc muibe nbpftba.

Gvfjgeng suhhgsts tmbt hgejgr pbrfty „ fe tgrisoc tmg rgabtfvg ”stonks‖ oc gjunbtfoe mgaj `y igebej woige fe tmg popuabtfoe „ bccgnts hrowtmprospgnts fejgpgejgetay oc tmgfr b`soautg agvgas(Kabsge, 0<<0), bej tmbt, pbrtfnuabray cor nouetrfgsbt aowgr agvgas oc fenoig, fenrgbsfeh tmggjunbtfoe agvgas oc hfras mbs b cbvourbàg fipbntoe gnoeoifn hrowtm (Joaabr bej Hbttf, 2666). Oegoc tmg afkgay rgbsoes cor tmg hrowtm fipbnt oc

cgibag gjunbtfoe fe tmgsg nfrnuistbengs fs ftsposftfvg gccgnts oe agvgas oc bhrfnuaturbaprojuntfvfty. Zmfs rgabtfoesmfp mbs `gge wgaajonuigetgj cor ibey ygbrs (Dbifsoe bej Abu,26=0), ùt iorg rgnget gvfjgeng oc fts sgpbrbtgay

`gegcfnfba gccgnts cor tmg projuntfvfty oc woigebej ige fe cbrifeh fs `ghfeefeh to gigrhg(îftm bej Mbjjbj, 2666; Rufsui`feh, 2663).

Gjunbtfoe festftutfoes baso paby b kgy roag fe tmgjgionrbtfn prongss `y hfvfeh woige bej igetmg opportuefty, tmg keowagjhg bej tmgnoiiftiget to fecaugeng tmg ebturg bejjfrgntfoe oc sonfgty. Fejfvfjubas nbeeot jgvgaoptmgfr cuaa potgetfba wftmout gjunbtfoe, eor nbetmgy pbrtfnfpbtg cuaay bs nftfzges. Gxnaujfeh hfrascroi snmooa `bjay bccgnts tmgfr sgesg oc bhgenybej noestrbfes nfvfn bej poaftfnba afcg (@ox 2.>).

B vgry fiportbet noesgqugeng oc sonfgtyfevgstfeh iorg fe tmg gjunbtfoe oc hfras bejwoige fs tmg nmbehgs `rouhmt bòut femousgmoaj `gmbvfour bej prbntfng. ôig oc tmgsgnmbehgs brg mfhmay vbaugj `y sonfgty. Corgxbipag, tmg fiprovgj sustgebeng oc nmfajrgembs `gge smowe to `g iorg stroehay bssonfbtgjwftm fenrgbsgj agvgas oc gjunbtfoe oc tmg iotmgrtmbe oc tmg cbtmgr. Zmfs fs so wftm rgspgnt to tmg`frtm wgfhmt oc nmfajrge, nmfaj iortbafty, eutrftfoe,ior`fjfty, snmooa getry bt gbray bhgs bej

aoehgvfty fe snmooa.>

Gqubaay, tmg snmooafeh ocpbrgets (bej fe pbrtfnuabr oc cgibag pbrgets)fenrgbsgs tmg pro`b`fafty oc tmgfr nmfajrge „ ocòtm sgxgs „ bttgejfeh snmooa. Zmus, hfvfehprforfty to gjunbtfeh hfras jurfeh tmg iovgtowbrjs GCB fs b `gttgr wby oc gesurfeh fts cuturgsustbfeb`fafty ovgr tmg ygbrs wmge tmg prgsgetsnmooa-bhg hgegrbtfoe wfaa tmgisgavgs mbvg`gnoig pbrgets.



Nmbptgr 2


:. ^gg ^nmuatz (2667, 0<<0).Zmg eghbtfvg fipbnt oc woigegjunbtfoe oe cgrtfafty fs, ocnoursg, igjfbtgj `y otmgrvbrfbàgs. Ft fs hgegrbaay stroehùt eot butoibtfn. ^gg baso tmgjfsnussfoe fe Nmbptgr :.

Brhuigets tmbtgqubafty nbeeot`g bccorjgj, ortmbt ft wouaj

hgegrbtgprgssurgs tmbtnoecafnt wftmotmgr iorgprgssfehjgvgaopigetprforftfgs, brgabrhgay cbasg.

B curtmgr wganoig `gegcft oc tmg snmooafeh ocwoige noengres fts wgaa-jonuigetgj eghbtfvgfipbnt oe rbtgs oc cgrtfafty (Nonmrbeg, 2686;^nmuatz, 2668). Fe soig sonfgtfgs, pbrtfnuabray feBcrfnb, tmg cfrst cgw ygbrs oc snmooafeh bppgbr to

mbvg afttag gccgnt oe cgrtfafty. @ut gasgwmgrg,gjunbtfoe fs bssonfbtgj wftm rgjuntfoes fecgrtfafty, nuiuabtfvgay cor gbnm bjjftfoeba ygbr.Zmg gvfjgeng suhhgsts, iorgovgr, tmbt bjjftfoebaygbrs oc snmooafeh oc ige brg bssonfbtgj wftmfenrgbsgj cgrtfafty (cor hfvge ygbrs oc gjunbtfoemgaj `y woige).: ô, fe tmfs noetgxt, tbrhgtfehwoige bej hfras fs pbrtfnuabray fiportbet.

Zmg gnoeoifn bej sonfba `gegcfts oc cgrtfaftyjgnafeg brg noesfjgrbàg. Ft aowgrs tmgjgpgejgeny ùrjge, wmfnm smouaj fenrgbsgebtfoeba sbvfehs. Ft fenrgbsgs tmg abòur corng bs

b proportfoe oc tmg popuabtfoe, bej vfb ftsgipaoyiget gccgnts fe ture mgaps to òost pgrnbpftb fenoigs. Zmg gccgnt oe gnoeoifn hrowtmnbe `g noesfjgrbàg „ soig gstfibtgs suhhgsttmbt up to 0 pgrngetbhg pofets oc beeuba pgrnbpftb fenoig hrowtm fe Gbst bej ôutm-GbstBsfbe nouetrfgs wbs jug to tmfs jgiohrbpmfngccgnt oc jgnafefeh cgrtfafty (@aooi bejXfaafbisoe, 266=). Mfhm cgibag gjunbtfoe fetmgsg nouetrfgs nouaj tmus mbvg noetrfùtgjsu`stbetfbaay to tmgfr gnoeoifn òoi.

Baa tmgsg jfrgnt bej fejfrgnt `gegcfts fejfnbtgtmbt, wmgrg cgibags mbvg agss bnngss tosnmooafeh tmbe ibags, sonfgty aosgs. Fe sunmnfrnuistbengs, tmgrg fs b nagbr nbsg cor tmggxtgesfoe oc hrgbtgr su`sfjfgs to tmg gjunbtfoe occgibags tmbe oc ibags, bej cor gnoeoifn poafnybej fevgstiget to `g tbrhgtgj bt tmbt o`dgntfvg.

Noenausfoe

Zmg rfhmts-`bsgj brhuigets cor bnmfgvfehhgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe brg oc ovgrrfjfehsfhefcfnbeng. Mowgvgr, tmosg nouetrfgs tmbt mggj

tmgfr iorba, aghba bej poaftfnba nbsg baso bntstroehay fe tmgfr owe gnoeoifn bej sonfbafetgrgsts. Fe tmfs sgesg, strbtghfgs to bnmfgvghgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe getbfa eouewganoig trbjg-occs. Brhuigets tmbt gqubaftynbeeot `g bccorjgj, or tmbt ft wouaj hgegrbtgprgssurgs tmbt noecafnt wftm otmgr, iorg prgssfeh,jgvgaopiget prforftfgs brg abrhgay cbasg. Oe tmgnoetrbry, b noiifttgj smfct towbrjs tmg nrgbtfoeoc hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe nbe jgafvgr b wfjgrbehg oc bssonfbtgj `gegcfts cor gnoeoifn hrowtmbej cor otmgr o`dgntfvgs oc jgvgaopiget poafny.Zmfs rgport jgioestrbtgs tmbt tmg tbsk fs eot

strbfhmtcorwbrj, bej tmbt ft rgqufrgs nmbehgsgxtgejfeh wgaa `gyoej tmg òuejbrfgs ocgjunbtfoe poafny. Mowgvgr, fts potgetfba `gegcftsibkg ft oeg oc tmg iost fiportbet nmbaagehgscbnfeh hovgreigets, bej tmgfr sonfgtfgs, jurfehtmgsg gbray ygbrs oc tmg egw ngetury.



Zmfs nmbptgr provfjgs be bssgssiget oc hao`ba prohrgss towbrjsbnmfgvfeh tmg sfx GCB hobas. Ft usgs tmg iost rgnget jbtb oegjunbtfoe systgis cor 0<<<, upjbtfeh abst ygbr‖s bebaysfs bejgxtgejfeh ft fe fiportbet rgspgnts.

Pgcagntfeh tmg rgport‖s tmgig, tmg bebaysfs hfvgs pbrtfnuabr

bttgetfoe to tmg hgejgr hobas bej mow tmgy bccgnt tmgfipagigetbtfoe oc baa Jbkbr‖s gjunbtfoeba bfis. Hgejgr pbrftybt prfibry bej sgnoejbry agvgas fs be o`dgntfvg cor 0<<7, bejgqubafty tmrouhmout baa gjunbtfoe fs to `g bnmfgvgj ovgr tmgcoaaowfeh jgnbjg. ^o tmg jfsnussfoe oc gbnm oc tmg hobas bjoptsb hgejgr conus wmgrgvgr tmg jbtb baaow.

Zmg nmbptgr fs fe sgvge sgntfoes. Bctgr b aook bt trgejs fe GNNG,tmrgg sgntfoes bssgss prohrgss towbrjs mfhmgr geroaigets,qubafty bej hgejgr pbrfty bt tmg prfibry, sgnoejbry bej tgrtfbry

agvgas oc gjunbtfoe. Jfsnussfoe oc afcg skfaas bej aftgrbnyprohrbiigs fs tmge coaaowgj `y soig rgnget gvfjgeng oe trgejsfe gjunbtfoeba qubafty. Zmg cfeba sgntfoe bttgipts to noipbrg tmgovgrbaa prohrgss `gfeh ibjg `y jfccgrget ebtfoes bej rghfoes. Ftconusgs oe mow cbr tmg hobas cor hgejgr pbrfty brg wftmfe rgbnmcor 0<<7, bej fetrojungs b egw GCB Jgvgaopiget Fejgx to hfvg biorg bhhrghbtgj noipbrbtor oc ebtfoeba prohrgss towbrjs tmggjunbtfoe tbrhgts.

Nmbptgr 0

Zowbrjs GCB4

bssgssfeh prohrgss




Gbray nmfajmooj nbrgbej gjunbtfoe

Hoba 2. Gxpbejfeh bej fiprovfehnoiprgmgesfvg gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej

gjunbtfoe, gspgnfbaay cor tmg iost vuaegrbàgbej jfsbjvbetbhgj nmfajrge.

Gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej gjunbtfoe fs b jfvgrsgbrgb oc agbrefeh. Ft rbehgs, oe tmg oeg mbej, croicoriba prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe, wmfnm fsfetghrbtgj wftm tmg ebtfoeba gjunbtfoe systgi,

vfb kfejgrhbrtges wmgrg nbrg, paby bej gjunbtfoebrg baa fenaujgj, to iorg fecoriba bej octgemoig-`bsgj bntfvftfgs. Fetgrebtfoebaaynoipbrbàg jbtb brg nurrgetay bvbfabàg corcoriba prg-prfibry geroaigets fe brouej tmrgg-

qubrtgrs (270) oc baa nouetrfgs. Batmouhm gccortsbrg `gfeh ibjg to noaagnt fecoribtfoe oe iorgfecoriba bntfvftfgs cor tmg prg-prfibry bhg hroup(usubaay > to 7 ygbrs), oeay cfctgge nouetrfgs brg bsygt bàg to suppay tmgsg jbtb (^tbtfstfnba beegx,Zbàg >). B tmfrj fejfnbtor „ tmg pgrngetbhg ocegw getrbets to prfibry Hrbjg 2 wmo mbvg

Zbàg 0.2. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 hroupfeh oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to hross geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<)

(fe gbnm òx nouetrfgs brg afstgj fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc HGP)

Agvgas oc HGP

Pghfoes ≪ ><% ><.2%-7<% 7<.2%-8<% 8<.2%-6<% Bòvg 6<%

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ngetrba Bsfb

Gbst Bsfbbej tmg \bnfcfn

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Abtfe Bigrfnbbej tmg Nbrf``gbe

Eortm Bigrfnbbej Xgstgre Guropg

Ngetrbabej Gbstgre Guropg

Zotba eui`gr ocnouetrfgs 270

J. P. Noeho, Efhgr, @urkfebCbso, @uruejf, Ibaf,Noioros, Gtmfopfb, Zoho,Pwbejb, Nútg j‖Fvofrg,Noeho, Ibjbhbsnbr,^geghba, Hufegb-@fssbu,^fgrrb Agoeg, Whbejb,Grftrgb, @gefe, Nbigrooe,Hbòe, Agsotmo, Hbi`fb,Ebif`fb, Gqubt. Hufegb (0:)

Vgige, Jdfòutf, Bahgrfb,Oibe, ^bujf Brb`fb, Frbq,Af`ybe B. D., ^yrfbe B. P.,Ghypt, Zuefsfb, ûjbe,Rbtbr (20)

Zbdfkfstbe, Kbzbkmstbe,Kyrhyzstbe, Bzgr`bfdbe,Ioehoafb (7)

Iybeibr, Nbiòjfb, Abo\JP, \bpub Egw Hufegb,Fejoegsfb, Nmfeb (3)

Egpba, Fsa. Pgp. oc Frbe,@behabjgsm, Fejfb (:)

@bmbibs, Moejurbs,Efnbrbhub (>)

Zurkgy,Zmg CVP oc Ibngjoefb (0)

73

ôutm Bcrfnb,Tfi`b`wg, Kgeyb (>)

Dorjbe,\bagstfefbe B. Z.,@bmrbfe (>)

Hgorhfb (2)

\mfafppfegs, Zoehb,^biob, Sfgt Ebi, @ruegfJbrussbabi, Ibabysfb (3)

Ibajfvgs (2)

@gafzg, Noaoi`fb,Joifefnbe Pgp.,Ga ^bavbjor, @oafvfb,\bebib, Sgegzugab (8)

^gr`fb bej Ioetgeghro,Pgp. oc Ioajovb,Nrobtfb, Ba`befb,\oabej (7)

03

Nbpg Sgrjg,Hmbeb, Af`grfb (>)

Ioronno (2)

\babu (2)

\bkfstbe (2)

Hubtgibab, Brhgetfeb,^bfet Aunfb, Wruhuby,Zrfefjbj bej Zo`bho,@rbzfa, \gru, Gnubjor (=)

Cfeabej, Nyprus,Weftgj ^tbtgs, Nbebjb,\ortuhba (7)

Aftmubefb, Abtvfb,@uahbrfb (>)

00

Ag`beoe,W. B. Gifrbtgs (0)

Sbeubtu, Pgp. ocKorgb, Zmbfabej,Dbpbe, Nook Fsabejs (7)

Igxfno, Nmfag,@br`bjos, Dbibfnb,\brbhuby, Nostb Pfnb,Egtm. Betfaags (8)

Hrggng, ^wgjge,Eorwby, WeftgjKfehjoi, Bustrfb,Jgeibrk (3)

Poibefb, âovgefb,Muehbry, âovbkfb,@gabrus, PussfbeCgjgrbtfoe (3)

03

Iburftfus (2)

Kuwbft (2)

Ibnbo (Nmfeb),Bustrbafb, Efug (>)

ûrfebig, Bru`b,Nu`b, Huybeb (:)

^wftzgrabej, Ftbay,Egtmgrabejs, Ibatb,^pbfe, Hgribey,Fngabej, Fsrbga,@gahfui, Crbeng,Auxgiòurh (22)

Nzgnm Pgp.,Gstoefb (0)

00

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg >.



Nmbptgr 0

Zowbrjs GCB4 bssgssfeh proh

2. Fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej fsoig Brb` ^tbtgs, ùt baso fenouetrfgs wftm b abrhg Iusafi

popuabtfoe, Korbefn snmooas brpbrtfnuabray rgagvbet fe tmfsnbtghory. Fe tmg Efhgr, corgxbipag, fe 0<<2, oc baiost>:,<<< egw getrbets wmo mbjgxpgrfgengj soig kfej oc GNNovgr =<% nbig croi Korbefnsnmooas, bej tmfs proportfoe mb`gge fenrgbsfeh ovgr tmg absttmrgg ygbrs cor wmfnm jbtb brgbvbfabàg (Efhgr, 0<<0b, p. 2=).Ft fs eot bawbys possfàg tobsngrtbfe to wmbt gxtget tmgngetrgs or festftutfoes provfjfetmfs typg oc festruntfoe brgfenaujgj fe tmg survgys.

0. Zmfs rgibfes trug ovgr tmgjgnbjg jgspftg soig rgnovgryfe ngrtbfe nouetrfgs sfeng 266=

bttgejgj soig cori oc orhbefzgj gbray nmfajmoojjgvgaopiget prohrbiigs „ fs bvbfabàg corrbtmgr iorg (corty-tmrgg) nouetrfgs. Batmouhmtmgsg `robjgr fejfnbtors oc pbrtfnfpbtfoe brg`gnoifeh fenrgbsfehay bvbfabàg, tmg hross

geroaiget rbtfo (HGP) fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoefs stfaa tmg ibfe fejfnbtor tmbt nbe `g usgj toioeftor prohrgss towbrjs tmg cfrst Jbkbr hoba.

Geroaiget fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe

\rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe fs jgcfegj bs prohrbiigsoc orhbefzgj festruntfoe wmfnm brg snmooa- orngetrg-`bsgj, onnupyfeh bt agbst two mours pgrjby bej 2<< jbys pgr ygbr. @y tmgfr vgry ebturgtmgsg jbtb brg jfccfnuat to noaagnt. Cfrst, ibeyprohrbiigs brg jfspgesgj prfvbtgay „ bnnouetfehcor baa prg-snmooa geroaigets fe soig nouetrfgs.

\rfvbtg provfjgrs, fenaujfeh EHOs, aonbanoiiueftfgs bej rgafhfous festftutfoes, brg eotbawbys gbsy to fenaujg fe tmg survgys, bej ibyoctge eot g rgnohefzgj y tmg butmorftfgs bs vbafjprovfjgrs.2 ^gnoej, gvge fe tmg puàfn sgntor,prohrbiigs provfjgj uejgr tmg rgspoesf`fafty ocbutmorftfgs otmgr tmbe ifefstrfgs oc gjunbtfoe „tmg ibfe WEG^NO nouetgrpbrt wftm rghbrj tobeeuba stbtfstfnba survgys „ brg eot bawbysrgportgj fe rgpafgs to survgys.

Zmus ft fs possfàg tmbt stbtfstfnba fecoribtfoe oe

prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe jogs eot hfvg tmg cuaapfnturg fe ibey nouetrfgs. Iorgovgr, gvge wftmfetmg rgabtfvgay moiohgegous nbtghory ocprohrbiigs provfjgj `y tmg puàfn sgntor, tmgfrjurbtfoe, nurrfnuaui bej tgbnmgr qubafcfnbtfoesbrg so jfvgrsg bs to ibkg fetgrebtfoebanoipbrfsoes jfccfnuat.

Zbàg 0.2 smows nouetrfgs hroupgj bnnorjfeh totmg agvga oc tmgfr geroaiget rbtfos fe prg-prfibrygjunbtfoe. Iorg tmbe oeg-tmfrj oc tmg nouetrfgs(73 out oc 270) mbvg vgry aow prg-prfibrygeroaigets (cgwgr tmbe ><% oc tmg bhg hroup),

baiost mbac oc tmgsg `gfeh fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb.Xftm tmg gxngptfoe oc Hgorhfb, baa nouetrfgs feNgetrba Bsfb brg baso fe tmfs nbtghory, ibey ocwmfnm mbvg mbj jgnafefeh geroaigets sfeng 266<.Baa nouetrfgs fe Eortm Bigrfnb bej XgstgreGuropg bej iost oc tmosg fe Ngetrba bej GbstgreGuropg mbvg geroaigets gqufvbaget to iorg tmbembac tmg prg-snmooa bhg hroup. Mbac oc tmg corigrhroup mbvg HGPs hrgbtgr tmbe 6<%, fejfnbtfehtmbt prg-snmooafeh fe tmgsg rfnmgr ebtfoes fsvfrtubaay uefvgrsba.

Zmg fetgesfty oc festruntfoe baso vbrfgs hrgbtay`gtwgge nouetrfgs. Zbàg 0.0. smows, cor sgvgety-sgvge nouetrfgs, tmg bvgrbhg eui`grs oc mourstbuhmt jurfeh tmg prg-snmooa ygbr. Zmg bvgrbhgjurbtfoe oc tmg snmooa ygbr vbrfgs croi aows oc

267 mours fe Frbq bej 0>2 mours fe Zbdfkfstbe tomfhms oc 2,03< to 2,73< mours fe Noaoi`fb, Nu`bbej ^bfet Kftts bej Egvfs. Bs smowe fe Cfhurg 0.2,baiost mbac (tmfrty-sfx) oc tmg nouetrfgs cbaa wftmfetmg rbehg 8<< to 666 mours.

Noipbrfsoes `gtwgge 266< bej 0<<<

Geroaigets fe prg-prfibry snmooafeh mbvghgegrbaay fenrgbsgj noesfjgrbày ovgr tmg abstjgnbjg. Cfhurg 0.0 smows tmbt tmg HGPsfenrgbsgj noesfstgetay `gtwgge 266< bej 0<<< febaa rghfoes, pbrtfnuabray fe Abtfe Bigrfnb bejtmg Nbrf``gbe, wmgrg prg-prfibry gjunbtfoeprovfsfoe „ bargbjy wgaa jgvgaopgj `y tmg gbray

266<s „ noetfeugj to hrow. Zmfs trgej mbs eot,mowgvgr, `gge uefvgrsba. Geroaiget rbtfos cgaa feoeg or two Bcrfnbe bej Abtfe Bigrfnbe nouetrfgs.@ut tmg sgt`bnks wgrg su`stbetfba bejwfjgsprgbj fe Ngetrba Bsfb bej Ngetrba bejGbstgre Guropg, wmgrg tmg rgba vbaug oc stbtggxpgejfturgs fe gjunbtfoe, bs fe otmgr sgntors,mbs `gge fe jgnafeg0 (sgg @ox 0.2).

Gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej gjun

Cfhurg 0.2. Jfstrfùtfoe oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to jurbtfoe oc prg-prfibry

snmooafeh, 2666 (fe mours pgr snmooa ygbr)

ôurng4 Beswgrs to WF^ worksmop qugstfoeebfrgs oe tmg jurbtfoe oc snmooafeh (0<<<).

7<<-766 2<<<-2<66:<<-:66Agsstmbe :<<

3<<-366 8<<-866 =<<-=66 6<<-666 22<<bej ovgr

Mours pgr ygbr

N o u e t r f g s

<

0

:

3

=

2<

20

2:

23

2=

3

6

8

22

23

6

8 8

7



Zbàg 0.0. Jurbtfoe oc snmooafeh fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe, `y nouetry (2666)

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

@gefe 0> :.7 >: 27: 8=0@urkfeb Cbso 02 3 >8 000 888Nbigrooe2 >< 7 >3 2=< 2<=<Gtmfopfb* 0>.2 7 :0 02< 682Hbi`fb 0< 7 >6 267 8=<Hmbeb 08.> 7 :< 0<< 2<60Hufegb-@fssbu 0: 7 >7 287 =:<Kgeyb … 7 >6 267 …Af`grfb 07 7 >8 2=7 607Ibaf 03 7 >= 26< 6==Iburftbefb >< 7 >3 2=< 2<=<Iburftfus 07 7 :< 0<< 2<<<Ebif`fb … 7 >6 267 …Efhgr 07 7 >3 2=< 6<<Efhgrfb 0< 7 :< 0<< =<<

^bo Zoig/\rfenfpg 07 7 >3 2=< 6<<^geghba 00.> 7 >7 287 8=2^gynmgaags 03.0 7 :< 0<< 2<:3^fgrrb Agoeg 0< 7 >7 287 8<<ôutm Bcrfnb … 7 :2 0<7 …Zoho 02.> 7 :< 0<< =70W. P. Zbezbefb 28.> 7 :0 02< 808Tbi`fb 28.> 7 >: 28< 7==

Brb` ^tbtgs

Frbq* 7 3 >6 0>: 267Kuwbft 07 7 >: 28< =7<Ag`beoe0 03.> 7 >0 23< =:<Af`ybe B. D. 02 3 0= 23= 7==Ioronno* >0.> 3 >7 02< 22>2

^bujf Brb`fb 00.> 7 06 2:7 3:8ûjbe 02 3 >6 0>: =26^yrfbe B. P. >0 3 >3 023 2270Weftgj Brb` Gifrbtgs 00 7 >> 237 803Vgige 0< 7 0= 2:< 73<

Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn

Ngetrba Bsfb

Kbzbkmstbe2 0: 7 >> 237 860Ioehoafb 2< 7 >: 28< >:<Zbdfkfstbe 8 7 >> 237 0>2

Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn

Nbiòjfb0 20 7 >= 26< :73Nook Fsabejs 2< 7 :2 0<7 :2<Cfdf 27 7 :2 0<7 327Abo \JP0 2< 7 >3 2=< >3<Ibnbo, Nmfeb* 2:.0 7.> :<.7 02> 787

Ibrsmbaa Fsabejs 27 7 >3 2=< 7:<Iybeibr … 7 >3 2=< …Efug 20 > :< 20< :=<\bpub Egw Hufegb0 2< 7 :2 0<7 :2<\babu 28.> 7 >: 28< 7==^biob 27 7 :< 0<< 3<<Zuvbau 27 7 :< 0<< 3<<Sbeubtu* 27 7 >6 267 7=7Sfgt Ebi 27 7 >> 237 :67

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb@behabjgsm 20 3 >8 000 :::@mutbe 00 7 >6 267 =7=Ibajfvgs 8.> 7 :< 0<< 060Egpba 0: 3 >3.8 00< ==2\bkfstbe* 0= 7.7 >< 237 =:<

Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe

Behufaab 27 7 >6 267 7=7Betfhub bej @brùjb 07 7 >6 267 687@bmbibs* 07 7 >= 26< 67<@br`bjos 07 7 >= 26< 67<@gafzg 27 7 >3 2=< 7:<@oafvfb* 07 7 :: 00< 22<<Noaoi`fb >< 7 :0 02< 203<Nostb Pfnb 2: 7 :: 00< 323Nu`b> >0 7 :2 0<7 2>20Joifefnb 07 7 :< 0<< 2<<<Joifefnbe Pgpuàfn 0< 7 :: 00< ==<Gnubjor 0< 7 :< 0<< =<<Ga ^bavbjor >< 7 :< 0<< 20<<Hubtgibab 28.> 7 >3 2=< 30>Huybeb 0< 7 >6 267 8=<Dbibfnb 00.> 7 >= 26< =:8Egtmgrabejs Betfaags* 0> 7 :< 0<< 60<Efnbrbhub 0< 7 :>.7 02= =8<\bebib 07 7 :0 02< 2<7<\gru 0< 7 >3 2=< 80<^bfet Kftts bej Egvfs :< 7 >6 267 273<^bfet Aunfb 0< 7 :<.: 0<0 =<=

ûrfebig 0< 7 :0 02< =:<Zrfefjbj bej Zo`bho 00.> 7 >6 267 =8<Zurks bej Nbfnos Fs 0< 7 >6 267 8=<

(7)9(2)x(>)(:)(>)(0)(2)

Mourspgr wggkNouetry

Jbyspgr wggk

Xggkspgr ygbr

Jbyspgr ygbr

Mourspgr ygbr

(7)9(2)x(>)(:)(>)(0)(2)

Mourspgr wggkNouetry

Jbyspgr wggk

Xggkspgr ygbr

Jbyspgr ygbr

Mourspgr ygbr

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs


Ngetrba Bsfb


ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb


* Cfhurgs fe ftbafns brg bvgrbhg jurbtfoes nbanuabtgj croi vbryfeh jurbtfoes bt jfccgrget hrbjgs, nynags or prohrbiigs.2. Zmg eui`gr oc wggks pgr ygbr fs tbkge croi tmg gjunbtfoe jbtb`bsg oc tmg Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe (WEG^NO-F@G, 2666).0. Zmg eui`gr oc mours pgr wggk mbs `gge rgnbanuabtgj, `bsgj oe bntuba tgbnmfeh tfig pgr mour.>. Fenaujfeh pabytfig bej tfig jgvotgj to myhfgefn bej nuaturba mb`fts. ôurng4 Beswgrs to WF^ worksmop qugstfoeebfrgs oe tmg jurbtfoe oc snmooafeh (WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns, 0<<<).




Nmbptgr 0


Fe Eortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropg, jgnafegsbrg gvfjget cor Eorwby bej Jgeibrk, pro`bàygxpabfegj `y nmbehgs fe tmg rgcgrgeng bhghroups usgj fe tmg nbanuabtfoe oc tmg rbtfos(sgg Zbàg 0.>) bs wgaa bs, to b iorg afiftgj

gxtget, fe Ibatb, tmg Egtmgrabejs bej tmgWeftgj ^tbtgs.

Ft iust `g gipmbsfzgj, mowgvgr, tmbt soig octmgsg nmbehgs brg iorg bppbrget tmbe rgba.Oe tmg oeg mbej, tmg jgcfeftfoe oc prg-prfibrygjunbtfoe bjoptgj fe tmg rgvfsgj Fetgrebtfoeba^tbejbrj Nabssfcfnbtfoe oc Gjunbtfoe (WEG^NO,2668) mbs safhmtay nmbehgj, bej ft fs possfàgtmbt egw nbtghorfgs oc prg-prfibry gjunbtfoeprovfsfoe, prgvfousay uergportgj, brg eowfenaujgj fe tmg rgpafgs to tmg WEG^NO Festftutgcor ^tbtfstfns (WF^) survgys, rgcagntfeh tmg hrowfeh

gipmbsfs sfeng tmg Doitfge noecgrgeng fe 266<oe b `robjgr eotfoe oc GNNG.

Oc gvge hrgbtgr sfhefcfnbeng, mowgvgr, fs tmbtnmbehgs fe tmg rgcgrgeng bhg hroups usgj fe tmgjgeoifebtor oc tmg HGP wfaa mbvg sfhefcfnbetaybccgntgj tmg rgportgj vbaug oc tmg fejfnbtor.Zbàg 0.> smows tmg nouetrfgs wmgrg sunmnmbehgs wgrg ibjg cor tmg jbtb smowe cor 266<bej 0<<<. Cor tmg \mfafppfegs, tmg HGP fe 266<wbs nbanuabtgj rgabtfvg to tmg two-ygbr bhg-hroup popuabtfoe (7„3). Mowgvgr, fe 0<<< ft fs

o`tbfegj oe tmg `bsfs oc tmg sfehag ygbr nomortoc 7-ygbr-oajs, wmfnm, wftm eo otmgr nmbehgs,wouaj rouhmay jouàg tmg gstfibtgj HGP. Fe^wftzgrabej, tmg HGP fe 266< wbs nbanuabtgjwftm rgspgnt to tmosg bhgj :„3 ygbrs wmfag tmggstfibtg cor 0<<< usgs oeay tmg 7„3 bhg hroup.Zmfs gxpabfes b hooj biouet oc tmg rgportgj76% fenrgbsg fe tmg HGP. Fejfb fs b spgnfba nbsg,wmgrg tmg fenrgbsg gxnggjs tmg afifts oc tmgsnbag smowe fe Cfhurg 0.0. Mgrg, tmg nmbehg fetmg bhg hroup (wmfnm fs fenrgbsfeh rbtmgr tmbejgnrgbsfeh) jogs eot gxpabfe fts iorg tmbe sfx-coaj fenrgbsg fe HGP sfeng 266<. Ft fs pro`bày

tmg nbsg tmbt egw nbtghorfgs oc geroaiget(pbrtfnuabray oc nmfajrge youehgr tmbe : ygbrs)brg fenaujgj fe tmg jbtb, bs wgaa bs sfhefcyfeh brgba fenrgbsg fe prg-snmooa bntfvfty. B naosgrbebaysfs oc tmg ebtfoeba sftubtfoes fs egngssbryto curtmgr gxpabfe sunm gxngptfoeba vbrfbtfoes`gtwgge tmg two ygbrs.

< 7< 2<< 27< 0<< 07<-27<-2<< -7< ><<

Brb` ^tbtgs

ûjbe#

Rbtbr @bmrbfe Dorjbe ^yrfbe B.P. Oibe W. B. Gifrbtgs

Zuefsfb Ghypt

Kuwbft

VgigeJdfòutf#

^bujf Brb`fb# Frbq

Iorrono

% nmbehg fe HGP

< 7< 2<< 27< 0<< 07<-27<-2<< -7< ><<

% nmbehg fe HGP

Dbibfnb

@gafzg @gafzg Nostb Pfnb Nostb Pfnb @oafvfb @oafvfb Wruhuby Wruhuby

Huybeb Gnubjor

\gru Efnbrbhub

Noaoi`f \brbh

Zrf /Zo

\bebib# Nmfag# Nmfag#

Nu`b#

Sgegzugab Igxfno ûrfebig @rbzfa

KbzbkmstbeKyrhyzstbe#

ZbdfkfstbeHgorhfbIoehoafb# Ioehoafb#

Bzgr`bfdbe#

Ngetrba Bsfb

Gtmfopfb Gtmfopfb Nbigrooe Nbigrooe Noeho Noeho Kgeyb Kgeyb

^geghba Ebif`fb#

@urkfeb Cbso Iburftfus

ôutm Bcrfnb @gefe#

Nútg j‖Fvofrg

Efhgr

ZohoZoho

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb Abtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``g

âovgefb @gabrus \oabej

Pussfbe Cgj.#

Zurkgy#

Abtvfb Gstoefb Nrobtfb

Pgp. IoajovbMuehbry#

Ba`befbBa`befb

Auxgiòurh

Fsrbga# \ortuhba Crbeng#

Weftgj Kfehjoi ^wftzgrabej#

Cfeabej ^pbfe#

Eorwby# Jgeibrk#

Weftgj ^tbtgsIbatb

Egtmgrabejs

@uahbrfb# Aftmubefb

âovbkfbPoibefb#

Nzgnm Pgp.Nzgnm Pgp.

Ftbay Nbebjb @gahfui ^wgjge Bustrfb Nyprus Hrggng

Eortm Bigrfnb/Guropg

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp. Fejfb#, 2

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn@ruegf Jbruss.

Fejoegsfb

Nmfeb Bustrbafb#

Ibabysfb Pgp. Korgb

Sfgt EbiNbiòjfb Dbpbe

Zmbfabej \mfafppfegs#

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

Abo \JP

Cfhurg 0.0. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 pgrngetbhg nmbehgs fe hross geroaiget rb

`gtwgge 266< bej 0<<< (oeay nouetrfgs wftm jbtb bvbfabàg cor tmg two ygbrs)

# Fejfnbtgs b nmbehg fe tmg rgcgrgeng bhg hroup `gtwgge 266< bej 0<<< bej tmgrgcorg jbtbcor tmg two ygbrs brg eot strfntay noipbrbàg. \rgnfsg nmbehgs fe bhg hroups brg hfvge fe Zbàg 0.>.

2. Fe Fejfb tmg nmbehg wbs 3:8% bej fe Zrfefjbj bej Zo`bho 320%. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg >.



\rfibry getrbetswftm GNNG gxpgrfgeng

Zmg fejfnbtor cor tmg pgrngetbhg oc pupfas getgrfehprfibry gjunbtfoe wmo mbvg gxpgrfgengj soigcori oc GNNG wbs fenaujgj fe tmg 0<<< bssgssigetgxgrnfsg bej su`sgquget WF^ survgys fe orjgr to

bpprbfsg tmg novgrbhg oc GNNG prohrbiigs. Zmgrgspoesg rbtg wbs oeg oc tmg aowgst fe tmg GCBbssgssiget bej ft uecortuebtgay rgibfes rbtmgraow. Cfhurg 0.> smows tmg vbaugs cor tmfs fejfnbtor,cor tmg corty-two nouetrfgs wftm bvbfabàg jbtb.>

Hfvge tmg fiportbet `gegcfts provfjgj `y GNNGprohrbiigs fe prgpbrfeh nmfajrge cor `bsfngjunbtfoe bej mgapfeh wftm tmg sonfbafzbtfoeprongss, ft nbe `g sgge tmbt nmfajrge getgrfehprfibry snmooas fe tmg vbrfous rghfoes brg vgryjfccgrgetay gqufppgj to cbng tmgfr egwgevfroeiget.

Zwo noetrbstfeh pbttgres gigrhg. Fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, vgry cgw nmfajrge mbvg `ggegxposgj to GNNG, batmouhm Iburftfus bej tmg^gynmgaags rgport b proportfoe oc 2<<%.

Bt tmg otmgr gxtrgig, tmg cfhurgs croi AbtfeBigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe gxnggj 7<% fe iostnouetrfgs bej bpprobnm 2<<% fe Behufaab,@br`bjos, Nu`b, Joifefnb, Huybeb bej tmgZurks bej Nbfnos Fsabejs. Oe tmg otmgr mbej,fe tmg Brb` ^tbtgs tmg cfhurg fs `gtwgge 6<%bej 2<<% fe Kuwbft bej Ag`beoe, ùt vgry aowfe Bahgrfb bej Jdfòutf.

Bs rghbrjs jfccgrgengs `y hgejgr, ft nbe `gsgge croi Cfhurg 0.> tmbt hfras rgngfvg GNNG

@y 26=6, tmg geroaiget oc nmfajrge fe prg-snmooas wbs bargbjy quftguegvge fe trbesftfoe nouetrfgs, wftm mfhm rbtgs fe Ngetrba Guropg bejiunm aowgr rbtgs fe tmg Nbunbsus bej Ngetrba Bsfb. Bnross tmgrghfoe, prg-snmooa geroaigets cgaa bs gipaoyiget agvgas bioeh tmgpopuabtfoe jgnrgbsgj, cggs wgrg rbfsgj bej iorg pbrgets `ghbe to

aook bctgr tmgfr nmfajrge cuaa tfig. Fe tmg nouetrfgs oc Ngetrba Guropgbej tmg @batfn stbtgs, prg-snmooa geroaiget rbtgs `ghbe to rgnovgr fetmg ifj-266<s bej `y 0<<< mbj rgturegj to tmgfr 26=6 agvgas,batmouhm, bs tmg popuabtfoe oc youeh nmfajrge fe tmgsg nouetrfgs mbjsmbrpay jgnafegj, tmg eui`gr oc prg-snmooa pabngs wbs noesfjgrbàyaowgr fe 0<<< tmbe fe 26=6. Iorg sgvgrg rgjuntfoes onnurrgj fe tmgPgpuàfn oc Ioajovb, Wkrbfeg, tmg Nbunbsus bej Ngetrba Bsfb. FeKyrhyzstbe, prg-snmooa gjunbtfoe succgrgj hrgbtay croi cuejfeh nuts,rgsuatfeh fe tmg naosurg oc abrhg eui`grs oc snmooas. Fe tmg Pgpuàfnoc Ioajovb, fenrgbsgj cggs cor prg-snmooa gjunbtfoe rgjungj tmgjgibej cor pabngs. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, `y tmg abtg 266<s, Hgorhfb bejBzgr`bfdbe mbj `ghbe to gxpgrfgeng b rgvfvba fe geroaiget rbtgs feprg-snmooa gjunbtfoe, ba`gft croi vgry aow agvgas.

ôurng4 WEFNGC (0<<0b).

@ox 0.2. Zrgejs fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoefe nouetrfgs fe trbesftfoe

Ebif`fb 3-3 2:.: >-7 02.: :6@gefe >-7 0.3 :-7 3.2 2>2

Jdfòutf :-7 <.8 >-7 <.: -7<^bujf Brb`fb :-7 8.0 >-7 7.< ->2ûjbe 7-3 26.8 :-7 00.0 2>

Kyrhyzstbe >-3 >>.7 >-7 2:.0 -7=Ioehoafb :-8 >6.2 >-8 0=.8 -08Bzgr`bfdbe >-3 26.7 >-7 0:.2 0>

Bustrbafb 7-7 82.> :-: 6=.< >8\mfafppfegs 7-3 22.8 7-7 ><.0 276

Fejfb :-7 >.7 >-7 07.= 3:8

Zbàg 0.>. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 bhg hroups bej hross geroaiget rbtfo (266< bej 0<<<)

bej pgrngetbhg nmbehgs fe HGP (266<„0<<<), sgagntgj nouetrfgs

3-3>-7

:-7:-77-3

>-3:-8>-3

7-77-3

:-7

>-7:-7

>-7>-7:-7

>-7>-8>-7

:-:7-7

>-7

Bhghroup

HGP(%)

Bhghroup

HGP(%)

266< 0<<<

Pghfoe/nouetry

%nmbehgfe HGP

Bhghroup

HGP(%)

Bhghroup

HGP(%)

266< 0<<<

Pghfoe/nouetry

%nmbehgfe HGP

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor fejfvfjuba nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg >; WEG^NO (2666).

>. Jbtb brg eot noaagntgj corEortm Bigrfnb bej tmgGuropgbe nouetrfgs fe tmgbeeuba WF^ survgy, wftm tmggxngptfoe oc tmg PussfbeCgjgrbtfoe.

\bebib 7>.< :8.2 -22Nmfag =0.: 88.7 -3Nu`b 2<2.2 2<=.= =\brbhuby 08.2 =>.< 0<3

Eorwby ==.: 86.> -2<

Jgeibrk 66.< =6.6 -6Fsrbga =7.: 220.3 >0Crbeng =>.> 22:.: >8^wftzgrabej 76.8 67.0 76^pbfe 76.: 2<2.= 82

Muehbry 22>.: 86.7 -><@uahbrfb 62.3 38.6 -03Poibefb 83.< 8>.< -:Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe 8:.< =8.0 2=Zurkgy :.3 7.8 07

7-77-77-73-3

:-3

3-30-70-7:-30-7

>-7>-7>-7>-3:-7

:-7:-7>-7>-7

>-7

>-3>-7>-77-3>-7

>-3>-3>-3:-3>-7

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ngetrba Bsfb


ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

ABN

E. Bigrfnb/X. Guropg

Ngetrba/Gbstgre Guropg



Nmbptgr 0


:. Zmg Xoraj GjunbtfoeFejfnbtors (XGF) prohrbiigwbs abuenmgj fe 2668 `y beui`gr oc nouetrfgs tohgtmgrwftm WEG^NO bej OGNJ bejwftm cfebenfba support croi tmgXoraj @bek. Zmg bfi oc tmgprohrbiig fs to noetrfùtgto tmg noengptuba bejjgvgaopigetba work nbrrfgjout `y OGNJ bej WEG^NO fetmg cfgaj oc gjunbtfoe fejfnbtorGfhmtgge nouetrfgs nurrgetaypbrtfnfpbtg fe tmfs prohrbiig.

GNNG fs octgejfstrfùtgj vgryuegqubaay wftmfenouetrfgs „ iorgso tmbe otmgragvgas ocgjunbtfoe.

proportfoebtgay safhmtay iorg tmbe òys. Zmfs fsso fe dust ovgr mbac oc tmg corty-two nouetrfgs wftmbvbfabàg jbtb `y hgejgr. Fe noetrbst, fe oeay cfvgnouetrfgs fs tmg cgibag pgrngetbhg aowgr tmbetmbt cor ibags, bej fe cfctgge nouetrfgs òys bej

hfras wftm GNNG gxpgrfgeng brg fe tmg sbigproportfoe.

Zmg bòvg fecoribtfoe novgrs b `robj vbrfgty ocprohrbiigs occgrgj to nmfajrge oc prg-snmooabhg. Naosgr gxbifebtfoe oc fejfvfjuba nouetrfgsnbe provfjg fesfhmt bs to tmg rbehg bej typg ocGNNG provfsfoe occgrgj to pupfas getgrfeh prfibrygjunbtfoe. Bs Zbàg 0.: smows, fe tmg nbsg oc tmgEfhgr, oeay 23.3% oc egw getrbets to prfibrygjunbtfoe fe 0<<2 mbvg rgngfvgj soig cori ocGNNG. Iunm oc tmfs fs provfjgj fe Korbefnsnmooas, wmfnm nbtgr cor ovgr tmrgg-qubrtgrs oc

tmg pupfas noengregj. Jurfeh b pgrfoj oc rbpfjgxpbesfoe oc prfibry getrbets „ `y iorg tmbeoeg-tmfrj ovgr tmg tmrgg ygbrs 2666„0<<2 „ tmgproportfoe mbvfeh mbj soig prfor GNNG cgaa oeaysafhmtay. Oc tmg egw getrbets mbvfeh mbj soigGNNG, :>% wgrg hfras fe 0<<2 „ b safhmtay mfhmgrproportfoe tmbe bioeh egw getrbets bs b wmoag.

GNNG fs octge jfstrfùtgj vgry uegqubaay wftmfenouetrfgs „ iorg so tmbe otmgr agvgas ocgjunbtfoeba provfsfoe (sgg @ox 0.0). Purba„ur`bejfccgrgengs brg pbrtfnuabray ibrkgj, bs fejfnbtgj

`y jbtb croi tmg WEFNGC Iuatfpag FejfnbtorNaustgr ûrvgy (IFN^) cor 0<<<. Zbàg 0.7 smowstmbt jfccgrgengs `gtwgge ur`be bej rurbabttgejbeng brg hgegrbaay iorg sfhefcfnbet tmbetmg hgejgr jfccgrgengs, wmfnm, fe tmrgg oc tmg cfvgnouetrfgs smowe, cbvour hfras.

\rg-prfibry geroaigetfe prfvbtg festftutfoes

Zmg smbrg oc gxpgejfturg oe prg-prfibry fenoipbrfsoe wftm otmgr typgs oc gjunbtfoe fs aowfe ibey jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs. Fe OGNJ nouetrfgs,

wmgrg prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe fs wgaa jgvgaopgj,tmg smbrg oc HJ\ jgvotgj to prg-prfibryfestftutfoes fs, oe bvgrbhg, <.:%, noipbrgj wftm0.>% to prfibry bej aowgr sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe.Fe tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors (XGF):

nouetrfgs, wmgrg prg-prfibry fs `gttgrgstbàfsmgj tmbe fe otmgr jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs,tmfs proportfoe fs <.0% oe bvgrbhg (WEG^NOFestftutg cor ^tbtfstfns/OGNJ, 0<<>b, p. 2=:).

\rfvbtg cuejfeh bej ibebhgiget fs mfhm fe prg-prfibry, noipbrgj wftm otmgr agvgas oc gjunbtfoe.


< 0< :< 3< =< 2<<

Pussfbe Cgj.

Zurks/Nbfnos Fs

Joifefnb

Huybeb2

Nu`bNbyibe Fs

Bru`b

Nostb Pfnb

Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho

\bebib

@oafvfb

Gnubjor

@griujb

Efnbrbhub

Ibajfvgs

Egpba

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

@ruegf Jbruss.

\mfafppfegs

Nbiòjfb

Kbzbkmstbe

Kyrhyzstbe

Zbdfkfstbe

Ag`beoe

Kuwbft

\bagstfefbe B. Z.

ûjbe

W. B. Gifrbtgs

Bahgrfb

Jdfòutf

^gynmgaags

Iburftfus

Tbi`fb

% wftm GNNG

Abtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``gbe


Brb` ^tbtgs

IbagCgibag

@br`bjos

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Ngetrba Bsfb

^yrfbe B. P.

Nútg j‖Fvofrg

Noeho

Efhgr

@urkfeb Cbso

@uruejf

Zoho

^fgrrb Agoeg

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Cfhurg 0.>. Egw getrbets fe prfibry Hrbjg 2

wmo mbvg gxpgrfgengj soig cori oc GNNG

prohrbiig, `y hgejgr (0<<<)

2. Pgcgrs to òtm sgxgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg >.



Zmfs rgcagnts tmg cbnt tmbt hovgreigets,gspgnfbaay tmosg fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs, jo eotcgga oàfhgj to provfjg cor tmfs agvga oc gjunbtfoe.Ft fs eot usubaay fenaujgj fe tmg joibfe ocnoipuasory snmooafeh bej, ueafkg prfibry bejsgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe mbseot `gge jgcfegj, mfstorfnbaay, bs b hovgreiget

rgspoesf`fafty fe fetgrebtfoeba muibe rfhmtstrgbtfgs (Zoibsgvskf, 0<<>, p. 23). Bnross baanouetrfgs, mfhmgr HGPs brg bssonfbtgj wftm aowgrproportfoes oc prg-prfibry pupfas fe prfvbtgsnmooas.7

Cfhurg 0.: smows vbrfbtfoe oc tmg proportfoe ocprg-prfibry pupfas geroaagj fe prfvbtgay ibebhgjfestftutfoes.3 Zmg igjfbe vbaugs brg mfhmgst fetmg Brb` ^tbtgs (=7%), wmgrg GNNG fs octgeprovfjgj `y rgafhfous festftutfoes. Mowgvgr, su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, bej Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnbaso mbvg mfhm igjfbe vbaugs (dust bòvg 3<%).

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb, bej Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmgNbrf``gbe gbnm mbvg b wfjg rbehg oc vbaugs(`gtwgge >% cor Fejfb bej 2<<% fe tmg nbsg oc@mutbe bej ibey Nbrf``gbe stbtgs. Fe EortmBigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropg, prfvbtg festftutfoesegvgr nbtgr cor iorg tmbe 8<% oc tmg totbageroaiget, wftm tmg aowgst vbaug `gfeh feJgeibrk (0.8%) wmgrg tmg smbrg oc puàfncuejfeh rgprgsgetgj =0% fe 2666 (WEG^NOFestftutg cor ^tbtfstfns/OGNJ, 0<<>b, p. 2=7). Bsgxpgntgj, tmg aowgst smbrgs oc prfvbtggeroaigets brg couej fe Ngetrba bej Gbstgre

Nbigrooe4 hross geroaiget rbtfo fe

prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe, `y provfeng (2666)

BjbiboubNgetrgGstGxträig-EorjAfttorbaEorj

Eorj-OugstOugstûjûj-Ougst

Nouetry totba

> <.6=:2 <.6726 2.<=2 2.<0

>0 <.66: <.6<

3 2.<327 <.6826 <.686 <.68

20 <.68

HGP (%)@otm sgxgs

H\F2

C/I

Ebtfoeba bvgrbhgs nbe mfjg noesfjgrbàgvbrfbtfoe fe bvbfab`fafty bej usg oc GNNGopportueftfgs wftmfe nouetrfgs. Wr`be pbrgets

brg iorg sgesftfzgj to tmg `gegcfts oc prg-prfibry-snmooafeh provfsfoes tmbe brg rurbapbrgets. Croi tmg suppay pofet oc vfgw, prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe provfsfoes noengetrbtg feur`be bej rfnmgr brgbs oc b nouetry. Zmus, feNbigrooe, geroaiget rbtfos, wmfnm stbej bt 20%bs b ebtfoeba bvgrbhg, vbry croi aows oc 2% to>% fe tmg poorgr Gxträig-Eorj bej Bjbiboubprovfengs, to mfhms oc :2% bej >0% fe tmg rfnmgrNgetrg bej Afttorba provfengs, bs smowe fe tmgtbàg `gaow. Zmg mfhm nosts oc puàfn prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe, bej tmg gvge mfhmgr nosts ocprfvbtg gjunbtfoe, ibkg ft b joibfe rgsgrvgj cortmg rfnmgst sghigets oc tmg popuabtfoe. Eotg,

mowgvgr, tmbt hgejgr pbrfty bnross provfengsjogs eot vbry bs hrgbtay bs jogs tmg agvga ocgeroaiget, wftm H\F rbehfeh croi <.6< fe Eorjprovfeng to 2.<= fe Gst provfeng.

2. Nbanuabtgj oe cgibag bej ibag geroaigets.

ôurng4 Nbigrooe (0<<2).

@ox 0.0. Ebtfoeba bvgrbhgs noengbanoesfjgrbàg fegqubafty

3<:< >203 062: :=.0 3830 >3<7 >278 :3.8 20.<2677> 222>2 =:00 :>.2 082>8 2786: 22>:> :2.= >=.=

0776> 2:078 22>>3 ::.> >>=66 26>66 2:7<< :0.= >0.7

83.: 8=.2 8:.> =<.<7 =<.2 =2.: 8=.0

2:77=2 =83<2 786=< >6.= 0<:<36 20<73> =>7<3 :<.6 :<.0

28.3 23.> 26.3 23.3 23.3 23.2 28.:

Zotba @oys Hfras

2666

Zbàg 0.:. Zmg Efhgr4 egw getrbets to prfibry gjunbtfoe mbvfeh gxpgrfgengj soig cori oc GNNG prohrbiig (2666 bej 0<<2)

:=.0:>.2

::.>

>6.=

@oys Hfras % hfras

Fenrgbsg2666-0<<2

(%)

0<<2

:3.8:2.=

:0.=

:<.6

ôurng4 Efhgr (0<<0b, p. 2=).

Zotba% hfras

Kfejgrhbrtges, prg-prfibry nabssgsKorbefn snmooas

Zotba

Korbefn snmooas bs % oc totba

Zotba eui`gr oc egw getrbets

% mbvfeh rgngfvgj soig cori oc GNNG

ôurng4 WEFNGC (0<<<).

Bzgr`bfdbe@oafvfbNútg j‖Fvofrg

Kgeyb\mfafppfegs

22.:28.>3.0

27.306.0

20.0 2<.723.3 28.63.= 7.8

2:.2 28.>07.6 >0.7

26.2 >.72=.0 27.620.6 2.0

><.2 22.<>>.8 07.7

Zbàg 0.7. \grngetbhg oc nmfajrge bhgj > to 7 bttgejfeh soig cori

oc orhbefzgj gbray nmfajmooj gjunbtfoe prohrbiig, `y ur`be/rurba brgb

bej `y hgejgr (0<<<)

Zotba @oys Hfras Wr`be Purba

\rovfengs

7. Zmfs eghbtfvg rgabtfoesmfp,batmouhm eot stroeh, moajscor baa nouetrfgs bej corjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgssgpbrbtgay (P0 9 <.2).

3. Eotg tmbt be festftutfoe fsjgcfegj mgrg bs prfvbtg fc ft fsprfvbtgay ibebhgj, wmgtmgror eot ft rgngfvgs cfebenfbanoetrfùtfoes croi tmg stbtg.Zmus, nouetrfgs wftm b mfhmproportfoe oc geroaigets feprfvbtg festftutfoes ibyegvgrtmgagss provfjgsu`stbetfba puàfn supportto GNNG.

Guropg bej Ngetrba Bsfb, wmgrg tmgsg sgrvfngsmbvg mfstorfnbaay `gge provfjgj `y tmg stbtg(Cfhurg 0.7).




Nmbptgr 0


Hgejgr jfspbrftfgs

Fe iost oc tmg nouetrfgs wftm bvbfabàg jbtb,hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe cbvour oc òys brg agssproeouengj fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe tmbe otmgragvgas oc gjunbtfoe. Curtmgriorg, ibrkgjjfspbrftfgs fe cbvour oc hfras brg rgportgj fesgvgrba nouetrfgs. Agss tmbe oeg-tmfrj ocnouetrfgs (72 out oc 2:7) rgport hgejgr jfspbrftfgswmgrg tmg hgejgr pbrfty fejgx (H\F) „ wmfnmigbsurgs tmg rbtfo oc cgibag-to-ibag vbaug oc bhfvge fejfnbtor „ fs `gaow <.63 or bòvg 2.<:.

Zbàg 0.3 smows tmbt fe vgry cgw oc tmgsg brg tmgjfspbrftfgs rgbaay sfhefcfnbet (`gaow <.6< or bòvg2.2<). Ioronno, wmgrg prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe fspurgay prfvbtg bej iostay provfjgj `y Korbefnsnmooas, mbs tmg mfhmgst jfspbrftfgs fe cbvour ocòys (H\F 9 <.78). Zmg otmgrs brg Af`grfb(H\F 9 <.=6), Zbdfkfstbe (<.=:), Egpba (<.86) bej\bkfstbe (<.8:). Fe noetrbst, Jdfòutf rgports tmgmfhmgst jfspbrfty fe cbvour oc hfras (H\F 9 2.::) ùtfe rgabtfoe to vgry aow agvgas oc geroaiget. Otmgrmfhm jfspbrftfgs fe cbvour oc hfras (H\F 5 2.2<) brgcouej fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb (Ebif`fb) bej Bsfbbej tmg \bnfcfn (@behabjgsm, Ibabysfb, Ioehoafb

bej Zoehb).

Bs smowe abtgr fe tmfs nmbptgr, hfras‖ bnngss toGNNG fs noesfjgrbày `gttgr tmbe to prfibrygjunbtfoe. Mow nbe tmfs `g gxpabfegj?

Jbtb bvbfabàg cor ^geghba nbe mgap to bjjrgsstmfs qugstfoe. Fe 266=, totba geroaiget fe coribaprg-snmooa stooj bt 0.8% oc baa nmfajrge. Zmgprfvbtg smbrg bnnouetgj cor 0 pgrngetbhg pofetsbej tmg puàfn smbrg b igrg <.8. Zmg H\F wbs fecbvour oc hfras, wftm b vbaug oc 2.<3 (fe 2666).

û`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb

(0:)

Brb` ^tbtgs(28)

Gbst Bsfb/Ngetrba\bnfcfnBsfb

(2>)(7)

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

(3)


(><)

Eortm Bigrfnb/Xgstgre Guropg

(0:)

Ngetrba/

(2>)Gbstgre Guropg

<.6

20.2

<.2<

0<

:<

3<

=<

2<<

Ibxfiui

IfefiuiIgjfbe

:.3 7.>

32.6

=:.3

2<<2<<

26.0

32.2

2<<

>

>:.:

2<<

6.=

:<.6

2<<

0.8

07.7

36

2.:3.>

<.0

20<

% p r f v b t g

Cfhurg 0.:. \grngetbhg oc prfvbtg geroaiget fe prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe (0<<<)4

igjfbe vbaugs bej vbrfbtfoe wftmfe rghfoes

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 22.

Zbàg 0.3. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 hgejgr pbrfty fejgx oc hross

geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<) (nouetrfgs wftm H\F `gaow <.63 bej bòvg 2.<:)

Nouetrfgs wftm jfspbrftfgs fe cbvour oc òys

Nouetrfgs H\F

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbAf`grfb <.=6Hbi`fb <.6<Grftrgb <.62@gefe <.67@uruejf <.67

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ioronno <.78Oibe <.6<Dorjbe <.62Vgige <.60^yrfbe B. P. <.6>Rbtbr <.6>^bujf Brb`fb <.6>\bagstfefbe B.Z. <.6:@bmrbfe <.6:Ghypt <.67

Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnNgetrba Bsfb

Zbdfkfstbe <.=:Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn

Sfgt Ebi <.60Efug <.6>Ibnbo, Nmfeb <.6>Nmfeb <.6>\bpub E. Hufegb <.6:

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

\bkfstbe <.8:Egpba <.86

Ngetrba/Gbstgre GuropgZurkgy <.6:Abtvfb <.6:Pussfbe Cgj. <.6:

Nouetrfgs wftm jfspbrftfgs fe cbvour oc hfras

Nouetrfgs H\F

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbHufegb-@fssbu 2.<7Noeho 2.<3Nbpg Sgrjg 2.<3@urkfeb Cbso 2.<8Noioros 2.<=Ebif`fb 2.27

Brb` ^tbtgsJdfòutf 2.::


Ioehoafb 2.22Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn

\mfafppfegs 2.<7Nbiòjfb 2.<8Abo \JP 2.<6Sbeubtu 2.<6^biob 2.<6\babu 2.2<Ibabysfb 2.2=Zoehb 2.><

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp. 2.<8@behabjgsm 2.20

ABN^bfet Aunfb 2.<7Moejurbs 2.<7@gafzg 2.<3@br`bjos 2.<8@bmbibs 2.<6

E. Bigrfnb/X. GuropgEorwby 2.<3

Ngetrba/Gbstgre GuropgBa`befb 2.<8

Nouetrfgs wftm H\F `gaow <.63 bej bòvg 2.<:

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg >.



Cfhurg 0.7. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 smbrg oc prfvbtg bej puàfn geroaiget fe hross geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<)

2<<

2<<

>0

30

8>

6:

87

:3

30

2<<

2<<

70

>:

>3

76

2<<

67

2<<

2<<

3<

3=

2<<

2<<

22

>>

2=

=>

0=

36

8:

2<<

66

2<<

6<

=7

:=

33

>2

7

:6

< 0< :< 3< =< 2<< 20<

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Efhgr

@urkfeb Cbso

@uruejf

Noioros

Gtmfopfb

Zoho

Nútg j‖Fvofrg

Noeho

Ibjbhbsnbr

^geghba

Hufegb-@fssbu

^fgrrb Agoeg

Whbejb

Grftrgb

@gefe

Nbigrooe

HbòeAgsotmo

Ebif`fb

ôutm Bcrfnb

Hmbeb

Af`grfb

Iburftfus

Vgige

Jdfòutf

Oibe

^bujf Brb`fb

Af`ybe B. D.

^yrfbe B. P.

Ghypt

Zuefsfb

ûjbe

Rbtbr

Dorjbe

\bagstfefbe B.Z.

@bmrbfe

Ioronno

Ag`beoe

W. B. Gifrbtgs

Kuwbft

HGP (%)

\rfvbtg\uàfn

< 0< :< 3< =< 2<<

HGP (%)

\rfvbtg\uàfn

Ngetrba Bsfb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb


KbzbkmstbeKyrhyzstbe

IoehoafbHgorhfb

Nbiòjfb

Abo \JPFejoegsfb

\mfafppfegs

Zoehb

Sfgt Ebi@ruegf Jbruss.

Ibabysfb

Pgp. oc Korgb

ZmbfabejDbpbe

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

Bustrbafb

Egpba

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.

Fejfb

Ibajfvgs

\bkfstbe

Efnbrbhub

@gafzg

Noaoi`fb

@oafvfb

\bebib

Sgegzugab

HubtgibabBrhgetfeb

^bfet AunfbWruhuby

Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho

@rbzfa

\gru

Gnubjor

Igxfno

Nmfag

@br`bjos

Dbibfnb\brbhuby

Nostb Pfnb

Egtm. Betfaags

Bru`b

202

><.2

><

0<

0=

880<2<<

0=

0<

2300

2<:2

28

2<<

66:=

2<<

7232

:=

8=

2637

60

3>

=:

2<

>>:

>7

27

:2

2<

:328

==

06

238:

=0

< 0< :< 3< =< 2<< 20<

HGP (%)

\rfvbtg\uàfn

:

2

2

0

<.7

2

2

<.0

<.>

:0

3

3

7

2>

7:

8

3

76

>:

>=

36

08

=

>

03

3

:<

20

:

72

=

>:

:8

8

Eortm Bigrfnb/Xgst. Guropg


Cfeabej

Nyprus

Weftgj ^tbtgs

Nbebjb

\ortuhba

Hrggng

^wgjge

Eorwby

Weftgj Kfehjoi

Bustrfb

Jgeibrk

^wftzgrabej

Ftbay

Egtmgrabejs

Ibatb

^pbfe

Hgribey

Fngabej

Fsrbga

@gahfui

Crbeng

Auxgiòurh

Zurkgy

Nrobtfb

Ba`befb\oabej

Aftmubefb

Abtvfb

@uahbrfb

Poibefb

âovgefb

Muehbry

âovbkfb

Nzgnm Pgp.

Gstoefb

Eotg4 Zmg eui`gr egxt to gbnm `br rgprgsgets tmg pgrngetbhg oc prg-prfibry geroaigets fe prfvbtg snmooas. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 22.




Nmbptgr 0


Hfras‖ bnngss togbray nmfajmoojgjunbtfoe fsiunm `gttgr tmbtmgfr bnngss toprfibrygjunbtfoe.

Zmg coriba GNNG sgntor tgejs to `g rbtmgr sibaafe poor nouetrfgs, bs Cfhurg 0.3 nagbrayfaaustrbtgs. Vgt, bs mbs `gge smowe, tmg smbrg ocprfvbtg provfsfoe nbe `g mfhm fe nouetrfgs wftmaow ovgrbaa geroaiget (Cfhurg 0.7). Hgejgr rbtfostgej to `g rgabtfvgay `babengj fe prfvbtg GNNG.Iygrs (0<<2) noecfris tmbt bnngss to GNNGjgpgejs stroehay oe cbifay fenoig. Zmosgpbrgets wmo nbe bccorj to sgej tmgfr nmfajrge to

prfvbtg GNNG ngetrgs brg agss afkgay to `g corngjto `g sgagntfvg `y geroaafeh oeay tmgfr soes.

Zwo su`-sgntors oc GNNG brg tmus couej fepoorgr rghfoes wmgrg tmg hrgbtgr pbrt oc totbageroaigets brg noengetrbtgj4 eoe-coribaprohrbiigs, wmfnm octge tbrhgt poorgr hroups,bej prfvbtg coriba provfsfoe. Fe òtm, hgejgrpbrfty fs afkgay to `g mfhm, ba`gft cor jfccgrgetrgbsoes. Zmfs fs iunm agss so fe tmg nbsg ocprfibry snmooafeh, wmgrg tmgrg fs afttag tbrhgtgjsupport bej wmgrg nmfajrge oc prfibry bhg brgiorg bt rfsk oc `gfeh out oc snmooa cor gnoeoifn

rgbsoes tmbe brg youehgr nmfajrge.

Iunm mfhmgr, bt =.2% oc baa nmfajrge, stoojgeroaiget fe tmg eoe-coriba sgntor, noesfstfeh ocspgnfba EHO-supportgj prohrbiigs (WEG^NO,0<<>`). Zmfs abrhgr hroup fs eot ygt novgrgj `yoccfnfba stbtfstfns, bej tmg H\F fs eot keowe cor ft.Mowgvgr, hfras brg afkgay to geroa fe rouhmay gqubaeui`grs to òys fe sunm tbrhgtgj prohrbiigs`gnbusg rgjuntfoe oc hgejgr fegqubafty bejgipowgriget oc woige brg octge bioeh tmgfr

gxpafnft hobas.

^geghba‖s abrhg eoe-coriba GNNG sgntor fs eotbaoeg. Zmg Fetghrbtgj Nmfaj Jgvgaopiget^grvfngs (FNJ^) prodgnt fe Fejfb, cor gxbipag,`ghbe bs b sibaa prohrbiig cor tmg poorgsthroups bej gvgetubaay sgrvgj 23 ifaafoe nmfajrgefe 2660 (Noesuatbtfvg Hroup oe GNNJ, 266>).Zmgsg prohrbiigs typfnbaay noesfst oc tmousbejsoc sibaa aonbaay ibebhgj prodgnts, gbnm sgrvfehcfctgge to twgety nmfajrge (Gifeh Voueh, 0<<0).

y 9 23.7>0Ae(x) - 88.==>P0 9 <.78>7

<

0<

:<

3<

=<

2<<

20<

2:<

7 <<: 2< <<: 27 <<: 0< <<: 07 <<: >< <<: >7 <<: :< <<: :7 <<:

\gr nbpftb HE\ (W^$)

H G P ( % )

Cfhurg 0.3. \rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe4 pgr nbpftb HE\

bej hross geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<)

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs 2 bej 7.



8. Cor b tmorouhm jfsnussfoeoe gqufty bej gqubafty bejoe rgagvbet fejfnbtors,sgg Mutibnmgr gt ba.(0<<2, Fetrojuntfoe p. 8).

Hgejgr pbrftybej hgejgrgqubafty fe

gjunbtfoe igbejfccgrget tmfehs.

Wefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoebej tmg hgejgr hobas

Hoba 0. Gesurfeh tmbt y 0<27 baa nmfajrge,pbrtfnuabray hfras, nmfajrge fe jfccfnuat

nfrnuistbengs bej tmosg `gaoehfeh to gtmefnifeorftfgs, mbvg bnngss to bej noipagtg crggbej noipuasory prfibry gjunbtfoe oc hoojqubafty.

Hoba 7. Gafifebtfeh hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe prfibrybej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe `y 0<<7, bej bnmfgvfehhgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe `y 0<27, wftm bconus oe gesurfeh hfras‖ cuaa bej gquba bnngss tobej bnmfgvgiget fe `bsfn gjunbtfoe oc hoojqubafty.

\brfty bej gqubafty „ wmbt brgtmg jfccgrgengs?

Hgejgr pbrfty bej hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoeigbe jfccgrget tmfehs. Zmg cfrst fs b purgayeuigrfnba noengpt. Pgbnmfeh hgejgr pbrfty fegjunbtfoe fipafgs tmbt tmg sbig proportfoe ocòys bej hfras „ rgabtfvg to tmgfr rgspgntfvg bhghroups „ wouaj getgr tmg gjunbtfoe systgi bejpbrtfnfpbtg fe fts jfccgrget nynags.

Hgejgr gqubafty, oe tmg otmgr mbej, igbes tmbtòys bej hfras wouaj gxpgrfgeng tmg sbig

bjvbetbhgs or jfsbjvbetbhgs fe gjunbtfoebabnngss, trgbtiget bej outnoigs. Fe so cbr bs fthogs `gyoej qugstfoes oc euigrfnba `babeng,gqubafty fs iorg jfccfnuat to jgcfeg8 bej igbsurgtmbe pbrfty.

Zmg bnmfgvgiget oc cuaa hgejgr gqubafty fegjunbtfoe wouaj fipay4

gqubafty oc opportueftfgs, fe tmg sgesg tmbt hfrasbej òys brg occgrgj tmg sbig nmbengs tobnngss snmooa, f.g. pbrgets, tgbnmgrs bejsonfgty bt abrhg mbvg eo hgejgr-`fbsgj

bttftujgs fe tmfs rgspgnt;

gqubafty fe tmg agbrefeh prongss, f.g. hfras bejòys rgngfvg tmg sbig trgbtiget bej bttgetfoe,coaaow tmg sbig nurrfnuab, gedoy tgbnmfehigtmojs bej tgbnmfeh tooas crgg oc stgrgotypgsbej hgejgr `fbs, brg occgrgj bnbjgifnorfgetbtfoe bej nouesgaafeh eot bccgntgj `yhgejgr `fbsgs, procft croi tmg sbig qubetftybej qubafty oc bpproprfbtg gjunbtfoebafecrbstrunturgs;

gqubafty oc outnoigs, f.g. agbrefehbnmfgvgigets, agehtm oc snmooa nbrggrs,bnbjgifn qubafcfnbtfoes bej jfpaoibs wouajeot jfccgr `y hgejgr;

gqubafty oc gxtgreba rgsuats, f.g. doòpportueftfgs, tmg tfig eggjgj to cfej b do`bctgr agbvfeh cuaa-tfig gjunbtfoe, tmg gbrefehsoc ige bej woige wftm sfifabr qubafcfnbtfoesbej gxpgrfgeng, gtn., wouaj baa `g gquba.

Zmg abst noejftfoe, wmfag eot strfntay pbrt oc beotfoe oc gjunbtfoeba gqubafty, fs egvgrtmgagssgetbfagj `y ft4 tmg pgrsfstgeng oc hgejgrjfsnrfifebtfoe fe tmg abòur ibrkgt prgvgets tmgbttbfeiget oc gqubafty oc bnngss, trgbtiget bejoutnoigs fe gjunbtfoe `y bccgntfeh tmg rgabtfvgnosts bej pgrngfvgj `gegcfts oc gjunbtfeh hfras

bej òys. Bnnorjfehay, fc cuaa hgejgr gqubafty fegjunbtfoe wgrg to `g bnmfgvgj, ft fs pro`bày tmgnbsg tmbt gejfeh abòur ibrkgt jfsnrfifebtfoe,fe baa fts hgejgrgj coris, wouaj `g rgqufrgj.

Zmgsg, tmge, brg bi`ftfous fipafnbtfoes oc tmgGCB hgejgr hobas, tmg cuaagr rbifcfnbtfoes ocwmfnm brg gxpaorgj fe Nmbptgrs > bej : oc tmfsrgport. Cor prgsget purposgs, tmg noengre fs mowto bssgss prohrgss towbrjs tmgi. Hgejgr pbrftyfs igbsurgj `y tmg rbtfo `gtwgge tmg cgibag bejibag vbaugs cor b hfvge fejfnbtor (sunm bs

geroaiget or fetbkg rbtgs). Zmfs hgejgr pbrftyfejgx fejfnbtgs ibag bjvbetbhg cor vbaugs agsstmbe uefty bej cgibag bjvbetbhg cor mfhmgrvbaugs. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, igbsurfeh hgejgrgqubafty fe gjunbtfoe fs iunm iorg noipafnbtgj.Fejfnbtors cor soig oc fts bspgnts brg bargbjybvbfabàg cor soig nouetrfgs. Zmgsg brg `gfehstbejbrjfzgj bej tmgfr bppafnbtfoe gxtgejgjgasgwmgrg, bs wftm tmg fejfnbtors oc gjunbtfoebaoutnoigs bej agbrefeh bnmfgvgigets (sgg”Gjunbtfoeba qubafty‖ `gaow).

Otmgr bspgnts, mowgvgr, wfaa eggj fejfnbtors oc

b iorg qubaftbtfvg ebturg tmbe tmosg nurrgetayfe usg. Zmgsg ifhmt fenaujg tmg pgrngptfoes ocstujgets, tgbnmgrs bej pbrgets bs rghbrjstrgbtiget oc hfras bej òys; tmgfr gxpgntbtfoeswftm rgspgnt to tmg `gegcfts oc òys‖ bej hfras‖snmooafeh; tmg rgbsoes occgrgj `y tmg sbighroups cor òys‖ bej hfras‖ jrop-out, eoe-bttgejbeng or fenoipagtg snmooafeh, bej so oe.

Bt prgsget, iost fetgrebtfoebaay noipbrbàgjbtb conus oe pbrfty. Zmgsg brg jfsnussgj bejnoipbrgj cor sgnoejbry bej tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe



Wefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe bej h

Nmbptgr 0


fe tmg egxt two sgntfoes oc tmfs nmbptgr. Zmgprgsget sgntfoe bssgssgs prohrgss towbrjshgejgr pbrfty bt prfibry agvga bej noesfjgrs`robjgr bspgnts oc tmg prohrgss `gfeh ibjgtowbrjs uefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe (W\G).

Bnngss to prfibry gjunbtfoe

Wefvgrsba geroaiget oc nmfajrge fe snmooa nbeeot`g bnmfgvgj ueagss cfrst-hrbjg fetbkgsbpproxfibtg 2<<% oc tmg stbrtfeh bhg rbehg.Bnnorjfehay, hross bej egt fetbkg rbtgs provfjgusgcua fejfnbtors oc oeg bspgnt oc prohrgsstowbrjs GCB. Fe wmbt coaaows tmg conus fs oe tmghross fetbkg rbtg (HFP), ibfeay `gnbusg bhg-bjdustgj egt fetbkg rbtgs (EFP) brg agss wfjgaybvbfab ag. gnoejay, mowgvgr, tmg EFP jgpgejsvgry iunm oe tmg sgagntfoe oc tmg rgcgrgeng bhg.

Fe ibey jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs tmg ”occfnfba‖getrbeng bhg igbes afttag. Zmg mfhm proportfoe ocabtg getrbets fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej AbtfeBigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe fipafgs tmbt tmg EFPoctge uejgrgstfibtgs tmg bntuba bnngss. Corgxbipag, fe 2663 fe Nmfag, wmgrg tmg occfnfbagetrbeng bhg fs 3 ygbrs, tmg EFP cor 3-ygbr-oajswbs >=%, bs bhbfest 3<% cor 8-ygbr-oajs. FeAgsotmo (2663) tmg vbaugs wgrg rgspgntfvgay ><%cor tmg occfnfba getrbeng bhg bej >7% cor oeg ygbroajgr. Fe otmgr nouetrfgs tmg proportfoe oc uejgr-bhg geroaaggs iby `g sfhefcfnbet (Fejoegsfb,

Ioronno, Wkrbfeg) (WEG^NO, 2666, Zbàg FF.2<).Oe tmg otmgr mbej, wmge tmgrg brg ibey gbrayor abtg getrbets tmg HFP iby gccgntfvgayovgrgstfibtg bnngss. Zmus tmg two fejfnbtorsmbvg to `g fetgrprgtgj wftm nbrg.

Cfhurg 0.8 smows tmbt, sfeng 266<, snmooa fetbkgsgxprgssgj fe tgris oc HFP mbvg fenrgbsgj fe tmgibdorfty oc jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs (bòut 3<% octmosg wftm noipbrbàg jbtb). ôig oc tmgsgfenrgbsgs mbvg `gge quftg su`stbetfba, tmg iostoutstbejfeh mbvfeh onnurrgj fe Agsotmo, wmgrgtmg HFP, bargbjy mfhm fe 266< (22:%), duipgj to

2=>%, jug to tmg fetrojuntfoe oc cgg-crgggjunbtfoe fe 2666. Otmgr eotbàg fenrgbsgs(>< pofets or iorg) wgrg rgportgj fe @gefe,Nbigrooe „ wmgrg snmooa cggs wgrg bòafsmgj fe0<<< „ Grftrgb, Gtmfopfb, Huybeb, Ibabwf, Ibaf,Iburftbefb, Ioronno bej Iozbi`fqug.

Jgnafegs wgrg mowgvgr rghfstgrgj fe bòut :<%oc tmg nouetrfgs, octge wmgrg tmg HFP mbjgxnggjgj 2<<% fe 266< bej vbaugs iovgj `bnktowbrjs 2<<%. ôig Abtfe Bigrfnbe bejNbrf``gbe nouetrfgs wgrg bioeh tmgi (@oafvfb,

Cfhurg 0.8. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hross fetbkg rbtg to Hrbjg 2 (266< bej 0<<<

(nouetrfgs wftm jbtb cor tmg two ygbrs, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc HFP fe 0<<<)

0< :< 3< =< 2<< 20< 2:< 23<

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbEfhgr

@urkfeb Cbso

Ibaf

GrftrgbIbaf

Hufegb

W. P. Zbezbefb

@uruejf

Noeho

^geghba

Nmbj

Hmbeb

Gtmfopfb

Iburftfus

Tfi`b`wgIozbi`fqug

@gefe

Zoho

Kgeyb

Ibjbhbsnbr

@otswbeb

^wbzfabej

ôutm Bcrfnb

Pwbejb

Nbigrooe

Ibabwf

Agsotmo

Jdfòutf

ûjbe

Oibe

^bujf Brb`fb

Bahgrfb

Iburftbefb

@bmrbfe

Zuefsfb

Dorjbe

Ioronno

W. B. Gifrbtgs

^yrfbe B. P.

Hross fetbkg rbtgs (%)

266<0<<<

Brb` ^tbtgs

0< :< 3< =< 2<< 20< 2:< 23

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Zmbfabej

Nmfeb

Ibabysfb

Egw Tgbabej

Pgp. oc Korgb

Fejoegsfb

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.

@behabjgsm

Abtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``gb

Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho

Nmfag

Nu`b

Dbibfnb

Nostb Pfnb

^bfet Aunfb

Wruhuby

Sgegzugab

@bmbibs

Igxfno

\bebib

@gafzg

\brbhuby

@oafvfb

Huybeb

Noaoi`fb

Hross fetbkg rbtgs (%)

20

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs.2. Eot fenaujfeh Eortm Bigrfnb bej Guropg. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg :.



=. Batmouhm Guropgbe

nouetrfgs brg eot smowe feCfhurg 0.8, bnngss to gjunbtfoefs baiost uefvgrsba bej HFPswgrg hgegrbaay brouej 2<<%òtm fe 266< bej 0<<<, wftmtmg gxngptfoe oc gr`fb bejIoetgeghro. Zmg fenrgbsg to2<<% fe Nyprus bej Poibefb,up croi HFPs oc ==% bej =7%rgspgntfvgay, fs tmg iosteotgwortmy ovgr tmg jgnbjg.

Oeng geroaagjfe snmooa,

hfras tgej topgrcori bs wgaa

bs, or `gttgrtmbe òys.

2=>

202

2>=2>2

2:7

2<8 2<3

63 2<0 2<:22>

66 6=

:3

== 6086

6: 6:

38

2<3

6=2<6

:0:<

3<

=<

2<<

20<

2:<

23<

2=<

0<<

û`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb

(>3)

Brb`^tbtgs

(2=)

NgetrbaBsfb(3)

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

(0<)

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

(3)


(06)


(2>)


(23)

H F P ( % )

Ibxfiui

IfefiuiIgjfbe

Cfhurg 0.=. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hross fetbkg rbtg, igjfbe vbaugs bej vbrfbtfoe wftmfe rghfoes (0<<<)

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg :.

Nmfag, ^bfet Aunfb, Sgegzugab) ùt baso @bmrbfe,Nmfeb, ôutm Bcrfnb bej Tfi`b`wg. Zmus tmgsgjgnrgbsgs iby pbrtay rgcagnt b rghuabrfzbtfoe octmg pupfas‖ snmooa-getrbeng bhg, tmrouhm brgjuntfoe fe tmg eui`gr oc abtg getrbets.=

Oe tmg otmgr mbej, soig jgnrgbsgs fe tmg HFPsrgcagnt b rgba jgnafeg fe bnngss to snmooa, bs fetmg Noeho bej tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb fesu`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb; tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbebej Zmbfabej fe Bsfb; bej Bahgrfb, Oibe, ^bujfBrb`fb bej tmg ûjbe bioeh tmg Brb` ^tbtgs. Ftfs jfstur`feh to eotg tmbt fe ngrtbfe nbsgs tmgsgvbaugs wgrg bargbjy rbtmgr aow fe 266<, bs fe tmgWeftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, wmgrg tmg jgnafeg „wmfnm `ghbe fe tmg 26=<s wftm tmg fetrojuntfoe ocsnmooa cggs „ mbs `rouhmt tmg HFP to oeay 8<%.Zmfs noipbrgs wftm 67% fe 2687, wmge W\G wbs

wftmfe rgbnm.

Sbrfbtfoe wftmfe rghfoes

Bnngss to snmooa fs stfaa gxtrgigay aow fe ibeynouetrfgs, batmouhm wfjg vbrfbtfoes nbe `go`sgrvgj bnross jfccgrget rghfoes. Cfhurg 0.= bej^tbtfstfnba beegx Zbàg : smow tmbt tmg rbehg ocHFPs fs wfjgst fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, wftmgxngptfoebaay mfhm vbaugs fe Agsotmo bej Ibabwf,bssonfbtgj wftm igbsurgs bòafsmfeh snmooa cggs.Fe tmosg trbesftfoe nouetrfgs cor wmfnm jbtb brg

bvbfabàg tmg HFP fs bawbys bòvg 67%, wftm tmggxngptfoe oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc Ioajovb (60%), bejHgorhfb (==%) fe Ngetrba Bsfb, bej ^gr`fb bejIoetgeghro (38%) bej Nrobtfb (=8%) fe Ngetrbabej Gbstgre Guropg. Gqubaay, HFPs fe EortmBigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropg brg sgajoi `gaow6=% bej, wmge tmfs fs so (g.h. 6:% fe ^wftzgrabej

bej 67% fe Ftbay) ft fs eot nagbr wmgtmgr rgsfjubanbtghorfgs oc nmfajrge rgibfe out oc snmooa,wmgtmgr pbrtfnuabr nbtghorfgs brg eot fenaujgj fetmg rgportfeh oc prfibry pupfas, or wmgtmgr ft fsjug to grrors oc rgportfeh.

Xmfag tmg HFP nbe suhhgst be fecabtgj pfnturg ocbnngss to prfibry snmooafeh (bs fe tmg nbsg ocAgsotmo bej Ibabwf), tmg egt fetbkg rbtg, wmfnmoeay fenaujgs occfnfba snmooa-getrbeng bhgnmfajrge fe fts nbanuabtfoe, iby uejgrgstfibtg tmggxtget to wmfnm nmfajrge oc jfccgrget bhgsgvgetubaay getgr snmooa. Zmg vbaugs brgegvgrtmgagss jfstur`fehay aow fe soig nouetrfgs(Vgige 0=%, @urkfeb Cbso 02%, Behoab 28.7%).

Hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe bnngss to snmooa

Ft fs o`vfous tmbt tmg rgabtfvg snmooafeh outnoigscor hfras bej òys brg mgbvfay jgtgrifegj `ywmgtmgr pbrgets sgej tmgi to snmooa fe tmg cfrstpabng. Mowgvgr, tmg nfrnuistbengs jgtgrifefehbnngss brg hfvge pbrtfnuabr fiportbeng `y tmgcbnt tmbt oeng geroaagj fe snmooa, hfras tgej topgrcori bs wgaa bs, or `gttgr tmbe, òys. BsCfhurg 0.6 smows, tmgrg mbs gge b sfhefcfnbetsmfct towbrjs hrgbtgr hgejgr pbrfty oc fetbkgssfeng 266<. Zmg iost rgibrkbàg hbfes mbvg`gge rghfstgrgj fe @behabjgsm, @gefe, Nmbj,Hufegb, Ibaf, Iburftbefb bej Ioronno. Pbtmgr

ueusubaay, hfras‖ jfsbjvbetbhg mbs fenrgbsgjfe @uruejf bej Jdfòutf bej, to b agssgr gxtget,fe Nbigrooe. Fe soig nouetrfgs wmgrg tmg H\Fsmowgj be fi`babeng fe cbvour oc hfras fe 266<,tmg sftubtfoe eow bppgbrs to `g fe cbvour oc òys(Noaoi`fb, Agsotmo, Ibjbhbsnbr).




Nmbptgr 0


ûiibry oc tmg sftubtfoe fe 0<<<Bnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrfty fe fetbkg rbtgs fs begngssbry, ùt eot succfnfget, noejftfoe to rgbnmpbrfty fe pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe, bej noipagtfoe oc,prfibry gjunbtfoe.6 Zmfs igbes tmbt, fe orjgr corb nouetry to bnmfgvg W\G `y 0<27, fetbkgs to tmgcfrst hrbjg smouaj rgbnm 2<<% brouej tmg ygbr

0<2<. ^fifabray, hgejgr pbrfty fe prfibrygeroaiget `y 0<<7 wouaj mbvg rgqufrgj fetbkgpbrfty `y 0<<<.

\rospgnts cor bnmfgvfeh tmgsg outnoigs,tmgrgcorg, brg suhhgstgj `y Zbàg 0.8, wmfnmjgioestrbtgs nagbray tmbt jfsnrfifebtfoe febnngss to snmooafeh fs smbrpay noengetrbtgj oehfras. Gagvge nouetrfgs, sgvge oc wmfnm brg fesu`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, rgport cgibag fetbkg rbtgswmfnm wgrg agss tmbe =<% oc tmg ibag rbtgs fe0<<<. Zmg aowgst vbaugs oc H\F (`gaow <.8:) brg

couej fe tmrgg su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs(Ibaf, tmg Efhgr, @urkfeb Cbso) coaaowgj `y\bkfstbe, Nmbj, Hufegb-@fssbu, @gefe „ baa wftmH\F oc <.87 or dust `gaow. Vgige, Gtmfopfb,ûrfebig bej Jdfòutf „ wftm H\Fs `gtwgge <.83bej <.=< „ baso mbvg cbr to ho to bnmfgvg fetbkgpbrfty fe prfibry snmooafeh. Courtgge nouetrfgs

mbj H\Fs `gtwgge <.=< bej <.6<, iost oc wmfnmbrg fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, ùt baso fenaujg Fejfb,tmg Abo \gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn bej tmgûjbe. Mgrg, batmouhm fetbkg rbtgs brg mfhmgr ftsggis tmbt pbrfty oc geroaigets tmrouhmout tmgsystgi nbeeot `g bnmfgvgj `y 0<<7, hfvge tmgprgsget bej mfstorfnbaay uegquba fetbkg rbtgs.Fe noetrbst, jfspbrftfgs to tmg jfsbjvbetbhg ocòys bppgbr to `g b iunm agss sfhefcfnbet cgbturgfe prfibry gjunbtfoe bs tmg H\F fe eo nbsggxnggjs 2.<:.

<.:<

<.3<

<.=<

2.<<

2.0<

H \ F

Hgejgr pbrfty afeg

H\F 266<H\F 0<<<

^ u ` - ^ b m b r b e B c r f n b

E f h g r

@ u r k f e b C b s o

N m b j

@ g e f e

I b a f

G t m f o p f b

N ú t g j ‖ F v o f r g

@ u r u e j f

H u f e g b

N b i g r o o e

I o z b i ` f q u g

Z o h o

A g s o t m o

N o e h o

^ w b z f a b e j

H m b e b

I b j b h b s n b r

T f i ` b ` w g

@ o t s w b e b

^ o u t m B c r f n b

W . P . Z b e z b e f b

K g e y b

I b u r f t f u s

I b a b w f

P w b e j b

<.:<

<.3<

<.=<

2.<<

2.0<

H \ F

H\F 266<

B r b ` ^ t b t g s

J d f ` o u t f

^ u j b e

I b u r f t b e f b

I o r o n n o

^ y r f b e B . P .

B a h g r f b

^ b u j f B r b ` f b

O i b e

D o r j b e

@ b m r b f e

W . B . G i f r b t g s

Z u e f s f b

G b s t B s f b /

\ b n f c f n

Z m b f a b e j

P g p . o c K o r g b

I b a b y s f b

^ o u t m /

X g s t B s f b

@ b e h a b j g s m

F r b e , F s a . P g p .

A b t f e B i g r f n b /

N b r f ` ` g b e

H u y b e b

N o a o i ` f b

N u ` b

Z r f e

f j b j / Z o ` b h o

\ b r b h u b y

N m f a g

\ b e b i b

D b i b f n b

@ g a f z g

W r u h u b y

^ b f e t A u n f b

@ o a f v f b

S g e g z u g a b

H\F 0<<<

Hgejgr pbrfty afeg

Cfhurg 0.6. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hgejgr pbrfty fejgx oc hross fetbkg rbtg (266< bej 0<<<)

(jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs wftm jbtb cor 266< bej 0<<<)

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg :.

6. Batmouhm feftfba fetbkgfegqubaftfgs nouaj `gnouetgr`babengj `y abtgrfi`babengs fe rbtgs oc jrop-oucroi snmooa, tmfs wouaj eot `gb jgsfrbàg wby to bnmfgvggeroaiget pbrfty.



Fe noenausfoe, Cfhurg 0.2< smows tmbt nouetrfgswftm tmg mfhmgst jfspbrftfgs (H\F `gaow <.=<) basotgej to `g tmosg wftm tmg aowgst vbaugs bsrghbrjs fetbkg rbtgs to gjunbtfoe. Zmosg smowefe Cfhurg 0.2< brg ibfeay Xgst Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs.

Bs fejfnbtgj fe be gbrafgr rgport (WEG^NO,0<<0`), tmgy tgej baso to g tmg iostjfsbjvbetbhgj nouetrfgs fe gnoeoifn tgris4 tmgy`gaoeh to tmg hroup oc agbst jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs,mbvfeh b pgr nbpftb fenoig oc agss tmbe W^$2 bjby bej jgnrgbsfeh, cor iost oc tmgi, jurfeh tmgabst jgnbjg (sgg ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zb ag 2). Zmgybrg baso pbrt oc tmg hroup oc tmg mgbvfay fejg`tgjpoor nouetrfgs (MF\N). Bs fejfnbtgj abtgr fe tmfsrgport, povgrty fs oeg cbntor, batmouhm eot tmgoeay oeg, wmfnm eghbtfvgay bccgnts hfras‖ bnngss tobej pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe gjunbtfoe.

\brtfnfpbtfoe4 totba geroaiget `y rghfoe

Zotba geroaiget fe prfibry gjunbtfoe fenrgbsgjcroi 763 ifaafoe fe 266< to 3:= ifaafoe fe 0<<<,be ovgrbaa fenrgbsg oc =.8% fe tge ygbrs(Zbàg 0.=). Zmfs fenrgbsg fs gssgetfbaay jug tohbfes fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs. Zmg mfhmgstrgabtfvg fenrgbsg onnurrgj fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb(>=%) wftm sibaagr ùt sfhefcfnbet fenrgbsgs feôutm bej Xgst Bsfb (26%) bej tmg Brb` ^tbtgs(28%). Fe tmgsg rghfoes tmg hbfes fe geroaigetsfhefcfnbetay outpbngj tmg fenrgbsg fe tmg snmooa-

bhg popuabtfoe, rgsuatfeh fe rfsfeh geroaigetrbtfos ovgr tmg jgnbjg (Zbàg 0.6). Abtfe Bigrfnbbej tmg Nbrf``gbe rghfstgrgj b jgnafeg oc 3%,abrhgay jug to tmg nmbehgs fe tmg nabssfcfnbtfoe ocprfibry gjunbtfoe onnurrfeh `gtwgge 266< bej0<<< fe ibey nouetrfgs oc tmg rghfoe (sgg^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 7). Zmus fe @rbzfa bejNmfag tmg jurbtfoe oc prfibry gjunbtfoe wbstbkge to `g gfhmt hrbjgs fe 266<. Zmfs noipbrgswftm b jurbtfoe oc cour hrbjgs fe @rbzfa bej sfxhrbjgs fe Nmfag fe 0<<<. Fe Sgegzugab tmg jurbtfoewbs efeg ygbrs fe 266<, noipbrgj wftm sfx ygbrsfe 0<<<, wmfnm gxpabfes wmy geroaiget rbtfos

smow be fenrgbsg jurfeh tmg pgrfoj. Fe nouetrfgsfe trbesftfoe, oe tmg otmgr mbej, b su`stbetfbajgnrgbsg fe geroaiget wbs rghfstgrgj („02% feNgetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg) owfeh abrhgay, ùteot gxnausfvgay, to tmg pbrbaaga jgiohrbpmfnjgnafeg.

Egvgrtmgagss, su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb rgibfescurtmgst croi bnmfgvfeh W\G. Geroaiget hbfes feôutm bej Xgst Bsfb bej tmg Brb` ^tbtgs mbvg`gge sfhefcfnbet, ùt baiost 0<% oc tmg bhg hroupfe tmgsg rghfoes rgibfe out oc snmooa. Gbst Bsfb

2.Zmg coaaowfeh nouetrfgs mbvg vbaugs `gtwgge <.6= bej 2.<0 (nouetrfgs afstgj fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F)4 û`- bmbrbe Bcrfnb4 @otswbeb, Hbòe, ôutm Bcrfnb, geghba, Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, Kgeyb, Iburftfus,Tbi`fb. Brb` tbtgs4 Bahgrfb, Ag`beoe, bujf Brb`fb, Oibe, Kuwbft, Dorjbe, @bmrbfe, \bagstfefbe ButoeoiousZgrrftorfgs, Weftgj Brb` Gifrbtgs, Zuefsfb.Ngetrba Bsfb4 Bzgr`bfdbe, Hgorhfb, Kbzbkmstbe, Ioehoafb.Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn4 Pgpuàfn oc Korgb, Iybeibr, Zoehb, Egw Tgbabej, Sbeubtu, Ibabysfb, @ruegfJbrussbabi, \babu. ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb4 Ibajfvgs, Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe.Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe4 Nostb Pfnb, Egtmgrabejs Betfaags, Bru`b, Nmfag, Gnubjor, @br`bjos,\bebib, Moejurbs, Brhgetfeb, Dbibfnb, Igxfno, \gru, @gafzg, Wruhuby, bfet Aunfb, @oafvfb.Eortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropg4 Bustrfb, Fngabej, Egtmgrabejs, Ftbay, Crbeng, Hgribey, Frgabej, Cfeabej,Jgeibrk, Nyprus.Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg4 Pgpuàfn oc Ioajovb, Ba`befb, @gabrus, Muehbry, @uahbrfb, Aftmubefb, NzgnmPgpuàfn, Nrobtfb, Poibefb, Abtvfb, aovgefb, \oabej, aovbkfb, Zmg corigr Vuhosabv Pgpuàfn oc Ibngjoefb.Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg :.

Zbàg 0.8. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hgejgr pbrfty fejgx oc hross fetbkg rbtg (0<<<)

(nouetrfgs wftm H\F gaow <.6= „ fe cbvour oc oys; or bòvg 2.<0 „ fe cbvour oc hfras)2

Nouetrfgs HFP H\F

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbEfhgr <.82@urkfeb Cbso <.8>Nmbj <.87Hufegb-@fssbu <.87@gefe <.87Ibaf <.83Gtmfopfb <.8=Nútg j‖Fvofrg <.=0@uruejf <.=0Grftrgb <.=:Hufegb <.=7Noioros <.=3Nbigrooe <.=3Iozbi`fqug <.=3Zoho <.=8Behoab <.==Agsotmo <.62Noeho <.6>Hbi`fb <.67^wbzfabej <.67Hmbeb <.63^fgrrb Agoeg <.68Ibjbhbsnbr <.68Tfi`b`wg <.68

Brb` ^tbtgsVgige <.83Jdfòutf <.=<ûjbe <.=0 Frbq <.=6Iburftbefb <.63Ioronno <.68^yrfbe B. P. <.68Ghypt <.68

Nouetrfgs HFP H\F


Zbdfkfstbe <.6:Kyrhyzstbe <.63


Abo \JP <.==\mfafppfegs <.6:Zmbfabej <.6:Nbiòjfb <.6:Fejoegsfb <.67Sfgt Ebi <.67^biob <.63Cfdf <.63Ibnbo. Nmfeb <.68

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

\bkfstbe <.8:Fejfb <.=:Egpba <.6<@behabjgsm <.68


ûrfebig <.88Joifefnbe Pgp. <.62@bmbibs <.60 Efnbrbhub <.6:Huybeb <.67Noaoi`fb <.63Ga ^bavbjor <.63Nu`b <.68Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho <.68\brbhuby <.68Hubtgibab <.68

Xgstgre GuropgIbatb <.68

Ngetrba bej Gbstgre GuropgGstoefb <.63

Nouetrfgs wftm H\F gaow <.6=

Nouetrfgs HFP H\F

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbNbpg Sgrjg 2.<>Ibabwf 2.<>Pwbejb 2.<>Ebif`fb 2.<>


Sgegzugab 2.<>

Nouetrfgs HFP H\F

Xgstgre GuropgAuxgiòurh 2.<:^wftzgrabej 2.<:

Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg^gr`fb bej Ioetgeghro 2.<:

Nouetrfgs wftm H\F bòvg 2.<0

H\F ≪ <.=< <.=< 1 H\F ≪ <.6< <.6< 5 H\F ≪ <.68

2.2< 5 H\F ≧ 2.<>



Zmg eui`gr ocBcrfnbe nmfajrge

out oc snmooafenrgbsgj `y28% ovgr tmg

jgnbjg.

Xoraj

Jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgsJgvgaopgj nouetrfgsNouetrfgs fe trbesftfoe

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbBrb` ^tbtgsBsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn

Ngetrba BsfbGbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeEortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre GuropgNgetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg

66 2<7 6> <.=6 2<2 2<: 68 <.6> =0 =8 88 <.== =: =3 =2 <.6:

66 2<3 60 <.=8 2<2 2<7 63 <.60 =< =3 8> <.=3 =0 =7 86 <.6>2<> 2<> 2<0 <.66 2<0 2<0 2<0 2.<< 68 68 68 2.<2 68 68 68 2.<267 67 6: <.66 2<< 2<< 66 <.66 == == == 2.<< 6< =6 62 2.<0

8: =2 38 <.=> =0 =8 83 <.== 77 76 72 <.=3 7= 32 73 <.60=8 68 8= <.=< 60 68 =3 <.=6 83 =: 3= <.=0 =2 =7 88 <.6<

=7 =3 =7 <.66 2<< 2<< 66 <.66 =2 =0 =2 <.66 62 62 6< <.66228 20< 22: <.6: 22< 222 2<6 <.66 63 6= 6: <.63 6> 6> 6> 2.<<60 2<: 86 <.83 63 2<: =8 <.=: 8> =8 7= <.38 =2 =8 8: <.=7

2<7 2<3 2<: <.6= 20> 207 200 <.68 =8 =8 =3 <.66 68 68 63 <.662<> 2<: 2<> <.66 2<0 2<> 2<0 2.<< 63 63 68 2.<2 63 63 68 2.<26= 6= 68 <.6= 2<< 2<2 6= <.68 6< 6< =6 <.66 60 60 60 2.<<

Zotba Cgibag

HGP (%) H\F

266<

% C C/I

Zbàg 0.6. Hross bej egt geroaiget rbtfo fe prfibry gjunbtfoe, `y rghfoe (266< bej 0<<<)

Zotba Cgibag

HGP (%) H\F

0<<<

% C C/I Zotba Cgibag

EGP (%) H\F

266<

% C C/I Zotba Cgibag

EGP (%) H\F

0<<<

% C C/I

<.=6

<.=8<.66<.66

<.=><.=<

<.66<.6:<.83<.6=<.66<.6=

<.6>

<.602.<<<.66

<.==<.=6

<.66<.66<.=:<.682.<<<.68

<.==

<.=32.<22.<<

<.=3<.=0

<.66<.63<.38<.662.<2<.66

<.6:

<.6>2.<22.<0

<.60<.6<

<.662.<<<.=7<.662.<22.<<


:% ovgr tmg jgnbjg 266<„0<<< „ ùt tmgfr

rghfoeba nmbrbntgrfstfns jfccgr stroehay bnross tmgworaj (Zbàg 0.2<). Cfrst, out-oc-snmooa nmfajrgebrg stroehay noengetrbtgj fe tmg nouetrfgs ocsu`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb4cuaay tmrgg-qubrtgrs oc tmgi afvg fe tmgsg tworghfoes. Zmg trgej wftmfe tmgsg rghfoes fs,mowgvgr, jfccgrget. Fe ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb,snmooafeh systgis gxpbejgj rbpfjay ovgr tmg266<s sunm tmbt, eotwftmstbejfeh popuabtfoehrowtm, tmg eui`gr oc out-oc-snmooa nmfajrgecgaa `y bòut 0<%. Fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, oetmg otmgr mbej, gxpbesfoe wbs saowgr, bej

popuabtfoe hrowtm stroehgr. Bnnorjfehay, tmgeui`gr oc Bcrfnbe nmfajrge out oc snmooafenrgbsgj `y 28% ovgr tmg jgnbjg.

^gnoej, hfras noiprfsg 78% oc baa out-oc-snmooa

nmfajrge, jowe 3 pofets croi tmg agvga b jgnbjgbho. Zmg stggpgst rgjuntfoe onnurrgj fe Gbst Bsfbbej tmg \bnfcfn, wmgrg tmg pgrngetbhg mbs cbaagecroi 82% to :6%; tmg eghbtfvg sfjg oc tmfsbppbrgetay cbvourbàg trgej fs tmg iorg tmbetmrggcoaj fenrgbsg fe tmg eui`gr oc out-oc-snmooa òys fe tmbt rghfoe, noipbrgj wftm b iorgiojgrbtg fenrgbsg fe tmg norrgspoejfeh eui`groc hfras. Zmg eui`gr oc out-oc-snmooa hfras fsmfhmgst fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb (0> ifaafoe),coaaowgj `y ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb (02 ifaafoe). Zmgabttgr rghfoe, mowgvgr, stfaa mbs tmg mfhmgst smbrg

oc out-oc-snmooa hfras, wmo bnnouet cor two-tmfrjsoc fts out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge (jowe croi tmrgg-qubrtgrs fe 266<). Fe otmgr rghfoes tmg out-oc-snmooa eui`grs brg ibfeay cbaafeh „ wftm tmggxngptfoe oc Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn, wmgrg tmg

266< 0<<<

Out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge (tmousbejs)

Zotba Ibag Cgibag % C

Zbàg 0.2<. Gstfibtgj eui`gr oc out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge, `y hgejgr bej `y rghfoe (266< bej 0<<<)

Zotba Ibag Cgibag % C

ôurng4 WF^ gstfibtgs, 0<<> rgvfsfoe.

2<=8=0 :<236 3=32> 2<:2=6 :72:: 76<:7

2<>><2 >8>22 3766< 2<<236 :0=30 78><82=>2 2<0< =22 2=06 2<>7 86:>3:6 2=>8 2=20 0262 20:8 6::

>83:8 28007 0<:00 ::<07 0<868 0>00==7>2 >202 7:2< 8:<= 0682 ::>8

220< 777 733 30> >0> ><<8<62 0<:3 7<:: 2:<0> 822: 36<6

>6628 2<<=8 06=>< >0:22 22<6: 02>286>6< :77= :=>0 26:6 =7< 2<662=<6 2<<2 =<8 2=<= 2<02 8==>08= 2783 28<0 26:> 68: 636

3>

3:::7<

7:3>

7<828772:770

78

78:>:>

7>3<

:=:63373::7<

Xoraj

Jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgsJgvgaopgj nouetrfgsNouetrfgs fe trbesftfoe

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbBrb` ^tbtgsBsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn

Ngetrba BsfbGbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeEortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre GuropgNgetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg



Nmbptgr 0


cfhurg jouàgj croi 8 ifaafoe to 2: ifaafoe ovgrtmg 266<s. Zmfs fs baiost getfrgay gxpabfegj `y tmgrgjuntfoe oc prfibry-snmooa geroaigets fe Nmfeb„ wmfnm mbs nbusgj fts EGP to jgnrgbsg croi68% to 6>% ovgr tmg jgnbjg.

B naosgr aook4 bebaysfsoc prfibry HGP `y nouetry

Eo sfehag stbtfstfn fs bjgqubtg cor tmg tbsk ocioeftorfeh prohrgss towbrjs W\G. Mfstorfnbaay,tmg HGP mbs `gge usgj sfeng 26=< (tmg ygbr octmg Bjjfs B`b`b pabe) bs tmg agbjfeh fejfnbtor ocprohrgss. Iorg rgngetay, mowgvgr, bs nouetrfgsprohrgss towbrjs W\G, iorg bej iorg oc tmgimbvg HGPs gxnggjfeh 2<<%, tmgfr vbaugs `gfeh

fecabtgj `y tmg eui`gr oc gbray bej abtg getrbetsbej rgpgbtgrs fe snmooa.

Zmg EGP baso mbs jrbw`bnks. Zmus, wmgrg tmgoccfnfba getrbeng bhg fs jfccgrget croi tmg usuba

getrbeng bhg, be uejgrgstfibtfoe oc bntubasnmooa pbrtfnfpbtfoe rgsuats. @y fenaujfeh oeaynmfajrge oc prfibry-snmooa bhg, tmg EGP jogs eottbkg feto bnnouet otmgr nmfajrge wmo wfaagvgetubaay noipagtg prfibry gjunbtfoe. Zmus,òtm fejfnbtors eggj to `g gxbifegj fe rgabtfoe togbnm otmgr bej tohgtmgr wftm otmgr pbrbigtgrs,sunm bs tmg pgrngetbhg oc ovgr-bhg pupfas, tmgpgrngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs, bej tmg survfvba bejnoipagtfoe rbtgs. Gbnm oc tmgsg tgaas fiportbetbej noipagigetbry pbrts oc tmg story.22


Zbàg 0.22. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hroupfeh oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to hross geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<)


Agvgas oc HGP

Pghfoes ≪ =<% =<.2%-67% 67.2%-2<<% Bòvg 2<<%

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ngetrba Bsfb

Gbst Bsfb bej tmg\bnfcfn

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Abtfe Bigrfnb bejtmg Nbrf``gbe

Eortm Bigrfnb bejXgstgre Guropg

Ngetrba bej GbstgreGuropg


Efhgr, @urkfeb Cbso,Grftrgb, Ibaf, W. P. Zbezbefb,Gtmfopfb, @uruejf, Hufegb,Nmbj, Behoab, ^geghba,Ngetrba Bcrfnbe Pgp.,Tbi fb, Nútg j‖Fvofrg (2:)

Jdfòutf, ûjbe, ^bujfBrb`fb, Oibe, Vgige (7)

Bchmbefstbe, \bkfstbe (0)

^gr fb bej Ioetgeghro (2)

00

Hmbeb, Hbi`fb,Hufegb-@fssbu, Noioros,Iozbi`fqug, Kgeyb,Tfi`b`wg (8)

Iburftbefb, Kuwbft,Ioronno (>)

\bpub Egw Hufegb,Iybeibr, Zmbfabej (>)

Fsa. Pgp. oc Frbe (2)

@bmbibs, Hrgebjb (0)

Pgp. oc Ioajovb, Nrobtfb (0)

2=

@gefe, Noeho (0)

Ag`beoe, W. B. Gifrbtgs,Ghypt (>)

Hgorhfb, Kbzbkmstbe,Ioehoafb (>)

Nook Fsabejs, Ibabysfb,Efug, Egw Tgbabej (:)

Dbibfnb (2)

Nyprus, Weftgj Kfehjoi,Hrggng, Nbebjb (:)

Poibefb, Zmg CVP ocIbngjoefb, \oabej (>)

0<

Ibjbhbsnbr, Nbigrooe, @otswbeb,Iburftfus, ôutm Bcrfnb, Ebif`fb, Agsotmo,Pwbejb, Af`grfb, Gqubtorfba Hufegb, Zoho,^wbzfabej, Whbejb, Ibabwf, Nbpg Sgrjg,Hbòe (23

Dorjbe, Frbq, @bmrbfe, Rbtbr,\bagstfefbe B. Z., ^yrfbe B. P., Bahgrfb,Af`ybe B. D., Zuefsfb (6

Bzgr bfdbe, Kyrhyzstbe, Zbdfkfstbe (>

Dbpbe, Pgp. oc Korgb, Bustrbafb, ^biob,Ibnbo (Nmfeb), @ruegf Jbrussbabi,Sfgt Ebi, Sbeubtu, Cfdf, Fejoegsfb,Nbiòjfb, \babu, \mfafppfegs, Zoehb,Abo \JP, Nmfeb, Kfrf`btf (28

@behabjgsm, Fejfb, Egpba, Ibajfvgs (:

Zrfefjbj bej Zo`bho, Sgegzugab, Nu`b,Hubtgibab, Nmfag, Efnbrbhub, Moejurbs,Nostb Pfnb, Egtm. Betfaags, Ga ^bavbjor,Wruhuby, @br`bjos, Bru`b, \bebib,^bfet Aunfb, Noaoi`fb, \brbhuby, Igxfno,Gnubjor, @oafvfb, Huybeb, Brhgetfeb,Joifefnbe Pgp., ûrfebig, \gru, @gafzg,

@rbzfa (08

Ftbay, Auxgiòurh, Weftgj ^tbtgs, Eorwby,Cfeabej, Jgeibrk, Fngabej, Bustrfb,Hgribey, Crbeng, @gahfui, ^pbfe, Ibatb,^wftzgrabej, Egtmgrabejs, ^wgjge, Fsrbga,Frgabej, \ortuhba (26

âovgefb, Abtvfb, Zurkgy, Aftmubefb, Muehbry,âovbkfb, Gstoefb, @uahbrfb, Nzgnm Pgp.,Ba`befb, @gabrus, Pussfbe Cgj. (20

2<8


22. Cor curtmgr jfsnussfoe,sgg ”Igbsurfeh bej ioeftorfeW\G‖ (WEG^NO 0<<0`,@ox 0.0, p.77).



Nouetrfgswmgrg tmgeui`gr oc

rgpgbtgrs bejovgr-bhg

pupfas fs mfhmbrg stfaa cbr

croi mbvfehbaa tmgfr

nmfajrge fe

snmooa.

Bs rghbrjs tmg HGP, ft nbe `g sgge croiZbàg 0.22 tmbt twgety-two nouetrfgs stfaa mbvgHGPs tmbt brg aowgr tmbe =<%. Zwo-tmfrjs octmgi brg fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej b curtmgrqubrtgr brg Brb` ^tbtgs. Cor soig oc tmgi tmg

sftubtfoe fs pbrtfnuabray nrftfnba4 eot oeay fs tmgfrHGP vgry aow ùt pbrtfnfpbtfoe fs gxbhhgrbtgj `ytmg prgsgeng oc b mfhm proportfoe oc rgpgbtgrs(g.h. @uruejf, Nmbj, Nútg j‖Fvofrg). Mowgvgr,

baiost two-tmfrjs oc tmg nouetrfgs wftm bvbfabàgjbtb mbvg b HGP bòvg 2<<%. Vgt nouetrfgs fetmfs hroup wftm mfhm HGPs brg eot egngssbrfaynaosg to W\G. ôig nouetrfgs, wmgrg tmg eui`groc rgpgbtgrs bej ovgr-bhg pupfas fs mfhm

(g.h. Nbiòjfb, Nbigrooe, tmg Abo \gopag‖sJgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn, Ibjbhbsnbr, Egpba,Pwbejb, Zoho), rgibfe cbr croi mbvfeh baa tmgfrsnmooa-bhg nmfajrge geroaagj.

Zbàg 0.20. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hroupfeh oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to egt geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<)

(fe gbnm òx nouetrfgs brg afstgj fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc EGP)

Agvgas oc EGP

Pghfoes ≪ 3<% Bòvg 67%3<.2%-=<% =<.2%-67%

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ngetrba Bsfb


ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb





Efhgr, @urkfeb Cbso,Behoab, Grftrgb, W.P.

Zbezbefb, Gtmfopfb,Hufegb, Hufegb-@fssbu, @uruejf,Iozbi`fqug, NgetrbaBcrfnbe Pgp., Noioros,Nmbj, Hmbeb (2:)

Jdfòutf, ûjbe, ^bujfBrb`fb (>)

^gr`fb bejIoetgeghro (2)

2=

Nútg j'Fvofrg,^geghba, Tbi fb,

Ibjbhbsnbr,Kgeyb, Hbi fb,@gefe, GqubtorfbaHufegb, Agsotmo,Tfi`b`wg (2<)

Iburftbefb, Oibe,Vgige, Ioronno

(:)

\bkfstbe, Egpba,Fsa. Pgp. oc Frbe (>)

Pgp. oc Ioajovb(2)

2=

Ebif fb, @otswbeb, Hbòe,ôutm Bcrfnb, Zoho,

^wbzfabej, Iburftfus (8)

Kuwbft, Ag`beoe,W. B. Gifrbtgs, Ghypt,Frbq, Dorjbe (3)

Kyrhyzstbe, Kbzbkmstbe,Ioehoafb, Bzgr bfdbe (:)

Abo \JP, Iybeibr, \bpubEgw Hufegb, Nook Fsabejs,Ibnbo (Nmfeb), Nbiòjfb,Zmbfabej, Sbeubtu, Zoehb,

Fejoegsfb, Nmfeb,\mfafppfegs (20)

Fejfb, @behabjgsm (0)

Efnbrbhub, @bmbibs,Hrgebjb, Hubtgibab,Moejurbs, Sgegzugab,Noaoi fb, Nmfag, Wruhuby,Nostb Pfnb, Egtm. Betfaags,\brbhuby, Zrfefjbj bejZo`bho, Joifefnbe Pgp.,Dbibfnb (27)

Frgabej, Bustrfb, Weftgj^tbtgs, Nyprus (:)

Nrobtfb, âovbkfb, Muehbry,Nzgnm Pgp. Abtvfb,Zmg CVP oc Ibngjoefb,Poibefb, âovgefb,@uahbrfb, Aftmubefb (2<)

3<

Nbpg Sgrjg (2)

@bmrbfe, ^yrfbe B. P.,\bagstfefbe B. Z., Bahgrfb,Zuefsfb (7)

Hgorhfb, Zbdfkfstbe (0)

Sfgt Ebi, Bustrbafb, ^biob,Ibabysfb, Efug, \babu, Cfdf,Egw Tgbabej, Pgp oc Korgb,Dbpbe

(2<)

Ibajfvgs (2)

@rbzfa, @oafvfb, Bru`b, Nu`b,Huybeb, @gafzg, ûrfebig,Gnubjor, Igxfno, Brhgetfeb,@br`bjos, ^bfet Aunfb,\gru, \bebib (2:)

Auxgiòurh, Hrggng, Ibatb,Weftgj Kfehjoi, ^wftzgrabej,Jgeibrk, Egtmgrabejs,

^wgjge, ^pbfe, Ftbay,Crbeng, Nbebjb, Fsrbga,Eorwby, @gahfui, Fngabej,Cfeabej, \ortuhba (2=)

Ba`befb, Gstoefb, \oabej,@gabrus (:)

77





û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

< 0< :< 3< =< 2<< 20< 2:< 23<

HGP (%)

IbagCgibagZotba

Efhgr

@urkfeb Cbso

Grftrgb

Ibaf

Gtmfopfb

@uruejf

Hufegb

Nmbj

Behoab

^geghbaN. B. P.

Tbi`fb

Nútg j‖Fvofrg

Hmbeb

Hbi`fb

Hufegb-@fssbu

Noioros

Iozbi`fqug

@gefe

NoehoIbjbhbsnbr

Nbigrooe

ôutm Bcrfnb

Agsotmo

Af`grfb

Gqubt. Hufegb

Zoho

^wbzfabej

Whbejb

Nmbptgr 0


Egt geroaiget rbtfos

Zbàg 0.20 smows prfibry egt geroaiget rbtfos(EGP). Oeg-qubrtgr oc tmg nouetrfgs wftmbvbfabàg jbtb mbvg agss tmbe =<% oc tmg prfibry

bhg-hroup geroaagj fe snmooa. Courtgge oc tmgsgnouetrfgs, wftm b EGP oc 3<% or agss, brg Bcrfnbe.Zmgy rgibfe vgry cbr croi rgbnmfeh tmg W\G hoba.Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs baso noiprfsg ovgr mbac octmosg wftm b EGP `gtwgge 3<% bej =<%, wmgrgnmfajrge brg crgqugetay out oc snmooa. Fe noetrbst,baiost baa nouetrfgs oc Eortm Bigrfnb bejXgstgre Guropg mbvg mfhm EGPs, fe gxngss oc67%, bs jo mbac oc tmosg croi Abtfe Bigrfnb bejtmg Nbrf``gbe bej b eui`gr croi Gbst Bsfb bejtmg \bnfcfn.

Hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe hrossgeroaiget rbtfos

Cfhurg 0.22 prgsgets hross geroaiget rbtfos `yhgejgr cor 0<<<. Fe orjgr to mfhmafhmt nouetrfgswftm tmg hrgbtgst fegqubaftfgs, oeay tmosg wftm bH\F oc <.63 bej `gaow bej tmosg wftm b H\F oc2.<: bej bòvg brg fenaujgj. Zmosg nouetrfgswmfnm brg vgry naosg to bnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrftyjo eot bppgbr fe tmg hrbpm.

Hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe prfibry geroaiget brgovgrwmgaifehay to tmg jfsbjvbetbhg oc hfras. û`-

^bmbrbe Bcrfnb mbs aow HGPs bej stroehfegqubaftfgs fe geroaigets. Fe oeg-tmfrj oc tmgnouetrfgs smowe, cgibag rbtfos brg brouej tmrgg-qubrtgrs oc tmg ibag rbtfo or agss (b H\F `gaow<.83). Zmgsg brg Nmbj, @urkfeb Cbso, Ibaf,Gtmfopfb, Hufegb, Hufegb-@fssbu, @gefe, tmgNgetrba Bcrfnbe Pgpuàfn bej Af`grfb. Oc tmgrgibfefeh sgvgetgge nouetrfgs mbvfeh sfhefcfnbethgejgr jfspbrftfgs, oeay oeg (Agsotmo), smows bjfspbrfty fe cbvour oc hfras. Zmg Brb` ^tbtgs mbvgsoig oc tmg aowgst HGPs (Jdfòutf bej tmg ûjbe)bej tmg abrhgst hgejgr jfspbrftfgs (Vgige bejJdfòutf, wftm b H\F oc <.3> bej <.83 rgspgntfvgay).

Fe Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn, b ibdorfty oc nouetrfgsmbvg rgbnmgj hgejgr pbrfty, or brg naosg to jofehso. Mowgvgr vgry abrhg jfspbrftfgs rgibfe feôutm bej Xgst Bsfb, gspgnfbaay fe \bkfstbe(H\F 9 <.8:), coaaowgj `y Egpba (<.=7) bej Fejfb(<.=>). Sbaugs `gaow <.6< brg baso couej feNbiòjfb (<.==) bej tmg Abo \gopag‖sJgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn (<.=3). Fe Abtfe Bigrfnb bejtmg Nbrf``gbe, baiost baa nouetrfgs mbvg rgbnmgjhgejgr pbrfty fe prfibry gjunbtfoe. Zmfs fs basotmg nbsg fe Eortm Bigrfnb bej Guropg gxngpt corZurkgy, wftm b H\F oc <.60.

< 0< :< 3< =< 2<< 20< 2:<

Brb` ^tbtgs

Jdfòutfûjbe

^bujf Brb`fb

Oibe

Vgige

Iburftbefb

Ioronno

Ghypt

Frbq

^yrfbe B. P.

Bahgrfb

Zuefsfb

Ngetrba BsfbKyrhyzstbe

Zbdfkfstbe

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn\bpub E. Hufegb

Zmbfabej

Nook Fsabejs

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

@ruegf Jbruss.

Sfgt Ebi

Nbiòjfb

Abo \JP

ôutm/Xgst BsfbBchmbefstbe

\bkfstbe

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.Fejfb

Egpba

Abtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``gbNu`b

Hubtgibab

Egtm. Betfaags

Ga ^bavbjor

^bfet Aunfb

\brbhuby

@rbzfa

Zurkgy

Gstoefb

HGP (%)


IbagCgiZotb

Cfhurg 0.22. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 hross geroaiget rbtfo `y hgejgr (0<<<)

(eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftm H\F `gtwgge <.68 bej 2.<>, f.g. vgry naosg to pbrft

fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc totba HGP)

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 7.



<.:<

<.7<

<.3<

<.8<

<.=<

<.6<

2.<<

2.2<

2.0<

2.><

N m b j

E f h g r

@ g e f e


H u f e g b

I b a f

Z o h o

G r f t r g b

N o i o r o s

^ g e g h b a

W h b e j b

H b i ` f b

H m b e b

I b a b w f

@ o t s w b e b

E b i f ` f b

A g s o t m o

H \ F

266<

0<<<

Hgejgr pbrfty afeg

^ u ` - ^ b m b r b e B c r f n b

<.:<

<.7<

<.3<

<.8<

<.=<

<.6<

2.<<

2.2<2.0<

2.><

H \ F

V g i g e

^ u j b e

I o r o n n o

B a h g r f b

G h y p t

I b u r f t b e f b

Z u e f s f b


R b t b r

A f ` y b e B . D .

B s f b / \ b n f c f n

F e j f b

E g p b a

A b o \ J P

Z b d f k f s t b e


^ b i o b

N m f e b

@ b e h a b j g s m

A b t f e B i g r f n b

/ N b r f ` ` g b e

G a ^ b a v b j o r

S g e g z u g a b

@ o a f v f b

N o a o i ` f b

E f n b r b h u b

Hgejgr pbrfty afeg

B r b ` ^ t b t g s 266<

0<<<

Cfhurg 0.20. Nmbehgs fe hgejgr jfspbrftfgs oc hross geroaiget rbtfos `gtwgge 266< bej 0<<<

(nouetrfgs wftm nmbehgs oc 7 pgrngetbhg pofets or iorg, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F fe 0<<<)


Fe suiibry, sfhefcfnbet hgejgr jfspbrftfgs to tmgjfsbjvbetbhg oc hfras brg wfjgsprgbj fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs, ngrtbfe Brb` ^tbtgsbej sgvgrba nouetrfgs oc ^outm bej Xgst Bsfb.Eot surprfsfehay, tmgsg brg tmg sbig hroup ocaow-fenoig nouetrfgs cor wmfnm hgejgrjfspbrftfgs fe snmooa bnngss brg iost proeouengjbej bnngss agvgas brg tmgisgavgs tmg aowgst.

Ibey nouetrfgs jo eot bppgbr fe Cfhurg 0.22`gnbusg tmgy brg bt, or vgry naosg to, hgejgrpbrfty . Bs fejfnbtgj b`ovg, tmfs jogs eot, ocnoursg, igbe tmbt hgejgr gqubafty mbs `ggergbnmgj. Be gxbipag oc tmg jfstbeng tmbt nbesgpbrbtg tmg two noengpts fs hfvge `y ^bujfBrb`fb. Zmfs nouetry, wftm b H\F oc <.63, up croi<.=8 fe 266<, fs oe tmg vgrhg oc rgbnmfeh hgejgrpbrfty. Mowgvgr, wmge gxbifefeh tmg ebtfoebaorfgetbtfoe oc tmg gjunbtfoe systgi, oeg ibywoejgr wmgtmgr hgejgr gqubafty fs prohrgssfeh fetmg sbig wby. Zmus tmg nouetry‖s ebtfoeba rgport

oe tmg jgvgaopiget oc gjunbtfoe (^bujf Brb`fb,0<<2, pp. 28, 2=) sggs tmg bfi oc hfras‖ gjunbtfoebs coaaows4 ”Zmg bfi oc hfras‖ gjunbtfoe fs to `rfehmgr up fe b souej Fsabifn wby so tmbt smg nbecuacfa mgr roag fe afcg bs be fjgba wfcg bej hoojiotmgr, bej to prgpbrg mgr cor otmgr bntfvftfgstmbt suft mgr ebturg, sunm bs tgbnmfeh, eursfehbej igjfnfeg‖. ^fifabr o`stbnags fe tmg prohrgsstowbrjs gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe nbe `g couej fe

soig otmgr nouetrfgs cbfray naosg to bnmfgvfehhgejgr pbrfty (sgg Nmbptgr >).

Noipbrfsoes wftm 266<

Noipbrfsoes `gtwgge tmg two rgcgrgeng ygbrssmouaj `g ibjg wftm nbutfoe jug to tmgfetrojuntfoe oc tmg rgvfsgj F^NGJ bej pbrtfnuabrayto tmg jfccgrget nabssfcfnbtfoe bpprobnmgs bjoptgj`y WF^. Gvge tmouhm tmg F^NGJ rgvfsfoe mbsbccgntgj prfibry gjunbtfoe agss tmbe otmgr agvgasoc gjunbtfoe (pbrtfnuabray sgnoejbry bej tgrtfbry,




Nmbptgr 0


Zmg noecafnt feGrftrgb smbrpayfenrgbsgj hgejgjfspbrftfgs fe tmg

nouetry‖s gjunbtsystgi.

sgg @ox 0.7), b strfntgr bpprobnm mbs `ggebjoptgj to rgportfeh tmg jurbtfoe oc prfibrygjunbtfoe fe orjgr to ibkg ft naosgr to tmg F^NGJjgcfeftfoes. Noesgqugetay, fe sfxty-tmrgg nouetrfgstmg jurbtfoe oc prfibry snmooafeh bej/or tmg

snmooa bhg hroup nmbehgs `gtwgge 266< bej0<<<. Fe soig nbsgs tmfs fs b noesgqugeng ocnmbehgs bt tmg nouetry agvga, bej fe otmgrs ftfs b rgsuat oc iorg nbrgcua rgportfeh.20 Zmgsgjfccgrgengs posg proàgis cor noipbrfehgeroaiget hrowtm ovgr tmg jgnbjg, ùt agss socor hgejgr jfspbrftfgs, wmfnm brg eot so stroehaybccgntgj `y nmbehgs fe jurbtfoe.

Cfhurg 0.20 smows nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg mbjsfhefcfnbet sunngss or cbfaurg fe ibkfeh prohrgsstowbrjs hgejgr pbrfty (f.g. wmgrg nmbehgs fe H\Fmbvg `gge oc bt agbst 7 pgrngetbhg pofets ovgr

tmg 266<s). Ft nbe `g sgge tmbt sunmfiprovgigets wgrg, fe ngrtbfe nbsgs, quftgsu`stbetfba. Zmfs wbs pbrtfnuabray so fe @gefe, tmgHbi`fb bej Hufegb fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb;Iburftbefb, Ioronno bej Vgige bioeh tmg Brb`^tbtgs; fe Egpba bej, to b agssgr gxtget,@behabjgsm fe ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb. Zmgsg brgproifsfeh gxbipags smowfeh tmbt wgaa-conusgj

poafnfgs bfifeh bt fiprovfeh hfras‖ pbrtfnfpbtfoe fesnmooa nbe yfgaj sbtfscbntory rgsuats.2> Jgnrgbsgsfe tmg H\F mbvg baiost baa onnurrgj fe nouetrfgswmgrg tmg jfspbrfty wbs fe cbvour oc hfras(@otswbeb, Agsotmo bej Ebif`fb fe su`-^bmbrbe

Bcrfnb, Noaoi`fb, bej ^biob) tmgrg`y rgsuatfehfe b smfct naosgr towbrjs hgejgr pbrfty. Ft fs,mowgvgr, jfstur`feh to eotg tmg gxtget to wmfnmtmg noecafnt fe Grftrgb rgsuatgj fe b ibdorfenrgbsg fe hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe fts gjunbtfoesystgi.

Geroaiget bej bttgejbeng

Gstfibtgj geroaiget rbtfos, òtm hross bej egt,brg `bsgj oe tmg eui`gr oc pupfas coribaayrghfstgrgj, usubaay survgygj bt b jbtg naosg totmg `ghfeefeh oc tmg snmooa ygbr. Zmfs jogs eot,

mowgvgr, noevgy fecoribtfoe bòut bntuba snmooabttgejbeng, wmfnm fs noaagntgj jurfeh ngesusgsor sbipag survgys. B noipbrfsoe oc egtgeroaiget rbtfos bej bttgejbeng fejfnbtors cortwgety-two Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs smows tmbt tmgbttgejbeng rbtgs brg aowgr fe sfxtgge nbsgs(Zbàg 0.2>).2: Jfccgrgengs fe soig nbsgs gxnggj07 pofets (Behoab bej Zoho).

20. Zmg nouetrfgs bccgntgj brgsmowe fe tmg ^tbtfstfnba beegx,Zbàg 7.

2>. Cor gxbipags oc poafnyigbsurgs tbkge fe soig octmgsg nouetrfgs, sgg Nussþ(0<<>). ^gg baso tmg jfsnussfoeoc @behabjgsmf gxpgrfgeng feNmbptgrs > bej :.

2:. ^gg baso WEG^NO (0<<0 ) b noipbrfsoe wftm gbrafgr jbtb

0<<< 3-6 >3.6** >=.3** >7.2** <.62** 3:.0 3>.= 3:.3 2.<2 08.> <.2<0<<< 8-20 7>.8 7=.= :=.8 <.=> :3.7 :6.> :>.= <.=6 -8.0 <.<30<<< 3-22 7:.8** 3:.>** :7.<** <.8<** :0.6 :3.7 >6.2 <.=: -22.= <.2:0<<< 3-22 7=.0 36.3 :3.8 <.38 >6.0 :7.7 >0.= <.80 -26.< <.<70<<< 3-22 73.0** 3<.<** 70.>** <.=8** >>.8 >>.3 >>.= 2.<2 -00.7 <.2>0<<< 3-22 30.0 8<.6 7>.3 <.83 78.> 32.7 70.: <.=7 -:.6 <.2<0<<< 3-2< 60.3** 6:.6** 6<.>** <.67** =7.2 =8.< =>.2 <.63 -8.7 <.<<0<<< 8-20 :3.8 70.= :<.8 <.88 ><.0 >0.= 08.7 <.=: -23.7 <.<80<<< 8-20 3=.8 82.2 33.> <.6> :3.> :=.7 ::.0 <.62 -00.: -<.<02666 8-20 :8.< 70.: :2.7 <.86 >6.> :7.> >>.> <.8: -8.8 -<.<30<<< 8-20 7>.7 30.3 ::.7 <.82 :2.2 ::.: >8.8 <.=7 -20.: <.2:0<<< 3-20 3=.7 38.= 36.> 2.<0 8>.= 80.8 8:.= 2.<> 7.> <.<2

0<<< 3-20 8=.: 87.< =2.= 2.<6 37.< 30.2 3=.< 2.2< -2>.: <.<<0<<< 3-20 =2.3 8=.= =:.7 2.<8 =3.0 =7.6 =3.7 2.<2 :.3 -<.<80<<< 8-20 ><.: >3.> 0:.: <.38 ><.0 >7.= 0:.3 <.36 -<.0 <.<20<<< 8-20 3>.2** 33.>** 76.6** <.6<** :8.> 7<.3 ::.< <.=8 -27.= -<.<>0<<< 3-22 :6.7** 7:.<** ::.8** <.=>** 77.0 73.3 7>.= <.67 7.8 <.200<<< 3-20 60.=** 60.2** 6>.3** 2.<0** 8<.8 8<.= 8<.3 2.<< -00.2 -<.<00<<< 3-22 60.> 2<<.< =>.> <.=> 3>.< 38.< 7=.6 <.== -06.> <.<72666 8-2> :3.8** :7.=** :8.3** 2.<:** :=.6 :8.0 7<.8 2.<8 0.0 <.<:2666 8-2> 37.7 37.= 37.0 <.66 3<.2 3<.< 3<.0 2.<< -7.: <.<22666 3-20 86.3 86.3 86.3 2.<< =:.6 =:.< =7.= 2.<0 7.> <.<0

Behoab@uruejfNgetrba Bcrfnbe PgpuàfnNmbjNoiorosNútg j‖FvofrgGhyptGtmfopfbHbi`fbHufegbHufegb-@fssbuKgeyb

AgsotmoEbif`fbEfhgr^geghbaûjbe2

^wbzfabejZohoWeftgj Pgp. oc ZbezbefbTbi`fbTfi`b`wg

2.<2<.=6<.=:<.802.<2<.=7<.63<.=:<.62<.8:<.=72.<>

2.2<2.<2<.36<.=8<.672.<<<.==2.<82.<<2.<0

H\F

C/I

<.62**<.=><.8<**<.38<.=8**<.83<.67**<.88<.6><.86<.822.<0

2.<62.<8<.38<.6<**<.=>**2.<0**<.=>2.<:**<.662.<<

Bhghroup

IFN^bej JM^

ygbrNouetry

JfccgrgengH\F EBP H\F EGP

Jfccgrgeng

EBP-EGP(\grngetbhg

pofets)Ibag Cgibag

EGP (%)

WF^

Zotba

Zbàg 0.2>. Gstfibtgs oc prfibry-snmooa geroaiget bej bttgejbeng (0<<<)

Ibag Cgibag

EBP (%)

IFN^ bej JM^

Zotba

H\F

C/I

2. Eortmgre ûjbe cor IFN^ jbtb.** WF^ gstfibtg.Gxpabebtory eotgs4 Egt bttgejbeng rbtg (EBP)4 WEFNGC Iuatfpag Fejfnbtor Naustgr ûrvgy (IFN^); W^BFJ Jgiohrbpmfn bej Mgbatm ûrvgy (JM^).Egt geroaiget rbtfo (EGP)4 WF^ jbtb. gg tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 7, cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs.



Zmg two sgts oc jbtb baso baaow b noipbrfsoe ochgejgr pbrfty gstfibtgs cor tmg two fejfnbtors.Zmg H\F fs mfhmgr cor tmg bttgejbeng rbtg fe

sfxtgge nbsgs out oc twgety-two; tmg iostsfhefcfnbet jfccgrgengs „ 2< pgrngetbhg pofets oriorg fe tmg H\F „ brg couej cor Behoab, tmgNgetrba Bcrfnbe Pgpuàfn, tmg Noioros, Nútgj‖Fvofrg, Hufegb-@fssbu bej tmg ûjbe. Zmfssggis to suhhgst tmbt, oeng geroaagj, hfras‖bttgejbeng rbtgs brg mfhmgr tmbe tmosg oc òys fetmgsg nouetrfgs. Zmg ”Gjunbtfoeba qubafty‖ sgntfoeoc tmfs nmbptgr curtmgr fevgstfhbtgs jfccgrgengs`gtwgge òys bej hfras fe tmg iotfvbtfoe coragbrefeh bej tmg tfig fevgstgj fe ft.

Fejfb‖s two Ebtfoeba Cbifay Mgbatm ûrvgys (ECM^),uejgrtbkge fe 2660„6> bej 266=„66, rgvgba tmbt snmooabttgejbeng rbtgs bioeh 3- to 2:-ygbr-oajs mbvg fiprovgjcroi 3=% bt tmg tfig oc tmg cfrst survgy to 86% `y tmg sgnoej.Zmgy baso smow tmbt, jurfeh tmg 266<s, hbfes mbvg `ggepbrtfnuabray gvfjget cor hfras, tmgrg`y rgjunfeh Fejfb‖s hgejgr

hbp fe gjunbtfoe. Mowgvgr, tmgsg baa-Fejfb jbtb nbe `gifsagbjfeh `gnbusg „ bs wftm otmgr ebtfoeba, sonfba bejgnoeoifn fejfnbtors „ tmgy ibsk noesfjgrbàg jfccgrgengs fegjunbtfoeba pgrcoribeng bt tmg stbtg agvga. Zmg tbàg `gaowsuiibrfzgs tmg rgnget stbtg-agvga gxpgrfgeng cor snmooabttgejbeng rbtgs, cor tmg popuabtfoe bhgj 3„2< „ tmg bhgnorrgspoejfeh to prfibry snmooafeh „ cor òys bej hfrassgpbrbtgay.

Ft nbe `g sgge tmbt vbrfbtfoe fs noesfjgrbàg, pbrtfnuabray corhfras4 bttgejbeng agvgas fe Kgrbab bej Mfibnmba \rbjgsm, corgxbipag, brg baiost twfng tmg agvgas fe @fmbr. Iorg hgegrbaay,ft fs nagbr tmbt tmg cour abrhg eortmgre stbtgs oc @fmbr, Ibjmyb\rbjgsm, Pbdbstmbe bej Wttbr \rbjgsm brg tmg abhhbrjs fetgris oc ovgrbaa gjunbtfoeba bttgejbeng bej hgejgr pbrfty.

Mowgvgr, tmg tbàg baso smows tmbt b rgnget prongss oc nbtnm-up mbs onnurrgj bioeh tmg abhhfeh stbtgs. Bttgejbeng rbtgsfenrgbsgj pbrtfnuabray stroehay cor hfras fe Pbdbstmbe, @fmbrbej Wttbr \rbjgsm, wmfnm rgsuatgj fe tmgfr cgibag/ibagbttgejbeng rbtfos (bs igbsurgj `y tmg H\F) fenrgbsfeh `y 02,23 bej 28 pgrngetbhg pofets, rgspgntfvgay. Zmg tbàg basofaaustrbtgs Kgrbab‖s wgaa-jonuigetgj gjunbtfoeba supgrforfty,batmouhm ft smows tmbt Mfibnmba \rbjgsm bppgbrs to mbvg mbjbe gvge iorg sunngsscua rgnorj fe rgnget ygbrs, bej tmbtotmgr soutmgre stbtgs, pbrtfnuabray Zbifa Ebju, brg eo aoehgrcbr `gmfej.

ôurng4 Jgrfvgj croi Houdoe bej InEby (0<<>).

@ox 0.>. Hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe bttgejbeng bnross Fejfbe stbtgs

2660-6>

Ibag Cgibag H\F

Fejfb4 ^nmooa bttgejbeng rbtg `y stbtg bej hgejgr, popuabtfoe bhgj 3„2< (2660„6> bej 266=„66)

(stbtgs rbekgj fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc bttgejbeng H\F fe 266=„66)

Pbdbstmbe@fmbrWttbr \rbjgsmBejmrb \rbjgsmIbjmyb \rbjgsmOrfssbHudbrbtMbrybebBssbiKbrebtbkbXgst @gehba

IbmbrbsmtrbMfibnmba \rbjgsmZbifa Ebju\uedb`Kgrbab

Fejfb

80.: =8.8 27.> :0.: 36.3 08.0 <.76 <.86 <.023<.3 36.> =.8 >=.7 77.< 23.7 <.3: <.86 <.2382.2 =>.8 20.3 7<.0 8>.8 0>.7 <.82 <.== <.288>.: ==.0 2:.= 76.6 =0.3 00.8 <.=0 <.6: <.2033.< =>.2 28.2 77.0 88.2 02.6 <.=: <.6> <.<688.6 =7.: 8.7 37.7 =2.0 27.8 <.=: <.67 <.22=0.3 =3.= :.0 8<.7 =<.: 6.6 <.=7 <.6> <.<8=8.7 60.7 7.< 83.8 =6.6 2>.0 <.== <.68 <.2<87.8 =2.= 3.2 38.> 88.6 2<.3 <.=6 <.67 <.<386.6 =8.8 8.= 82.2 =7.0 2:.2 <.=6 <.68 <.<=80.7 =>.8 22.0 33.3 =0.2 27.7 <.60 <.6= <.<3

=8.7 60.8 7.0 =0.0 6<.> =.2 <.6: <.68 <.<>6:.: 6=.6 :.7 =6.2 6=.6 6.= <.6: 2.<< <.<360.< 67.= >.= =8.: 67.3 =.0 <.67 2.<< <.<7=7.8 6:.2 =.: =2.3 6:.2 20.7 <.67 2.<< <.<767.0 68.< 2.= 67.7 6=.< 0.7 2.<< 2.<2 <.<2

=7.0 8=.> <.60

266=-66fenrgbsg

(% pofets) 2660-6> 266=-66fenrgbsg

(% pofets) 2660-6> 266=-66fenrgbsg

(% pofets)

Ebtfoeba gxbipagsoc hgohrbpmfnba jfspbrftfgs

Ebtfoeba HGPs brg, oc noursg, cor tmg nouetrybs b wmoag. \brtfnuabray fe tmg poorgr nouetrfgs,tmgrg fs octge trgigejous vbrfbtfoe fegeroaigets fe jfccgrget pbrts oc tmg nouetry.

@ox 0.> smows tmg stroeh vbrfbtfoe fe snmooabttgejbeng rbtgs bioeh jfccgrget Fejfbe stbtgs.^fifabray, cor Nbigrooe, Zbàg 0.2: smows tmbttmosg brgbs bej provfengs wftm jfccfnuat afvfehnoejftfoes (abejaonkgj brgbs, mbrj nafibtfnnoejftfoes, mousfeh jfccfnuatfgs) mbvg tmg aowgstgeroaiget rbtfos. Zmus, wmfag HGPs oc ovgr 2<<%



Nmbptgr 0


Fe iostnouetrfgs, òysrgpgbt iorgtmbe hfras.

brg couej fe wgaa-occ provfengs sunm bs Ngetrg,

Afttorba, Ougst bej ûj, tmgy noipbrg wftm rbtfosoc oeay 7>%„73% fe Gxträig Eorj bej Eorj.Baso, tmg hgejgr pbrfty fejgx (<.62 bt tmg ebtfoebaagvga) vbrfgs `gtwgge <.8: bej 2.<> bioehprovfengs, fe wbys tmbt sggi uergabtgj to tmghgegrba agvga oc gjunbtfoe bvbfab`fafty.

Hgohrbpmfnba jfspbrftfgs fetgrbnt wftm sonfo-gnoeoifn stbtus. Zmus wmfag ur`be brgbs brgusubaay noesfjgrgj prfvfaghgj fe rgabtfoe to rurbabrgbs, fegqubaftfgs brg, oc noursg, sfhefcfnbetwftmfe ur`be brgbs too. Pgnget stbtfstfns bej

survgy rgsuats croi @urkfeb Cbso jgioestrbtgtmbt wmfag tmg nbpftba, Oubhbjouhou, fs tmg `gst-occ towe fe tgris oc snmooa provfsfoes bejgeroaiget rbtfos, pgrfpmgrba brgbs jfccgrsfhefcfnbetay croi ngetrba brgbs (Kbòræ bej\faoe, 0<<>). Batmouhm pgrfpmgrba brgbs vbryhrgbtay fe tgris oc sonfo-gnoeoifn stbtus, tmgybrg nmbrbntgrfzgj `y b mfhmgr pgrngetbhg ocfiifhrbets croi rurba brgbs, mgbjs oc mousgmoajbntfvg fe tmg bhrfnuaturba sgntor, octge faaftgrbtg,bej crgqugetay oc Iusafi cbftm. Fe tmgsg brgbs tmgjgibej, tbkfeh feto bnnouet tmg snmooa-bhgpopuabtfoe, gxnggjs tmg suppay. Zmus fe

pgrfpmgrba brgbs, wmgrg tmg suppay oc puàfnsnmooas fs fesuccfnfget, pbrgets mbvg tmg nmofng`gtwgge sgejfeh tmgfr nmfajrge to nostay prfvbtgsnmooas, bs jo pbrgets fe iorg rgsfjgetfbapgrfpmgrba brgbs, or agttfeh tmgi rgibfe out ocsnmooa.

Pgpgtftfoe fe prfibry gjunbtfoe

Mfhm agvgas oc bnngss bej geroaiget jo eottmgisgavgs hubrbetgg tmbt tmg bnmfgvgigetoc Hoba 0 fs bt mbej. Fe orjgr cor ”baa nmfajrge …‖

to ”mbvg bnngss to bej noipagtg crgg bejnoipuasory prfibry gjunbtfoe oc hooj qubafty …‖ft fs egngssbry tmbt pupfas pronggj tmrouhm tmggjunbtfoeba abjjgr bs siootmay bej gccfnfgetaybs possfàg. Baa nouetrfgs, pbrtfnuabray tmosg wftm

vgry aow agvgas oc prfibry pbrtfnfpbtfoe, brgnoengregj tmbt tmgfr afiftgj rgsourngs brg wgaautfafzgj. Xmfag tfig spget `y pupfas rgpgbtfehhrbjgs fs eot egngssbrfay wbstgj, ft fs uejgefbàgtmbt gccorts to rgjung rbtgs oc rgpgtftfoe bejjrop-out brg nrunfba pbrts oc bey W\G strbtghy.

Fe nouetrfgs wmgrg rgsourngs brg afiftgj, snmooapabngs onnupfgj `y rgpgbtgrs iby kggp otmgrsout oc snmooa. Cfhurg 0.2> smows tmbt tmgfenfjgeng oc rgpgtftfoe fs mfhmgst fe su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb „ bòvg 27% fe bòut mbac oc tmgnouetrfgs „ wftm rgpgbtgrs soigtfigs oeg-

qubrtgr oc tmg geroaiget. Pgpgtftfoe rbtgs tgej to`g pbrtfnuabray mfhm wmgrg bnngss mbs gxpbejgjrbpfjay, pgrmbps fe rgspoesg to bòafsmfeh cggs(bs fe Nbigrooe), or fe post-noecafnt sftubtfoes(bs fe @uruejf, Nmbj, Iozbi`fqug bej Pwbejb).Fe Eortm Bigrfnb bej Guropg, b poafny ocbutoibtfn proiotfoe fs bppafgj fe iostnouetrfgs. Zmgrg, cor nouetrfgs wftm bvbfabàgjbtb, oeay Ba`befb bej Crbeng mbvg rgpgbt rbtgsbs mfhm bs :%.

Bs rghbrjs hgejgr jfspbrftfgs, fe iost nouetrfgs,

òys rgpgbt iorg tmbe hfras. Hgejgr hbps brgpbrtfnuabray abrhg fe soig su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbenouetrfgs, soig Brb` ^tbtgs bej Abtfe Bigrfnbbej tmg Nbrf``gbe. Zmg nouetrfgs wmgrg hfrasrgpgbt iorg tmbe òys brg baiost gxnausfvgayfe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, bej iost oc tmgi mbvgmfhm rgpgtftfoe rbtgs (27% or iorg). Cfebaay, feEortm Bigrfnb bej Guropg, wmgrg rbtgs brgvgry aow, òys rgpgbt bs iunm bs or iorgtmbe hfras, fe baa nouetrfgs wftm tmg gxngptfoe ocZmg corigr Vuhosabv Pgpuàfn oc Ibngjoefb.

Zmg ovgrbaa pgrngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe fs tmg totba eui`gr oc rgpgbtgrs feprfibry gjunbtfoe fe b hfvge ygbr, gxprgssgj bsb pgrngetbhg oc tmg totba geroaiget bt tmg sbigagvga fe tmg sbig ygbr .

Zmg rgpgtftfoe rbtg `y hrbjg fs tmg eui`gr ocrgpgbtgrs fe b hfvge hrbjg fe b hfvge ygbr,gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg totba geroaigetfe tmg sbig hrbjg fe tmg prgvfous ygbr .


HGP (%)@otm sgxgs

H\FC/I*

Zbàg 0.2:. Nbigrooe4 hross geroaiget rbtfo

bej H\F fe prfibry gjunbtfoe, `y provfeng

(2666/0<<<)

BjbiboubNgetrgGstGxträig-EorjAfttorbaEorjEorj-OugstOugstûjûj-Ougst

Nouetry totba

<.=6<.=6<.86<.88<.8:<.87<.68<.6>2.<><.=>

<.62

7:20>

=:7>

2237338

2<820>

3:

=>

ôurng4 Nbigrooe (0<<2).* H\F jbtb rg-gstfibtgj croi sourng `y GCB Pgport Zgbi.



IbagCgibag

< 2< 0< >< :<

Pgpgbtgrs (%)

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb@otswbeb

Iburftfus

Hmbeb

Tbi`fb

ôutm Bcrfnb

Hbi`fb

Nbpg Sgrjg

^geghba

Ebif`fb

^wbzfabej

Agsotmo

Nbigrooe

Noeho

NoiorosIbjbhbsnbr

Hbòe

Brb` ^tbtgsKuwbft

W. B. Gifrbtgs

@bmrbfe

Ghypt

^bujf Brb`fb

Oibe

^yrfbe B. P.

Ag`beoe

Vgige

Frbq

Ioronno

Jdfòutf

Bahgrfb

ZuefsfbGbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Sfgt Ebi

Zmbfabej

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

Sbeubtu

Nbiòjfb

Abo \JPôutm/Xgst Bsfb

Fejfb

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.

@behabjgsm

@mutbe

Egpba

IbagCgibag

< 2< 0< >< :<

Pgpgbtgrs (%)

Abtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``gbeJoifefnb

Nmfag

Gnubjor

Huybeb

@oafvfb

Efnbrbhub

Noaoi`fb

Joifefnbe Pgp.

Dbibfnb

Igxfno

Brhgetfeb

\bebib

Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho

Hrgebjb

Sgegzugab

Ga ^bavbjor

\brbhuby

Nostb Pfnb

Zurks/Nbfnos Fs

Bru`b

Wruhuby\gru

@gafzg

Hubtgibab


âovbkfb

Ibatb

@uahbrfb

Muehbry

Gstoefb

Poibefb

Ba`befb

IbagCgibag

< 2< 0< >< :<

Pgpgbtgrs (%)

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

W. P. Zbezbefb

Gtmfopfb

Efhgr

Grftrgb

@urkfeb Cbso

Ibaf

Hufegb

@gefe

Iozbi`fqug

Hufegb-@fssbu

Zoho

@uruejf

Nmbj

Pwbejb

Brb` ^tbtgs

ûjbe

Iburftbefb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

\bpub E. Hufegb

Fejoegsfb

Zoehb


@rbzfa


Crbeng

Cfhurg 0.2>. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 pgrngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs `y hgejgr (0<<<)

(eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wmgrg rgpgbtgrs brg agss tmbe 0% oc geroaiget 2, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc ibag rgpgbtgrs)

2. Nouetrfgs wmgrg rgpgbtgrs brgagss tmbe 0%4û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb4 ^gynmgaags;Brb` tbtgs4 Dorjbe, \bagstfefbeButoeoious Zgrrftorfgs;

Ngetrba Bsfb4 baa nouetrfgs;Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn4 @ruegfJbrussbabi, Nmfeb, Iybeibr,\mfafppfegs, ^biob;

Nbrf``gbe4 Behufaab, @rftfsmSfrhfe Fsabejs, Nu`b, Ioetsgrrbt,^bfet Aunfb;

Xgstgre Guropg4 Bustrfb, Nyprus,Cfeabej, Hgribey, Frgabej, Ftbay,^wftzgrabej;

Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg4@gabrus, Nrobtfb, Nzgnm Pgpuàfn,Abtvfb, Aftmubefb, \oabej, gr`fbbej Ioetgeghro, Pgpuàfn ocIoajovb, aovgefb, Zmg corigrVuhosabv Pgpuàfn oc Ibngjoefb.

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor fejfvfjuba nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 3.

@oys rgpgbt iorg Hfras rgpgbt iorg (or sbig)




Nmbptgr 0


27. Zmfs fs eotwftmstbejfeh tmgcbnt tmbt survfvba rbtgs fe AbtfeBigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbefenrgbsgj jurfeh tmg 266<s,owfeh to tmg geabrhgiget ocprg-snmooa gjunbtfoe bej tmgfetrojuntfoe oc butoibtfnproiotfoe fe ibey nouetrfgs.

^nmooa survfvbafs b nrunfbafejfnbtor oc tmgsystgi‖s b`faftyto rgtbfe pupfas.

Pgpgtftfoe rbtgs `y hrbjg

Pgpgtftfoe vbrfgs croi oeg hrbjg to beotmgr, ùt,bnross nouetrfgs, soig fiportbet pbttgresgigrhg. Zbàg 0.27 smows tmbt tmg mfhmgst rbtgs

brg usubaay couej fe Hrbjg 2. Zmfs fs pbrtfnuabrayso fe Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn bej ôutm bejXgst Bsfb4 fe Egpba baiost mbac oc tmg pupfasrgpgbt Hrbjg 2, wmfag Nbiòjfb bej tmg Abo\gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn mbvg rgpgtftfoerbtgs brouej ><%. Pgpgtftfoe fs baso noiioe feAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe, ùt iorgifxgj pbttgres gigrhg gasgwmgrg.

Cor gxbipag, wmfag bòut oeg-tmfrj oc tmgnouetrfgs oc su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej tmg Brb`^tbtgs mbvg tmgfr mfhmgst rgpgtftfoe rbtgs feHrbjg 2 „ `gfeh pbrtfnuabray mfhm fe Pwbejb

(:0.7%), Nmbj, tmg Noioros, Agsotmo,Ibjbhbsnbr bej Zoho „ cor rouhmay beotmgr tmfrjoc tmg nouetrfgs tmgy brg couej fe tmg abst hrbjgoc prfibry snmooa. Fe @urkfeb Cbso, @uruejf,Jdfòutf, Iozbi`fqug bej tmg Efhgr, rgpgbtgrsbnnouet cor bòut oeg-tmfrj oc prfibry pupfas fetmg abst hrbjg (Zbàg 0.27).

^nmooa survfvba

^nmooa survfvba fs b nrunfba fejfnbtor oc tmgsystgi‖s b`fafty to rgtbfe pupfas. Zbàg 0.23 smows

tmbt survfvba rbtgs to Hrbjg 7 fe su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb brg aowgr tmbe gasgwmgrg. Gqubaay, tmfs fstmg oeay rghfoe wmgrg tmgy brg iorg octge mfhmgrcor òys tmbe cor hfras, pbrtfnuabray fe Hufegb-@fssbu, Ibabwf bej Iozbi`fqug. Sgry aowsurvfvba rbtgs (bt or `gaow 7<%) brg baso couej fesgvgrba Bsfbe nouetrfgs, eotbày Fejfb, tmg Abo\gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn bej Iybeibr.Fejfb mbs tmg mfhmgst survfvba jfspbrfty fe cbvouroc òys (H\F 9 <.=2). Fe tmg Brb` nouetrfgs corwmfnm jbtb brg bvbfabàg, tmg rbtgs brg baa bòvg6<% wftm tmg gxngptfoe oc Iburftbefb bejIoronno. Fe noetrbst, fe Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg

Nbrf``gbe, wmgrg uefvgrsba prfibry bnngss fsbaiost bttbfegj, survfvba rbtgs brg octge `gaow=<% bej brg be o`stbnag to tmg cuaa bnmfgvgigetoc W\G.27 Cor fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs, rbtgs ocsurvfvba brg eot systgibtfnbaay nbanuabtgj.Mowgvgr, tmg cgw jbtb bvbfabàg smow agvgasnaosg to 2<<% bej vbaugs oc H\F naosg to pbrfty.

ûrvfvba bej noipagtfoe

ûrvfvba rbtgs mbvg `gge tmg ibfe igbsurg ocprohrgss tmrouhm gjunbtfoe systgis cor ibeyygbrs. Iorg rgngetay, bttgetfoe mbs `gge hfvge to

tmg nbanuabtfoe oc noipagtfoe rbtgs, pbrtay fergspoesg to tmg proifegeng hfvge to tmg eotfoeoc prfibry noipagtfoe fe tmg Jbkbr bejIfaageefui hobas.

Zmg ibfe jfccgrgeng `gtwgge tmgsg two noengptsfs tmbt tmg cfrst igbsurgs tmg survfvba to Hrbjg 7bioeh nmfajrge wmo geroa fe snmooa. Ft tmgrgcorgjogs eot tbkg feto bnnouet tmg soigtfigs abrhgproportfoe oc nmfajrge wmo jo eot mbvg bnngssto prfibry snmooa. Zmg sgnoej igbsurgs tmgproportfoe oc baa nmfajrge wmo ”noipagtg‖ prfibrysnmooa. Mowgvgr, `gnbusg oc jbtb proàgis, b

proxy fs typfnbaay usgj, wmfnm igbsurgs tmgproportfoe wmo rgbnm Hrbjg 3, or Hrbjg 7 fe tmgnbsg oc smortgr systgis (@ox 0.:).

Zmgrg brg b eui`gr oc proàgis wftm tmg wbys fewmfnm ft fs proposgj to igbsurg bej usg tmgprfibry noipagtfoe rbtg. Cfrst, bej iosto`vfousay, tmg proxy stbtfstfn jogs eot, fe cbnt,provfjg b igbsurg oc prfibry noipagtfoe`gnbusg ft fheorgs tmosg nmfajrge wmo rgbnm tmgcfeba ygbr, ùt wmo jrop out oc snmooa `gcorg tmggej oc ft. Zmus, ft provfjgs be gstfibtg oc bnngss

to tmg cfeba hrbjg, dust bs tmg hross fetbkg rbtgigbsurgs bnngss to Hrbjg 2. Xork fs uejgr wbyfe tmg WF^ to fevgstfhbtg tmg possf`fafty ocnoaagntfeh usgcua jbtb oe ”hrbjubtgs‖ croiprfibry snmooa. Zmfs noengpt fs eot egngssbrfay

Zmg survfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7 fs tmg pgrngetbhg oc nmfajrge stbrtfeh prfibry snmo

wmo gvgetubaay bttbfe Hrbjg 7. Zmg gstfibtg fs `bsgj oe trbesftfoe rbtgs jgrfvgjcroi jbtb oe geroaiget bej rgpgbtgrs cor two noesgnutfvg ygbrs.

Zmg prfibry noipagtfoe rbtg (\NP) fs tmg totba eui`gr oc stujgets sunngsscuaaynoipagtfeh, or hrbjubtfeh croi, tmg abst ygbr oc prfibry snmooa fe b hfvge ygbr,gxprgssgj bs b proportfoe oc tmg totba eui`gr oc nmfajrge oc occfnfba hrbjubtfoe

bhg fe tmg popuabtfoe.

@gnbusg ft fs jfccfnuat to o`tbfe rgafbàg bej noipbrbàg jbtb oe noipagtfoe orhrbjubtfoe, b proxy prfibry noipagtfoe rbtg (\\NP) mbs `gge bhrggj bs coaaow

Zmg \\NP fs tmg totba eui`gr oc stujgets geroaagj cor tmg cfrst tfig fe tmg cfeba ygbr oc prfibry snmooa „ f.g. geroaiget ifeus rgpgbtgrs „ bs b proportfoe oc tm

totba eui`gr oc nmfajrge oc occfnfba hrbjubtfoe bhg fe tmg popuabtfoe.

ôurngs4 WEG^NO (266=`), WF^ (0<<>).

@ox 0.:. ûrvfvba bej noipagtfoe rbtgs



noipbrbàg bnross nouetrfgs, pbrtay `gnbusg

prbntfng jfccgrs bs rghbrjs ngrtfcfnbtfoe btprfibry agvga. Ft iby `g tmbt tmg eotfoe oc snmooa-agbvgrs wouaj `g b sfipagr oeg to opgrbtfoebafzgstbtfstfnbaay. Igbewmfag tmg gstfibtgs oc bnngssto tmg cfeba hrbjg tmbt brg nurrgetay bvbfabàg(@rues, @. gt ba.; 0<<>) brg hgegrbaay ovgr-gstfibtgs oc ”trug‖ rbtgs oc prfibry noipagtfoe.

^gnoej, tmg gipmbsfs oe noipagtfoe oc prfibrysnmooafeh bs tmg soag fejfnbtor oc IfaageefuiJgvgaopiget Hoba (IJH) bnmfgvgiget fsuesbtfscbntory. Zmfs fs pbrtay `gnbusg tmg stbtfstfn

nbeeot cuaay tbkg bnnouet oc tmg qubafty ocsnmooafeh. Zmg nagbr afek `gtwgge cfefsmfeh tmg

prfibry nynag bej gjunbtfoeba bnmfgvgiget fssupportgj `y WEFNGC IFN^ jbtb. Egvgrtmgagss,tbkfeh tmg stbejbrj F^NGJ 2 prfibry nynag oc sfxygbrs, bioeh tmosg wmo mbvg cfefsmgj sfx ygbrsoc gjunbtfoe tmg aftgrbtg proportfoe fs stfaa wgaa

`gaow 2<<%. Fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, cor gxbipag,tmfs cfhurg fs 8<% fe tmg Ngetrba Bcrfnbe Pgpuàfn(sgg Cfhurg 0.2:) bej =7% fe Zoho.

Zmfrj, bs tmg noipagtfoe rbtg conusgs oe oeay oegygbr fe tmg prfibry-snmooa systgi, vbrfbtfoes fegeroaiget ovgr tmg prgvfous cfvg ygbrs brgfheorgj. @gnbusg geroaiget cauntubtfoes nbe`g quftg smbrp (fe òtm jfrgntfoes), tmg stbtfstfncbfas to provfjg b rgafbàg hufjg to tmg novgrbhgoc tmg systgi bt bey pbrtfnuabr tfig. Bs nurrgetayigbsurgj, tmg noipagtfoe rbtg fs b usgcuafejfnbtor oc mfstorfnba bnngss to snmooafeh bej

rgtgetfoe wftmfe tmg systgi.23 Mowgvgr, òtmtmg HGP bej tmg EGP (igbsurgj ovgr tfig)brg fejfspgesbàg bjjftfoeba nrftgrfb to usg febssgssfeh prohrgss towbrjs hoba bnmfgvgiget.28

Hgejgr `babeng bioeh tgbnmfehstbcc bej fts rgabtfoesmfp to hgejgrpbrfty fe geroaigets

Oeg fejfnbtor potgetfbaay fiportbet cor hgejgrgjoutnoigs fe snmooafeh fs tmg proportfoe ocprfibry-snmooa tgbnmgrs wmo brg cgibag. Hfras‖

geroaigets rfsg rgabtfvg to òys bs tmg proportfoeoc cgibag tgbnmgrs rfsgs croi aow agvgas.Cfhurg 0.27 fejfnbtgs tmbt fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbtmosg nouetrfgs wftm rouhmay gquba proportfoes ocibag bej cgibag prfibry tgbnmgrs baso tgej tombvg rouhm gqubafty fe prfibry fetbkgs `gtwggeòys bej hfras. Fe noetrbst, wmgrg tmg proportfoeoc cgibag tgbnmgrs fs brouej 0<% oc tmg totba,snmooa fetbkgs brg iunm iorg uegquba, wftmfetbkgs oc oeay sgvge or gfhmt hfras cor gvgry tgeòys. Nbusg bej gccgnt mgrg brg jfccfnuat tojfsgetbehag4 fenrgbsfeh proportfoes oc gjunbtgjwoige gigrhfeh croi tmg snmooas wfaa bccgnt tmg

eui`gr oc woige bvbfabàg to work bs tgbnmgrs,bs wgaa bs mousgmoaj jgibej cor hfras‖ snmooafeh.Egvgrtmgagss, tmg rgabtfoesmfp bppgbrs to `groùst, bt agbst fe Bcrfnb, bctgr noetroaafeh corotmgr rgagvbet vbrfbàgs sunm bs pgr nbpftbfenoig (Noanaouhm gt ba., 0<<>, pp. 36„8<). Zmus,tmgrg fs stroeh suhhgstfvg gvfjgeng tmbt iovgstowbrjs gqubafzfeh hgejgr `babeng bioehtgbnmgrs wfaa proiotg hgejgr pbrfty (sggNmbptgrs > bej :).

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Eui`gr oc ygbrs oc snmooafeh

A f t g r b n y r b t g o c 0 0 - : : - y g b r - o a j s ( % )

Cfhurg 0.2:. Aftgrbny rbtg oc 00- to ::-ygbr-oajs fe tmg Ngetrba

Bcrfnbe Pgpuà fn, bnnorjfeh to ygbrs oc snmooafeh (0<<<)

ôurng4 WEFNGC IFN^ jbtb (0<<<).

23. Zmg stbtfstfnba `bnkhrouejjonuiget cor IFEGJBC SFFFusgs be fejfnbtornorrgspoejfeh to tmg proxyprfibry noipagtfoe rbtg wmfnmft nbaas ”Bnngss rbtg to Hrbjg 3‖(sgg WEG^NO-@PGJB, 0<<0).

28. Cor curtmgr jfsnussfoeoc tmgsg abttgr fssugs sgg”Igbsurfeh bej ioeftorfehW\G‖ (WEG^NO, 0<<0`, @ox 0.0,p. 77).

Cfhurg 0.27. û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb4 pgrngetbhg oc cgibag tgbnmgrs

bej hgejgr pbrfty fe bnngss to snmooas (0<<<)

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y 9 226.>7x - 33.<2>

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Nmbptgr 0


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Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.Egpba

BrhgetfebBru`b@gafzg@oafvfbNmfagNoaoi`fbNostb PfnbNu`bJoifefnbJoifefnbe Pgp.GnubjorGa ^bavbjorHrgebjbHubtgibab

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FtbayIbatb^wftzgrabej

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7 3.8 7.3 8.6 3.8 7.:8 27.3 2:.8 2:.8 20.> 2:.3 2>.07 >.8 0.8 7.3 :.> >.6

7 8.6 7.: >.3 :.< 0.77 :7.6 27.= 20.2 20.0 2<.2

3 6.= 3.6 3.2 7.0 :.3 >.=3 2:.2 2<.> =.8 8.0 8.2 >.<3 2:.2 =.> =.> 6.= =.= 6.23 3.> 0.= 0.= >.< >.< :.33 <.6 >.= <.= 0.7 0.> 2.37 6.3 7.0 :.0 >.> 0.:3 2:.8 =.7 3.= =.: 3.: <.63 2.6 0.8 <.> 2.= <.6 <.>8 7.< <.= <.7 <.8 <.8 <.=3 0.3 >.< 22.< 3.2 :.=3 :.> >.0 0.< 2.3 <.6 <.73 2=.3 8.> :.: >.> 0.> 0.28 >.6 7.0 :.> :.0 >.8 =.:

3 08.7 2:.: 22.< 8.8 :.6 0.<

3 :.< 0.3 0.3 2.8 2.0 0.<3 3.< 0.: 0.< 2<.7 0.< 7.63 =.6 =.> 3.< :.3 >.0 <.:3 =.7 :.6 :.7 :.0 >.0 2.=3 2<.8 6.: 3.: :.< 0.6 2.<3 2>.2 2<.2 8.6 7.6 >.3 2.83 7.6 2=.> 27.< 2<.: =.> :.<8 2<.: 3.0 7.6 7.0 3.8 3.=3 28.> 20.2 8.7 3.7 :.6 0.73 6.7 8.3 =.= 3.= :.3

: 2.= 2.8 2.: 2.03 2.3 <.2 <.< <.< <.< <.<3 <.6 2.< <.7 <.0 <.0 <.07 7.3 3.0 >.2 0.7 >.:: 2.8 0.> 2.3 2.03 2.0 >.: 0.> 2.> 2.< <.6

7 <.: <.: <.0 <.0 <.:3 <.= <.= 2.> 2.0 <.3 =.:

3 2.2 0.7 0.: 0.< 2.3 2.<

: 7.0 :.0 >.< >.>: 2.3 >.7 0.< 0.<: 2.< <.: <.> <.07 2.7 2.< <.6 2.< 2.23 2.< 2.0 2.8 0.2 0.3 :.<

: :.8 0.2 2.7 2.3: :.< 2.: 2.2 2.<: 2.7 <.: <.> <.>3 <.8 <.0 <.0 <.3 <.6 2.<

: 7.> 0.3 0.2 2.6: :.> 2.6 2.7 2.8: <.2 <.< <.2 <.2

Behoab@gefe@otswbeb@urkfeb Cbso@uruejfNbigrooeNmbjNoiorosNoehoNútg j'FvofrgGrftrgbGtmfopfbHbi`fbHmbebHufegbHufegb-@fssbuAgsotmoIbjbhbsnbrIbafIozbi`fqug

Ebif`fbEfhgrPwbejb^geghba^gynmgaagsôutm Bcrfnb^wbzfabejZohoW. P. ZbezbefbTbi`fb

Bahgrfb@bmrbfeJdfòutfDorjbeKuwbftAg`beoe

IburftbefbIoronnoOibe\bagstfefbe B. Z.^bujf Brb`fbûjbe^yrfbe B. P.ZuefsfbW. B. Gifrbtgs

Bzgr`bfdbeHgorhfbKyrhyzstbeIoehoafbZbdfkfstbe

@ruegf JbrussbabiNbiòjfbNmfebNook FsabejsFejoegsfbAbo \JPIbnbo, NmfebIybeibr\mfafppfegs^biobZmbfabejSbeubtuSfgt Ebi

: 07.0 03.0 07.< 0<.73 2:.8 02.0 07.7 0:.< 06.= 0=.>8 :.> 0.7 2.6 2<.8 2.3 2.0 <.>3 20.0 20.= 28.: 23.< 2=.3 :2.3

3 0:.2 0>.> 00.6 00.= >0.0 >6.8

3 >2.0 0:.0 >0.0 0:.3 0=.: 03.73 >2.: 03.6 03.7 0:.6 02.< 0=.83 >>.6 08.8 03.> 02.= 0<.7 08.83 >0.= 02.3 >=.7 >>.7 0=.3 2:.03 26.3 2=.= 02.: 26.< 0:.2

7 00.0 22.2 22.2 22.= 3.:3 23.0 3.6 3.: =.7 =.8 7.83 23.2 2<.3 2<.> 6.< =.3 3.33 =.< 7.2 :.3 :.2 >.3 >.=3 0<.6 26.= 0>.2 0<.0 02.: 08.6

3 0>.6 03.6 0:.: 0>.6 0<.3 08.6

8 ><.< 02.6 0<.< 0<.: 27.8 20.: 28.:7 >6.2 08.: 06.7 0:.23 22.2 22.8 2=.0 02.> 03.<

7 03.6 07.: 07.7 02.: >2.0

8 27.3 20.< 22.0 20.< 26.> 22.7 2<.23 2.2 3.7 6.3 2<.7 27.> >=.=

3 :0.7 >2.< >0.> >8.0 :2.8 ><.:3 2<.< 20.7 20.7 20.6 23.2 06.7

3 <.2 <.2 <.2 <.0 <.> …8 22.3 8.3 8.2 8.: 3.8 7.> :.78 26.7 28.8 0<.< 2=.> 23.7 23.8 2<.73 ><.8 07.: 03.7 0<.7 0<.= 26.88 >.> 0.0 2.7 20.8 <.2 <.< <.<8 :.> :.= 7.< 3.> 3.> 8.< 20.>

3 20.0 6.6 2<.7 22.7 20.< 28.<

3 :.3 :.< >.8 :.> :.3 :.=

3 =.6 6.> 6.6 6.7 6.8 >>.8

3 <.> <.0 <.0 <.3 2.> 2.:

: >.> >.2 :.< 0.73 :.= 3.2 8.0 6.> 8.7

3 2:.2 2>.6 2:.2 20.6 27.: 07.=3 23.6 2:.7 2:.3 22.8 2<.2 8.<3 8.< 8.= 3.2 3.0 :.= >.6: 2.2 2.2 0.0 >.:

3 =.0 7.3 8.2 7.2 7.< 2.33 2<.< 2<.7 20.2 2:.< 2>.2 22.:3 2>.: 6.= 3.= :.2 >.7 :.03 2<.= 20.7 2>.: 22.> 27.8 2=.<

3 >.: >.: 0.> :.< >.: 0.:

: <.7 <.: <.: <.:: <.0 <.> <.0 <.>

: <.0 <.0 <.> <.0: 2.< <.3 <.> <.>: <.0 <.7 <.7 <.3

3 <.< <.< <.< <.< <.< <.<3 06.7 2=.< 27.2 6.> 7.= 0.67 2.6 2.2 <.0 <.2 <.2 <.03 7.2 <.7 <.> 0.: 2.8 >.0 3 20.0 8.6 3.3 7.< >.7 <.:7 >:.> 26.6 22.6 8.7 7.:3 0.: >.: 7.= =.< 2<.7 =.87 2.> <.8 <.3 <.: <.03 :.> 0.> 2.7 <.6 <.=3 0.= <.8 <.: <.3 <.73 6.0 >.= 0.2 0.2 2.63 22.7 2<.8 6.6 =.= 3.7 28.0

7 7.6 >.< 0.2 0.0 <.:

Zbàg 0.27. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 rgpgtftfoe rbtg `y hrbjg (2666/0<<<)

Pgpgtftfoe rbtgs (%)Jurbtfoeoc

prfibry Hr. 2 Hr. 0 Hr. > Hr. : Hr. 7 Hr. 3 Hr. 8

Pgpgtftfoe rbtgs (%)Jurbtfoeoc

prfibry Hr. 2 Hr. 0 Hr. > Hr. : Hr. 7 Hr. 3

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. @oaj cfhurgs fejfnbtg tmg hrbjg wmgrg tmg rgpgtftfoe rbtg fs mfhmgst. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 3.

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs



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Eortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropg

Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg



Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ** WF^ gstfibtg. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 3.

86.>** 86.8** 8=.8**3<.7 3<.= 3<.288.8 88.6 88.:3>.= 3>.6 3>.=

68.8 6=.< 68.:

6>.8 6>.6 6>.760.2 60.0 60.<6=.2 6=.2 6=.066.<** 6=.=** 66.0**68.0 63.6 68.76>.2 60.: 6>.=

30.= 30.6 30.877.0 77.> 77.062.= 62.6 62.=66.: 6=.6 2<<.<

68.7 6=.0 63.=

66.6 2<<.< 66.6=2.7 =2.7 =2.76<.> 6<.2 6<.762.6 62.7 60.:

6=.< 6=.:** 68.7**

66.3 2<<.< 66.066.0 66.8 6=.766.> 66.:** 66.0**66.: 66.0 66.366.7 66.2 66.=66.: 6=.= 2<<.<


:6.< 77.> :0.3:0.8 :8.< >8.0>=.2** :2.0** >>.=**

36.0** 87.0** 30.=**

7>.6 78.7 :=.>=:.: 6<.: 88.<=:.< ==.8 88.78>.= 8=.2 3=.880.> 87.< 36.>8:.< 87.= 82.03:.7** 33.7** 30.7**=<.3 =>.2 8=.233.> 38.> 37.07=.: 7=.6 78.6

32.0 38.3 77.<6=.6** 2<<.<** 68.=**

=0.3 =6.< 88.>

=0.6** =:.:** =2.>**

:3.=** 72.0** :2.8**

6:.= 2<<.< =6.3

6<.= 6>.> ==.:=>.<** =:.7** =2.7**=3.0 =8.7 =:.6=8.: ==.0 =3.3

66.0 2<<.< 6=.766.0** 2<<.<** 6=.:**

ZotbaPghfoes Ibag CgibagH\F

ûrvfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7

(%)

Mfhmgr survfvba cor oys ^big survfvba rbtgs Mfhmgr survfvba cor hfras

Zbàg 0.23. \rfibry gjunbtfoe survfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7, `y hgejgr (2666) (nouetrfgs smowe fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F wftmfe rghfoes)

IbabwfIozbi`fqugHufegb-@fssbuHbi`fbNmbjHufegb@gefeZoho^geghbaEfhgrôutm BcrfnbTbi`fbHmbeb@uruejf

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(%)

60.0 62.7 60.672.2 7<.8 72.3

=:.0** =0.6** =7.:**=2.=** =<.:** =>.0**>6.2 >=.> >6.636.2 38.3 82.>=3.3 =:.> =6.<8:.7 3=.0 =<.7

67.6 67.0 63.8=<.< 86.2 =2.<=3.=** =7.3** ==.0**

63.6 67.0 6=.=

7>.0 70.3 7>.66:.2** 60.>** 63.<**

67.2** 6<.=** 2<<.<**

6<.: ==.6 60.03:.6 3<.> 8<.230.0 73.= 8<.2

67.> 6:.7 63.0==.7 =8.7 =6.76=.0 63.7 2<<.<6=.2 63.7 2<<.<88.= 83.: 86.:8<.8** 36.:** 80.0**

==.6 =8.< 6<.=8=.2** 83.0** =<.0**73.< 7:.7 78.86<.= =8.3 6:.>

33.3 3:.< 36.>=<.0 83.8 =:.087.2** 82.:** 86.2**

:=.: ::.3 70.3

6=.7 68.3 66.:

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(%)

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û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

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Guropg



2=. Eotg, mowgvgr, tmbt tmgvbaugs oc tmg hgejgr rbtfos cortgbnmgrs fe @behabjgsm bejFejfb brg oeay safhmtay mfhmgrtmbe oeg-tmfrj.

Zmg aowgst agvgaoc cgifefzbtfoe

oc prfibrytgbnmgrs fs fe

nouetrfgs wmgrghgejgrjfspbrftfgs brg

mfhmgst.

Cfhurg 0.23 smows tmg jghrgg oc cgifefzbtfoe octmg tgbnmfeh stbcc bej tmg nmbehgs tmbt onnurrgj`gtwgge 266< bej 0<<<.

Zmg cfhurg noecfris tmbt tmg aowgst agvgas oc

cgifefzbtfoe oc prfibry tgbnmfeh stbcc brg couejfe nouetrfgs wmgrg ovgrbaa geroaiget agvgas brgtmg aowgst bej hgejgr jfspbrftfgs mfhmgst.Xoige moaj oeay oeg-tmfrj, or agss, oc tgbnmfehposts fe sfxtgge nouetrfgs oc su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb„ rgprgsgetfeh :<% oc tmosg mbvfeh tmg jbtb.Xftm tmg gxngptfoe oc Egpba, tmgrg brg eonouetrfgs fe bey otmgr rghfoe oc tmg woraj wmgrgtmg hgejgr rbtfos bioeh tgbnmgrs brg bs aow bstmfs.2= Fe tmg prfibry-snmooa systgis oc courtggeoc tmgsg sfxtgge Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs, tmg bvgrbhgH\F cor egt prfibry geroaigets fs <.86, bej tmgmfhmgst sunm vbaug fs <.6> (fe tmg Hbi`fb). Fe

noetrbst, fe tmg soutmgre Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs oc@otswbeb, Agsotmo bej ^wbzfabej, wmgrg hgejgrrbtfos fe snmooa geroaigets fe cbvour oc hfras brgcouej, tmg tgbnmfeh procgssfoe fs stroehaycgifefzgj too, wftm ovgr tmrgg-qubrtgrs octgbnmgrs `gfeh woige.

Outsfjg su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, aow agvgas oc cgibagrgprgsgetbtfoe brg baso couej fe soig Brb`^tbtgs (Jdfòutf bej Iburftbefb); Gbst Bsfb bejtmg \bnfcfn (Nbiòjfb bej \bpub Egw Hufegb),bs wgaa bs ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb (@behabjgsm,

@mutbe, Fejfb bej Egpba).

Cfebaay, b vgry jfccgrget sftubtfoe gxfsts fe tmfrtggeout oc sgvgetgge Brb` ^tbtgs, wmgrg cgibagtgbnmgrs brg fe tmg ibdorfty. Zmfs fs baso trugtmrouhmout Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe bejfe iost Ngetrba bej Gbst Bsfbe nouetrfgs, wmgrgcgifefzbtfoe oc tmg tgbnmfeh procgssfoe rgbnmgsagvgas sfifabr to tmosg o`sgrvgj fe tmgfejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs, bt cour-cfctms, or iorg,oc tmg totba.

Bs rghbrjs trgejs sfeng 266<, cgibagpbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg tgbnmfeh procgssfoe mbsfenrgbsgj fe baiost baa nouetrfgs wmgrg jbtb brgbvbfabàg cor òtm ygbrs. Fe soig nbsgs „ bs fe@behabjgsm „ tmfs fs tmg rgsuat oc jgaf`grbtg,

wgaa-conusgj poafny igbsurgs jgsfhegj togenourbhg hfras‖ snmooafeh `y fenrgbsfeh tmgeui`gr oc woige tgbnmgrs, pbrtfnuabray fergiotg or jfccfnuat brgbs (Nussþ, 0<<>).

Iorg worryfehay, ft bppgbrs tmbt b jgnrgbsg mbsonnurrgj fe b eui`gr oc nouetrfgs wmgrg tmgpgrngetbhgs oc woige wgrg bargbjy bioeh tmgaowgst fe 266< (@gefe, @urkfeb Cbso, tmg NgetrbaBcrfnbe Pgpuàfn, Jdfòutf bej Zoho).

Fe nouetrfgs wmgrg woige mbvg aow sonfo-gnoeoifn stbtus, tmg cgifefzbtfoe oc tmg tgbnmfeh

procgssfoe provfjgs b igbes oc gipowgrfehwoige bej, bt tmg sbig tfig, soiggenourbhgiget òtm cor pbrgets to gjunbtg hfrasbej cor youeh woige to pursug tmgfr stujfgs. Feiorg jgvgaopgj rghfoes, wmgrg tmg tgbnmfehprocgssfoe bt aowgr agvgas oc gjunbtfoe mbs `ggemfhmay cgifefzgj cor ibey ygbrs, sbabrfgs btprfibry agvga brg octge agss bttrbntfvg. Fenoetrbst, bt mfhmgr agvgas oc gjunbtfoe, wmgrgtgbnmgrs brg iorg mfhmay pbfj, woige rgibfenoipbrbtfvgay agss euigrous, bs smowe feCfhurg 0.28. Ft nbe g sgge tmbt fe baa nouetrfgs

tmgfr prgsgeng jgnrgbsgs bs oeg iovgs croiprfibry to sgnoejbry to mfhmgr gjunbtfoe, wmgrgwoige tgbnmgrs brg hgegrbaay fe tmg ifeorfty.Zmg oeay gxngptfoes, bioeh nouetrfgs fe tmghrbpm, brg Brhgetfeb, @griujb, Kbzbkmstbe,Iybeibr bej tmg Pgpuàfn oc Ioajovb.




Nmbptgr 0


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g r f n b / N b r f ` ` g b e

Z r f e f j b j / Z o ` b h o

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E o r t m B i g r f n b b e j X g s t g r e G u r o p g

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b e j G b s t g r e G u r o p g

^ g r ` f b / I o e t g e g h r o

M u e h b r y

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Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 2<.

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b k m s t b e

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Cfhurg 0.28. \grngetbhg oc cgibag tgbnmgrs `y agvga oc gjunbtfoe (0<<<)

(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc pgrngetbhg cgibag fe prfibry gjunbtfoe)



26. Ft smouaj `g rgnbaagj tmbtsgvgrba jfccgrget coris ocsgnoejbry gjunbtfoe brg octgebvbfabàg to stujgets, fenaujfehhgegrba, tgnmefnba bejvonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe, bejtgbnmgr trbfefeh. Xmfag jbtb cortmg cfrst hrbjg oc sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe brg usubaay bvbfabàg

cor hgegrba prohrbiigs, tmfsfs octge eot tmg nbsg cortgnmefnba bej vonbtfoebaprohrbiigs. oiguejgrgstfibtfoe oc trbesftfoerbtgs fs tmgrgcorg afkgay wmgrgsunm prohrbiigs gxfst corprfibry agbvgrs. Zmfs iby `gtmg nbsg, fetgr bafb, cor @oafvfb,Nútg j‖Fvofrg, Jdfòutf bej tmgWeftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb.

0<. Eotg tmbt wmgrggeroaigets oc hfras brg vgryaow rgabtfvg to òys, sgagntfoe`fbs iby igbe tmbt tmosg hfraswmo jo hbfe bnngss brg`rfhmtgr tmbe tmg òys, ibkfehft iorg afkgay tmbt tmgy wfaasunnggj.

Zrbesftfoe rbtgswmgrg hfras brgfe tmg ibdorfty

brg eotuenoiioe,

pbrtfnuabray feAbtfe Bigrfnb

bej tmgNbrf``gbe.

^gnoejbry gjunbtfoebej tmg hgejgr hobasBs smowe gbrafgr fe tmfs nmbptgr, tmgrg wbs bsu`stbetfba fenrgbsg fe prfibry geroaiget jurfeh

tmg 266<s, wmfnm outpbngj popuabtfoe hrowtm fesoig jgvgaopfeh rghfoes, fenaujfeh su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb, tmg Brb` ^tbtgs bej ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb.Zmg noetfeugj prforfty hfvge to tmg bnmfgvgigetoc W\G `y ebtfoeba pabes bej fetgrebtfoebaaygstbàfsmgj hobas fs sgt to fetgesfcy tmg gxfstfehjgibej cor sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe provfsfoe feibey nouetrfgs ovgr tmg noifeh ygbrs bs abrhgrnomorts oc pupfas agbvg tmg prfibry systgi.

Zrbesftfoe croi prfibryto sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe

Zrbesftfoe rbtgs to sgnoejbry snmooafeh brg

baiost bawbys bòvg 67% fe fejustrfbafzgj bejtrbesftfoe gnoeoifgs, bej baiost bawbys bòvg7<% fe otmgr rghfoes gxngpt cor su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb, wmgrg iunm aowgr rbtgs brg octge couej.26

Cfhurg 0.2= smows tmbt jfspbrftfgs fe trbesftfoerbtgs fe cbvour oc òys brg crgquget fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej soig Brb` ^tbtgs. Mowgvgr,trbesftfoe rbtgs wmgrg hfras brg fe tmg ibdorftybrg eot uenoiioe „ pbrtfnuabray fe AbtfeBigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe.

B noipbrfsoe oc tmg hgejgr pbrfty oc prfibrybej sgnoejbry fetbkgs rgvgbas tmbt tmosg bt

sgnoejbry agvga brg iunm iorg gqubaay `babengj`gtwgge tmg sgxgs tmbe brg fetbkgs to prfibrysnmooafeh. Zmfs fs pbrtfnuabray so fe rghfoes wmgrgprfibry geroaigets brg aow bej hgejgrfi`babengs bt prfibry agvga brg mfhm. Cfhurg 0.26noipbrgs tmg H\F oc prfibry fetbkg bejsgnoejbry trbesftfoe rbtgs fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbbej tmg Brb` ^tbtgs.

Pbtgs oc trbesftfoe croi prfibry gjunbtfoefejfnbtg tmg pgrngetbhg oc b nomort oc pupfaswmfnm pronggjs croi tmg abst ygbr oc prfibry totmg cfrst ygbr oc sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe. Zmgnbanuabtfoe fs `bsgj oe jbtb oe egw getrbets(geroaiget ifeus rgpgbtgrs) to sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe fe b hfvge ygbr, gxprgssgj bs bpgrngetbhg oc geroaiget fe tmg abst hrbjg ocprfibry snmooa tmg prgvfous ygbr.

Fe iost oc tmg nouetrfgs smowe, tmg hgejgrjfspbrftfgs fe fetbkg rbtgs brg iunm rgjungj btsgnoejbry agvga fe noipbrfsoe wftm prfibry. Zmfssuhhgsts tmbt tmg jfccfnuatfgs mfejgrfeh hfras‖bnngss to prfibry gjunbtfoe jo eot prgvget tmgi

croi pgrcorifeh bs wgaa bs, or `gttgr tmbe, tmgfribag pggrs oeng tmgy brg geroaagj.0< Zmfs jogseot fipay, mowgvgr, tmbt b siootm snmooa nbrggrfe sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe cor hfras wfaa butoibtfnbaaycoaaow. Bt tmfs agvga oc gjunbtfoe otmgr proàgis „pu`grty, gbray ibrrfbhg, prghebeny „ mbvg bstroeh fecaugeng oe tmg hgejgrgj pbttgres ocsnmooa pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej rgtgetfoe.

\brtfnfpbtfoe fe sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe

Zmgrg fs hrgbtgr vbrfbtfoe fe geroaiget agvgasbnross tmg woraj bt sgnoejbry tmbe bt prfibry

agvga. Geroaigets brg gqufvbaget to agss tmbe ><%oc tmg bhg hroup fe twgety-sfx nouetrfgs „efegtgge oc wmfnm brg fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb,wmfag fe b curtmgr sgvgetgge nouetrfgs tmgy novgragss tmbe mbac tmg snmooa-bhg hroup. Zmg Brb`^tbtgs bej Abtfe Bigrfnb tgej to mbvg mfhmgrgeroaigets, wftm HGPs hrgbtgr tmbe 8<% fe bibdorfty oc tmgi. Fe noetrbst, OGNJ bej iostotmgr Guropgbe nouetrfgs brg bt, or naosg tobnmfgvfeh, uefvgrsba sgnoejbry geroaiget, wftmHGPs typfnbaay bòvg 6<% (Zbàg 0.28).

@gnbusg oc tmg nabssfcfnbtfoe nmbehgs fejfnbtgjfe @ox 0.7, ft fs fipossfàg to bnnurbtgay noipbrgsgnoejbry geroaigets fe 266< wftm tmosg fe 0<<<.Mowgvgr, tmg hgejgrgj nmbrbntgrfstfns ocgeroaigets „ `gfeh agss bccgntgj `y sunmnmbehgs „ iby `g noipbrgj. Zmfs fs joeg feCfhurg 0.0<, wmfnm smows tmbt tmgrg mbvg `ggesfhefcfnbet iovgs towbrjs hgejgr pbrfty fegeroaigets bt sgnoejbry agvga fe baa jgvgaopfehrghfoes ovgr tmg 266<s. Gxngpt cor Gtmfopfb, baatmg nouetrfgs wmgrg hfras wgrg bt b stroehgeroaiget jfsbjvbetbhg fe 266< sbw prohrgss,wftm vgry sfhefcfnbet nmbehgs (oc iorg tmbe

0< pofets fe tmg H\F snbag) fe Bahgrfb,@behabjgsm, Ibabwf, Iburftbefb, Egpba, tmgEfhgr, \bkfstbe, Pwbejb, ^fgrrb Agoeg bejZuefsfb. Gasgwmgrg, tmg iost ibrkgj prohrgssmbs onnurrgj fe @behabjgsm (H\F rfsfeh croi <.70to 2.<7 ovgr tmg jgnbjg), wmgrg jfspbrftfgs mbvg`gge rgvgrsgj bej wmgrg hfras brg eow fe tmgibdorfty bt sgnoejbry agvga (sgg Nmbptgr >).Xmgrg jfspbrftfgs wgrg ibrkgjay fe cbvour ochfras „ bs fe sgvgrba Abtfe Bigrfnbe bejNbrf``gbe nouetrfgs bej soig su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnbe nouetrfgs „ tmg H\F mbs usubaay iovgj



Nmbptgr 0


^gnoejbry gjunbtfoe bej h

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

W. P. Zbezbefb

@uruejf

Nbigrooe

Efhgr

@urkfeb Cbso

^geghba

Nútg j‖Fvofrg

Tbi`fb

Ibjbhbsnbr

Nmbj

Agsotmo

Ibaf

Iozbi`fqug

Hufegb

Iburftfus

@gefeHufegb-@fssbu

Zoho

Af`grfb

Kgeyb

Hmbeb

Grftrgb

Ebif`fb

Ibabwf

Hbi`fb

Noeho

Brb` ^tbtgsIburftbefb

Jdfòutf

^yrfbe B. P.

Bahgrfb

Zuefsfb

Ioronno

ûjbe

Ag`beoe

Frbq

Zrbesftfoe rbtg (%)

0< :< 3< =<

IbagCgibag

2<<< <

Zrbesftfoe rbtg (%)

0< :< 3< 2<<

Ngetrba Bsfb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Zoehb

Fejoegsfb

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

Zmbfabej

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

@behabjgsm

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.

Egtm. Betfaags

Zurks/Nbfnos Fs

@r. Sfrhfe Fs

Joifefnbe Pgp.

Joifefnb

@gafzg

Wruhuby

Igxfno

Ibatb

Poibefb

=<

Iybeibr

Abo \JP

Nbiòjfb

^biob

Egpba

@mutbe

Ioehoafb

Nook Fsabejs


\bebib

^bfet Aunfb

Gnubjor

Nostb Pfnb

^t Kftts/Egvfs

@bmbibs

@oafvfb

Guropg

Abtvfb

IbagCgibag

Cfhurg 0.2=. Zrbesftfoe rbtgs croi prfibry to sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, `y hgejgr (2666)

(nouetrfgs wmgrg gftmgr ibag or cgibag rbtgs, or òtm, brg `gaow 6<% 2; fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc ibag rbtgs)

2. Ibag bej cgibag trbesftfoe rbtgs gxnggj 6<% fe tmg coaaowfeh nouetrfgs (afstgj fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc trbesftfoe rbtg)4


û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbôutm Bcrfnb^wbzfabejGtmfopfb@otswbeb^gynmgaags

Brb` tbtgsOibe\bagstfefbe B. Z.KuwbftDorjbeW. B. Gifrbtgs@bmrbfe^bujf Brb`fb


Bzgr`bfdbeZbdfkfstbeHgorhfbKyrhyzstbe

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn@ruegf Jbruss.Pgp. oc KorgbNmfebSfgt Ebi

ABNSgegzugabNoaoi`fbBrhgetfebNu`bHubtgibabNbyibe Fs\brbhuby\gruZrfefjbj/Zo`bhoDbibfnbBru`bNmfagBehufaab^t Sfenget@br`bjosEfnbrbhub

E. Bigrfnb/X. GuropgBustrfbFrgabejEgtmgrabejsHgribeyCrbeng^wftzgrabejJgeibrkNyprusCfeabejFtbay

Ngetrba/GbstgreGuropg

AftmubefbBa`befbGstoefb@uahbrfbâovbkfb@gabrusNzgnm PgpuàfnMuehbryNrobtfbâovgefb



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I b a f

G

t m f o p f b


@

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\ b a g s t f e f b e B . Z .


Z u e f s f b

H \ F

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Hgejgr pbrfty afeg

Cfhurg 0.26. û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej Brb` ^tbtgs4 hgejgr pbrfty fejgx cor bnngss to prfibry (0<<<)

bej trbesftfoe rbtg croi prfibry to sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe (2666/0<<<)

(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc hgejgr pbrfty cor bnngss to prfibry)

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs : bej 3.

Zmg nmbehgs oc nabssfcfnbtfoe fetrojungj fe tmg 2668 rgvfsfoe oc tmg Fetgrebtfoeba ^tbejbrj Nabssfcfnbtfoe ocGjunbtfoe (F^NGJ) brg suiibrfzgj bòvg. Zmg egw nbtghorfzbtfoe bccgnts tmg noipbrb`fafty oc stbtfstfnsovgr tfig, pbrtfnuabray cor sgnoejbry bej tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe. \rfibry bej prg-prfibry gjunbtfoe brguebccgntgj. @ut mfhmgr agvgas, fenaujfeh sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, brg eow hroupgj fe jfccgrget wbys, ibkfehnoipbrfsoe oc geroaigets jfccfnuat or fipossfàg bt Agvga > bej bòvg.

@ox 0.7. F^NGJ 2683 noipbrgj wftm F^NGJ 26684fipbnt oe geroaiget noipbrfsoes

F^NGJ 2683 F^NGJ 2668

Agvgas

<

2

0

>

7

3

8

6

Gjunbtfoe prgngjfeh tmg cfrst agvga

Gjunbtfoe bt tmg cfrst agvga

Gjunbtfoe bt tmg sgnoej agvga, cfrst stbhg

Gjunbtfoe bt tmg sgnoej agvga, sgnoej stbhg

Gjunbtfoe bt tmg tmfrj agvga, cfrst stbhg,oc tmg typg tmbt agbjs to be bwbrj eot gqufvbagetto b cfrst uefvgrsfty jghrgg

Gjunbtfoe bt tmg tmfrj agvga, cfrst stbhg,oc tmg typg tmbt agbjs to b cfrst uefvgrsfty jghrgg

or gqufvbaget

Gjunbtfoe bt tmg tmfrj agvga, sgnoej stbhg,oc tmg typg tmbt agbjs to b posthrbjubtg uefvgrsftyjghrgg or gqufvbaget

Gjunbtfoe eot jgcfebàg `y agvga

Agvgas

<

2

0

>

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7

3

\rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe

\rfibry gjunbtfoe or cfrst stbhg oc prfibry gjunbtfoe

Aowgr sgnoejbry or sgnoej stbhg oc bsfn gjunbtfoe

Wppgr sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe

\ost sgnoejbry, eoe-tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe

Cfrst stbhg oc tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe (eot agbjfehjfrgntay to be bjvbengj rgsgbrnm qubafcfnbtfoe)

^gnoej stbhg oc tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe(agbjfeh to be bjvbengj rgsgbrnm qubafcfnbtfoe)



Nmbptgr 0


naosgr to uefty. Cfebaay, fe Eortm Bigrfnb bejGuropg, wmfnm brg eot smowe fe Cfhurg 0.0<,nmbehgs mbvg eot `gge pbrtfnuabray strfkfeh, bsgeroaigets wgrg bargbjy naosg to pbrfty fe 266<.Mowgvgr ft fs wortm eotfeh tmg wfjgefeh oc tmggeroaiget hbps fe cbvour oc youeh woige btsgnoejbry agvga fe soig nouetrfgs. Zmfs fspbrtfnuabray eotbàg fe ^wgjge bej tmg Weftgj

Kfehjoi (wmgrg H\F mbs iovgj croi 2.<7 to 2.03bej croi 2.<3 to 2.28, rgspgntfvgay).

Fe bjjftfoe to gxbifefeh tfig trgejs, ft fs ocfetgrgst to noipbrg pbttgres oc jfspbrfty `gtwggeprfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe. Zmfs fs joeg feCfhurg 0.02, wmfnm smows tmg hgejgr pbrfty fejgxvbaugs cor prfibry bej sgnoejbry geroaigets.


Zbàg 0.28. ^gnoejbry gjunbtfoe4 hroupfeh oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to hross geroaiget rbtfo, `y rghfoe (0<<<)


Agvgas oc HGP

Pghfoes ≪ ><% ><.2%-7<%

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ngetrba Bsfb


ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Abtfe Bigrfnb bejtmg Nbrf``gbe

Eortm Bigrfnb bejXgstgre Guropg

Ngetrba bej GbstgreGuropg

Zotba eui`gr ocnouetrfgs 27=

W. P. Zbezbefb, Efhgr,@urkfeb Cbso, @uruejf,Nmbj, Iozbi`fqug,Pwbejb, Whbejb,Behoab, ^geghba,Gtmfopfb, Hufegb-@fssbu,Noioros, @gefe,Af`grfb, Nútg j'Fvofrg,Tbi`fb, ^fgrrb Agoeg,Grftrgb (26)

Jdfòutf, Iburftbefb,ûjbe (>)

Nbiòjfb,\bpub Egw Hufegb,Sbeubtu (>)

\bkfstbe (2)

03

Kgeyb, GqubtorfbaHufegb, Agsotmo,Ibabwf, Hmbeb,Hbi`fb, Zoho, Noeho,Tfi`b`wg (6)

Frbq, Ioronno,^yrfbe B. P. (>)

Abo \JP, Iybeibr(0)

@behabjgsm, Fejfb (0)

Hubtgibab (2)

28

7<.2%-8<%

Hbòe, ^wbzfabej,Ebif`fb (>)

Kuwbft, ^bujf Brb`fb,Oibe (>)

Ioehoafb (2)

Fejoegsfb,Nook Fsabejs, Sfgt Ebi,Nmfeb (:)

Egpba, Ibajfvgs (0)

Efnbrbhub, Ga ^bavbjor,Gnubjor, Sgegzugab,Joifefnbe Pgp.,\brbhuby, Nostb Pfnb,Hrgebjb, \bebib,Noaoi`fb (2<)

Zurkgy,^gr`fb bej Ioetgeghro

(0)

07

8<.2%-6<%

Nbpg Sgrjg, Iburftfus,@otswbeb, ôutm Bcrfnb

(:)

Bahgrfb, W. B. Gifrbtgs,Ag`beoe, Zuefsfb, \bagstfefbeB. Z., Ghypt, Dorjbe, Rbtbr (=)

Hgorhfb, Zbdfkfstbe,Bzgr`bfdbe, Kyrhyzstbe,Kbzbkmstbe (7)

^biob, Ibabysfb,\mfafppfegs, Cfdf, Zmbfabej,@ruegf Jbrussbabi, Ibnbo(Nmfeb), \babu (=)

Fsa. Pgp. oc Frbe (2)

@gafzg, Igxfno, @oafvfb,Zrfefjbj bej Zo`bho,Dbibfnb, Egtm. Betfaags,Nu`b, Nmfag, \gru,ûrfebig, ^bfet Aunfb (22)

Ibatb (2)

Pgp. oc Ioajovb, Ba`befb,Poibefb, Nrobtfb, PussfbeCgjgrbtfoe, @gabrus, Zmg CVPoc Ibngjoefb, aovbkfb (=)

:3

Bòvg 6<%

@bmrbfe (2

Pgp. oc Korgb, Efug, Zoehb,Dbpbe, Egw Tgbabej,Bustrbafb (3

Brhgetfeb, Bru`b, Wruhuby,@br`bjos, @rbzfa, Huybeb,@bmbibs (8

Fsrbga, Nyprus,Auxgiòurh, Weftgj ^tbtgsFtbay, Hrggng, Bustrfb,Hgribey, ^wftzgrabej,@gahfui, Nbebjb, Crbeng,Fngabej, \ortuhba, Eorwby,^pbfe, Frgabej, EgtmgrabejsCfeabej, Jgeibrk, ^wgjgeWeftgj Kfehjoi (00

Abtvfb, Gstoefb, @uahbrfb,Nzgnm Pgp., Aftmubefb,Muehbry, \oabej, âovgefb

(=

::




02. Zmfs rgabtfoesmfp fs vgrystroeh fe gbnm oc tmg rghfoes,wftm tmg gxngptfoe oc AbtfeBigrfnbe nouetrfgs, wmgrgtmgrg fs eo sfhefcfnbetrgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge prfibrybej sgnoejbry H\Fs. Cor tmfsrgbsoe, ABN nouetrfgs brg eotsmowe fe tmg hrbpm.

Ft smows tmbt4

Nouetrfgs wftm abrhg jfspbrftfgs fe cbvour ocòys fe prfibry gjunbtfoe „ typfnbaay tmosg fesu`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, ùt baso fenaujfeh

Nbiòjfb, Fejfb, Frbq, tmg Abo \gopag‖sJgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn, Egpba bej \bkfstbe „curtmgr bnngetubtg tmgsg jfspbrftfgs fesgnoejbry gjunbtfoe.

Nouetrfgs wftm iojgrbtg jfspbrftfgs fe cbvouroc òys fe prfibry gjunbtfoe bppgbr to mbvgrgjungj tmgi or cfaagj tmg hbp (soig Brb`^tbtgs bej sgvgrba fe Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn).

Nouetrfgs vgry naosg to pbrfty or wftm aowjfspbrftfgs fe cbvour oc hfras bt prfibry agvga

tgej to gftmgr cfaa tmg hbp or rgfecorng tmgcgibag bjvbetbhg fe sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe.Abtfe Bigrfnb bej Nbrf``gbe nouetrfgs brg tmgiost proeouengj gxbipags, ùt soigGuropgbe nouetrfgs baso cbaa feto tmfs nbtghory,

eotbày Cfeabej, ^wgjge bej tmg WeftgjKfehjoi.

Zmgsg hgegrbafzbtfoes nbe baso `g bjjungj croiCfhurg 0.004 bt vbaugs oc tmg prfibry H\F oc up to<.67 tmg sgnoejbry H\F mbs b aowgr vbaug. Corvbaugs oc brouej uefty cor prfibry, tmosg corsgnoejbry `gnoig mfhmgr, bej tmg sfzg oc tmg hbpfenrgbsgs wftm tmg vbaug oc tmg prfibry H\F.02

Egvgrtmgagss, tmg cfrst oc tmg bòvg pofets, wmfnmnoengres nouetrfgs wftm abrhg jfspbrftfgs fecbvour oc òys bt prfibry agvga, iby sggi to

Cfhurg 0.0<. ^gnoejbry gjunbtfoe4 nmbehgs fe hgejgr pbrfty fejgx oc hross geroaiget rbtfo (266<„0<<<)

Hgejgr pbrfty afeg

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G . B s f b / \ b n f c f n

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b k m s t b e

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g r ` b f d b e

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@ b e

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H\F 266<H\F 0<<<




Nmbptgr 0


00. Ft fs jfccfnuat to bssgss tmgfetgreba gccfnfgeny oc tmgsgnoejbry-snmooa nynag. Zmggxfstgeng oc vbrfous ”strgbis‖bt tmfs agvga ibkgs ft jfccfnuat tocoaaow tmg caow oc b nomort croioeg hrbjg to tmg egxt. Zmus tmgoeay bspgnt oc snmooa gccfnfgenytmbt ft fs possfàg to bebaysg,`bsgj oe WF^ jbtb, fs tmgpgrngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs fesgnoejbry hgegrba gjunbtfoe.

noetrbjfnt tmg pbttgre gigrhfeh croi

Cfhurg 0.26, wmfnm fejfnbtgs tmbt fe sunm nbsgstmg trbesftfoe rbtgs to sgnoejbry snmooa brgnaosgr to pbrfty tmbe tmg prfibry fetbkg rbtgs.Zmgrg fs, mowgvgr, eo egngssbry rgabtfoesmfp`gtwgge fetbkg rbtgs bej geroaigets bnross tmgsystgi. Ft iby `g tmbt, fe aow geroaigetnouetrfgs, stroeh jfsnrfifebtory prgssurgsbppgbr jurfeh tmg sgnoejbry bhg-nynag, wmgrg`ygnoeoifn nfrnuistbengs bej sonfba bej nuaturbavbaugs noespfrg to rgsuat fe mfhmgr jrop-out croisnmooas bioeh hfras tmbe òys (sgg Nmbptgr >).

Pgpgtftfoe bej jrop-outfe sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe00

Bs rghbrjs hgegrba sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe,Cfhurg 0.0> smows tmbt òys rgpgbt hrbjgs iorgcrgqugetay tmbe hfras. Zmg ibfe gxngptfoes brg fesoig nouetrfgs fe soutmgre Bcrfnb, wmgrg hfrasouteui`gr òys fe tmg snmooas, bej fe tmg Xgstbej Ngetrba Bcrfnbe su`rghfoes, wmgrg hgejgrjfspbrftfgs brg iost bnutg bej wmgrg tmg hfraswmo hbfe bnngss to sgnoejbry snmooafeh brgpro`bày agss wgaa-prgpbrgj bnbjgifnbaay (owfehto iorg gxtgesfvg moig jutfgs bej hrgbtgrb`sgetggfsi bt prfibry agvga) tmbe tmg òys.


Cfhurg 0.02. Hgejgr pbrfty fejfngs cor hross geroaiget fe prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe (0<<<)

(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc prfibry H\F wftmfe rghfoes)

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàgs cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs 7 bej 8.

<.<<

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^ u ` - ^ b m b r b e B c r f n b

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E f h g r

@ g e f e

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I

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u b t . H u f e g b

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^ w b z f a b e j

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I b a b w f

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^

y r f b e B . P .

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I b u r f t b e f b

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O i b e

^

b u j f B r b ` f b

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K u w b f t

R b t b r


@ b m r b f e

D o r j b e

\ b a g s t f e f b e B . Z .

H\F sgnoejbry

H\F prfibry

Hgejgr pbrfty afeg

H\F sgnoejbry

H\F prfibry

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G . B s f b / \ b n f c f n

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^ b i o b

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I b a j f v g s

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@ b r ` b j o s

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E f n b r b h u b

Hgejgr pbrfty afeg



0>. Cor Abtfe Bigrfnbegvfjgeng sgg GNABN (0<<0);Bcrfnbe gvfjgeng fssuiibrfzgj fe Noanaouhm gt ba.(0<<>).

\rghebenyfs octge nftgj`y hfras bs b

iotfvg corjroppfeh out

oc snmooa.

Batmouhm tmgrg brg eo fetgrebtfoebaay noipbrbàgjbtb oe rbtgs oc jrop-out croi sgnoejbrysnmooafeh, tmgrg fs iunm gvfjgeng croimousgmoaj survgys noengrefeh tmg jfccgrgetprgssurgs oe òys bej hfras, wmfnm agbj to

jfccgrgetfba rbtgs oc jrop-out. Fe hgegrba, tmgibfe rgbsoes nftgj cor òys jroppfeh out, fe òtmur`be bej rurba brgbs, brg gnoeoifn cbntors „gftmgr noeegntgj wftm tmg eggj to aook cor b do`,or to tmg jfccfnuaty oc iggtfeh snmooa nosts.

Cor hfras, stujfgs croi Abtfe Bigrfnb fejfnbtgtmbt ”cbifay rgbsoes‖ wgrg hfvge `y hfras bs tmgcfrst or sgnoej ibfe cbntor jgtgrifefeh tmgfrjroppfeh out. Bioeh sunm, prghebeny oriotmgrmooj wbs quotgj `y >>% oc ur`be hfras feNmfag bej 3% oc tmosg fe \brbhuby (noipbrgjwftm 0<% bej >% fe rurba brgbs) bej `y 22% oc

ur`be hfras fe Sgegzugab. Fe tmg sbig survgys,tmg abnk oc snmooas fs hfvge bs b iotfvg cor jrop-out fe rurba brgbs iorg octge `y hfras tmbe `yòys, fejfnbtfeh tmbt tmg douregy tfig to snmooa fsb iorg sfhefcfnbet noengre cor pbrgets fe tmgnbsg oc tmgfr jbuhmtgrs tmbe oc tmgfr soes.0>

Zgnmefnba bej vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoebej tmgfr smbrg fe totba sgnoejbrygeroaiget

Zgnmefnba bej vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe fs mfhmay

jfvgrsg, orhbefzgj eot oeay `y ifefstrfgs ocgjunbtfoe ùt baso `y otmgr ifefstrfgs (abòur,mgbatm, bhrfnuaturg) bej `y prfvbtg butmorftfgs.Zmfs jfvgrsfty oc provfjgrs fipafgs tmbt jbtb brgpbtnmy bej tmbt soig „ pgrmbps ibey „prohrbiigs brg eot fenaujgj fe tmg bvbfabàgfetgrebtfoeba jbtb. Cor tmgsg rgbsoes, tmg jbtb fe^tbtfstfnba beegx Zbàg 8 provfjg oeay b rouhmhufjg to tmg fenfjgeng oc tmgsg typgs oc gjunbtfoeprohrbiig.

Mowgvgr, ft fs nagbr tmbt geroaigets fe tgnmefnbabej vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe brg mfhm fe tmg iorg

fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs bej iost Ngetrba bejGbstgre Guropgbe nouetrfgs. ^tujgets fe tmfstrbnk rgprgsget oeg-qubrtgr or iorg fe iostoc tmgsg nouetrfgs, bej baiost mbac oc totbasgnoejbry geroaigets fe Bustrbafb bej tmgWeftgj Kfehjoi. Mowgvgr, tmgfr smbrg fssfhefcfnbetay aowgr fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs. Oeayfe Ghypt, bej soig pbrts oc tmg Nbrf``gbe(Egtmgrabejs Betfaags, \bebib bej ûrfebig)brg tmg cfhurgs naosg to or safhmtay bòvg ><%.

Xftm rghbrj to corigr ôvfgt Wefoe nouetrfgs,

mfstorfnba trgejs bvbfabàg croi otmgr sourngs(WEFNGC, 0<<0b), fejfnbtg tmbt geroaiget fetgnmefnba bej vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe, mbvfeh `ggequftg sfhefcfnbet uetfa tmg gej oc tmg 26=<s,jgnafegj jrbstfnbaay ovgr tmg coaaowfeh jgnbjg.

Xoige fe tgnmefnbabej vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe

Zbàg 8 fe tmg ^tbtfstfnba beegx provfjgs b rouhmfejfnbtfoe oc tmg pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc woige fetgnmefnba bej vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe. Zmfs typg ocgjunbtfoe fenaujgs ibey jfccgrget cfgajs oc stujy

„ croi tgbnmgr trbfefeh fe ngrtbfe jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs, to noiigrnfba stujfgs (sgnrgtbrfba,bnnouetbet prohrbiigs) to iorg tgnmefnba cfgajsrgabtfeh to fejustry bej gehfeggrfeh. Zmus, bhao`ba pgrngetbhg oc cgibag geroaiget fe tmfstypg oc gjunbtfoe fs eot succfnfget fe ftsgac to cuaayfecori b jfsnussfoe oe cgibag pbrfty, agt baoeggqubafty. Cor tmbt, iorg noiprgmgesfvgfecoribtfoe, novgrfeh tmg jfccgrget cfgajs oc stujyfe wmfnm woige bej ige tgej to geroa, wouaj `gegngssbry.

Cfhurg 0.00. Jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs, gxnaujfeh Abtfe Bigrfnb bej

tmg Nbrf``gbe4 rgabt foe `gtwgge H\Fs oc prfibry bej sgnoejbry

hross geroaiget rbtfos fe 87 nouetrfgs (0<<<)


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y 9 2.3676x - <.38:P0 9 <.387=



Nmbptgr 0



Cfhurg 0.0>. ^gnoejbry hgegrba gjunbtfoe4 pgrngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs `y hgejgr (0<<<)

(eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftm pgrngetbhg rgpgbtgrs `gaow 0%, fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc ibag rgpgbtgrs)


< 2< 0< ><

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

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Ghypt

^bujf Brb`fb

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\mfafppfegs

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Abo \JP

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

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ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

Fejfb

@behabjgsmFrbe, Fsa. Pgp.

< 2< 0< ><

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Pgpgbtgrs (%)

:<

Hmbeb

^fgrrb Agoeg

Agsotmo

Pwbejb

Ebif`fb

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^wbzfabej

^geghba

Nútg j‖Fvofrg

Nmbj

Hufegb-@fssbu

Nbpg Sgrjg

Grftrgb

Iozbi`fqug

Noeho

@urkfeb Cbso

@uruejf

Ngetrba Bsfb

Ioehoafb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Iybeibr

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

Egpba

@mutbe


Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho

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< 2< 0< ><


Pgpgbtgrs (%)

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Igxfno

Dbibfnb

Nmfag

Zurks/Nbfnos Fs

Joifefnbe Pgp.

Hubtgibab

Noaoi`fb

@oafvfb

\bebib

Gnubjor

\gru

Efnbrbhub

@gafzg

Brhgetfeb

Nostb Pfnb

@r. Sfrhfe Fs

Huybeb

Sgegzugab

Bru`b

Wruhuby

Joifefnb

Xgstgre Guropg

^wftzgrabej

Bustrfb

Nyprus

Hgribey

Ftbay

Egtmgrabejs

Ngetr./Gbst. GuropgPoibefb

âovgefb

Gstoefb

Ba`befb

IbagCgibag

IbagCgibag

@oys rgpgbt iorg Hfras rgpgbt iorg (or sbig)



Egvgrtmgagss tmg ^tbtfstfnba beegx jbtb smowtmbt, fe baa rghfoes, cgibag stujgets fe tmgsgprohrbiigs rgprgsget agss tmbe mbac oc tmg totbafe iost nouetrfgs, wftm tmg gxngptfoe oc AbtfeBigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe wmgrg bòut mbac octmg nouetrfgs mbvg iorg cgibag tmbe ibagstujgets. Oe bvgrbhg, cgibag pbrtfnfpbtfoe fetmgsg prohrbiigs fs aowgst fe su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb bej ôutm Bsfb, bej hrgbtgst fe AbtfeBigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe bej tmg Guropgbe

nouetrfgs.

Bs fejfnbtgj bòvg, fecoribtfoe oe geroaiget fespgnfcfn cfgajs oc stujy wouaj `g pbrtfnuabrayfetgrgstfeh croi b hgejgr pgrspgntfvg, `gnbusgtmg orfgetbtfoe oc youeh pgopag bt tmfs stbhg octmg snmooa prongss mbs be fiportbet `gbrfeh oetmgfr su`sgquget trbesftfoe to tmg abòur ibrkgtbej to procgssfoeba afcg fe hgegrba. Wecortuebtgaytmfs typg oc fecoribtfoe fs eot projungjsystgibtfnbaay bt fetgrebtfoeba agvga.

:

Cgibagpbrtfnfpbtfoefe vonbtfoeba

bej tgnmefnbatrbfefeh

fs aowgst fesu`-^bmbrbe

Bcrfnb bejôutm Bsfb.

Fe Crbeng, jgspftg fenrgbsgs oc tmg cgibagprgsgeng fe iost cfgajs, tmgrg rgibfes b trbjftfoebajfccgrgetfbtfoe `gtwgge ”ibsnuafeg‖ bej ”cgifefeg‖

cfgajs oc stujy. Fe 0<<2 ovgrbaa jfspbrftfgs wgrg fecbvour oc youeh woige fe uppgr sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe, wmgrg woige rgprgsgetgj naosg to 7:%

oc totba geroaiget. Iorg jfsbhhrghbtgj cfhurgsmowgvgr smow tmbt tmgfr smbrg wbs 7=% fe hgegrbagjunbtfoe, 37% fe snfgetfcfn bej tgnmeoaohfnba

gjunbtfoe bej :>% fe tmg procgssfoeba`bnnbaburgbtg. Zmgsg cfhurgs noengba hrgbtfegqubaftfgs bs rghbrjs prohrbiig orfgetbtfoe.

Iorg jgtbfagj jbtb oe prohrbiig orfgetbtfoe brg

bvbfabàg cor hrbjubtgs. Bs tmg tbàg smows, fe tmgprocgssfoeba `bnnbaburgbtg, tmg cgibag smbrg fsoeay 2<.0% fe projuntfoe prohrbiigs, noipbrgjwftm 8<.2% fe sgrvfng prohrbiigs (wftm naosg to2<<% fe mgbatm-rgabtgj bej sgnrgtbrfba noursgs).Gvge fe hgegrba sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, hfras brgovgr-rgprgsgetgj bioeh muibeftfgs hrbjubtgs(=>%) bej safhmtay uejgr-rgprgsgetgj fe snfgengprohrbiigs (::.7%). Zmg proportfoe oc hfras fsaowgst fe noursgs bssonfbtgj wftm mfhmgr abòuribrkgt rgwbrjs4 tmg snfgetfcfn bej tgnmeoaohfnba

`bnnbaburgbtg, bej fe tmosg wftm be fejustrfba

orfgetbtfoe (8.6%), wmgrgbs tmg igjfnbaay bejsonfbaay orfgetgj stujfgs brg mfhmay cgifefzgj bt63% oc hrbjubtgs. Ft smouaj `g igetfoegj tmbt tmgproportfoe oc hfras fs rgabtfvgay mfhmgr bioehhrbjubtgs tmbe bioeh geroaaggs `gnbusg hfraspgrcori `gttgr tmbe òys fe baa typgs oc sgnoejbrygxbifebtfoes.

Zmg Crgenm hgejgr pbttgre oc su`dgnt sgagntfoejgsnrf`gj bòvg fs couej, fe `robj tgris, fe ibeyotmgr Xgstgre Guropgbe nouetrfgs.

ôurng4 Ifefstírg Crbeèbfs jg a‖Æjunbtfoe Ebtfoebag (0<<0).

@ox 0.3. Hgejgr bej vonbtfoeba/tgnmefnba stujfgs fe Crbeng

^nfgengsVgbr

Hgegrba ^nfgetfcfn bej tgnmeoaohfnba \rocgssfoeba bnnbaburgbtg

Crbeng4 \grngetbhg oc cgibag hrbjubtgs fe uppgr sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe

`y prohrbiig orfgetbtfoe (2667„0<<2)

2667 :2.7 =<.8 30.< 37.: 3.: :7.= 63.6 6.6 82.30<<2 ::.7 =>.< 3:.3 37.0 8.6 :7.= 63.< 2<.0 8<.2

MuibeftfgsGnoeoifnbej s onfba Bjifefstrbtfoe Fejustry Abòrbtory

ônfo-igjfnba \rojuntfoe ^grvfngs

\rohrbiig orfgetbtfoe / Zypg oc `bnnbaburgbtg



Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoebej tmg hgejgr hobasJurfeh tmg abst jgnbjg, geroaigets fe mfhmgrgjunbtfoe worajwfjg mbvg noetfeugj to fenrgbsg,

croi be gstfibtgj 36 ifaafoe fe 266< to == ifaafoefe 2668.0: Zotba geroaiget rosg `y bòut 7<% fejgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs ovgr tmosg ygbrs (croi06 ifaafoe to :>.: ifaafoe), wmfag tmg fenrgbsg wbsiunm saowgr fe jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs (up 2>%,croi >6.7 ifaafoe to ::.= ifaafoe). Ovgr tmfspgrfoj, woige noetfeugj to prohrgss towbrjsbnmfgvfeh pbrfty wftm ige. Zmgfr smbrg fe tgrtfbrygeroaiget rosg croi :3% to :3.=% bt tmg worajagvga. Fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs woige rghfstgrgjtmg mfhmgst hbfes fe b`soautg tgris (be fenrgbsg

oc 3.0 ifaafoe, bs bhbfest >.7 ifaafoe fe jgvgaopgjnouetrfgs), ùt fe tmg jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs tmgfrpbrtfnfpbtfoe „ bargbjy rgprgsgetfeh iorg tmbembac oc totba geroaiget (72.0% fe 266<) „fenrgbsgj `y 2.8 pofets, to rgbnm 70.6% oc totba

geroaiget. Ft fs afkgay tmbt tmg ovgrbaa trgejo`sgrvgj croi 266< noetfeugj jurfeh iorgrgnget ygbrs.

Nbutfoe fs egngssbry fe noipbrfeh 0<<< jbtb wftm266< owfeh to nmbehgs fetrojungj fe F^NGJ 2668(sgg @ox 0.7). Mowgvgr, b rouhm noipbrfsoe oc266< bej 0<<< geroaiget rbtfos fe nouetrfgs wftmnoipbrbàg jbtb sggis to noecfri be fenrgbsgfe tmg tgrtfbry HGP fe prbntfnbaay baa tmg nouetrfgsmbvfeh tmg jbtb.

Zbàg 0.2=. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 hroupfeh oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to hross geroaiget rbtfo, `y rghfoe (0<<<)


Agvgas oc HGP

Pghfoes ≪ 27% 27.2%-><% ><.2%-:7% :7.2%-37% Bòvg 37%

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ngetrba Bsfb


ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb




Zotba eui`gr ocnouetrfgs 20=

Hufegb-@fssbu, Iozbi`fqug, Behoab,Nmbj, Noioros, @uruejf, Efhgr, Gtmfopfb,Grftrgb, Pwbejb, N.B.P., Ibjbhbsnbr,^fgrrb Agoeg, Tbi`fb, Agsotmo,Gqubtorfba Hufegb, Kgeyb, Whbejb,Hmbeb, @gefe, Zoho, Tfi`b`wg, @otswbeb,Nbigrooe, Noeho, ^wbzfabej, Ebif fb,Iburftfus (0=)

Jdfòutf, Iburftbefb, Oibe,Ioronno, Frbq (7)

Zbdfkfstbe (2)

Nbiòjfb, Abo \JP, Zoehb, Nmfeb,Sfgt Ebi, ^biob, Iybeibr,Fejoegsfb (=)

Bchmbefstbe, Egpba, @behabjgsm,Fsa. Pgp. oc Frbe, Fejfb (7)

Zrfefjbj bej Zo`bho, Moejurbs,Egtm. Betfaags (>)

Auxgiòurh (2)

72

ôutm Bcrfnb (2)

Zuefsfb, ^bujf Brb`fb, Rbtbr,\bagstfefbe B. Z., Dorjbe (7)

Bzgr`bfdbe (2)

@ruegf Jbrussbabi,Ibabysfb (0)

Nostb Pfnb, Dbibfnb, @rbzfa,\brbhuby, Ga ^bavbjor,Igxfno, Noaoi`fb, Nu`b,Sgegzugab, Bru`b (2<)

Nyprus, Ibatb (0)

Ba`befb, Zurkgy, Zmg CVPoc Ibngjoefb, ^gr fb bejIoetgeghro, Poibefb, Pgp. ocIoajovb, Nzgnm Pgpuàfn (8)

0=

Ag`beoe (2)

Kbzbkmstbe,Ioehoafb, Hgorhfb,Kyrhyzstbe (:)

\babu, \mfafppfegs,Zmbfabej (>)

\bebib, @oafvfb,Wruhuby, Nmfag,@br`bjos (7)

^wftzgrabej (2)

âovbkfb,Nrobtfb, Muehbry,@uahbrfb (:)

2=

Af`ybe B. D. (2)

Dbpbe, Ibnbo (Nmfeb),Bustrbafb (>)

Brhgetfeb (2)

Frgabej, Fngabej, Ftbay,\ortuhba, Fsrbga, Crbeng,Egtmgrabejs, Bustrfb,@gahfui, Jgeibrk,Nbebjb, ^pbfe, WeftgjKfehjoi, Hrggng (2:)

Aftmubefb, \oabej,@gabrus, Gstoefb,âovgefb, Abtvfb,Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe (8)

03

Egw Tgbabej,Pgp. oc Korgb

(0)

Eorwby,^wgjge,Weftgj ^tbtgs

(>)

7

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg =.

0:. 2668 fs tmg abtgst ygbr corwmfnm gstfibtgs bt tmg worajagvga brg bvbfabàg bejnoipbrbàg wftm pbst sgrfgs.^gg WEG^NO (2666,Zbàg FF.^.>).



Nmbptgr 0


Otmgr sourngs usfeh noesfstget jbtb sgrfgs rgportjgnrgbsgs fe geroaigets fe sgvgrba OGNJnouetrfgs sfeng 2667 (g.h. Crbeng bej Hgribey),owfeh to b jgnrgbsg fe popuabtfoe fe tmg rgagvbetbhg hroup, fe Zurkgy (OGNJ, 0<<0`, p. 007) bej,

sfeng 266<, fe soig nouetrfgs oc Ngetrba Bsfb(Brigefb, Zurkigefstbe bej Wz`gkfstbe)(WEFNGC, 0<<0b, p. 88). Zmg sbig sourngs rgporthrowtm fe otmgr trbesftfoe nouetrfgs, pbrtfnuabraytmosg fe Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg.

Zbàg 0.2= smows tmg strfkfeh jfccgrgengs feovgrbaa agvgas oc pbrtfnfpbtfoe `gtwggefejustrfbafzgj, trbesftfoeba bej jgvgaopfeh

nouetrfgs. Xmfag tmfrty-oeg nouetrfgs, ibfeaycroi OGNJ bej trbesftfoeba Guropg, mbvg HGPsbt tgrtfbry agvga bòvg :7%, tmg hrgbt ibdorfty ocjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs mbvg vbaugs `gaow ><%, bejbaiost two-tmfrjs oc tmgi mbvg rbtfos agss tmbe

27%.

Eo nouetrfgs fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb (wftm tmggxngptfoe oc ôutm Bcrfnb) or ôutm bej Xgst Bsfbmbvg HGPs mfhmgr tmbe 27% „ fejggj baanouetrfgs oc su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, wftm tmggxngptfoes oc Iburftfus, Ebif`fb bej ôutmBcrfnb mbvg tmg gqufvbaget oc cgwgr tmbe 7% oc tmgbhg hroup geroaagj. Fe Gbst Bsfb, too, b eui`gr

Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe bej h

Zbàg 0.26. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 hgejgr pbrfty fejgx oc hross geroaiget rbtfo (0<<<)

Nouetrfgs HGP H\F

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Noeho <.2>Grftrgb <.27Nmbj <.28Hufegb-@fssbu <.2=N. B. P. <.26Zoho <.0<@gefe <.0:Gtmfopfb <.08Efhgr <.>:@uruejf <.>3^fgrrb Agoeg <.:<Hmbeb <.:<Gqubt. Hufegb <.:>Tbi`fb <.:8

Pwbejb <.7<Whbejb <.70Tfi`b`wg <.3<Behoab <.3>Noioros <.8>Kgeyb <.88Iozbi`fqug <.86Ibjbhbsnbr <.=:^wbzfabej <.=8@otswbeb <.=6

Brb` ^tbtgs

Iburftbefb <.0<Frbq <.7:Jdfòutf <.8<Ioronno <.=<\bagstfefbe B. Z. <.63Af`ybe B. D. <.63

Zuefsfb <.68

Nouetrfgs HGP H\F


Ngetrba Bsfb

Zbdfkfstbe <.>0Hgorhfb <.66Bzgr`bfdbe <.66

Gbst Bsfb bej \bnfcfn

Nbiòjfb <.>=Nmfeb <.70 Pgp. oc Korgb <.76Abo \JP <.76Sfgt Ebi <.8:Fejoegsfb <.88Ibnbo, Nmfeb <,=:Dbpbe <.=7

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb

Egpba <.08@behabjgsm <.77Fejfb <.33Frbe, Fsa. Pgp. <.6>

Abtfe Bigrfnb

bej tmg Nbrf``gbe

Nmfag <.60Igxfno <.63

Eortm Bigrfnb

bej Xgst. Guropg

^wftzgrabej <.8=

Ngetrba bej

Gbstgre Guropg

Zurkgy <.8>

Mfhmgr ibag geroaiget (7< nouetrfgs)Nouetrfgs HGP H\F

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

ôutm Bcrfnb 2.0>Ebif`fb 2.0:Iburftfus 2.>3Agsotmo 2.83

Brb` ^tbtgs

Ag`beoe 2.<6Dorjbe 2.2:^bujf Brb`fb 2.06Oibe 2.:<Rbtbr 0.68


Ngetrba Bsfb

Kyrhyzstbe 2.<:Kbzbkmstbe 2.26Ioehoafb 2.8:


^biob 2.<7Ibabysfb 2.<=Zmbfabej 2.22Bustrbafb 2.0:Zoehb 2.0=Egw Tgbabej 2.70Iybeibr 2.87\babu 2.=2

Abtfe Bigrfnb

bej tmg Nbrf``gbe

Noaoi`fb 2.<6Nu`b 2.2:Nostb Pfnb 2.02

Ga bavbjor 2.0:@rbzfa 2.06Moejurbs 2.>2\brbhuby 2.>3Egtm. Betfaags 2.>=Sgegzugab 2.:3Bru`b 2.:6Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho 2.7>Brhgetfeb 2.3:\bebib 2.38 Wruhuby 2.=>Dbibfnb 2.=6

Nouetrfgs HGP H\F

Eortm Bigrfnb

bej Xgst. Guropg

Egtmgrabejs 2.<8Hrggng 2.2<Bustrfb 2.2:^pbfe 2.27@gahfui 2.23Auxgiòurh 2.26Crbeng 2.0>Weftgj Kfehjoi 2.08Frgabej 2.08Ibatb 2.><Weftgj tbtgs 2.>0Ftbay 2.>0Nbebjb 2.>:

Jgeibrk 2.>7Nyprus 2.>7\ortuhba 2.>8Fsrbga 2.>6^wgjge 2.70Eorwby 2.70Fngabej 2.8:

Ngetrba bej

Gbstgre Guropg

Nzgnm Pgpuàfn 2.<7âovbkfb 2.<6Nrobtfb 2.2:Poibefb 2.0<^gr`fb/Ioetgeghro 2.0:Muehbry 2.08Pgp. oc Ioajovb 2.06Pussfbe Cgj. 2.06

@gabrus 2.06ZCVP Ibngjoefb 2.>0âovgefb 2.>7@uahbrfb 2.>7\oabej 2.::Aftmubefb 2.72Gstoefb 2.77Abtvfb 2.37Ba`befb 2.36

Mfhmgr cgibag geroaiget (80 nouetrfgs)

Hgegrba eotgs4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ^mbjowgj nouetrfgs brg tmosg wftm tmg mfhmgst jfspbrftfgs, f.g. tmosg wmgrgtmg cgibag HGP fs two-tmfrjs tmg ibag HGP or agss, or tmosg wmgrg tmg cgibag HGP fs mfhmgr tmbe tmg ibag HGP `y oeg-tmfrj or iorg. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg =.



07. Zmgsg fenaujg, fetgr bafb,@gahfui, Nmfeb, Nyprus,Kgeyb, Ibabysfb, Iburftfus,Ebif`fb, Pgpuàfn oc Korgb,^fgrrb Agoeg bej aovgefb.

Zmg prforftfgsfe Bcrfnb bej

ôutm Bsfb brgto fenrgbsg tmg

cgibag smbrgfe tgrtfbrygjunbtfoe.

oc nouetrfgs fenaujfeh Nbiòjfb, Nmfeb bej SfgtEbi mbvg tgrtfbry HGPs aowgr tmbe 2<%.

Zbàg 0.26 rbeks nouetrfgs wftmfe gbnm rghfoe fefenrgbsfeh orjgr oc hgejgr jfspbrftfgs „ croi tmg

mfhmgst jfspbrftfgs fe cbvour oc ige to tmg mfhmgstfe cbvour oc woige. Oe tmg agct brg nouetrfgswmgrg ibag geroaiget rbtfos brg mfhmgst, bej oetmg rfhmt tmosg wmgrg cgibags brg bmgbj.

Ft bppgbrs croi ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg = bejZbàg 0.26 tmbt cgibag tgrtfbry stujgetsouteui`gr ibags fe 76% oc tmg nouetrfgs.Mowgvgr, fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb woige brgpooray rgprgsgetgj bt tgrtfbry agvgas, gxngpt fesoig soutmgre Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs, wmgrg tmgy brgfe tmg ibdorfty. Fe tmg Brb` ^tbtgs tmgrg brg wfjgvbrfbtfoes „ croi Iburftbefb, wmgrg woige

rgprgsget bòut two stujgets out oc tge, to Rbtbr,wmgrg tmg cgibag HGP fs tmrgg tfigs tmbt ocibags. Oeg gxpabebtfoe cor tmfs fs tmbt ibeyibag stujgets croi Rbtbr pursug tmgfr stujfgsb`robj. Fe sgvgrba nouetrfgs oc Bsfb bej tmg\bnfcfn tmg cgibag HGP fs agss tmbe two-tmfrjs octmg ibag HGP. Zmgsg brg Nbiòjfb, Nmfeb, tmgAbo \gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn bej tmgPgpuàfn oc Korgb fe Gbst Bsfb; @behabjgsm, Fejfbbej Egpba fe ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb, bej Zbdfkfstbefe Ngetrba Bsfb. Zmgrg brg mowgvgr b eui`gr ocnouetrfgs wmgrg cgibag geroaiget gxnggjs ibag

geroaiget, soigtfigs sfhefcfnbetay so „ bs feIoehoafb, Iybeibr, Egw Tgbabej bej \babu. FeAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe, cgibag rbtgsbrg hgegrbaay mfhmgr tmbe ibag rbtgs. Cfebaay, febaiost baa tmg nouetrfgs oc Eortm Bigrfnb bejGuropg, cgibag rbtgs jfstfentay gxnggj ibag rbtgs

„ octge su`stbetfbaay so „ wftm tmg gxngptfoe oc^wftzgrabej bej Zurkgy, wmgrg cgibag geroaigetrbtfos brg rouhmay tmrgg-qubrtgrs tmosg oc ibags.

Zmus, tmg hgejgr `babeng oc geroaigets fs

soigwmbt jfccgrget bt tgrtfbry agvgas tmbe aowgrjowe tmg gjunbtfoe systgi. Ibey nouetrfgs mbvgsmfctgj croi mbvfeh b ibdorfty oc ibag stujgetsto tmg `babeng `gfeh stroehay fe cbvour oc woige.Zmg prforftfgs fe Bcrfnb bej ôutm Bsfb brg tofenrgbsg tmg cgibag smbrg. Fe ibey oc tmg rfnmgrpbrts oc tmg woraj, mowgvgr, geroaigets oc igewfaa eggj to fenrgbsg sfhefcfnbetay fc pbrfty bttgrtfbry agvga fs to `g bnmfgvgj.

Jfstrfùtfoe oc stujgets `y hgejgrbej typg oc prohrbiig

Zmg jgnfsfoes stujgets ibkg bòut tmgfrprgcgrrgj tgrtfbry stujfgs nbe mbvg b stroehfecaugeng oe tmgfr cuturg afvgs, tmgfr do`s bej tmgroags bvbfabàg to tmgi fe sonfgty. Zmg hgejgrnoiposftfoe oc geroaigets `y agvga bej `y cfgaj ocstujy fs gxbifegj `gaow.

Bs smowe fe @ox 0.8, F^NGJ 2668 jfvfjgs tgrtfbrygjunbtfoe feto two stbhgs, gbnm oc wmfnm fenaujgsjfstfentfvgay jfccgrget prohrbiigs. Jbtb fe^tbtfstfnba beegx Zbàg = smow tmbt stujgets fetmg cfrst stbhg oc tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe noengetrbtg

oe prohrbiigs oc typg 7B, f.g. tmosg wmfnm brgtmgory-`bsgj. \rohrbiigs oc typg 7@, wmfnm brgiorg prbntfnbaay orfgetgj, jgsfhegj cor jfrgntgetry feto tmg abòur ibrkgt, bej usubaay ocsmortgr jurbtfoe, brg hgegrbaay agss popuabr,bnnouetfeh cor bòut 0<% oc geroaigets bt tmfsagvga worajwfjg. Zmfs rgcagnts tmg abòur ibrkgtbjvbetbhgs oc iorg tmgory-`bsgj stujfgs oc tmgtypg agbjfeh to trbjftfoeba uefvgrsfty jghrggs.Mowgvgr, tmgrg fs noesfjgrbàg vbrfbtfoe bnrossnouetrfgs, wftm stujgets fe 7@-typg prohrbiigsbnnouetfeh cor bòut mbac, or iorg, oc geroaigetsbt tmfs agvga fe soig nouetrfgs.07

Bs gxpgntgj, Agvga 3 prohrbiigs, wmfnm brgorfgetgj towbrjs bjvbengj stujfgs bej rgsgbrnm,bnnouet cor agss tmbe 2% oc tgrtfbry geroaigetsworajwfjg. \rohrbiigs bt tmfs agvga brg iostwgaa gstbàfsmgj fe tmg fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs,wmgrg tmgy bnnouet cor bòut 7% oc tgrtfbrygeroaigets. Fe noetrbst, tmgy jo eot gxfst, or brgeot rgportgj, fe ibey jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs,pbrtfnuabray tmosg fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej tmgsibaa fsabejs oc tmg \bnfcfn bej tmg Nbrf``gbe.

7 CFP^Z ZBHG OC ZGPZFBPV GJWNBZFOE

7B F^NGJ 7B prohrbiigs brg abrhgay tmgory-`bsgj bej brgfetgejgj to provfjg succfnfget qubafcfnbtfoes cor hbfefeh getry fetobjvbengj rgsgbrnm prohrbiigs bej procgssfoes wftm mfhm skfaargqufrgigets.

7@ F^NGJ 7@ prohrbiigs conus oe prbntfnba, tgnmefnba oronnupbtfoeba skfaas cor jfrgnt getry feto tmg abòur ibrkgt.

3 ^GNOEJ ZBHG OC ZGPZFBPV GJWNBZFOE

Zgrtfbry prohrbiigs bt tmfs agvga brg jgvotgj to bjvbengjstujfgs bej orfhfeba rgsgbrnm. Zmgy agbj to tmg bwbrj oc bebjvbengj rgsgbrnm qubafcfnbtfoe.

@ox 0.8. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 jgcfeftfoeoc F^NGJ Agvgas 7B, 7@ bej 3



Nmbptgr 0


Cfhurg 0.0: fejfnbtgs tmg gxtget oc cgibagpbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmgsg two `robj typgs oc tgrtfbrygjunbtfoe prohrbiig. Ft smows tmbt fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, woige brg hgegrbaay b ifeorfty

fe òtm oc tmgi, gxngpt fe Agsotmo, Iburftfusbej ôutm Bcrfnb. Gasgwmgrg, rbtfos brg iorg`babengj. Mowgvgr, woige brg iorg afkgay toouteui`gr ige sfhefcfnbetay fe typg @


Cfhurg 0.0:. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 F^NGJ Agvga 7 „ pgrngetbhg oc cgibag stujgets fe typg B bej typg @ prohrbiigs (0<<<)

(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc cgibag pgrngetbhg fe typg B prohrbiigs)

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg =.

Ngetr./Gbst. Guropg

< 7< 2<<

Eortm Bigrfnb/X. Guropg

Cgibag stujgets (%)

Agvga 7B „ Zmgory-`bsgj prohrbiigs

Agvga 7@ „ \rbntfnbaay orfgetgj prohrbiigs

Noeho

Nmbj

N. B. P.

^fgrrb Agoeg

@gefe

Efhgr

@uruejf

Hmbeb

Gqubt. Hufegb

Noioros

Whbejb

Tbi`fbIbjbhbsnbr

Iburftfus

^wbzfabej

@otswbeb

Kgeyb

ôutm Bcrfnb

Ebif`fb

Agsotmo

Brb` ^tbtgs

Iburftbefb

Jdfòutf

Ioronno

\bagstfefbe B.Z.

Dorjbe

Af`ybe B. D.

Zuefsfb

Ag`beoe

^bujf Brb`fb

^wftzgrabej

Auxgiòurh

@gahfui

Egtmgrabejs

Bustrfb

Jgeibrk

Hrggng

^pbfe

Weftgj Kfehjoi

Ibatb

Crbeng

Ftbay

Weftgj ^tbtgs

Frgabej

\ortuhba

Nbebjb

Fsrbga

^be Ibrfeo

^wgjge

Eorwby

Fngabej

Nyprus

Zurkgy

Nzgnm Pgp.

âovbkfb

MuehbryPgp. Ioajovb

^gr`fb/Ioetgeghro

@uahbrfb

@gabrus

Pussfbe Cgj.

ZCVP Ibngjoefb

Gstoefb

\oabej

Aftmubefb

Abtvfb

< 7< 2<<

Ngetrba Bsfb

Cgibag stujgets (%)

< 7< 2<<

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Cgibag stujgets (%)

Bzgr`bfdbe

Ioehoafb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfnZoehb

Nmfeb

Abo \JP

Pgp. oc Korgb

Dbpbe

Ibnbo

Fejoegsfb

^biob

Sfgt Ebi

Zmbfabej

Ibabysfb

Bustrbafb

Egw Tgbabej

Iybeibr

@ruegf Jbruss.

ôutm/Xgst BsfbFejfb

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.

Abtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``gbeNmfag

Igxfno

\brbhuby

Noaoi`fb

Ga ^bavbjor

Moejurbs

Brhgetfeb

Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho

Egtm. Betfaags

Wruhuby

Dbibfnb

@br`bjos

Nbyibe Fs

Bru`b



Nmbptgr 0


Zmg rbpfjayfenrgbsfehfetgrebtfoebanfrnuabtfoe ochoojs, pgopagbej keowagjhgmbs òostgjtmg jgibej cor

stujy b`robj.

Corgfhe stujgets

Zmg rbpfjay fenrgbsfeh fetgrebtfoeba nfrnuabtfoe ochoojs, pgopag bej keowagjhg mbs rgfecorngj tmgjgibej cor stujy b`robj. Zmfs rgcagnts tmg wfsm

oc youeh stujgets, òtm croi jgvgaopfeh bejjgvgaopgj nouetrfgs, to `robjge tmgfr keowagjhgbej skfaas, soigtfigs genourbhgj `y tmgrg `gfehafiftgj gjunbtfoeba provfsfoe bt moig. Mostnouetrfgs rgngfvg jfrgnt `gegcfts croi tuftfoe cggspbfj `y corgfhe stujgets bej soigtfigs croifenrgbsgj snbag gnoeoifgs fe tgrtfbry gjunbtfoesgrvfngs. Fe bjjftfoe, usgcua afeks wftm tmg gaftg ocjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs iby stgi croi suppayfehsunm prohrbiigs to corgfhe youtm. Zmgrg iby `g`gegcfts to tmg sgejfeh nouetrfgs too „ ùtusubaay oeay fc tmg stujgets rgture moig.Mowgvgr, stujgets brg octge bàg to work bej

stby fe most nouetrfgs aoeh bctgr tmgfr stujfgs brgnoipagtgj. Zmfs ”`rbfe jrbfe‖ `rfehs noesfjgrbàgnosts to ibey oc tmg sgejfeh nouetrfgsnoengregj.

Jbtb oe corgfhe stujgets brg rgportgj `y sfxty-sgvge nouetrfgs, bej jbtb `y hgejgr `y corty-sgvge oc tmgsg. ôig jgvgaopgj nouetrfgsbnnoiiojbtg b su`stbetfba eui`gr oc corgfhestujgets. Cfvg oc tmgi (Bustrbafb, Crbeng,Hgribey, tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi bej tmg Weftgj^tbtgs) brg rgportgj to rgngfvg dust ovgr two-

tmfrjs oc baa sunm stujgets (^tbtfstfnba beegx,Zbàg =).

Ft mbs `gge smowe tmbt woige octge rgprgsgettmg ibdorfty oc tgrtfbry stujgets fe fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs. Mowgvgr, bioeh corgfhe stujgets tmgovgrbaa proportfoe oc woige fs soigwmbt aowgr(:7.7%). Fe tmg two ibdor most nouetrfgs, tmg

Weftgj ^tbtgs bej tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi, tmgproportfoe oc cgibag corgfhe stujgets fs :0% bej:=% rgspgntfvgay (wmfnm noipbrgs wftm 73% bej77%, rgspgntfvgay, bioeh tmgfr totba stujgetpopuabtfoes). Fe otmgr worjs, youeh woigepursug corgfhe stujy agss crgqugetay tmbe tmgfribag noaagbhugs.

Ft wouaj `g usgcua to keow iorg bòut tmghgejgr noiposftfoe oc corgfhe stujgets `ynouetry oc orfhfe, ùt eo sunm stbtfstfns brg ygtbvbfabàg. Zmg bebaysfs oc iorg qubaftbtfvg cbntorstmbt jgtgrifeg tmg jgnfsfoe to stujy b`robj

(cbifay bej sonfba cbntors, bnbjgifn support ornouesgaafeh) or tmbt bttrbnt sgagntfvgay ibag orcgibag stujgets (pbrtfnuabr jfsnfpafegs, sonfbabej nuaturba gevfroeiget oc ngrtbfe mostnouetrfgs) wouaj baso `g mgapcua.




Ioeftorfeh

geroaiget fsagss noipagx

tmbe ioeftorfehoutnoigs.

Agbrefeh prohrbiigscor afcg skfaas bej aftgrbny

Hoba >. Gesurfeh tmbt tmg agbrefeh eggjs oc baayoueh pgopag bej bjuats brg igt tmrouhm

gquftbàg bnngss to bpproprfbtg agbrefeh bej afcgskfaas prohrbiigs.

Hoba :. Bnmfgvfeh b 7<% fiprovgiget fe agvgasoc bjuat aftgrbny `y 0<27, gspgnfbaay cor woige,bej gquftbàg bnngss to `bsfn bej noetfeufehgjunbtfoe cor baa bjuats.

Hoba :, oe bjuat aftgrbny, nbeeot gbsfay `ggxnaujgj croi tmg jfsnussfoe bòut Hoba >. Zmfsfs, cfrst, `gnbusg tmg agbrefeh prohrbiigs coryoutm bej bjuats fe wmfnm aftgrbny skfaas brggembengj octge gi`rbng skfaas baso bjjrgssgj `y

Hoba >. ^gnoej, tmgrg fs b qugstfoe bs to mow ”afcgskfaas‖ (to wmfnm tmg tgxt oc Hoba > rgcgrs), rgabtgto aftgrbny skfaas. Brg aftgrbny skfaas b su`sgt oc afcgskfaas? Or smouaj tmgy `g rghbrjgj bs sgpbrbtg?Cfebaay, tmgrg brg qugstfoes bòut aftgrbny rbtgsbs sunm. Xmbt prgnfsgay jo tmgy igbsurg, bej towmbt gxtget nbe tmgy `g sgge bs be gxprgssfoe ocnouetrfgs‖ poafnfgs rghbrjfeh bjuat agbrefeh?

Zmfs sgntfoe cfrst jfsnussgs tmgsg noengptuba bejigtmojoaohfnba fssugs. Ft tmge gxbifegs jbtbrghbrjfeh aftgrbny bioeh youtm bej bjuats,

ifejcua oc tmg nbvgbts igetfoegj gbrafgr, bejnoenaujgs wftm b rgvfgw oc agbrefeh prohrbiigswftm soig gipmbsfs oe tmosg tmbt brg spgnfbaaytbrhgtgj bt youeh bej bjuat woige. Nmbptgr :jfsnussgs soig oc tmgsg prohrbiigs fe iorgjgtbfa.

Ioeftorfeh Hobas > bej :

@ox 0.= jfsnussgs vbrfous fetgrprgtbtfoes oc tmgtgri ”afcg skfaas‖, bej suhhgsts b wby oc”uepbnkfeh‖ ft. Zmg òx smows tmbt tmgrg brgstroeh afeks `gtwgge Hobas > bej : rghbrjfeh tmg

agbrefeh prohrbiigs fe wmfnm tmg vbrfous skfaasnbe `g bnqufrgj. Oe tmg otmgr mbej tmgsg skfaasbs sunm brg trgbtgj jfstfentay fe tmg JbkbrCrbigwork oc Bntfoe. Zmfs fs fejfnbtgj fe @ox 0.6,wmfnm ibps tmg kfej oc sourngs bej fejfnbtorstmbt brg eggjgj to ioeftor Hobas > bej :. Ft basogxpabfes wmy iost oc tmg egngssbry fejfnbtorsbrg nurrgetay snbrng or uergafbàg.

Xmge noipbrfeh tmg jbtb sftubtfoe fe tmg uppgrmbac oc @ox 0.6 (bnngss to agbrefeh prohrbiigs)wftm tmbt fe tmg aowgr mbac (skfaas or otmgr

outnoig igbsurgs), tmg corigr brgb sggis tmgiorg proifsfeh fe tmg igjfui tgri corioeftorfeh prohrgss oe Hobas > bej :. ABI\ wfaatbkg tfig to sprgbj fts egw igtmojoaohy croitmg cgw pfaot nouetrfgs to b hrgbtgr brgb, wmfag

fetgrebtfoebaay noipbrbàg jbtb oe hgegrfn bejgspgnfbaay ”noetgxtuba‖ skfaas brg afkgay to rgibfevgry snbrng cor soig tfig.

Zmg hbtmgrfeh oc `bsfn fecoribtfoe bòutgeroaiget fe agbrefeh prohrbiigs sggiscgbsfàg. Ioeftorfeh geroaiget fs hgeufegay agssnoipagx tmbe ioeftorfeh outnoigs, fe tmbt ftjogs eot rgqufrg noesgesus-ùfajfeh rghbrjfehuefvgrsba (bs opposgj to nuaturg-spgnfcfn)jgcfeftfoes oc noipgtgengs, opgrbtfoebafzbtfoebej jgvgaopiget oc tgst ftgis.

\grmbps iorg fiportbetay, tmg outnoigs ocioeftorfeh ”gquftbàg bnngss‖ „ bs Hobas > bej :òtm put ft „ nbe `g afekgj to poafny jgvgaopigetwftmout too iunm bi`fhufty. Oeng b nouetry mbssoig ovgrvfgw oc wmfnm hroups brg geroaagj fewmfnm kfej oc prohrbiig, tmgrg wfaa baso `g befejfnbtfoe oc uejgr-geroaiget bej gxnausfoebioeh otmgr hroups. \oafnfgs nbe tmge `gbjdustgj.

Cor aftgrbny rbtgs (bej cor igbsurgs oc otmgrskfaas), tmg afek wftm poafny fs iunm iorg

bi`fhuous. Fc b pgrsoe fs aftgrbtg, tmfs nbe `g brgsuat oc mbvfeh bttgejgj prfibry gjunbtfoe; ocmbvfeh pbrtfnfpbtgj fe b agbrefeh prohrbiig coryoutm bej bjuats; or oc mbvfeh bnqufrgj aftgrbnyskfaas fecoribaay. Faaftgrbny nbe `g b rgsuat oc eotmbvfeh bttgejgj snmooa or b agbrefeh prohrbiig;oc mbvfeh bttgejgj b snmooa or prohrbiig ocpoor qubafty; or oc mbvfeh aost tmg skfaas ovgr tfig.Aftgrbny rbtgs bs sunm jo eot provfjg fecoribtfoebòut tmgsg uejgrayfeh nbusgs.

Oeay ”hgeufeg‖ aftgrbny jbtb, `bsgj oe jfrgntbssgssiget bej supportgj `y fecoribtfoe oe tmg

”gjunbtfoeba mfstory‖ oc tmg fejfvfjuba, wfaaovgrnoig sunm proàgis. Fe tmg b`sgeng oc sunmjbtb bej oc ibnro-agvga fecoribtfoe oe bnngss toagbrefeh prohrbiigs, tmfs rgport wfaa noetfeugwftm tmg two-tfgrgj bpprobnm ft nmosg fe 0<<04

to bebaysg trgejs fe aftgrbny rbtgs, ifejcua octmg nbvgbts mfhmafhmtgj bòvg (aowgr rfhmt ngaaoc @ox 0.6);to fjgetfcy bej jgsnrf`g agbrefeh prohrbiigscor youtm bej bjuats fe b iorg qubaftbtfvg wby,noi`fefeh Hobas > bej : (uppgr mbac oc@ox 0.6).



Nmbptgr 0


Zmg tgri ”afcg skfaas‖ fs nurrgetay usgj `y ibeyhovgreigets, orhbefzbtfoes bej fejfvfjuba butmors.Ft mbs `gnoig be fiportbet gagiget fe tmg

jfsnoursg oe agbrefeh bej jgvgaopiget. Fe vbrfousgipfrfnba bppafnbtfoes oc tmg tgri, b ngrtbfejfssbtfscbntfoe wftm rghuabr gjunbtfoe bs `gfeh tootmgorgtfnba fs gvfjget, bs wgaa bs b wfsm to ibkggjunbtfoe bej agbrefeh prohrbis iorg rgagvbet totmg afvgs oc nmfajrge bej bjuats. Gjunbtfoe bejagbrefeh prohrbis brg tmouhmt `y soig pgopag tombvg conusgj too stroehay oe tmg noheftfvggagigets (”agbrefeh to keow‖ bs tmg JgaorsNoiifssfoe put ft „ WEG^NO, 2663). Otmgrjfigesfoes oc agbrefeh brg sbfj to jgsgrvg iorgbttgetfoe, sunm bs agbrefeh to bppay keowagjhg bejskfaas; agbrefeh to no-opgrbtg wftm otmgr hroups;bej agbrefeh to jgvgaop oegsgac bs be butoeoious

pgrsoe. Zmg Jgaors Noiifssfoe bej tmg Jg^gNoprodgnt (Pynmge bej ^bahbefk, 0<<2; OGNJ, 0<<0b)gbnm brtfnuabtgj tmfs `robjgr eotfoe oc agbrefeh,gvge fc tmgfr tgrifeoaohy bej noenausfoes brg eotquftg fjgetfnba.

Xmfag tmfs nrftfqug oc gjunbtfoeba prbntfng iby `gwfjgay bnkeowagjhgj, tmgrg fs afttag bhrggiget oewmbt afcg skfaas igbes. Fejggj, ft mbs eo ngetrbapabng fe tmg work oc gftmgr tmg Jgaors Noiifssfoeor tmg Jg^gNo prodgnt.

Zmg tgri bppgbrs to `g usgj fe oeg oc tmg coaaowfehcfvg wbys, soigtfigs noi`fefeh soig oc tmgnbtghorfgs.

Zmg tgri ”afcg skfaas‖ fs octge usgj to nbpturgskfaas sunm bs proàgi-soavfeh, workfeh fetgbis, egtworkfeh, noiiuefnbtfeh, eghotfbtfeh,gtn. Zmgfr hgegrfn ebturg „ tmgfr fiportbengtmrouhmout afcg, fe vbryfeh noetgxts „ fs mgaj fenoiioe wftm aftgrbny skfaas. ôigtfigs tmgsghgegrfn skfaas brg tmgrgcorg rgcgrrgj to bs tmg”courtm òx‖, fe bjjftfoe to tmg tmrgg ibfenoipoegets oc aftgrbny4 rgbjfeh, wrftfeh bejeuigrbny. Zmgsg hgegrfn skfaas brg sgajoi, fcgvgr, bnqufrgj fe fsoabtfoe croi otmgr skfaas.

Zmg tgri afcg skfaas fs baso octge usgj to rgcgr toskfaas eggjgj fe jbfay afcg tmbt brg stroehay

noeegntgj to b ngrtbfe noetgxt. Gxbipags brgafvgafmooj skfaas, mgbatm skfaas, skfaas rgabtgj tohgejgr bej cbifay afcg, bej gevfroeigetba skfaas.Zmgsg nbe `g tgrigj ”noetgxtuba skfaas‖, wmfagbnngptfeh tmbt skfaas brg fe prbntfng egvgr purgay

noetgxtuba or purgay hgegrfn. Iorgovgr, tmgsgnoetgxtuba skfaas sgajoi gxfst fe fsoabtfoe croingrtbfe hgegrfn bej aftgrbny skfaas. Zmus, to

sustbfe b afvgafmooj iby eot oeay rgqufrgprbntfnba skfaas sunm bs tmg b`fafty to hrow nropsor to rgpbfr gqufpiget, ùt baso b hgegrfn skfaasunm bs eghotfbtfoe, bej b aftgrbny skfaa sunm bseuigrbny. Ft fs baso fe tmg bnqufsftfoe oc tmgsgnoetgxtuba skfaas tmbt tmg afeks wftm otmgr typgsoc skfaa brg fiportbet (Oxgembi gt ba., 0<<0;Oxgembi, 0<<>), eot agbst wmge woige brg tmgtbrhgt hroup (Po`fesoe-\bet, 0<<>).

@gnbusg oc tmgsg afeks, soig sgg tmg noetgxtubaskfaas bs noiposftg skfaas tmbt fenaujg hgegrfnbej aftgrbny skfaas. Zmfs fs gxprgssgj fe tmg usgoc tgris sunm bs aghba aftgrbny, cbifay aftgrbny,mgbatm aftgrbny, ioegy aftgrbny, gevfroeigetba

aftgrbny, vfsuba aftgrbny bej, tbutoaohfnba bs ft ibysggi, worj aftgrbny (Mbegibee, 0<<>). Mowgvgr,tmfs eotfoe oc iuatfpag aftgrbnfgs tgejs touejgrvbaug tmg ”noiioe jgeoifebtor oc skfaasfevoavgj fe rgbjfeh bej wrftfeh, bej tmg cbnt tmbttmgsg skfaas wfaa `g oc spgnfba fiportbeng`gnbusg ft fs tmgfr bppafnb`fafty to b wfjgr vbrfgtyoc sftubtfoes tmbt ibkgs tmgi `bsfn (Abuhao,0<<2). Cor rgbsoes oc igbsurgiget bejioeftorfeh ft sggis fiportbet to jfstfehufsmhgegrfn bej aftgrbny skfaas croi noetgxtuba skfaas,eotwftmstbejfeh tmg `gegcfts oc afekfeh tmg tmrggfe tmg prbxfs oc skfaas bnqufsftfoe.

Zmg tgri afcg skfaas fs baso usgj fe tmg snmooanoetgxt. Mgrg, tmg tgri fs usgj to rgcgr to beysu`dgnt ibttgr otmgr tmbe abehubhg oribtmgibtfns, g.h. snfgeng bej tgnmeoaohy, nfvfnsgesg, noiiuefty jgvgaopiget, mgbatm,eutrftfoe, MFS/BFJ^ bej rgabtgj `gmbvfor.

Cfebaay, oeg cfejs otmgr ifsngaabegous skfaas`gfeh rgcgrrgj to bs afcg skfaas, sunm bs nookfeh,ibkfeh crfgejs bej nrossfeh tmg strggt.

Ft nbe `g noenaujgj tmbt hgegrfn bej ”noetgxtuba‖skfaas brg tmg iorg fiportbet bej roùst su`sgts ocskfaas bioeh tmosg tmbt brg usubaay rgcgrrgj to bsafcg skfaas. Zmgrg fs igrft fe jfstfehufsmfeh tmgsg

croi oeg beotmgr bej croi aftgrbny skfaas, wmfagbnkeowagjhfeh tmg afeks `gtwgge tmg tmrgg feprbntfng.

ôurng4 ”Wejgrstbejfeh Hoba >‖. Bebaysfs y tmg GCB Hao`baIoeftorfeh Pgport Zgbi (to g postgj oe tmg Pgport‖s wg`sftg).

@ox 0.=. Afcg skfaas

Afcg skfaas bej aft



Nmbptgr 0


0<<<. Owfeh to be gxpgntgj curtmgr cbaa oc brouej:>% `y 0<27, ft fs gxpgntgj tmbt, `y tmbt jbtg,su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb wfaa mbvg iorg faaftgrbtgsbioeh fts popuabtfoe tmbe Gbst Bsfb bej tmg\bnfcfn.

ABI\ sggks to spgnfcy wmbt aftgrbny fs bej to fiprovg fts igbsurgiget, fe orjgr to fecori poafny-ibkfehbt tmg ebtfoeba bej fetgrebtfoeba agvga, bej to support tmg jgsfhe oc aftgrbny prohrbiigs.

Iost ebtfoeba aftgrbny stbtfstfns, sunm bs tmosg usgj fe tmfs rgport, brg `bsgj oe b ifx oc sgac-jgnabrbtfoesbej oe gjunbtfoeba bttbfeiget proxfgs. Zmgsg igbsurgs nbe `g uergafbàg. Jgnabrbtfoe `y be fejfvfjuba or`y b mousgmoaj mgbj fs su`dgnt to `fbs, bej ibey nmfajrge noipagtg prfibry snmooa wftmout bnqufrfeh tmgb`fafty to rgbj.

Curtmgriorg, soig oc tmgsg stbtfstfns brg `bsgj oe tmg nurrget WEG^NO jgcfeftfoe tmbt aftgrbny fs tmgb`fafty to rgbj bej wrftg, wftm uejgrstbejfeh, b smort sfipag stbtgiget rgabtg to oeg‖s jbfay afcg. Mowgvgr ftfs eow rgnohefzgj tmbt tmg noengpt oc aftgrbny gi`rbngs b noetfeuui oc skfaas, fe b vbrfgty oc jfigesfoes, btjfccgrget agvgas oc ibstgry bej cor jfccgrget purposgs. Fejggj, fs b pgrsoe wmo nbe oeay sfhe aftgrbtg? Xmbtbòut soigoeg wmo fs cbifafbr wftm igjfnbtfoe ebigs ùt wmo struhhags wftm rgbjfeh b smort story?

ABI\ wfaa ùfaj b `robjgr eotfoe oc aftgrbny. Ft wfaa jgvgaop b igtmojoaohy, nurrgetay `gfeh tgstgj fe b sibaaeui`gr oc nouetrfgs, to igbsurg skfaas jfrgntay tmrouhm bssgssigets. Ft bfis to provfjg pbrtfnfpbtfehnouetrfgs wftm aftgrbny jbtb oc mfhm qubafty. Wsfeh b crbigwork oc cfvg agvgas oc ibstgry, ABI\ fsnoipbtfàg wftm tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Bjuat Aftgrbny ûrvgy (FBA^) tmbt mbs `gge uejgrtbkge fe fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs. Zmfs noiioe crbigwork fs fetgejgj to `gnoig b woraj stbejbrj cor aftgrbny bssgssiget.

Mowgvgr, tmfs stbejbrj jfccgrs croi tmg nurrget ”jfnmotoious‖ igbsurgs „ fiposgj `y tmg jbtb prgsgetaybvbfabàg „ `y wmfnm pgopag brg jgsfhebtgj aftgrbtg or faaftgrbtg. Hfvge tmg nmbehg fe igtmojoaohy ft wfaa eot`g possfàg to ibkg jfrgnt noipbrfsoes `gtwgge ABI\ rgsuats bej nurrget jbtb. Pgtrospgntfvg gstfibtgswfaa `g usgj to bssgss tmg prohrgss oc tmg pbrtfnfpbtfeh nouetrfgs bhbfest Hoba :. @ut noipbrfsoes wftmnouetrfgs eot usfeh tmg ABI\ igtmojoaohy wfaa rgqufrg gvge iorg nbutfoe.

ôurng4 WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns (www.ufs.uegsno.orh).

@ox 0.2<. Aftgrbny Bssgssiget bej Ioeftorfeh \rohrbiig (ABI\)

=862>< 3> =32633 3: 866270 3>

0268< 8< 2:=67 38 8702 32

=78276 3> =:8<82 3: 8623>2 3:

2>2>=< 32 2>76=< 32 2>0=:: 3230:<< 3> 38:8> 3: 8<=<> 3:

0>06<: 36 2=3:<: 82 22:20> 8>>=0272 3< :200:0 32 :>38<: 30:26>0 73 >607: 73 >><77 7:

266< 0<<< 0<27 \grngetbhg nmbehg

Bjuat faaftgrbtgs (27+)

Zbàg 0.02. Gstfibtgj eui`gr oc bjuat faaftgrbtgs „ popuabtfoe bhgj 27 bej ovgr (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27)

Xoraj

Jgvgaopgj bej trbesftfoe nouetrfgs

Jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgsoc wmfnm4

û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbBrb` ^tbtgsGbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnôutm bej Xgst BsfbAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe

% C % C % C266<

to 0<<<Zotba

(tmousbejs)Zotba

(tmousbejs)Zotba

(tmousbejs)0<<<

to 0<27

-8.>

-:6.7

-3.7

-0.>:.6

->=.=7.6

-27.=

-0.<

->0.0

-2.0

>.7=.2

-0<.<8.6

-3.:


Afcg skfaas bej aft

Zmg trbjftfoeba WEG^NO jgcfeftfoe oc aftgrbny (sgg@ox 0.20), stfaa bjmgrgj to fe ibey ebtfoebapopuabtfoe ngesusgs, fs soigwmbt outjbtgjtojby wmge iorg bej iorg nouetrfgs brgfetgrgstgj fe noaagntfeh jbtb oe jfccgrget agvgas ocaftgrbny skfaas bnnorjfeh to tmgfr owe ebtfoebanuaturba, afehufstfn bej gjunbtfoeba noetgxts.



08. Zmgsg dujhgigets brg`bsgj oe corgnbsts ibjg `ytmg WF^ fe 0<<0, gssgetfbaayusfeh aftgrbny rbtgs `y hgejgrbej y bhg hroup o`tbfegjjurfeh ebtfoeba popuabtfoengesusgs bej mousgmoajsurvgys, bppayfeh bigtmojoaohy jgvgaopgj yWEG^NO fe 266:. Cor bjgsnrfptfoe oc tmg igtmojoaohyusgj sgg WEG^NO (2667`).Bvbfabàg oe WF^ wg`sftg.uegsnostbt.uegsno.orh

Iorgovgr, tmg igtmojs oc sgac-jgnabrbtfoe bejjgnabrbtfoe oe `gmbac oc otmgrs, wmfnm brg usgj fe

soig ngesusgs, brg su`dgnt to `fbs.

Zbàg 0.00 smows bjuat aftgrbny rbtgs. \rohrgssmbs `gge gxtrgigay saow. Fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbbej tmg Brb` ^tbtgs, tmgy fenrgbsgj `y bòut 0<%ovgr tmg jgnbjg to 0<<<. Gasgwmgrg, fenrgbsgswgrg iunm agss. Zmus, oe tmg `bsfs oc pbsttrgejs bej jgiohrbpmfn gxpgntbtfoes, tmgfenrgbsgs fe aftgrbny rbtgs to 0<27 brg afkgay to`g iunm agss tmbe 7<%, gvge fe tmosg rghfoeswmgrg rbtgs brg nurrgetay aowgr tmbe 33.8%.08

Zmg fenrgbsgs rgprgsgetgj fe Cfhurg 0.03 brg tmgjfccgrgengs fe aftgrbny rbtgs `gtwgge tmg feftfbaygbr bej tmg cfeba ygbr, gxprgssgj bs bpgrngetbhg oc tmg aftgrbny rbtg fe tmg feftfba ygbr,f.g. tmg rgabtfvg fenrgbsg igetfoegj fe tmg Jbkbrhoba (sgg @ox 0.22).

Zmg fenrgbsgs fe aftgrbny rbtgs mbvg `gge, bejbrg gxpgntgj to rgibfe, sfhefcfnbetay bejnoesfstgetay mfhmgr cor woige tmbe cor ige.Mowgvgr gvge cor woige, Cfhurg 0.03 smows tmbtrghfoeba aftgrbny rbtgs hrgw `gtwgge 266< bej0<<<, `y bt iost oeg-tmfrj (fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

bej tmg Brb` ^tbtgs). \rodgntgj fenrgbsgs to 0<27(oe tmg `bsfs oc pbst trgejs) jo eot, bt prgsget,gxnggj tmgsg vbaugs „ batmouhm nmbehgs feebtfoeba poafnfgs bej tmg fetrojuntfoe oc stroehgraftgrbny prohrbiigs nouaj o`vfousay bccgnt tmosgoutnoigs.

Ft nbe `g sgge tmbt woige bnnouet cor baiosttwo-tmfrjs oc tmg woraj‖s faaftgrbtgs. Zmfs rbtfo fscbfray stbàg bnross iost rghfoes, wftm tmggxngptfoe oc Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbewmgrg tmgy noiprfsg b sibaa ibdorfty oc tmg totba

Zmg hoba sgt out fe tmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe oc fiprovfeh tmgaftgrbny rbtgs (AP) `y 7<%, igbes tmbt fe tmg nbsg oc nouetrfgs wmgrgAP0<<< gxnggjs 33.8%, bnmfgvgiget oc tmg hoba wouaj sggi to rgqufrgbe AP0<27 oc iorg tmbe 2<<%. Zmus, tmg tbrhgt smouaj `g jgcfegj bsrgqufrfeh be fenrgbsg oc 7<% cor nouetrfgs wmgrg AP0<<< fs ≪ 33.8%.Mowgvgr, fe nouetrfgs wmgrg AP0<<< fs 5 33.8%, tmg tbrhgt wouaj `g sgtbt AP0<27 9 2<<%.

Zmg Doitfge coriuabtfoe oc tmg norrgspoejfeh hoba wbs4 Pgjuntfoe

oc tmg bjuat faaftgrbny rbtg (tmg bpproprfbtg bhg hroup to `g jgtgrifegjfe gbnm nouetry) to, sby, oeg-mbac fts 266< agvga `y tmg ygbr 0<<<….Zmfs fs eot tmg sbig bs fenrgbsfeh aftgrbny rbtgs `y 7<%. Zmg Doitfgecoriuabtfoe wbs agss bi`fhuous tmbe fts sunngssor, `gnbusg tmgtbrhgt wbs gqubaay rgagvbet cor baa nouetrfgs. Egvgrtmgagss, ft fipafgj

tmg eggj cor iunm hrgbtgr gccorts `y tmg nouetrfgs wftm tmg hrgbtgstproportfoes oc faaftgrbtgs bioeh tmgfr popuabtfoes. Zmfs uecortuebtgfipafnbtfoe wbs sunngsscuaay bigejgj `y tmg Jbkbr coriuabtfoe octmg hoba.

@ox 0.22. Fetgrprgtfeh tmg aftgrbny hoba

Aftgrbny

B pgrsoe fs aftgrbtg wmo nbe, wftm uejgrstbejfeh,òtm rgbj bej wrftg b smort sfipag stbtgiget oe

mfs or mgr gvgryjby afcg.

Cuentfoeba aftgrbny

B pgrsoe fs cuentfoebaay aftgrbtg wmo nbe gehbhgfe baa tmosg bntfvftfgs fe wmfnm aftgrbny fs rgqufrgjcor gccgntfvg cuentfoe oc mfs or mgr hroup bejnoiiuefty bej baso cor gebàfeh mfi or mgr tonoetfeug to usg rgbjfeh, wrftfeh bej nbanuabtfoecor mfs or mgr owe bej tmg noiiuefty‖sjgvgaopiget.

ôurng4 WF^ wg`sftg. uegsnostbt.uegsno.orh

@ox 0.20. Zrbjftfoeba WEG^NOjgcfeftfoes oc aftgrbny

Xoraj

Jgvgaopgj bej trbesftfoe nouetrfgs

Jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgsoc wmfnm4û`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbBrb` ^tbtgsGbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnôutm bej Xgst BsfbAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe

87.> =2.8 3=.6 <.=: 86.8 =7.0 8:.0 <.=8 =7.< =6.< =2.<

68.8 6=.7 63.6 <.6= 6=.3 66.< 6=.2 <.66 66.> 66.: 66.0

38.< 87.6 78.6 <.83 8>.3 =2.< 33.2 <.=0 =2.> =3.7 83.2

:6.0 76.> >6.7 <.38 3<.> 3=.6 70.< <.87 8>.6 86.8 3=.07<.0 3>.= >7.= <.73 3<.2 82.8 :8.= <.38 82.8 =<.2 30.6=<.> ==.2 80.0 <.=0 =3.3 60.7 =<.3 <.=8 6>.> 63.7 6<.2:8.7 76.8 >:.7 <.7= 77.> 33.: :>.3 <.33 37.3 8:.7 73.>=7.2 =3.= =>.: <.63 ==.6 =6.6 =8.6 <.6= 60.6 6>.0 60.7

Zbàg 0.00. Gstfibtgj bjuat aftgrbny rbtg (popuabtfoe bhgj 27 bej ovgr) `y hgejgr, bej hgejgr pbrfty fejgx (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27)

Zotba Ibag

Aftgrbny rbtgs (%) H\F

0<27

Cgibag C/I

<.62

2.<<

<.==

<.=3<.86<.6><.83<.66

Zotba Ibag


0<<<

Cgibag C/I

<.=8

<.66

<.=0

<.87<.38<.=8<.33<.6=

Zotba Ibag


266<

Cgibag C/I

<.=:

<.6=

<.83

<.38<.73<.=0<.7=<.63




Cfhurg 0.06 smows tmbt, fe tmgsg sbig rghfoes,bjuat aftgrbny rbtgs brg iovfeh towbrjs hgejgrpbrfty „ agj `y tmg fipbnt oc snmooafeh oe aftgrbnyrbtgs bej hgejgr rbtfos cor tmosg bhgj 27„0:.Batmouhm bt prgsget ft sggis tmbt pbrfty wfaa eot`g rgbnmgj oe bvgrbhg fe tmg cour rghfoes wftmtmg mfhmgst jfspbrftfgs, baa brg gxpgntgj to gxnggjvbaugs oc <.=7 cor tmg H\F oc youtm aftgrbny `y 0<27.

^ftubtfoe bt nouetry agvga

Aftgrbny rbtgs fe jgvgaopgj bej trbesftfoe

nouetrfgs brg hgegrbaay wgaa bòvg 67%, wftm vgrycgw gxngptfoes. Zmgy brg baso hgegrbaay mfhmtmrouhmout iunm oc Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmgNbrf``gbe.

Cfhurg 0.>< fejfnbtgs tmg nurrget agvgas oc bjuataftgrbny rbtgs `y hgejgr cor nouetrfgs fe wmfnmtmrgg-qubrtgrs, or agss, oc tmg popuabtfoe wgrgaftgrbtg fe tmg ygbr 0<<<. Ft smows tmbt aftgrbny

:<

7<

3<

8<

=<

6<

2<<

û`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb(Bjuat)

û`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb

(Voutm)

Brb`^tbtgs(Bjuat)

Brb`^tbtgs(Voutm)

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn(Bjuat)

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn(Voutm)

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

(Bjuat)

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

(Voutm)

A f t g r b n y r b

t g s ( % )

:6

3<

8:

0<<<

0<27

266<

38

83

=3

7<

3<

80

38

83

=7=<

=86> 67

6866

:=

77

3330

8<

86

Cfhurg 0.0=. Gstfibtgj aftgrbny rbtgs, cor bjuats bej youtm, fe cour sgagntgj rghfoes (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27)

(bjuats4 bhg 27 bej ovgr; youtm4 bhg hroup 27„0:)


H \ F a f t g r b n y

<.77

<.3<

<.37

<.8<

<.87

<.=<

<.=7

<.6<

<.67

2.<<

266< 0<<< 0<27

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Brb` ^tbtgsGbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

Bjuat

Voutm

Cfhurg 0.06. Hgejgr pbrfty fejfngs cor bjuat

bej youtm aftgrbny rbtgs (266<„0<27)



@behabjgsm@rbzfaNmfebGhyptGtmfopfbFejfbFejoegsfbEfhgrfb\bkfstbe

Zbàg 0.0>. Efeg nouetrfgs wftm mfhm faaftgrbny4 trgejs bej prodgntfoes to 0<27

266< 0<<<

% % nmbehgs

Bjuat aftgrbny rbtgs

0<27 0<<< to 0<27266< to 0<<<

>:.0 :<.< :8.0 :2.6 7<.3 3:.6=0.< =3.6 62.= 28.: 27.6 20.78=.> =7.0 60.6 2=2.> 2:2.6 =<.7:8.2 77.> 37.6 28.6 26.3 02.<0=.3 >6.2 73.: 2=.= 02.< 02.=:6.> 78.0 38.6 080.: 0=8.< 0==.:86.7 =3.= 6>.3 0>.6 26.: 20.2:=.8 3:.< =2.: 0>.8 00.7 2=.<>7.: :>.0 77.> :2.0 :3.8 73.0

266< 0<<<

(ifaafoes) % nmbehgs

Bjuat faaftgrbtgs

0<27 0<<<-0<27266<-0<<<

23.6 28.67.6 7.3=.= 6.2

28.: 26.0>3.8 ::.023.< 2=.86.0 8.=

>2.3 08.000.2 0=.2

0<.3 0=.:-=.7 -02.:

-02.8 -:>.>6.= 8.>

22.3 >.87.> <.7

-26.< ->8.7-7.2 -0<.<2>.: 0<.>



Nmbptgr 0


rbtgs wgrg `gaow :<% fe soig nouetrfgs oc su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb (@gefe, @urkfeb Cbso, Gtmfopfb,tmg Hbi`fb, Hufegb-@fssbu, Ibaf, tmg Efhgr bej^geghba) bej Frbq. Ft nbe baso `g sgge tmbtsu`stbetfba hgejgr hbps, to tmg jfsbjvbetbhg oc

woige, gxfst fe baa tmg nouetrfgs smowe4 tmg H\Ffs `gaow <.7< fe b eui`gr oc tmgi (@gefe,@urkfeb Cbso, Hufegb-@fssbu, Frbq, Ibaf,Iozbi`fqug, Egpba, tmg Efhgr, \bkfstbe bejVgige), fejfnbtfeh cgibag aftgrbny rbtgs oc mbactmg ibag rbtgs or agss. Zmg oeay gxngptfoes brgfe cour Ngetrba Bigrfnbe nouetrfgs, wmfnm rgportrbtgs safhmtay fe cbvour oc woige.

Zbàg 0.0> prgsgets gstfibtgj aftgrbny agvgas bswgaa bs rgnget bej prodgntgj trgejs cor tmg efegnouetrfgs wftm tmg abrhgst eui`grs oc faaftgrbtgs.

Nmfeb mbs sgge be fiportbet jgnrgbsg fe tmgeui`gr oc faaftgrbtgs `gtwgge 266< bej 0<<< bejtmfs fs gxpgntgj to jgnrgbsg curtmgr croi 0<<< to0<27. Fts aftgrbny rbtgs brg gxpgntgj to fiprovgcroi =7% fe 0<<< to 6>% fe 0<27. Aftgrbny rbtgsmbvg fiprovgj gvgrywmgrg, pbrtfnuabray feGtmfopfb bej Efhgrfb (`y >8% bej >0%,rgspgntfvgay) bej tmfs trgej fs gxpgntgj tonoetfeug tmrouhm 0<27. Jgspftg tmg hgegrbafiprovgiget, tmg eui`gr oc faaftgrbtgs mbsnoetfeugj to hrow fe @behabjgsm, Ghypt, Gtmfopfb,Fejfb bej \bkfstbe, batmouhm b stb`fafzbtfoe fs

prodgntgj cor Fejfb `y 0<27 (Houdoe bej InEby,0<<>). Zmgfr eui`grs mbvg, mowgvgr, jgnafegj fe@rbzfa, Fejoegsfb bej Efhgrfb, soigtfigs quftgnoesfjgrbày.

Cfhurg 0.>2 smows tmg youtm aftgrbny sftubtfoecor tmg nouetrfgs wmgrg bjuat aftgrbny rbtgs brg87% or agss. Ft smows tmbt, gvge cor tmg youehgrhgegrbtfoe, aftgrbny fs bt b nrftfnbaay aow agvga corb eui`gr oc nouetrfgs bej fs eot gxpgntgj to`gnoig uefvgrsba `y 0<27, jgspftg nurrget gccortsfe ibey oc tmgsg nouetrfgs to gxpbej prfibrygjunbtfoe.

Cfhurg 0.>0 hfvgs be fesfhmt feto pbst bejpossfàg cuturg fiprovgigets fe hgejgr pbrftycor aftgrbny. Ft smows tmg H\Fs fe bjuat aftgrbnyfe 266< bej 0<<< bej tmosg cor 0<27, gstfibtgj`y prodgntfeh pbst trgejs oc aftgrbny rbtgs, f.g.bssuifeh tmbt poafny bej noetgxt jo eot nmbehg.Oeay nouetrfgs wmgrg tmg sftubtfoe wbs iostnrftfnba fe 266< (H\F oc <.87 bej `gaow) brgfenaujgj.

Afcg skfaas bej aft

< 0< :< 3<

Aftgrbny rbtgs (%)

=< 2<<

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Efhgr

@urkfeb Cbso

Ibaf

Hbi`fb

^geghba

@gefe

Hufegb-@fssbu

Gtmfopfb

Nmbj

Iozbi`fqug

N. B. P.

@uruejf

Nútg j'Fvofrg

Af`grfb

Grftrgb

Noioros

Zoho

Ibabwf

J. P. Noeho

Efhgrfb

Ibjbhbsnbr

Pwbejb

Whbejb

Nbigrooe

Hmbeb

Nbpg Sgrjg

W. P. Zbezbefb

< 0< :< 3<

Aftgrbny rbtgs (%)

=< 2<<

Brb` ^tbtgs

Frbq

Iburftbefb

Vgige

Ioronno

Ghypt

ûjbe

Jdfòutf

Bahgrfb

Oibe

^yrfbe B. P.

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

@behabjgsm

\bkfstbe

Egpba

Fejfb

\bpub E. Hufegb

Abo \JP

Nbiòjfb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Abtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``gb

Mbftf

Efnbrbhub

Hubtgibab

Moejurbs

Zotba

IbagCgibag

Cfhurg 0.><. Bjuat aftgrbny rbtg `y hgejgr (0<<<)

(eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftm ovgrbaa aftgrbny rbtgs bòvg 87%)




Nmbptgr 0


nfrnuistbengs „ sunm bs wmge tmgrg fs brgvoautfoebry spfrft „ nbe sunm getmusfbsi `g

sustbfegj, bej gvge tmge tmgrg brg jou`tsbòut tmg aoeh-tgri rgtgetfoe oc aftgrbny skfaas.

”Noetgxtuba‖ skfaas. Zmg ^gac-GipaoygjXoige‖s Bssonfbtfoe (^GXB) fe Fejfb ruesprohrbiigs bfigj bt gembenfeh tmgnbpb`faftfgs cor fenoig hgegrbtfoe bioeh poorwoige wftmout bjjrgssfeh aftgrbny skfaas(Po`fesoe-\bet, 0<<>). Zmfs fs, mowgvgr, begxngptfoeba nbsg fe so cbr bs aowgr agvga skfaastrbfefeh fs noengregj. Bt mfhmgr agvgas, skfaastrbfefeh fs iorg afkgay to gxnaujg aftgrbny

sfipay `gnbusg aftgrbny skfaas brg prgsgetbargbjy. Oeg oc ibey gxbipags fs tmg ôcfb

prodgnt fe Nu`b, bfifeh to fenrgbsg tmgproportfoe oc cgibag workgrs fegetrgprgegurfba bej ibebhgrfba posftfoes(Mbegibee, 0<<>b).

Hgegrfn skfaas. Ft fs jfccfnuat to fibhfeg bprohrbiig wmgrg pgopag brg sunngsscuaaytrbfegj fe hgegrfn skfaas wftmout bey rgabtfoe totmg noetgxt fe wmfnm tmgy afvg bej work. ûnmprohrbiigs mbvg eot `gge couej fe tmgaftgrbturg.

Afcg skfaas bej aft

Cfhurg 0.>0. H\F oc bjuat aftgrbny rbtg `y nouetry (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27)

(eot fenaujfeh nouetrfgs wftm H\F bòvg <.87 fe 266<; fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F fe 266<)


<.0<

<.><

<.:<

<.7<

<.3<

<.8<

<.=<

<.6<

2.<<

^ u ` - ^ b m b r b e B c r f n b

E f h g r

H u

f e g b - @ f s s b u

@

u r k f e b C b s o

I b a f

I o z b i ` f q u g

@ g e f e

A f ` g r f b

N . B . P .

Z o h o

^ g e g h b a

N m b j

N

ú t g j ‖ F v o f r g

I b a b w f

G t m f o p f b

@ u r u e j f

J . P . N o e h o

G r f t r g b

H b i ` f b

W h b e j b

E f h g r f b

H m b e b


N b i g r o o e

P w b e j b

G q u b t . H u f e g b

N b p g S g r j g

T b i ` f b

I b j b h b s n b r

N o e h o

K g e y b

B j u a t H \ F

0<270<<<266<

0<270<<<

266<

<.0<

<.><

<.:<

<.7<

<.3<

<.8<

<.=<

<.6<

2.<<

B j u a t H \ F

B r b ` ^ t b t g s

V g i g e

F r b q

I o r o n n o

I b u r f t b e f b

^ u j b e

G h y p t

O i b e

^ y r f b e B . P .

J d f ` o u t f

A f ` y b e B . D .

B a h g r f b



E g p b a

\ b k f s t b e

@ b e h a b j g s m

F e j f b

A b o \ J P

N b i ` o j f b




H u b t g i b a b



Zmus, iost agbrefeh prohrbiigs afek tmg tmrggtypgs oc skfaa. @ut mow prgnfsgay jogs tmfsmbppge? Zmgrg sggis to mbvg `gge b smfct`gtwgge two pbrbjfhis.

Fe gbrafgr prohrbiigs, tmg bnqufsftfoe ocaftgrbny skfaas wbs ngetrba. @ut fe orjgr tobttrbnt bej iotfvbtg tmg agbregr, b noeegntfoeto b ngrtbfe joibfe oc bppafnbtfoe „ sunm bsfenoig hgegrbtfoe „ wbs bjjgj fe ibey nbsgs.Fe prbntfng, mowgvgr, tmfs octge rgsuatgj fepooray rgsourngj prohrbiigs rue `y tgbnmgrsspgnfbafzfeh fe aftgrbny rbtmgr tmbe fe tmg

joibfe oc bppafnbtfoe (Oxgembi, 0<<>). Zmfsprbntfng fs rgportgj to mbvg noetrf`utgj to mfhmjrop-out rbtgs bioeh woige (Po`fesoe-\bet,0<<>).

Fe abtgr prohrbiigs, tmg ”noetgxtuba‖ skfaas`gnbig ngetrba to tmg prohrbiig, wmfagaftgrbny skfaas coaaowgj. Zmg nmbengs oc skfaa-bnqufsftfoe bej rgtgetfoe brg `gttgr fe sunmnfrnuistbengs bs tmg agbregr octge rgibfes fetmg afvfeh bej/or workfeh noetgxt cor wmfnm tmgprohrbiig fs jgvgaopgj (Pohgrs gt ba., 2666).

Cfhurg 0.>>. H\F oc youtm aftgrbny rbtg `y nouetry (266<, 0<<< bej 0<27)

(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc H\F fe 266<)


0<270<<<266<

<.><

<.:<

<.7<

<.3<

<.8<

<.=<

<.6<

2.<<

2.2<

^ u ` - ^ b m b r b e B c r f n b

E f h g r



@ g e f e

I b a f

I o z b i ` f q u g

A f ` g r f b

N . B . P .

Z o h o

^ g e g h b a


N m b j

G t m f o p f b

H b i ` f b

I b a b w f

G r f t r g b

J . P . N o e h o

W h b e j b

@ u r u e j f

E f h g r f b

H m b e b

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Nmbptgr 0


Coribanoipagtfoe bejpbssfeh be gxbibrg eot tmg sbigbs bnmfgvgiget.

Be fiportbet bspgnt oc tmg agbregr‖s noetgxt fsabehubhg. Fe ibey noiiueftfgs (fenaujfeh tmosgoc fiifhrbets to fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs) tmgaonba abehubhg fs jfccgrget to tmg joifebetebtfoeba abehubhg. Zmg abttgr iby `g fejfhgeous,

or ft iby `g tmg abehubhg oc tmg corigr noaoefbapowgr. ôigtfigs òtm oc tmgsg brg rgagvbet, fewmfnm nbsgs b agbregr iby cbng b nmofng oc tmrggabehubhgs.

Zmfs noipafnbtgs agbrefeh prohrbiigs cor youtmbej bjuats. Cor tmg aonba abehubhg, tgxtòoks,agbrefeh ibtgrfbas or gvge wrfttge tgxts iby `gsnbrng. Fe tmgsg nbsgs, agbregr-hgegrbtgj tgxtsnbe `gnoig fiportbet. Zmfs, fe ftsgac, fs bagbrefeh gxpgrfgeng, wmfag tmg ibtgrfbas nbe `gusgj bctgrwbrjs cor otmgr hroups oc agbregrs.^torytgaafeh (Ibng, 0<<0) bej orba aftgrbturg

(Mfezge, 26=8) brg fiportbet sourngs.

Octge, mowgvgr, tmg ebtfoeba abehubhg fsrghbrjgj bs tmg abehubhg oc powgr. Ft iby `gsgge bs b abehubhg joifebtgj `y ige, bs tmgybrg iorg io`fag, iorg fevoavgj fe gnoeoifnbntfvfty bej mbvg `gttgr bnngss to snmooafeh.Zmg ”`f-aftgrbny bpprobnm‖ jogs wmbt fts ebigsuhhgsts; ft bfis bt sfiuatbegousay agbrefeh torgbj bej wrftg fe tmg ebtfvg bej tmg ebtfoebaabehubhgs. Zmg @f-Aftgrbny Ngetgrs fe @oafvfb,Hubtgibab, Igxfno, \brbhuby bej \gru brg

opgrbtgj `y bej cor woige (bòut 87% ocgeroaiget) bej ige (07%) sgpbrbtgay. Zgbnmgrsbej agbregrs work tohgtmgr usfeh hgejgr-jfccgrgetfbtgj noetget bej nurrfnuab, hgegrbtfehtmgfr owe ibtgrfbas. Bt tmg abst stbhg, tmg cgibagbej ibag hroups smbrg tmgfr tgxts, wmfnm rgsuatsfe b eghotfbtfeh jfbaohug `gtwgge tmg two hroups(Mbegibee, 0<<>b).

Xmgtmgr tmg smfct towbrjs noetgxtubafzgj aftgrbnybnqufsftfoe mbs `gge festruigetba fe rbfsfeh tmggccfnfgeny oc agbrefeh prohrbiigs fs jfccfnuat tobssgss `gnbusg oc tmg pbunfty oc jbtb. @ut

prohrgss jogs sggi uejgefbàg. Pgsgbrnm jbtfehcroi bs gbray bs 2683 rgvgbagj vgry aow rbtfos ocagbregrs pbssfeh gxbifebtfoes. Be bvgrbhg pbssrbtfo oc 0<% wbs couej cor tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn ocZbezbefb, 2:% cor tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe,

07% cor Gtmfopfb, 0>% cor Gnubjor bej =% cor tmgûjbe (WEJ\/WEG^NO, 2683). Fe tmg b`sgeng ociorg rgnget gstfibtgs, tmgsg outnoigs mbj bstroeh fipbnt oe hgegrba opfefoe bòut tmggccfnfgeny oc agbrefeh prohrbiigs. âfhmtay `gttgregws nbig croi stujfgs fe 26=6 (Nbrroe gt ba.)bej 2662 (Nbrr-Mfaa gt ba.) ùt iost posftfvg brgtmg outnoigs oc rgnget stujfgs. Zmg hgegrbafiprgssfoe provfjgj (Jfbheg, 2666; Oxgembi bejBokf, 0<<2) fs tmbt b noipagtfoe rbtg oc brouej8<% (wftm soig mfhm bej aow outafgrs) iby `grghbrjgj bs eoriba. \bss rbtgs tgej to stbej btbòut 3<% (Oxgembi bej Bokf, 0<<2).

Coriba noipagtfoe bej tmg pbssfeh oc be gxbi,mowgvgr, brg eot fjgetfnba to bnmfgvgiget.Xmgtmgr agbregrs mbvg rgbaay bnqufrgj aftgrbnyskfaas bej hgegrfn skfaas mbs `gge bssgssgj fergabtfoe to b prohrbiig fe tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfnoc Zbezbefb. Ft wbs couej tmbt 3<% oc agbregrs`gnbig bàg to rgbj b smort sfipag story bej87% oc tmgi nouaj jo b sfipag nbanuabtfoe.Oc tmgsg hooj pgrcorigrs, 07% nouaj basosunngsscuaay noipagtg b ngrtbfe proàgi-soavfehtbsk (Nbrr-Mfaa, 2662). Pouhmay tmg sbig snorgs

wgrg couej fe b Kgeybe stujy (Nbrroe gt ba,26=6). Xftm Zorrgs (0<<>), wg noenaujg tmbt tmg”cbfaurg bej wbstbhg brhuigets‖ rghbrjfeh bjuatagbrefeh mbvg `gge sgt bsfjg `y iost bntors.

Bjuat agbrefeh `rfehs `gegcfts sunm bs `gttgrafvgafmoojs, fiprovgj orba bej wrfttgenoiiuefnbtfoe, bej `gttgr cbifay mgbatm bejgjunbtfoe. Mowgvgr, tmg rbehg oc gvfjgeng oetmg fipbnt oc sunm prohrbiigs fs stfaa sibaafe noipbrfsoe wftm tmbt noengrefeh tmg coribasystgi. Curtmgr rgsgbrnm oe tmgsg ibttgrsrgibfes b stroeh prforfty.

Afcg skfaas bej aft



Nmbptgr 0


0=. Noipbrfsoes gtwggetmg two ygbrs eggj to `gibjg wftm nbutfoe, owfeh topossfàg nmbehgs fe tmggjunbtfoe strunturg or fetmg nabssfcfnbtfoe igtmojsovgr tmg pgrfoj.

06. Ft fs, oc noursg, possf ag tmbjouàg-smfctfeh rgjungs bvgrbhnabss sfzg wgaa `gaow tmgsgagvgas.

><. Be bebaysfs oc tmfs fejfnbtocor XGF nouetrfgs wbs puàfsmgfe WEG^NO Festftutg cor^tbtfstfns/OGNJ (0<<2).

Zmg qubafcfnbtfoeagvga oc tgbnmgrsfs octge usgj to dujhg tmg qubaftyoc gjunbtfoe.

cuaa-tfig gqufvbaget eui`grs oc tgbnmgrs festgbj.Zmfs wouaj `g iorg bnnurbtg, ùt ft rgqufrgsfecoribtfoe oe pbrt-tfig tgbnmgrs wmfnm fs eotygt wfjgay bvbfabàg.

Cfhurg 0.>: smows tmg vbrfbtfoe fe tmg \/Z rbtfo btprfibry agvga, `y rghfoe, cor 227 nouetrfgs wftmjbtb bvbfabàg cor òtm 266< bej 0<<<.0= Ft smowstmbt tmg abrhgst vbrfb`fafty onnurs fe su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb. Zmgrg brg nouetrfgs fe tmfs rghfoe wmgrgtmg bvgrbhg \/Z rbtfo fe 0<<< wbs bòvg 8< (tmgNgetrba Bcrfnbe Pgpuàfn bej Nmbj „ wmfnm bttmbt tfig mbj tmg mfhmgst \/Z rbtfos fe tmg woraj).Zmgsg cfhurgs rgcgr to ebtfoeba bvgrbhgs, so tmgrgwfaa `g vgry ibey festbengs oc fejfvfjuba snmooaswmgrg tmg \/Z rbtfo gxnggjs tmfs eui`gr.06

Batmouhm fe noipbrfsoe wftm 266<, tmg rbehg oc

\/Z rbtfos fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb mbj ebrrowgjsoigwmbt `y 0<<<, tmg igjfbe vbaug mbj rfsgecroi :< to :3 ovgr tmg jgnbjg. Zmfs buhurs `bjaycor tmg qubafty oc snmooafeh fe tmg rghfoe.^tbtfstfnba beegx Zbàg 2< smows tmbt jgnrgbsgsoc bòut tge pupfas pgr tgbnmgr onnurrgj fe soignouetrfgs (@urkfeb Cbso, @uruejf bej tmg Noeho),wmfnm egvgrtmgagss stfaa mbj \/Z rbtfos brouej 7<fe 0<<<. Zmg abrhgst jgnrgbsg sggis to mbvgonnurrgj fe Zoho (croi 7= to >: pupfas pgrtgbnmgr). Fe noetrbst, tmg sftubtfoe jgtgrforbtgj fe@gefe, Nbigrooe, Nútg j‖Fvofrg, Gtmfopfb bej

Ibaf, wmgrg fenrgbsgs oc 2< to 26 pupfas brgrgportgj, rgsuatfeh fe \/Z rbtfos oc `gtwgge 7:bej 3>. Fe sgvgrba oc tmgsg nouetrfgs, eotbày fe@gefe, Gtmfopfb bej Ibaf, tmfs fs tmg eghbtfvg sfjgoc eotbàg fiprovgigets fe snmooa bnngss jurfehtmg sbig pgrfoj.

Zmg otmgr rghfoe wftm jbehgrousay mfhm \/Z rbtfosfs ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb. Bhbfe, tmgrg fs soigsafhmt fiprovgiget sfeng 266<, ùt ft stfaa mbsigjfbe vbaugs hrgbtgr tmbe :<. Jgnafegs ocbrouej sgvge pupfas pgr tgbnmgr wgrggxpgrfgengj `y @behabjgsm bej Fejfb, gvge

tmouhm @behabjgsm stfaa mbj b \/Z rbtfo oc 78 fe0<<< (^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 2<). Gasgwmgrg,igjfbe vbaugs bej tmg rbehg oc \/Z rbtfos mbvgsafhmtay fiprovgj or rgibfegj `robjayuenmbehgj. Zmg sibaagst rbtfos (oe bvgrbhg agsstmbe 0<) brg couej fe Guropg bej Eortm Bigrfnb,wmgrg tmgrg mbs baso `gge b tgejgeny towbrjscurtmgr jgnafeg sfeng 266<.

Cfhurg 0.>7 smows tmbt fe 3<% oc tmg nouetrfgsoeg tgbnmgr fs, oe bvgrbhg, fe nmbrhg oc twgety-cfvg pupfas or agss. Nouetrfgs wftm sunm aow \/Z

rbtfos brg hgegrbaay jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs or tmosgwftm aow popuabtfoe jgesfty, sunm bs @griujb,@ruegf Jbrussbabi, Fngabej, ^bujf Brb`fb, gtn.Bt tmg otmgr gej oc tmg rbehg, tmgrg brg stfaa ovgr2<% oc nouetrfgs wmgrg ft gxnggjs corty-cfvgpupfas pgr tgbnmgr, fenaujfeh ibey oc tmg poorgstbej iost popuaous stbtgs.

Zmg jfccfnuatfgs oc fiprovfeh tmfs sftubtfoe brgnoesfjgrbàg. Pgnruftfeh suftbày qubafcfgjtgbnmgr-trbfeggs tbkgs tfig. Hfvge ùjhgt

noestrbfets, soig hovgreigets mbvg rgnruftgjabrhg eui`grs oc uetrbfegj tgbnmgrs, so tmbtrbpfj rbtgs oc geroaiget gxpbesfoe iby `gsustbfegj. B trbjg-occ gxfsts `gtwgge b rgbsoebàgpupfa/tgbnmgr rbtfo bej tgbnmgrs wmo brg succfnfgetayqubafcfgj to gesurg tmbt tmg qubafty oc gjunbtfoe fseot worsgegj `y igbsurgs bfigj bt fiprovfeh ft.

Zrbfegj bej uetrbfegj tgbnmgrs

Zmg agvga oc qubafcfnbtfoe oc tgbnmgrs fs octge usgjbs b nrftgrfoe to dujhg tmg qubafty oc tmg gjunbtfoeprovfjgj. Zmgrg brg two possfàg fejfnbtors mgrg4

tmg cfrst fs tmg hgegrba agvga oc gjunbtfoebabttbfeiget oc tgbnmfeh stbcc; tmg sgnoej fs tmgpgrngetbhg oc tgbnmgrs wmo brg ngrtfcfgj (ortrbfegj) to tgbnm bnnorjfeh to ebtfoeba stbejbrjs.Zmg two fejfnbtors igbsurg jfccgrget bspgnts octgbnmgrs‖ qubafcfnbtfoes, wftm tmg cfrst fejfnbtfehtmgfr hgegrba gjunbtfoeba qubafcfnbtfoes, bej tmgsgnoej conusfeh oe tmgfr pgjbhohfnba trbfefeh.

Fecoribtfoe oe tmg cfrst fejfnbtor mbs `ggenoaagntgj cor nouetrfgs pbrtfnfpbtfeh fe tmg XGFprodgnt.><

R

Cfhurg 0.>7. Jfstrfùtfoe oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to eui`gr

oc pupfas pgr tgbnmgr fe prfibry gjunbtfoe (0<<<)

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 2<.

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Zrbfegj tgbnmgrs (%)

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û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Hufegb-@fssbu

Ebif`fb

Ibabwf

^fgrrb Agoeg

ôutm Bcrfnb

Noeho

@gefe

Hmbeb

Gtmfopfb

Grftrgb

Hbi`fb

Agsotmo

Zoho

@urkfeb Cbso

^gynmgaags

Efhgr

@otswbeb

^wbzfabej

Hbòe

Nútg j'Fvofrg

Iburftfus

^geghba

Tbi`fb

Brb` ^tbtgs

Zuefsfb

Ghypt

< 2< 0< >< :< 7< 3< 8<


=< 6< 2<<

Ngetrba Bsfb

Kyrhyzstbe

Ioehoafb

Hgorhfb

Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn

Sbeubtu

Abo \JP

Sfgt Ebi

Iybeibr

Ibnbo, Nmfeb

Fejoegsfb

Nook Fs

Ibabysfb

Nmfeb

Cfdf

Zoehb

ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

Egpba

@behabjgsm

Ibajfvgs

@mutbe

Frbe, Fsa. Pgp.

< 2< 0< >< :< 7< 3< 8<


Abtfe Bigrfnb bej Nbrf``gbe

=< 6< 2<<

@gafzg

Betfhub/@brùjb

Huybeb

^t Kftts/Egvfs

Brhgetfeb

Joifefnb

Hrgebjb

Efnbrbhub

@oafvfb

\bebib

Behufaab

Zrfefjbj/Zo`bho

\gru

Dbibfnb

@br`bjos

Gnubjor

@rbzfa

Nmfag

Nostb Pfnb

Ioetsgrrbt

Egtm. Betfaags

Bru`b

@griujb

Nbyibe Fs

Nu`b

ûrfebig

Zurks/Nbfnos Fs

ZotbaIbag Cgibag

Cfhurg 0.>3. \grngetbhg oc prfibry tgbnmgrs wmo mbvg rgngfvgj pgjbhohfnba trbfefeh, `y hgejgr (0<<<)

(fe fenrgbsfeh orjgr oc totba pgrngetbhg trbfegj wftmfe rghfoes)

Hgegrba eotg4 ^gg sourng tbàg cor jgtbfagj nouetry eotgs. ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 2<.



Nmbptgr 0


>2. Eotg baso tmbt, bioeh bsbipag oc cfcty-cfvg oc tmg abrhgaow-fenoig nouetrfgs, tmosgjgsfhebtgj bs mbvfeh bnmfgvgj”rgabtfvg GCB sunngss‖ spget, obvgrbhg, >.=% oc tmgfr HJ\ oegjunbtfoe (Xoraj @bek, 0<<>`,p. 72).

^pgejfeh oegjunbtfoe nbe`g usgj bs befejfnbtor corgjunbtfoebaqubafty.

Xftm rgspgnt to tmg sgnoej fejfnbtor „ tmgpgrngetbhg oc tgbnmgrs mbvfeh rgngfvgj bt agbsttmg ifefiui pgjbhohfnba trbfefeh rgqufrgj `ygbnm nouetry „ jbtb bvbfab`fafty fs pbtnmy, bejnoipagtgay b`sget cor OGNJ nouetrfgs.

Curtmgriorg, bs tmg jgcfeftfoe usgj fs b rgabtfvgoeg, oeay afiftgj nross-ebtfoeba noipbrfsoes brgpossfàg.

Cfhurg 0.>3 smows tmg gxtget oc qubafcfnbtfoe ocprfibry tgbnmgrs fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgsbnnorjfeh to ebtfoeba jgcfeftfoes. Zmg nmbrtfenaujgs sgvgety-two jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs corwmfnm jbtb brg bvbfabàg. Fe tmg OGNJ nouetrfgs,jgspftg tmg b`sgeng oc jbtb, ft fs gstfibtgj tmbtvfrtubaay baa prfibry tgbnmgrs mbvg rgngfvgj tmgegngssbry trbfefeh, bnnorjfeh to ebtfoebastbejbrjs.

Zmg pfnturg tmbt gigrhgs croi Cfhurg 0.>3 fs oeaysuhhgstfvg4 eot baa nouetrfgs bppgbr fe tmg nmbrt,bej soig oc tmg eoe-rgportfeh nouetrfgs ibymbvg aowgr pgrngetbhgs oc trbfegj tgbnmgrs tmbetmosg smowe. Mowgvgr, ft fs eotgwortmy tmbt tmgrgbrg stfaa soig nouetrfgs fe baa jgvgaopfeh rghfoeswmgrg mbac oc tmg tgbnmgrs mbvg rgngfvgj eopgjbhohfnba trbfefeh. Zmg proportfoes trbfegj brgpbrtfnuabray sibaa fe soig su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbenouetrfgs sunm bs Hufegb-@fssbu, Ibabwf bejEbif`fb, bej fe ibey otmgrs agss tmbe tmrgg-

qubrtgrs oc tmg tgbnmgrs brg trbfegj. Fe two-tmfrjs oc tmg nouetrfgs mbvfeh bvbfabàg jbtb `yhgejgr, woige brg proportfoebaay iorg trbfegjtmbe ige, pbrtfnuabray fe Gtmfopfb, tmg Hbi`fb,Hmbeb bej Agsotmo.

Agss tmbe two-tmfrjs oc tgbnmgrs brg trbfegj fesoig nouetrfgs oc tmg Bsfb bej \bnfcfn rghfoe(@behabjgsm, Kyrhyzstbe, tmg Ibajfvgs, Egpbabej Sbeubtu). Bhbfe, ft bppgbrs tmbt cgibagtgbnmgrs brg iorg mfhmay trbfegj tmbe tmgfr ibagpggrs fe tmg Abo \gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn,Ibnbo (Nmfeb), bej Sfgt Ebi.

Zmg bòvg vbaugs jgpfnt ebtfoeba bvgrbhgs, ygtvbrfbtfoes wftmfe fejfvfjuba nouetrfgs (`gtwggerfnmgr bej poorgr rghfoes, ur`be bej rurbabrgbs), brg afkgay to `g bs abrhg or abrhgr tmbetmosg `gtwgge nouetrfgs. Iorgovgr, wmfag tmgqubafcfnbtfoes coribaay rgqufrgj cor tgbnmfeh feiost nouetrfgs mbvg rfsge ovgr tmg ygbrs „gspgnfbaay fe tmg ifjjag-fenoig nouetrfgs oc GbstBsfb, tmg \bnfcfn bej Abtfe Bigrfnb „ tmgrg mbs`gge b tgejgeny to rgnruft be fenrgbsfehay mfhmgrproportfoe oc uetrbfegj bej pooray qubafcfgj

tgbnmgrs fe ibey aow-fenoig nouetrfgs. Zmfstgejgeny, octge jfntbtgj `y cfsnba noestrbfets,mbs mbj potgetfbaay sgrfous noesgqugengs corgjunbtfoeba qubafty.

Gxpgejfturgs oe gjunbtfoe

Fiprovgigets fe tmg qubafty oc gjunbtfoe nbeoctge `g sgnurgj `y nmbehfeh tmg wbys fe wmfnmnabssgs, or otmgr gjunbtfoeba prohrbiigs, brgorhbefzgj bej `y fiprovfeh tmg wbys fe wmfnmtgbnmgrs fetgrbnt wftm tmgfr pupfas. Mowgvgr,pbrtfnuabray fe rgsourng-poor systgis, iost octmg bvbfabàg optfoes cor fenrgbsfeh qubaftyrgqufrg abrhgr gxpgejfturgs. Bnnorjfehay, tmggxtget oc spgejfeh oe gjunbtfoe fs soigtfigstbkge to `g b usgcua proxy fejfnbtor corgjunbtfoeba qubafty.

Zmg ibfe jfccfnuaty rgcgrs to novgrbhg, wmfnmtmgorgtfnbaay smouaj fenaujg òtm puàfngxpgejfturgs `y ngetrba bej aonba butmorftfgs, bejprfvbtg gxpgejfturgs. Fe rgbafty, gvge bs rghbrjspuàfn gxpgejfturgs, ft fs jfccfnuat to gesurg tmbtbaa brg fenaujgj. Noengrefeh tmg ngetrbahovgreiget ftsgac, soig nouetrfgs rgportifefstry oc gjunbtfoe gxpgejfturgs oeay, tmusgxnaujfeh otmgr ngetrba hovgreiget butmorftfgssunm bs tmg ifefstrfgs oc sonfba bccbfrs, mgbatm,bej bhrfnuaturg, wmfnm iby `g rgspoesfàg cor

soig typgs oc gjunbtfoeba provfsfoe. \rfvbtggxpgejfturgs brg gxtrgigay jfccfnuat to rgport fetmg b`sgeng oc spgnfba mousgmoaj gxpgejfturgsurvgys, wmfnm brg nostay to jgsfhe bejfipagiget. Egvgrtmgagss, tmg sgntfoes `gaowrgvfgw tmg bvbfabàg fecoribtfoe oe tmgsgbhhrghbtgs, pbrtfba tmouhm ft fs.

Ebtfoeba gjunbtfoeba gxpgejfturgsCfhurg 0.>8 smows tmbt puàfn gxpgejfturg oegjunbtfoe bs b proportfoe oc HE\ vbrfgs wfjgaycroi oeg nouetry to beotmgr, bej pbrtfnuabray`gtwgge jgvgaopgj bej jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs.

Gxpgejfturg vbrfgs croi <.3% fe Iybeibr to22.2% fe Tfi`b`wg. Mowgvgr, mbac oc tmgnouetrfgs baaonbtg `gtwgge >.:% bej 7.8% octmgfr ebtfoeba wgbatm to gjunbtfoe. Xmgrgbs bhooj eui`gr oc Bcrfnbe bej Bsfbe nouetrfgsbaaonbtg agss tmbe :% oc tmgfr ebtfoebagxpgejfturgs to gjunbtfoe, iost OGNJ nouetrfgs,tohgtmgr wftm tmosg oc Ngetrba bej GbstgreGuropg, baaonbtg `gtwgge :% bej =%.>2

R



Nmbptgr 0


\F^B, tmg \rohrbiig cor Fetgrebtfoeba ^tujgetBssgssiget (WEG^NO Festftutg cor^tbtfstfns/OGNJ, 0<<>`) gxbifegj tmg snmooapgrcoribeng oc pupfas bt bhg 27. Fe 0<<> ftnovgrgj corty-two fejustrfbafzgj, trbesftfoe bej

jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs. Ft iust `g kgpt fe ifej tmbttmg EGPs oc iost oc tmg abttgr brg mfhmgr tmbe67%, wmfnm iby fejfnbtg tmg prgsgeng oc brgabtfvgay wgaa-jgvgaopgj gjunbtfoe systgi.

Cor rgbjfeh, hfras pgrcorigj `gttgr tmbe òys febaa tmg nouetrfgs, wmfag tmg jfspbrftfgs fe iostnouetrfgs brg su`stbetfba (sgg Cfhurg 0.:<). Coribtmgibtfns, òys jfj `gttgr fe tmfrty-cour oc tmgcorty-two nouetrfgs, ùt tmg jfccgrgengs wgrgnagbray sibaagr tmbe cor rgbjfeh. Cor snfgeng, tmgpgrcoribeng oc hfras bej òys wbs rbtmgr fe`babeng.

Eo hgegrbafzbtfoes nbe `g ibjg bs to wmfnmnouetrfgs mbvg tmg abrhgr pgrcoribeng hbps. Corrgbjfeh, wmgrg tmg jfccgrgengs brg abrhgst bej fecbvour oc hfras, tmg jgvgaopfeh bej trbesftfoenouetrfgs tgej to `g noengetrbtgj bt òtm gejs octmg rbekfeh, wmfag iost fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgsbrg couej fe tmg ifjjag (Cfhurg 0.:<).

\FPA^, tmg \rohrgss fe Fetgrebtfoeba PgbjfehAftgrbny ^tujy (Iuaafs gt ba., 0<<>) gxbifegjrgbjfeh pgrcoribeng fe Hrbjg : fe tmfrty-cfvg

fejustrfbafzgj, trbesftfoe bej jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs. Afkg \F^B, \FPA^ couej tmbt hfrasoutpgrcorigj òys fe baa nouetrfgs. Oc tmgjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs pbrtfnfpbtfeh, Noaoi`fb mbjtmg sibaagst hbp. Fe Zurkgy bej Ioronno, tmg hbpwbs egbr tmg fetgrebtfoeba bvgrbhg. Bej @gafzg,tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe bej Kuwbft mbj tmgabrhgst hbps oc baa nouetrfgs. Oc tmgsg sfxnouetrfgs, tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe, Kuwbftbej Ioronno mbvg EGPs `gaow =7%, suhhgstfehtmbt iojgrbtg bej abrhg pgrcoribeng hbps fecbvour oc hfras baso onnur fe soig nouetrfgs wftmagss-jgvgaopgj gjunbtfoe systgis.

ZFI^^, tmg Zmfrj Fetgrebtfoeba Ibtmgibtfns bej^nfgeng ^tujy (feftfbaay 2667 bej rgpgbtgj fe2666) couej òys jofeh safhmtay `gttgr tmbe hfrasfe soig oc tmg jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs tmbtpbrtfnfpbtgj fe tmg stujy. Zmgrg wbs baso b safhmttgejgeny cor tmfs jfccgrgeng to fenrgbsg fe mfhmgrhrbjgs (Iuaafs gt ba., 0<<<).

Zmg outnoigs oc \FPA^ (hfras nagbray `gttgr fergbjfeh) bej oc ZFI^^ (òys safhmtay `gttgr feibtmgibtfns bej snfgeng) brg hgegrbaay fe

R

Cfhurg 0.:<. Hgejgr jfccgrgeng fe pgrcoribeng oe

tmg noi`fegj rgbjfeh a ftgrbny snbag, \F^B (0<<>)

(Ibag snorg „ Cgibag snorg)

2. Pgspoesg rbtg fs too aow to gesurg noipbrb`fafty. ôurng4 WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns/OGNJ (0<<>`, Cfhurg 7.>).

< 0< :< 3<-3< -:< -0<

Noi`fegj rgbjfeh aftgrbny snbag

-><

-7=-7>

-72

-7<

-:8

-:3

-::

-:>

-:2

-:<

->=

->=

->8

->8->8

->3

->7

->:

->>

->0

->0

->2

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-06

-06

-0=-08

-03

-03

-07

-07

-07

-0:

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-28

-23

-23

-2:-8

-><

Dbpbe

Frgabej

Auxgiòurh

Weftgj Kfehjoi

Jgeibrk

^pbfe

Fejoegsfb

Moeh Koeh, Nmfeb

Korgb

Egtmgrabejs2

Abtvfb

ZCVP Ibngjoefb

Egw Tgbabej

Eorwby

Fngabej

Ftbay

Hrggng

\oabej

Bustrbafb

Nbebjb

Afgnmtgestgfe

Crbeng

Weftgj ^tbtgs

Bustrfb

Nmfag

\ortuhba

Igxfno

@rbzfa

Fsrbga

\gru

Ba`befb

Cfeabej

@uahbrfb

Brhgetfeb

Zmbfabej

Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe

Nzgnm Pgpuàfn

^wgjge

Hgribey

@gahfui

Muehbry

^wftzgrabej



ûrvgyssmow agbrefeh

bnmfgvgigetfs rgabtgj to

sonfo-gnoeoifnstbtus.

Mowgvgr, tmg hroup oc nouetrfgs gxbifegj `y\B^GN mbvg rgabtfvgay aow H\Fs cor prfibrygjunbtfoe. Zmg possf`fafty nbeeot `g gxnaujgj tmbttmg hfras, fe pbrtfnuabr, oc tmg poorgst cbifafgs brggeroaagj agss. Ft fs keowe croi sgvgrba survgys

tmbt agbrefeh bnmfgvgiget fs rgabtgj to sonfo-gnoeoifn stbtus. Mgeng, ft fs possfàg tmbt tmggxnausfoe oc tmg prgsuibày wgbkgst agbregrsrbfsgs tmg bvgrbhg pgrcoribeng oc tmosg hfrastmbt brg fe snmooa bej tmus fenaujgj fe tmg stujy.Bs tmg geroaiget hbp naosgs, tmfs iby rgvgba bmftmgrto mfjjge pgrcoribeng hbp to tmgjfsbjvbetbhg oc hfras. Zmg sbig iby `g tmg nbsgfe tmg \FPA^ stujy cor tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn ocFrbe, Kuwbft bej Ioronno.

Pgabtfvgay aow H\Fs brg eot couej cor otmgrnouetrfgs pbrtfnfpbtfeh fe tmg survgys jfsnussgj

bòvg. Fe tmgsg nbsgs, tmg gquba pgrcoribeng ochfras fe tmg poorgr nouetrfgs bej tmgfr `gttgrpgrcoribeng fe tmg rfnmgr nouetrfgs fs b hgeufegtgejgeny.

Zmfs tgejgeny suhhgsts tmbt hfras `gegcft iorgtmbe òys wmge gjunbtfoe soigmow iovgs tomfhmgr agvgas oc jgvgaopiget. Bej ft rbfsgs tmgqugstfoe wmgtmgr ft fs b ibttgr oc tfig `gcorghfras wfaa outpgrcori òys fe poorgr nouetrfgs bswgaa. Zmg Fetgrebtfoeba Bjuat Aftgrbny ûrvgy(FBA^) (OGNJ/^tbtfstfns Nbebjb, 0<<<) baaows us

to pgrcori b qubsf-aoehftujfeba bebaysfs, ba`gftibfeay cor fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs(www.ebaj.nb/eas/fbas/fetrojun.mti).

FBA^ gxbifegj tmg aftgrbny noipgtgengs ocbjuats `gtwgge 23 bej 3: ygbrs oaj. @ynoipbrfeh tmg vbrfous bhg nbtghorfgs fe tmgpbrtfnfpbtfeh nouetrfgs, fe oeg sgesg ft fs possfàgto aook `bnk fe tfig. Ft bppgbrs tmbt igeoutpgrcorigj woige fe tmg bhg hroup 73„3:,bej tmbt tmg rgvgrsg fs tmg nbsg cor tmg bhg hroup23„07. Zmus, fe fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs, tmgturefeh pofet `gtwgge ibag bej cgibag ovgr-

pgrcoribeng afgs dust b cgw jgnbjgs `gmfej us.

^pgnuabtfoe bòut tmg nbusgs oc tmfstrbescoribtfoe brg euigrous. Oeg mypotmgsfs fstmbt tmg cgifefzbtfoe oc tmg tgbnmfeh workcorngpabys b roag fe òostfeh hfras‖ snmooa pgrcoribengfe tmg rfnmgr nouetrfgs.

bnnorjbeng wftm tmg outnoigs oc \F^B, batmouhmtmg ovgrbaa pgrcoribeng oc hfras fs `gttgr fe \F^B.Zmfs jfccgrgeng fs bttrfùtgj to tmg jfccgrgetebturg oc tmg tgsts. \F^B abfj iorg gipmbsfs oeafcg snfgengs, oe snfgetfcfn prongssgs bej

bppafnbtfoe oc keowagjhg, bej noetbfegj iorgopge-gejgj bej noetgxtubafzgj ftgis, wmfnm tgejto cbvour hfras. ZFI^^ nmosg b iorg tmgorgtfnbabpprobnm bej usgj iorg iuatfpag-nmofng ftgis,wmfnm cbvours òys.

Zmg snmooa survgys oc tmg WEG^NO Pghfoeba@urgbu cor Gjunbtfoe fe Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmgNbrf``gbe (OPGBAN) couej tmg sbig pbttgres4”hfras smow `gttgr bnmfgvgiget fe Abehubhg bejsafhmtay poorgr bnmfgvgiget fe Ibtmgibtfns‖.Ovgrbaa, hfras jo `gttgr. Zmgsg jfccgrgengs, tmouhmrgabtfvgay sibaa, jo rgbnm stbtfstfnba sfhefcfnbeng

(Nbsbssus gt ba., 0<<0).

Zmg pfnturg nmbehgs wmge agss-jgvgaopgjnouetrfgs brg gxbifegj. Batmouhm tmg stroehgrbccfefty oc hfras cor rgbjfeh bej tmg stroehgrbccfefty oc òys cor ibtmgibtfns sggi uefvgrsbapmgeoigeb, tmg ovgr-pgrcoribeng oc hfras jogssggi to `g wgbkgr or octge b`sget fe agss-jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs, fe hgegrba.

Zmg Ioeftorfeh Agbrefeh Bnmfgvgiget prodgnt(WEG^NO/WEFNGC, 0<<<) noenaujgs cor

su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb tmbt hgejgr jfccgrgengs brggftmgr sibaa or fesfhefcfnbet, bej brg iunmsibaagr tmbe jfspbrftfgs `gtwgge nouetrfgs. Iorgrgnget jbtb noecfri tmfs. Fe gfhmt prgjoifebetaycrbenopmoeg Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs, IAB couejsafhmtay `gttgr pgrcoribeng cor òys fe tmgsu`dgnts cor wmfnm òys usubaay mbvg tmg hrgbtgrbccfefty, sunm bs ibtmgibtfns, pmysfns, nmgifstrybej otmgr snfgengs (WEG^NO/WEFNGC, 0<<>).

^tujfgs `y tmg ôutmgre Bcrfnb Noesortfui corIoeftorfeh Gjunbtfoeba Rubafty (^BNIGR) couejrgabtfvgay sibaa hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe rgbjfeh.

Zmgsg wgrg fe cbvour oc òys fe tmrgg oc b hroupoc cfvg behaopmoeg Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs, wmfag fe tmgotmgr two tmgy wgrg safhmtay iorg proeouengjbej fe cbvour oc hfras (^bfto, 266=; WEG^NO, 0<<<g).

Fe crbenopmoeg Bcrfnbe nouetrfgs, tmg\rohrbiig j‖Bebaysg jgs ^ystíigs Æjunbtfcsjg ab NOECGIGE (Ifnmbgaowb, 0<<0, 0<<>)gxbifegj pgrcoribeng fe rgbjfeh bejibtmgibtfns, bej baso couej vgry afiftgj hgejgrjfspbrftfgs. Fe tgris oc hrbjg rgpgtftfoe,jfspbrftfgs wgrg fesfhefcfnbet too.



R

Nmbptgr 0


>7. Fe tmg \B^GN nouetrfgs,tmg proportfoe oc cgibag prfibtgbnmgrs vbrfgj `gtwgge 2=%bej >3% fe 2667, bhbfest bebvgrbhg oc bòut 7<% fe tmgnouetrfgs novgrgj `y ^BNIGRfe 0<<< (^BNIGR, 0<<0).

B \B^GN stujyfejfnbtgs tmbttmg hgejgr octmg tgbnmgrmbs b stroehbej jfccgrgetfbafipbnt oebnmfgvgiget.

Cfhurg 0.:2 smows b nagbr norrgabtfoe `gtwggepgr nbpftb HE\ bej tmg proportfoe oc cgibagtgbnmgrs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe. Ft mbs bargbjy`gge smowe tmbt cgifefzbtfoe oc tmg tgbnmfehprocgssfoe fs bssonfbtgj wftm mfhmgr cgibag

fetbkgs to snmooa (Cfhurg 0.27).

@ut wmgtmgr iorg cgibag tgbnmgrs fs basobssonfbtgj wftm pgrcoribeng jfccgrgetfbas`gtwgge òys bej hfras rgibfes uenagbr. Zmg\B^GN stujy mbs fevgstfhbtgj tmfs bejjgioestrbtgj tmbt tmg hgejgr oc tmg tgbnmgr mbjfejggj b stroeh bej jfvgrhget fipbnt oebnmfgvgiget. Fc tmg tgbnmgr fs ibag, tmge tmgjfccgrgeng fe bnmfgvgiget `gtwgge hfras bej òysfs buhigetgj `y 3.7% oc tmg igbe snorg, fecbvour oc òys (Ifnmbgaowb, 0<<0).>7

Cor tmg \F^B stujy, fe noetrbst, oeay b vgry wgbknorrgabtfoe wbs couej `gtwgge tmg proportfoe occgibag tgbnmgrs wftm bnmfgvgiget jfccgrgetfbascor twgety-efeg oc tmg pbrtfnfpbtfeh nouetrfgs. Zmgjfccgrget cfejfehs cor \B^GN bej \F^B suhhgsttmbt tmg fecaugeng oc tmg hgejgr oc tmg tgbnmgr oehgejgr jfccgrgetfbas fe agbrefeh outnoigs fsstroehgr fe agss-jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs. \ossfàytmfs fecaugeng jgnrgbsgs bs tgbnmfeh igtmojsbej nurrfnuab jgvgaop fe sunm b wby tmbt agbrefehoutnoigs brg agss jgpgejget oe pgrsoebaprgcgrgengs bej tgejgenfgs oc tmg tgbnmgr. @ut

tmfs fs rbtmgr spgnuabtfvg bej iorg rgsgbrnm fseggjgj novgrfeh iorg nouetrfgs bej gxbifefeh b`robjgr rbehg oc vbrfbàgs.

Beotmgr mypotmgsfs tmbt jgsgrvgs bttgetfoe fs tmbthfras fe poorgr nouetrfgs rue b mfhmgr rfsk tmbeòys oc bttgejfeh snmooa agss crgqugetay, bejmbvfeh agss tfig cor moigwork. Zmfs wouaj `gnbusgj `y b hrgbtgr eggj cor hfras to bssfst fe tmgmousgmoaj, nbrg cor youehgr sfàfehs bej to mgapoe tmg abej. Fe fts ture, tmfs wouaj `g b rgsuat ocpbrgets bttbnmfeh aowgr vbaug to tmg gjunbtfoe ochfras noipbrgj wftm tmg gjunbtfoe oc òys.

\F^B jfstfehufsmgj cfvg pgrcoribeng agvgas.Cfhurg 0.:0 conusgs oe tmg aowgst oc tmgsg agvgascor rgbjfeh, bej smows tmg proportfoe oc òysbej hfras bt tmfs agvga cor tmg corty-two nouetrfgs.

Ft smows tmgrg fs eo gxngptfoe to tmg ruag tmbttmgrg brg iorg aow-pgrcorifeh òys tmbe hfras feb nouetry. @ut tmg sfzg oc tmg hbp jfccgrs croinouetry to nouetry. Sgry abrhg hbps, oc :<% oriorg, brg couej fe Ba`befb, Fejoegsfb, Zmbfabejbej Zmg corigr Vuhosabv Pgpuàfn oc Ibngjoefb.

Cfhurg 0.:2. \grngetbhg oc cgibag tgbnmgrs

fe prfibry gjunbtfoe bej pgr nbpftb HE\ (0<<<)

ôurng4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs 2 bej =.


y 9 6.>068Ae(x) - 3.<:26

P0 9 <.>=7>

<

0<

:<

3<

=<

2<<

20<

7 <<< 2< <<< 27 <<< 0< <<< 07 <<< >< <<< >7 <<< :< <<< :7 <<

\gr nbpftb HE\ (W^$)

Hbps oc brouej ><% brg couej fe Brhgetfeb,@uahbrfb, Nmfag bej \gru. Baa tmgsg brgjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs or rgabtfvgay poor trbesftfoenouetrfgs. Zmg abrhgst hbps cor fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs brg brouej 2<%. @rbzfa bej Igxfno brgtmg oeay jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs wftm b iorgiojgst hbp.

Fe uejgrstbejfeh tmgsg cfhurgs, ft iust `g kgpt feifej tmbt \F^B tgsts pupfas bt bhg 27 bej tmbtEGP cor sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe fs :8.7 fe Fejoegsfb,77.: fe Zmbfabej bej 37.: fe \gru. Fe tmgsgnouetrfgs ft iust `g bssuigj tmbt iost oc tmgvgry poorgst hfras bej òys brg eot geroaagj fesgnoejbry gjunbtfoe. Zmg EGPs cor tmg otmgrnouetrfgs dust igetfoegj vbry croi 82.> to 63.2.Fe baa tmgsg nouetrfgs, H\F cor sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe fs egbr 2.<<.

Zmus ft bppgbrs tmbt tmg proàgi oc aow-

pgrcorifeh òys bt sgnoejbry agvga fs hrgbtgr feb eui`gr oc trbesftfoe bej jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgstmbe ft fs fe fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs wmgrg ft mbs`gge fjgetfcfgj bs b poafny prforfty (sggNmbptgr 7). Fe noetrbst, hfras fe tmgsg nouetrfgssggi to sgg gjunbtfoe iorg noesnfousay bs beopportuefty to `rgbk tmgfr cbifay‖s nynag ocpovgrty or to curtmgr fiprovg tmg qubafty oc tmgfrafvgs. Zmfs mypotmgsfs fs supportgj `y b eui`groc bjjftfoeba outnoigs oc \F^B.



>3. Fe tmfs tbàg, vbaugs oc tmgH\F hrgbtgr tmbe oeg „ wmfnmfejfnbtg fegqubafty fe cbvouroc hfras „ brg fevgrtgj (2/H\F).Zmfs baaows baa H\F vbaugs to`g noipbrgj oe b snbag mbvfehb ibxfiui vbaug oc uefty.

Zmgrg brgstroeh

afekbhgs`gtwgge tmg

sfx GCB hobas.

Noipbrfeh tmg prohrgssoc nouetrfgs towbrjs GCB

Ft wfaa `g nagbr croi tmg bebaysfs prgsgetgjgbrafgr fe tmfs nmbptgr tmbt tmgrg brg stroeh

afekbhgs `gtwgge tmg sfx GCB hobas. Nouetrfgsiovfeh rbpfjay towbrjs uefvgrsba provfsfoe ochooj qubafty snmooafeh nbe baso `g gxpgntgj toibkg hooj prohrgss fe rgjunfeh agvgas oc youtmfaaftgrbny. Agvgas oc hgejgr pbrfty fe GNNG sggito mbvg soig fecaugeng oe hgejgr rbtfos curtmgrup tmg snmooa systgi. Bnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrfty btprfibry agvga hgegrbaay mbs b posftfvg, tmouhmjgabygj fipbnt upoe hgejgr rbtfos bt sgnoejbrybej mfhmgr agvgas. Egvgrtmgagss, tmgsgfetgrbntfoes brg eot butoibtfn. Zmg afeks `gtwggeprfibry geroaigets bej aftgrbny brg iunm iorgtgetbtfvg fe aow-qubafty systgis bej tmgrg brg

ibey nbsgs wmgrg pbrfty fe prfibry geroaigetsno-gxfst, cor ibey ygbrs, wftm stroeh jfspbrftfgsbt sgnoejbry bej mfhmgr agvgas oc gjunbtfoe.

^gpbrbtg noesfjgrbtfoe oc gbnm oc tmg hobasbaaows sunm noipbrfsoes to `g ibjg. Corgxbipag, nouetrfgs hfvfeh poafny prforfty to oeg orotmgr oc tmg hobas nbe `g fjgetfcfgj oe tmg `bsfs

oc tmg fejfnbtors wg mbvg jfsnussgj. Oe tmgotmgr mbej, ft fs usgcua to bsk wmgtmgr b iorgbhhrghbtg, or rouejgj, pfnturg nbe `g hfvge,wmfnm nouaj fjgetfcy tmosg nouetrfgs jofeh wgaaoe baa croets, tmosg sunnggjfeh fe soig brgbs ùt

eot otmgrs, bej tmosg gxpgrfgenfeh rbtmgr iorgnoiprgmgesfvg jfccfnuatfgs fe ibkfeh prohrgsstowbrjs GCB.

Oeg wby oc jofeh tmfs fs to noestrunt be fejgx,wmfnm bttgipts to bhhrghbtg soig, or iost, octmgsg sgpbrbtg trgejs. Zmfs fs tbnkagj `gaow.Cfrst, mowgvgr „ bej `y wby oc be fetgrigjfbtgstgp „ wg noipbrg tmg prohrgss `gfeh ibjg `ynouetrfgs towbrjs tmg 0<<7 hgejgr-pbrfty hoba `ynoesfjgrfeh tmgfr prfibry bej sgnoejbry systgiswftmfe b uefcfgj crbigwork.

Hgejgr pbrfty4 prohrgss bej prospgnts

Zmg hgejgr hoba cor 0<<7 spgnfcfgs tmgbttbfeiget oc pbrfty fe geroaigets `gtwggeòys bej hfras bt prfibry bej sgnoejbryagvgas `y tmbt jbtg. Zmg nurrget posftfoe ocnouetrfgs, wftm rgspgnt to tmfs hoba fssuiibrfsgj fe Zbàg 0.0:.>3

Mbvg bnmfgvgjH\F `gtwgge

<.68 bej 2

Naosg to tmg hobaH\F `gtwgge<.67 bej <.63

Igjfui posftfoeH\F `gtwgge<.=< bej <.6:

Cbr croitmg hoba

H\F 1 <.=<

Eui`gr ocnouetrfgs fetmg sbipag

Zbàg 0.0:. Nurrget sftubtfoe oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to tmgfr jfstbeng

croi bnmfgvfeh tmg hoba oc hgejgr pbrfty fe prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe

\PFIBPV GJWNBZFOE

Brb` ^tbtgsNgetrba bej Gbstgre GuropgNgetrba BsfbGbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeEortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropgôutm bej Xgst Bsfbû`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbû`-totba

^GNOEJBPV GJWNBZFOE

Brb` ^tbtgsNgetrba bej Gbstgre GuropgNgetrba BsfbGbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeEortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropgôutm bej Xgst Bsfbû`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbû`-totba

= > 8 0 0<23 2 2 2=: 0 2 8

27 : 7 0:00 : > 060> 0>0 2 0 2 3

2< 7 20 2> :<2<< 0< >2 23 238

> 2 20 0 2=27 2 2 2 2=: > 87 > 20 : 0:7 8 2> 0 08

20 : 3 2 0>2 0 > 3

> 2 27 28 >3:8 2= 3: >< 276




Noipbrfeh tmg prohrgss oc eb

Nmbptgr 0


>=. ^gg pbhgs =:-67, bòvg.

>6. Mowgvgr, bs gxpabfegj `gaotmg hgejgr noipoeget oc tmg Gfs ftsgac b noiposftg fejgxnoiprfsfeh igbsurgs oc hgejgpbrfty fe prfibry bej sgnoejbrgjunbtfoe bej bjuat aftgrbny.

:<. Bppgejfx 0 provfjgs b dustfcfnbtfoe cor sgagntfeh tmgsgpbrtfnuabr fejfnbtors.

spbng oc b cgw ygbrs. Zmg wbys fe wmfnm tmgfrpbst rgnorj nouaj nmbehg, fe rgspoesg tonoesfstget poafny noiiftiget bej rgcori, brgfejfnbtgj fe abtgr nmbptgrs oc tmfs rgport.

Zmg Gjunbtfoe Cor BaaJgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF)

Zmg proifegeng hfvge `y tmg IfaageefuiJgnabrbtfoe to tmg bnmfgvgiget oc W\G bej tohgejgr pbrfty fe gjunbtfoe rfsks agss bttgetfoe`gfeh hfvge, fetgrebtfoebaay, to tmg cour otmgr GCBhobas. Zmgrg fs b qugstfoe bs to mow iunm tmfsibttgrs „ fe tmg sgesg tmbt tmgfr bnmfgvgigetiby `g egngssbry (batmouhm pro`bày eotsuccfnfget) cor tmg bnmfgvgiget oc tmg otmgr hobas.Fe tmfs noetgxt, ft wouaj `g usgcua to mbvg soigigbes oc syetmgsfzfeh fecoribtfoe oe baa, or iost

oc tmg hobas, so bs to fejfnbtg rgabtfvg agvgas ocprohrgss towbrjs GCB bs b wmoag. Be GCBJgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF), usfeh b noiposftg oc beui`gr oc rgagvbet fejfnbtors, nbe provfjg oegwby oc jofeh tmfs.

Zmgrg brg wgaa-keowe proàgis bssonfbtgj wftmtmg noestruntfoe bej fetgrprgtbtfoe oc fejfngs.Zmgsg rgabtg to wmfnm gagigets bej fejfnbtorsto sgagnt, mow tmgy smouaj `g bhhrghbtgj bejwgfhmtgj bnross jfccgrget cfgajs, bej mow tmgrgsuats smouaj `g usgj. Cor gxbipag, tmg

noestftugets oc b Muibe Jgvgaopiget Fejgxnbe `g jg`btgj fe tgris oc tmg igbefeh oc tmgnoengpt, wmbt smouaj noestftutg fts iostfiportbet gagigets, mow tmgsg gagigets ifhmt`g proxfgj, bej „ iorg cuejbigetbaay „ wmgtmgrtmgrg brg otmgr, iorg fiportbet, o`dgntfvgs ocjgvgaopiget poafny wmfnm vftfbtg tmg eggj corsunm be fejgx. Fe tmg nbsg oc GCB, soig oc tmgsgproàgis brg agss prgssfeh. Zmg fetgrebtfoebanoiiuefty mbs jgcfegj GCB fe tgris oc b sgt ocsfx tfig-òuej hobas; bt agbst soig oc tmgsghobas nbe `g igbsurgj fe b qubetftbtfvg sgesg;bej b sgt oc fejfnbtors mbs `gge bhrggj bs

rghbrjs wmbt vbrfbàgs `gst proxy tmgfrbttbfeiget. Zmus, fe tmg nbsg oc be GCBjgvgaopiget fejgx, soig oc tmg proàgis ocfejfnbtor sgagntfoe, oc wgfhmtfeh bej ocfetgrprgtbtfoe brg afkgay to `g agss jfccfnuat torgsoavg.

Fc b ibdor o`dgntfvg oc sunm be fejgx fs toigbsurg ovgrbaa prohrgss towbrjs GCB, ftsnoestftugets smouaj fjgbaay rgcagnt baa tmg sfxhobas. Fe prbntfng, mowgvgr, tmfs fs jfccfnuat, bsHoba > „ agbrefeh bej afcg-skfaas prohrbiigs „

fs eot ygt noejunfvg to qubetftbtfvgigbsurgiget.>= Cor rbtmgr jfccgrget rgbsoes,GNNG nbeeot gbsfay `g fenorporbtgj bt prgsget,`gnbusg tmg jbtb brg fesuccfnfgetay stbejbrjfzgjbnross nouetrfgs, bej tmgy brg, fe bey nbsg,

bvbfabàg cor oeay b sibaa ifeorfty oc stbtgs.Bnnorjfehay, be GJF mbs `gge jgsfhegj wmfnmfenorporbtgs fejfnbtors cor tmg cour hobas oc W\G,bjuat aftgrbny, hgejgr pbrfty bej tmg qubafty ocgjunbtfoe.

Oeg fejfnbtor mbs `gge fenaujgj bs b proxyigbsurg cor gbnm oc tmgsg cour GJFnoipoegets.>6 Zmfs fs fe bnnorjbeng wftm tmgprfenfpag oc noesfjgrfeh gbnm hoba to `g gqubaayfiportbet bej, tmus, oc hfvfeh tmg sbig wgfhmt togbnm oc tmg fejgx noestftugets. ô tmg GJF vbaugcor b pbrtfnuabr nouetry fs tmg brftmigtfnba igbe

oc tmg o`sgrvgj vbaugs cor gbnm oc fts jfccgrgetnoestftugets. Bs gbnm oc fts noestftugets brgpgrngetbhgs, fts vbaug nbe vbry croi < to 2.Zmg naosgr ft fs to fts ibxfiui vbaug, tmg agssjfstbeng b nouetry fs croi tmg hoba bej tmghrgbtgr fts GCB bnmfgvgiget.

Zmg GJF noestftugets bej tmgfr rgabtgj fejfnbtorsbrg afstgj `gaow.:<

GCB Jgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF)W\G4 Egt geroaiget rbtfo.

Bjuat aftgrbny4 Aftgrbny rbtg oc tmg bhg hroup27 ygbrs bej ovgr.Hgejgr4 Hgejgr-spgnfcfn GCB fejgx; tmfs fs tmgsfipag bvgrbhg vbaug oc tmg H\Fs fe prfibrygjunbtfoe, sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe bej bjuataftgrbny.Gjunbtfoe qubafty4 ûrvfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7 feprfibry gjunbtfoe.

Baa tmg jbtb usgj to nbanuabtg tmfs noiposftgfejgx brg cor tmg ygbr 0<<< (or 2666 wmgrg iorgrgnget jbtb brg eot bvbfabàg). Zmgy brg jrbwe

croi tmg WF^ jbtb`bsg, wftm tmg gxngptfoe ocsoig survfvba rbtgs to Hrbjg 7, wmfnm wgrgifssfeh cor soig nouetrfgs. Festgbj, tmgsg wgrgo`tbfegj croi tmg ebtfoeba ”GCB 0<<<Bssgssiget‖ rgports. Oeay tmosg nouetrfgs wftm bnoipagtg sgt oc fejfnbtors rgqufrgj to nbanuabtgtmg GJF brg fenaujgj fe tmg bebaysfs. Zmfsuecortuebtgay igbes tmbt b noiprgmgesfvghao`ba ovgrvfgw oc prohrgss towbrjs tmg hobasnbeeot ygt `g hfvge.

Zmgrg brg wgaa-keowe proàgisbssonfbtgj wftmnoestruntfoebej fetgrprgtbtfooc fejfngs.



Sgry cgwnouetrfgs mbvg

bnmfgvgj tmgcour iost

qubetfcfbàghobas.

Zmg GCB Jgvgaopiget Fejgx nbe `g nbanuabtgj

cor efegty-cour nouetrfgs cor tmg ygbr 0<<<.Noesgqugetay, safhmtay agss tmbe mbac oc tmgnouetrfgs fe tmg woraj brg novgrgj `y tmgsggstfibtgs. Zmg fejgx vbaugs cor baa bvbfabàgnouetrfgs brg smowe fe Zbàg 2 fe Bppgejfx 0,bej tmgfr rghfoeba fenfjgeng fs smowe feZbàg 0.03. Gstfibtgs brg bvbfabàg cor `gtwggembac bej cour-cfctms oc tmg nouetrfgs fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, tmg Brb` ^tbtgs, ôutm bej XgstBsfb bej Abtfe Bigrfnb. Zmgrg fs aowgr novgrbhgcor tmg OGNJ hroup (wmgrg jbtb oe soigvbrfbàgs sunm bs bjuat aftgrbny rbtgs bej survfvba

rbtgs to hrbjg cfvg oc prfibry gjunbtfoe brgifssfeh cor baiost baa oc tmgsg nouetrfgs), corotmgr Guropgbe nouetrfgs bej cor tmosg oc Gbstbej Ngetrba Bsfb.

Ft nbe `g sgge tmbt, bioeh tmg efegty-cournouetrfgs mbvfeh tmg jbtb, vgry cgw (23) mbvggftmgr bnmfgvgj tmg cour iost qubetfcfbàg GCBhobas or brg naosg to jofeh so. Zmgsg cfhurgs brgsurprfsfeh, gvge tmouhm tmgy gxnaujg iost octmg Xgstgre Guropgbe bej Eortm Bigrfnbenouetrfgs, wmgrg GCB hoba bnmfgvgiget fs mfhmgr.Ft fs baso eotbàg tmbt eo nouetry croi su`-

^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, tmg Brb` ^tbtgs, or croi ôutmbej Xgst Bsfb (wftm tmg gxngptfoe oc Ibajfvgs) fsprgsgetay naosg to bnmfgvfeh tmg hobas. Oe tmg

otmgr mbej, Zbàg 2 fe Bppgejfx 0 smows tmbt

tmosg wmfnm brg naosg fenaujg b eui`gr ocnouetrfgs croi Abtfe Bigrfnb „ Brhgetfeb, Nmfag,Nu`b, Huybeb, bej \bebib „ wmfnm mbvg b aoeh-gstbàfsmgj trbjftfoe oc gipmbsfzfeh wfjgsprgbjpbrtfnfpbtfoe fe `bsfn gjunbtfoe.

Corty-two nouetrfgs mbvg GJF vbaugs `gtwgge<.=< to <.6:. Nouetrfgs fe tmfs hroup nbe `g couejfe baa rghfoes gxngpt Eortm Bigrfnb bej XgstgreGuropg, bej Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg.Mowgvgr, b curtmgr tmfrty-sfx nouetrfgs(rgprgsgetfeh :<% oc tmosg wftm GJF jbtb) brg

vgry cbr croi bnmfgvfeh tmg GCB hobas, wftm GJFvbaugs aowgr tmbe <.=. Bs ibey bs twgety-twooc tmgsg aowgst GJF nouetrfgs brg croi su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb (iorg tmbe 3<% oc tmosg fe tmfsnbtghory). Zmgy baso fenaujg Fejfb, \bkfstbe,@behabjgsm bej Egpba. Zbàg 2 fe Bppgejfx 0rgvgbas tmbt, fe iost oc tmgsg nbsgs, tmgrg fs aowbnmfgvgiget bnross gbnm oc tmg GCB hobas.\rfibry-snmooa geroaigets brg aow, hgejgrrbtfos brg mfhmay uegquba, faaftgrbny fs wfjgsprgbjbej mfhm jrop-out rbtgs igbe tmbt ibey nmfajrge„ soigtfigs b ibdorfty „ egvgr rgbnm tmg cfctmhrbjg oc prfibry snmooa. Zmus, nouetrfgs fe tmfs

hroup brg cbngj wftm iuatfpag nmbaagehgs tmbt wfaambvg to `g tbnkagj sfiuatbegousay fc GCB fs to `gsgnurgj (@ox 0.2>).

Zotbaeui`gr ocnouetrfgs

û`totbasbipag

Cbr croitmg hoba

GJF4agss tmbe <.=<

Fetgrigjfbtg\osftfoe

GJF4<.=<-<.6:

Naosg totmg hoba

GJF4<.67-<.68

BnmfgvgjGJF4

<.6=-2.<<

Zbàg 0.03. Jfstrfùtfoe oc nouetrfgs bnnorjfeh to tmgfr igbe jfstbeng croi tmg GCB Hobas fe 0<<<

Brb` ^tbtgsNgetrba bej Gbstgre GuropgNgetrba BsfbGbst Bsfb bej \bnfcfnAbtfe Bigrfnb/Nbrf``gbeEortm Bigrfnb/Xgstgre Guropgôutm bej Xgst Bsfbû`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

Zotba

22 3 28 0<

> 2 : 0<

2 0 > 6

2 = 0 22 >>

3 20 0 0< :2

0 2 > 03

2 2 : 3 6

= 00 >< :7

8 6 :0 >3 6: 0<>

ôurng4 Zbàg 2, Bppgejfx 0.



2. Bjbptgj croi Xfasoe (0<<>).^gg baso û`rbmibefbe (0<<>).

Hgejgr gqubaftyfe gjunbtfoe wfaa

eot `g possfàgwftmout wfjgrsonfba nmbehg

fe ibeysonfgtfgs.

Zmg agbp croi pbrftyto gqubafty

Bs fejfnbtgj fe Nmbptgr 0, hgejgr pbrfty, wmfnmrgcgrs to tmg gquba pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc òtm sgxgs fe

jfccgrget agvgas oc gjunbtfoe, fs b qubetftbtfvgnoengpt. Hgejgr pbrfty fejfnbtors brg stbtfn,igbsurfeh, cor gxbipag, tmg rgabtfvg proportfoesoc hfras bej òys wftm bnngss to, or pbrtfnfpbtfehfe, prfibry snmooafeh. Mowgvgr, vfgwgj ovgr tfig,tmgy nbe sgrvg bs iorg jyebifn fejfnbtors ocnmbehg. Zo tmg gxtget tmbt prohrgss towbrjshgejgr pbrfty suhhgsts b wgbkgefeh oc tmgcbntors tmbt kggp woige bej ige fe uegqubaposftfoes, ft rgprgsgets tmg cfrst stgps towbrjsbnmfgvfeh gqubafty oc outnoigs cor tmg sgxgs.

Mowgvgr, hgejgr pbrfty fejfnbtors mbvg soig

afiftbtfoes, gvge wmge tmgy brg bvbfabàg ovgrtfig. Cfrst, gvge fc prohrgss towbrjs pbrftybppgbrs to `g `gfeh ibjg, tmfs soigtfigsibsks jgnafegs fe ibag or cgibag geroaigetbej pbrtfnfpbtfoe, rbtmgr tmbe fejfnbtfeh posftfvghbfes cor òtm òys bej hfras. ^gnoej, b conus oequbetftbtfvg `babengs rgvgbas eotmfeh bòut tmgprongssgs `y wmfnm tmgy brg `gfeh sgnurgj, eorbòut tmg qubaftbtfvg nmbehgs tmbt wouaj `gegngssbry fc hgejgr pbrfty fs to agbj to cuaagqubafty.

Hgejgr gqubafty rgqufrgs tmg bnmfgvgiget ocgquba outnoigs cor woige bej ige,eotwftmstbejfeh tmbt tmgy brg stbrtfeh croijfccgrget posftfoes oc bjvbetbhg, bej brgnoestrbfegj fe jfccgrget wbys. Xoige jfccgr croiige òtm fe tgris oc tmgfr `foaohfnba nbpbnftfgsbej fe tmg sonfbaay noestruntgj jfsbjvbetbhgstmgy nurrgetay cbng. Fegqubaftfgs brfsg croiuegquba powgr rgabtfoes `gtwgge woige bejige, bej mgeng bssgssigets oc prohrgsstowbrjs hgejgr gqubafty eggj to gstbàfsmwmgtmgr tmg nmbehgs tmbt brg `gfeh bnmfgvgj brgsfhefcfnbetay batgrfeh tmgsg rgabtfoes. Zmg grbsurg

oc tmg sonfba eoris tmbt sgg woige bej ige bsibkfeh uegquba noetrfùtfoes to sonfgty bejmbvfeh uegquba getftagigets to fts `gegcfts fsnrftfnba to bnmfgvfeh b sonfgty crgg croi hgejgrjfsnrfifebtfoe. Zmus, wmgtmgr woige bej igebrg `gfeh trgbtgj gqubaay wfaa jgpgej oe wmgtmgrtmg cuejbigetba crggjois bej nmofngs tmgynoecroet brg tmg sbig.

Gjunbtfoe fs fe ibey wbys b cuanrui cor tmfsprongss, bs Nmbptgrs > bej : jgioestrbtg. Ftrgcagnts noetgiporbry eoris bej vbaugs, ùt ftbaso mgaps to nmbehg tmgi. Cuaa hgejgr gqubaftyfe gjunbtfoe wouaj fipay tmbt hfras bej òys brg

occgrgj tmg sbig nmbengs to ho to snmooa bejtmbt tmgy gedoy tgbnmfeh igtmojs bej nurrfnuabcrgg oc stgrgotypgs, bej bnbjgifn orfgetbtfoe bejnouesgaafeh uebccgntgj `y hgejgr `fbs. Iostcuejbigetbaay, ft fipafgs gqubafty oc outnoigs fetgris oc agehtm oc snmooafeh, agbrefehbnmfgvgiget bej bnbjgifn qubafcfnbtfoes bej,iorg `robjay, gquba do` opportueftfgs bejgbrefehs cor sfifabr qubafcfnbtfoes bejgxpgrfgeng. Zmgsg o`dgntfvgs brg jgibejfeh, bejbrg cbr croi `gfeh bnmfgvgj fe iost sonfgtfgs. Ftfs nagbr tmbt tmg bnmfgvgiget oc hgejgr gqubaftyfe gjunbtfoe „ fe tmg sgesg oc gquba outnoigs „

wfaa eot `g possfàg fe tmg b`sgeng oc wfjgr sonfbanmbehg fe ibey sonfgtfgs. Zmg qugstfoe ocwmgtmgr bej mow tmfs ifhmt onnur ovgr tmgnoifeh jgnbjg rgqufrgs be bssgssiget eotigrgay oc tmg prospgnts cor, bej afifts oc,gjunbtfoeba rgcori, ùt baso oc iorgcuejbigetba nmbehgs tmbt bccgnt ibey otmgrsgntors bej brgbs oc afcg bej work.

Noestrbfets tmrouhm b rfhmts bhgejb

Fe orjgr to gxbifeg tmgsg `robj sgts oc

noestrbfets bej possf`faftfgs, ft fs usgcua togipaoy b crbigwork tmbt jrbws upoe tmg rfhmtsbhgejb brtfnuabtgj fe Nmbptgr 2. Zmfsjfstfehufsmgs `gtwgge fejfvfjubas‖ rfhmts togjunbtfoe bej tmgfr rfhmts wftmfe bej tmrouhmgjunbtfoe.2 Zmg jgtgrifebets oc hgejgrfegqubafty wftmfe gbnm oc tmgsg jfigesfoes eggjto `g bjjrgssgj fc tmg hgejgr hobas brg to `gbnmfgvgj.

Zmg bebaysfs oc proàgis bccgntfeh tmg gxgrnfsgoc rfhmts to gjunbtfoe conusgs oe qugstfoes ocgjunbtfoeba bnngss cor òys bej hfras. Zmg egxt

two sgntfoes oc tmfs nmbptgr gxbifeg noestrbfetsto tmg cuacfaiget oc tmosg rfhmts opgrbtfeh wftmfetmg cbifay bej wftmfe tmg wfjgr sonfgty. Gxtrgignfrnuistbengs oc nrfsfs sunm bs tmosg rgsuatfehcroi noecafnt bej MFS/BFJ^, wmfnm jfsruptsonfgtfgs bej cbifafgs, brg noesfjgrgj bs wgaa bsgjunbtfoeba prongssgs.

Zmg jfsnussfoe tmge iovgs to b noesfjgrbtfoeoc rfhmts wftmfe gjunbtfoe. Zmg eghagnt oc hgejgrfssugs wftmfe gjunbtfoe systgis bccgnts tmgbnmfgvgiget oc hgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fe b



Zmg iostfiportbetpabng cor

jgnfsfoes bòutpbrtfnfpbtfoe

fe snmooafeh fstmg cbifay.

bej noiiuefty. ônfba eoris brg gi`gjjgj fekfesmfp bej rgafhfous systgis tmbt brg mfhmayjfvgrsg bnross „ bej octge wftmfe „ sonfgtfgs.Mowgvgr, sunm eoris nbe bej jo nmbehg „ fergspoesg to gevfroeigetba bej gnoeoifn nmbehg

bej to `robjgr poaftfnba bej sonfba jgvgaopigets.Nmbehg nbe rgsuat croi jgaf`grbtg bntfoes ocstbtg bej nfvfa sonfgty hroups, agbjfeh to rgcorisfe tmg aghfsabtfvg bej festftutfoeba crbigwork ocsonfgty. Fe tmgsg wbys, nmbehgs fe tmggxpgntbtfoes bej fengetfvgs tmbt hovgre muibe`gmbvfour „ fenaujfeh tmosg tmbt bccgntgjunbtfoeba pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej pgrcoribeng „nbe `g bnmfgvgj.

Zmg nrftfnbaay fiportbet aonus cor jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh bs rghbrjs pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooafeh fstmg cbifay. Ft fs mgrg tmbt eotfoes oc hgejgr

rgabtfoes brg trbesifttgj croi oeg hgegrbtfoe totmg egxt. Zmfs mbppges fipafnftay vfb tmg hgejgrroags tmbt igi`grs oc tmg mousgmoaj tmgisgavgscuacfa, bej gxpafnftay `y noesgqugeng oc tmg hgejgrcrbigworks wftmfe wmfnm nmfajrge oc gbnm sgxbrg `rouhmt up. Mousgmoajs baaonbtg tfig corjfccgrget bntfvftfgs bioeh tmgfr igi`grs, bejtmgy baso baaonbtg rgsourngs „ cor noesuiptfoe,sbvfehs bej fevgstiget, fenaujfeh tmosgbssonfbtgj wftm tmg coribtfoe oc muibe nbpftba „`gtwgge gbnm oc tmgi. Bs fejfnbtgj bòvg,jgnfsfoes ibjg `y mousgmoajs brg fecaugengj `y

tmg `robj sonfba bej festftutfoeba crbigwork ocnustoi bej opportuefty fe wmfnm tmgy brgaonbtgj. Egvgrtmgagss, nmbehfeh tmg cbntors tmbtbccgnt mousgmoaj noestrbfets, opportueftfgs bejfengetfvgs fs b nrftfnbaay fiportbet igbes ocfecaugenfeh tmgfr jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh. Zmgsg fssugsbrg gxpaorgj `gaow.

Fe mousgmoajs, wmo jgnfjgs?

Zmg ibfe wbys fe wmfnm nmfajrge spgej tmgfrtfig, bej tmg biouet oc rgsourngs to wmfnm tmgymbvg bnngss, brg jgtgrifegj `y tmg mousgmoajs

fe wmfnm tmgy afvg. Zmg `robj pbrbigtgrs cormousgmoaj `gmbvfour brg sgt `y tmg sonfba bejfestftutfoeba crbigwork oc gbnm sonfgty. Mowgvgr,wftmfe tmbt noetgxt, b kgy qugstfoe fs wmgtmgrmousgmoajs ibkg jgnfsfoes fe wbys wmfnm`babeng tmg rgabtfvg eggjs bej fetgrgsts oc gbnmoc tmgfr fejfvfjuba igi`grs, or wmgtmgr tmgy joeot. Zrbjftfoebaay ft wbs tmouhmt tmgy jfj.Gnoeoifn bej sonfba poafny pronggjgj bs fcmousgmoajs mbj b sfehag sgt oc prgcgrgengs.Zmg wbys fe wmfnm mousgmoaj rgsourngs, workoàfhbtfoes bej opportueftfgs cor agfsurg wgrg

baaonbtgj bioeh mousgmoaj igi`grs wgrg eottmouhmt to `g fiportbet. Bnnorjfeh to tmfs”ueftbry‖ iojga, ft wbs tbkge bs hfvge, corgxbipag, tmbt nmbehgs fe tmg `babeng ocgxpgejfturg wouaj `g noesfstget, eot egngssbrfay

wftm be gquba jfstrfùtfoe oc rgsourngs, ùt btagbst wftm ibxfifzfeh mousgmoaj wgacbrg,mowgvgr jgcfegj (@gnkgr, 2637). Vgt noengrebòut su`hroups wftmfe mousgmoajs „ sunm bswoige or nmfajrge „ fevftgs tmg qugstfoe ocwmgtmgr tmg jfstrfùtfoe oc powgr wftmfe tmgmousgmoaj rgsuats fe soig oc fts igi`grs mbvfehb agss tmbe gquba smbrg oc fts dofet rgsourngs. Fesmort, jo woige or hfras mbvg b touhmgr tfigtmbe ige or òys, fe pbrt `gnbusg tmgfr fecaugengovgr jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh fe tmg mousgmoaj fs usubaaywgbkgr?

Pgnget tmgorgtfnba bej gipfrfnba work smowstmbt tmfs fs so. Ft bppgbrs tmbt rgsourng baaonbtfoejgnfsfoes wftmfe mousgmoajs brg fenoesfstget wftmtmg ”ueftbry‖ mousgmoaj iojga. Fe pbrtfnuabr,bjjftfoeba fenoig bnnrufeh to jfccgrget mousgmoajigi`grs mbs jfccgrget fipafnbtfoes cormousgmoaj gxpgejfturg pbttgres. Xoige sggi tospgej iorg oe gjunbtfoe, mgbatm bej mousgmoajsgrvfngs tmbe jo ige. Zmus tmg gvfjgeng bhbfestfenoig bej abòur pooafeh bej bhbfest cbifaybatrufsi fs stroeh (Mojjfeott gt ba., 2668) bej bebpprobnm prgifsgj oe `brhbfefeh wftmfe

mousgmoajs `gttgr nbpturgs tmg rgbafty.

Croi prfvbtg to puàfn spmgrgXmfag mousgmoajs brg eot b noaagntfoe ocfejfvfjubas no-opgrbtfeh fe tmg fetgrgsts ocibxfifzfeh gnoeoifn hbfes (Kb`ggr, 0<<2),egftmgr brg tmgy b hroups oc pgopag bntfeh bs fctmgy wgrg sfehag fejfvfjubas. Mousgmoajs brg, `ybej abrhg, ibjg up oc cbifafgs, bej mgeng tmgybrg tmg sftgs oc pbrtfnuabr kfejs oc sonfbargabtfoesmfps, wmfnm brg vgry jfstfent croi otmgrrgabtfoesmfps fe bey sonfgty. Festftutfoebabpprobnmgs tmbt tbkg bnnouet oc tmfs mbvg `gge

usgj to gaunfjbtg tmg prongss oc mousgmoajjgnfsfoe-ibkfeh (Zojbro bej Cbpomuejb, 26==;Kb`ggr, 266:, 0<<<; Nbfe, 26=:; Xmftgmgbj, 26=2;Xmftgmgbj bej Kb`ggr, 0<<<; Coa`rg, 266:).

Xftmfe sunm be bpprobnm, ”mousgmoajs‖ bej otmgrjoigstfn brrbehgigets brg sgge bs festftutfoebargspoesgs to tmg eggj cor aoeh-tgri stbàgrgabtfoesmfps. Zmgsg brg `bsgj oe iggtfeh tmg`bsfn survfvba eggjs oc igi`grs, `gbrfeh bejrbfsfeh nmfajrge bej nopfeh wftm faaegss, jfsb`faftybej oaj bhg fe b woraj nmbrbntgrfzgj `y



=. Zmfs fs gvfjget croibhhrghbtg stbtfstfns oe nmfajabòur prgsgetgj `y nouetrybej ygbr (sgg FAO, 0<<0). Wsfehnross-nouetry jbtb cor gfhmty-tmrgg rfnm bej poor nouetrfgs,Jgssy bej Sgenbtbnmgaaui(0<<>) cfej b eghbtfvgnorrgabtfoe oc nmfaj abòur bejtmg aoh oc pgr nbpftb HJ\(bt purnmbsfeh powgr pbrfty).(Zmgy baso cfej b posftfvg

rgabtfoe oc nmfaj abòurfenfjgeng bej tmg aoh oc tmgHfef fejgx oc fegqubafty.)

6. Fe Gtmfopfb bej Hufegb,fenrgbsgs fe mousgmoaj wgbatmfiprovg tmg nmbengs oc baanmfajrge‖s snmooa bttgejbeng,ùt sfhefcfnbetay iorg so corhfras tmbe cor òys. ^gg Posgbej Ba-^bibrrbf (0<<2);Zgiòe bej Ba-^bibrrbf(2666).

2<. @mbaotrb bej Mgbjy (0<<<)faaustrbtg tmfs brhuiget wftm btmgorgtfnba iojga, bej prgsgetgvfjgeng croi rurba Hmbeb bej\bkfstbe. gg baso Nonkùre(0<<2b) bej ^koucfbs (266>).

Fe Gtmfopfbbej Hufegb, up

to b tmfrj ocsnmooa

jrop-outssbfj tmgfr eggjto gbre ioegyor work oe tmg

cbifay cbriwgrg tmgfr ibfe

rgbsoes coragbvfeh snmooa

gbray.

suhhgsts tmbt tmg proportfoes fe work bej out ocsnmooa brg abrhgr cor hfras tmbe cor òys fe Bsfb,tmg proportfoe fe work ùt eot egngssbrfay tmgproportfoe out oc snmooa fs abrhgr cor òys tmbecor hfras fe Abtfe Bigrfnb, bej tmg proportfoes oc

òys bej hfras fe work brg rouhmay sfifabr feiost pbrts oc Bcrfnb, batmouhm tmg hfras wmo brgout oc snmooa noiprfsg b sfhefcfnbet ibdorfty.

Hfras bej joigstfn workFe baa tmgsg nbsgs tmgrg fs stroeh hgejgrsghigetbtfoe fe onnupbtfoes. Zmfs fs pbrtfnuabrayso fc joigstfn abòur fs fenaujgj. Gvge wmgrgtmgfr abòur pbrtfnfpbtfoe rbtgs brg sfifabr, òysbej hfras octge spgnfbafzg fe jfccgrget sorts ocwork. Cor gxbipag, fe Gtmfopfb, Hufegb bej tmgWeftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, hfras spgnfbafzg fejoigstfn work, sunm bs aookfeh bctgr sfàfehs,

prgpbrfeh bej nookfeh cooj, nagbefeh tmg mousgbej cgtnmfeh wbtgr bej cfrgwooj. @oys, oe tmgotmgr mbej, brg ibfeay fevoavgj fe workfeh oe tmgcbifay cbri, aookfeh bctgr afvgstonk bej gehbhfehfe fenoig-gbrefeh bntfvftfgs. Fe tgris oc tmgrbehg bej crgqugeny oc work bntfvftfgs prbntfsgjfe tmgsg tmrgg nouetrfgs, fenaujfeh joigstfnnmorgs, hfras mgap tmgfr cbifafgs iorg tmbe òys(Noanaouhm gt ba., 0<<>, pp. 2>3„8; Nonk ure,0<<2`). Fe rurba \bkfstbe, hfras fe wbhgj work brgibfeay gehbhgj fe sgbsoeba bhrfnuaturba work,wmgrgbs òys fe wbhgj work brg prfibrfay

gehbhgj fe tmg eoe-bhrfnuaturba sgntor (@mbaotrb,0<<<). \roxy gvfjgeng baso gxfsts croi mousgmoajsurvgys cor ibey jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs, wmfnmcfej tmbt b su`stbetfba crbntfoe oc nmfajrge brgegftmgr fe work eor fe snmooa. Zmfs crbntfoe fstypfnbaay abrhgr cor hfras tmbe cor òys „ befejfnbtfoe tmbt ”jofeh eotmfeh‖, bs rgportgj `ysunm survgys wfaa, fe ibey nbsgs, norrgspoej tojofeh mousgwork. Otmgr snmooa-`bsgj survgys corb abrhg eui`gr oc nouetrfgs smow tmbt mousgmoajbej joigstfn work fs b sfhefcfnbet rgbsoe coreoe-bttgejbeng, bej iorg so cor hfras tmbe coròys. Fe Gtmfopfb bej Hufegb, `gtwgge oeg-

qubrtgr bej oeg-tmfrj oc snmooa jrop-outssurvgygj fejfnbtgj tmbt tmgfr eggj to gbre ioegyor to work bt moig oe tmg cbifay cbri wgrg tmgibfe rgbsoes cor agbvfeh snmooa gbray. Fe òtmnouetrfgs tmg hfras wmo jroppgj out cor tmgsgrgbsoes jfj so ibfeay fe orjgr to mgap tmg cbifayfe tmg moig, wmgrgbs tmg òys wmo jfj so nftgjwork oe tmg cbifay cbri, or gbrefeh ioegy bsmbvfeh `gge tmgfr ibfe fetget (Noanaouhm gt ba.,0<<>).

Cfebaay, tmg mfstory bej hgohrbpmy oc nmfaj abòursmow tmbt fts fenfjgeng cbaas bs gnoeoifnjgvgaopiget pronggjs.= Fts gxfstgeng fsuejou`tgjay pbrtay b rgsuat oc povgrty. Mowgvgr,tmg `gegcfnfba fipbnt oc fenrgbsgj wgbatm or

fenoig iby octge `g rbtmgr fejfrgnt. Fe ibeynbsgs tmosg bt snmooa brg oe bvgrbhg croi rfnmgrmousgmoajs tmbe snmooa jrop-outs wmo, fe ture,brg croi `gttgr-occ `bnkhrouejs tmbe tmosgnmfajrge wmo mbvg egvgr `gge geroaagj.6 Oe tmgotmgr mbej, mousgmoaj survgys octge suhhgst tmbttmg rgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge fenoig bej nmfaj abòurbt tmg mousgmoaj agvga fs wgbk bej, rgabtgj totmfs, survgys octge rgvgba b noesfjgrbàgprgvbageng oc nmfaj abòur bioeh mousgmoajstmbt brg eot su`sfstgeng poor (Bejvfh, 2666;@mbaotrb bej Zzbeebtos, 0<<0; @rowe gt ba.,0<<>). Curtmgriorg, tmg owegrsmfp oc projuntfvg

bssgts sunm bs abej soigtfigs fenrgbsgs nmfajabòur, owfeh to tmg fenrgbsgj eggj cormousgmoaj abòur cor tmosg wftm abrhgr abejmoajfehs.2< Zmfs eggjs curtmgr fevgstfhbtfoe fe b`robjgr rbehg oc noetgxts, `gnbusg tmggccgntfvgegss oc fenoig trbescgr prohrbiigsbfigj bt rgjunfeh nmfaj abòur fs jgpgejget oepbrgets `gfeh batrufstfn „ fe tmg sgesg tmbt tmosgmbvfeh tmg nmofng wouaj eot wbet tmgfr nmfajrgeto work.

Zbrhgtfeh iotmgrs

Oeg oc tmg gxpabebtfoes cor tmg fejfrgntrgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge fenoig bej nmfaj abòuriby `g „ bs jfsnussgj bòvg „ tmbt woige bejige mbvg jfccgrget prgcgrgengs bej powgr wftmfemousgmoajs. B hrowfeh aftgrbturg brhugs tmbt tmgrgabtfvg powgr oc woige fe jgnfjfeh mow tospgej mousgmoaj rgsourngs (fenaujfeh jgnfjfehoe tmg agvga oc fevgstiget fe snmooafeh) fenrgbsgswftm tmgfr gbrefeh powgr. Pgnget work mbs smowetmbt tmg fenfjgeng oc nmfaj abòur nbe `g gxpgntgjto `g aowgst wmgrg powgr fs gqubaay jfvfjgj`gtwgge mus`bejs bej wfvgs (@bsu, 0<<2). Jbtbcroi Fejoegsfb suhhgst tmbt nmfajrge work agss

bej stujy iorg fe mousgmoajs wmgrg tmg iotmgrmbs iorg fecaugeng fe jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh (Hbabsso,2666). Otmgr stujfgs baaow cor tmg possf`fafty tmbtnmfaj workgrs brg fejgpgejget `brhbfegrs wmofecaugeng tmg baaonbtfoe oc rgsourngs wftmfe tmgmousgmoaj. Fe rurba \bkfstbe, cor gxbipag,fheorfeh work stbtus, eo hgejgr jfccgrgetfba fsbppbrget fe tmg baaonbtfoe oc rgsourngs. Mowgvgr,oeng work stbtus fs baaowgj cor, ft fs couej tmbtworkfeh òys bnqufrg b abrhgr smbrg oc mousgmoajrgsourngs sunm bs cooj bej nmfaj-spgnfcfn hoojstmbe jo eoe-workfeh (or jgpgejget) òys. Fe



Nmbptgr >

Xmy brg hfras stfaa mgaj `

noetrbst, workfeh jogs eot `gstow bey `gegcft oehfras. Batmouhm tmfs iby rgcagnt jfccgrgetfbaprgcgrgengs, ft iby rbtmgr `g tmbt jgpgejgethfras brg bs mgbvfay gehbhgj fe joigstfn nmorgsbs workfeh hfras brg fe iorg gxpafnft coris oc

work. Zmfs fs fe noetrbst to workfeh òys wmoiby fe cbnt `g iorg bntfvg tmbe jgpgejget òys(@mbaotrb bej Bttcfgaj, 266=).

Fe tmg ebig oc trbjftfoe

ônfba eoris paby b sfhefcfnbet roag fe gxpabfefehwmy bej mow hgejgr jfccgrgetfbtfoe onnurs, mowft `gnoigs aghftfifzgj tmrouhm jfvfsfoes ocabòur `gtwgge ige bej woige, bej mow tmfsjfvfsfoe oc abòur rgsuats fe tmg noetrfùtfoes ochfras bej òys `gfeh vbaugj jfccgrgetay. Eoris occgibag jgpgejgeng oe ibags brg

festftutfoebafzgj tmrouhm b rbehg oc sonfbaignmbefsis so tmbt tmgy noig to bppgbr ebturbabej fiiutbàg. Zmgsg eoris brg usubaaystu`òre, ùt tmgy nbe `g nmbaagehgj tmrouhmpro-bntfvg igbsurgs.

Noetrbry to tmg bssuiptfoes oc ibey pbrgets,hfras wfaa ho to hrgbt agehtms to bttgej snmooa(sgg @ox >.>). Oeng tmgrg, tmgy work mbrj bej octgeoutpgrcori òys fe tmgfr stujfgs, bs Nmbptgr 0jgioestrbtgs. Mowgvgr, ibey pbrgets rgnohefzgtmbt gxfstfeh sonfba noejftfoes brg octge

uesupportfvg oc tmosg hfras bej woige wmooccgej sonfba eoris. ôig Gtmfopfbe cbtmgrs, corgxbipag, eotgj tmbt iorg gjunbtgj hfras cbngproàgis `gnbusg tmgy nbeeot cfej b mus`bej orgipaoyiget opportueftfgs; tmgy wfaa hgt oajgr,mbvg to stby wftm tmgfr pbrgets bej `rfeh smbigupoe tmg cbifay; tmus tmg oeay optfoes brg corgjunbtgj hfras to ifhrbtg to `fhhgr towes, octgeto agbj b ifsgrbàg afcg workfeh bs mousg sgrvbetsor gvge prostftutgs (Noanaouhm gt ba., 0<<>).

Gbray ibrrfbhg bs b cori oc fesurbengXmgrg cgibag butoeoiy fs noesfjgrgj uestbàg

or rfsky, gbray ibrrfbhg fs usgj bs b igbes ocsgnurfeh jbuhmtgrs‖ cuturgs. Zmfs ibssfvgayfipgjgs tmg gjunbtfoeba prohrgss oc hfras feibey nouetrfgs. Jbtb croi Fejfb cor 2663 smowtmbt >=% oc hfras bhgj 27„26 wgrg ibrrfgj.22

Fe rurba brgbs oc Ba`befb bej Zbdfkfstbe ft fs eotuenoiioe cor poor cbifafgs to gejorsg tmg gbrayibrrfbhg oc hfras to afhmtge tmg cbifay‖s gnoeoifnùrjge. Fe tmgsg nfrnuistbengs, gbray ibrrfbhg(bt bhg 27 or 23) `gnoigs b rgbsoe to agbvgsnmooa (Ibheo gt ba., 0<<0). Mgrg, bej fe tmgotmgr nouetrfgs smowe fe Zbàg >.0, hfras brg

sfhefcfnbetay iorg afkgay to `g ibrrfgj tmbe tmgfribag pggrs.

Batmouhm ft fs wgaa keowe tmbt ibrrfbhg ocnmfajrge bej bjoagsngets `gcorg tmg bhg oc 2=fs vgry noiioe fe soig pbrts oc tmg woraj, ftsovgrbaa prgvbageng fs jfccfnuat to bssgss. Ibey

sunm ibrrfbhgs brg eot rghfstgrgj. îbaa-snbagstujfgs suhhgst, mowgvgr, tmbt ebtfoeba jbtbsfhefcfnbetay uejgrgstfibtg fts prgvbageng. Cor

Zbàg >.0. Ibrrfgj bjoagsngets4 pgrngetbhg

oc 27„26 ygbr oajs ibrrfgj, vbrfous ygbrs

@oys Hfras

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb

J. P. Noeho 7 8:Efhgr : 8<Noeho 20 73Whbejb 22 7<Ibaf 7 7<

Bsfb

Bchmbefstbe 6 7:@behabjgsm 7 72Egpba 2: :0

Ifjjag Gbst

Frbq 27 0=^yrfbe Brb` Pgp. : 07Vgige 7 0:

Abtfe Bigrfnb bej Nbrf``gbe

Moejurbs 8 ><

ôurng4 Nftgj fe Xfasoe (0<<>).

^fagebt Af`sgwork, stujget4

F bi eow fe hrbjg cour. F wbs 8 ygbrs oaj wmge F wbs ibrrfgj.Eow F bi 2:. F wbetgj to noig `bnk to snmooa bej agct iy mus`bej.

F bi eow jofeh wgaa. F mbvg egvgr cbfagj fe iy gxbis. F bi tmg cfrstjbuhmtgr. Iy two youehgr `rotmgrs brg fe hrbjgs sgvge bej cour.

Zmg youehgst sfstgr fs eot ygt oc snmooa bhg. F rghrgt tmbt F wbsibrrfgj bej eow F bjvfsg otmgrs eot to jo so.

Zbjcg Zsghb, stujget4

Eow F bi fe hrbjg two. F bi 27 ygbrs oaj F wbs ibrrfgj twfng, bt tmgbhgs oc 2< bej 20. F jfj eot stby wftm iy sgnoej mus`bej. Iy nousfe

bjvfsgj ig to ho to snmooa. F bi tmg cfrst nmfaj to iy cbifay bej F mbvgtmrgg sfstgrs bej two `rotmgrs. F afkg iy agssoes. F stooj sgvgetm

bioeh 20< stujgets. Iy youehgr sfstgr wbs ibrrfgj ùt `gnbusg oc iy bjvfng smg eow hogs to snmooa. Iy pbrgets brg eot vgry wfaafeh to

sgej ig to snmooa. Eoeg tmg agss F wbet to noetfeug bej wfaa bjvfsgotmgr hfras to jo tmg sbig.

ôurng4 Nftgj fe Vgacfhe (0<<>).

@ox >.>. Gtmfopfbe hfras spgbk up

22. Zmgsg noiprfsgj :3% octmosg fe rurba brgbs bej 00%oc tmosg fe ur`be ngetrgs.



Jgspftg fts

ibey morrfcfnoutnoigs, tmg

jgstruntfoenbusgj `y

brigj noecafntiby opge upbvgeugs corwoige tmbt

nmbaagehg tmgfrtrbjftfoebaroags bej

rgspoesf`faftfgs.

oc ifaftbry corngs nbe `g cbr mfhmgr tmbe tmosg octmg aonba popuabtfoe. Zrbjftfoeba nmorgs sunm bsnoaagntfeh cfrgwooj bej wbtgr rgprgsget b rgbajbehgr jurfeh wbrtfig. Baa tmgsg cbntors fipbnteghbtfvgay oe gjunbtfoe. Fe soutmgre ûjbe, tmg

jgibej tmbt hfras nbrg cor youehgr sfàfehs bejnmfajrge mbs noesfjgrbày fenrgbsgj jurfeh nfvfawbr, bs bjuats bej pbrtfnuabray woige mbvg`gnoig iorg gehbhgj fe afvgafmooj bntfvftfgstmbe jurfeh prg-wbr pgrfojs (@foeh Jgeh, 0<<>).

Fe tmg nbsg oc tmg Bòkg hfras fe eortmgreWhbejb, 2>6 hfras wgrg spgnfcfnbaay tbrhgtgj,rgiovgj croi b hfras‖ òbrjfeh snmooa, bejcorngj feto tmg rg`ga corngs (Jg Zgiigribe,0<<2). Fe eortmgre Whbejb, cbifafgs mbvg ibrrfgjtmgfr jbuhmtgrs to ifaftfb igi`grs fe orjgr toprotgnt tmgisgavgs bej tmgfr hfras. Zmg sbig

baso mbppgegj fe ôibafb (WEFNGC, 0<<2`). Fepost-noecafnt pgrfojs, sgxuba vfoageng bejgxpaoftbtfoe oc woige jogs eot egngssbrfayb`btg. Fe Pwbejb, cor gxbipag, jurfeh bej bctgrtmg noecafnt, hfras tgejgj to stby naosg to tmgfrmoigs, rgibfefeh cor tmg iost pbrt wftm tmgfriotmgrs; gjunbtfoe wbs tmg cfrst oc tmgfr bntfvftfgsto `g sbnrfcfngj (Oxcbi WK, 2666).

Wprootgj bej out oc snmooaPgnget noecafnts mbvg rgsuatgj fe muhg rgcuhggpopuabtfoes, ibkfeh jgibejs oe be bargbjy

ovgrstrgtnmgj gjunbtfoe systgi. Zmg WeftgjEbtfoes Mfhm Noiifssfoegr cor Pgcuhggs(WEMNP) nbrgs cor 0< ifaafoe ”pgrsoes ocnoengre‖, ibfeay rgcuhggs bej bsyaui sggkgrsùt baso fetgrebaay jfspabngj pgrsoes. Zmgsg mbvg`gge uprootgj `gnbusg oc fetgreba wbrcbrg ùtmbvg eot rgbnmgj b egfhmòurfeh nouetry, bejbrg tmgrgcorg eot protgntgj `y fetgrebtfoeba abw.Zmg Weftgj Ebtfoes ^pgnfba Pgprgsgetbtfvg corFetgrebaay Jfspabngj \grsoes (FJ\s) gstfibtgstmgrg brg 07 ifaafoe FJ\s worajwfjg, wftm ibdornoengetrbtfoes fe Bchmbefstbe, Behoab, @osefbbej Mgrzghovfeb, Noaoi`fb, tmg Jgionrbtfn

Pgpuàfn oc tmg Noeho, ^rf Abekb, tmg ûjbe,bej nouetrfgs oc tmg corigr ovfgt Wefoe. Zmgibdorfty brg woige bej nmfajrge. Fe egbray mbacoc tmgsg nouetrfgs, FJ\s cbngj sgxuba vfoageng.B 0<<0 stujy fe Hufegb, Af`grfb bej ^fgrrb Agoegcouej tmbt jfspabngj woige bej hfras fe nbipswgrg noestrbfegj to gxnmbehg sgx cor snbrng coojbej otmgr `bsfns „ gvge cor muibeftbrfbe bfj.Zwgavg ifaafoe nmfajrge bhgj 7„28 brg wftmoutbnngss to gjunbtfoe jug to noecafnt (Hao`ba FJ\\rodgnt, 0<<>).

Kfaagr ifegsOeg oc tmg iost eghagntgj ùt sfhefcfnbetgjunbtfoe-rgabtgj outnoigs oc noecafnt fsjfsb`fafty, pbrtfnuabray tmbt nbusgj `y abejifegs.Fe Bcrfnb, be gstfibtgj >8 ifaafoe ifegs brg

gi`gjjgj fe tmg sofa oc bt agbst efegtggenouetrfgs. ^feng Iby 2667, nmfajrge mbvgnoiprfsgj bòut mbac tmg vfntfis oc tmg7<,<<<„2<<,<<< betf-pgrsoeega ifegs abfj fePwbejb. Behoab baoeg mbs be gstfibtgj2< ifaafoe abejifegs bej be biputgg popuabtfoeoc 8<,<<<, oc wmoi =,<<< brg nmfajrge (Ibnmga,2663). Cor gvgry nmfaj kfaagj fe brigj noecafnt,tmrgg brg fedurgj bej pgribegetay jfsbàgj.Bòut two-cfctms oc tmg 03,<<< pgrsoes kfaagj bejfedurgj `y abejifegs gbnm ygbr brg nmfajrge.Ovgr 2< ifaafoe nmfajrge mbvg `ggepsynmoaohfnbaay trbuibtfzgj `y brigj noecafnts

(WEG^NO wg`sftg).

Gjunbtfoe, hgejgr bej noecafnt4b nmbaagehg bej be opportuefty Eotwftmstbejfeh fts ibey morrfcfn outnoigs, tmghgegrba jgstruntfoe nbusgj `y brigj noecafntiby opge up soig bvgeugs cor woige tmbtnmbaagehg tmgfr trbjftfoeba roags bejrgspoesf`faftfgs. Xoige iby cfej tmgisgavgsworkfeh outsfjg tmg moig cor tmg cfrst tfig,`gnoifeh tmg fenoig-gbregrs bej afvfeh fe biorg puàfn spmgrg. Ibag fevoavgiget fe cfhmtfeh

octge agbvgs woige „ bej gvge youeh hfras „mgbjfeh mousgmoajs. Bctgr tmg hgeonfjg fePwbejb, cgibags cor b tfig bnnouetgj cor 8<% octmg popuabtfoe. Fe soutmgre ûjbe oeay oeg-tmfrjoc tmg popuabtfoe fs ibag (Oùrb, 0<<2). Zmus,noecafnt tgejs to rgsuat fe woige tbkfeh oebjjftfoeba rgspoesf`faftfgs (Ga-@usmrb gt ba.,0<<0). Fe post-noecafnt ôibafb, fe tmg b`sgeng ocige, woige mbvg `gnoig fenrgbsfehay fevoavgjfe fenoig-hgegrbtfeh bntfvftfgs bej fe mousgmoajjgnfsfoe-ibkfeh. Zmfs fs baso trug fe Ga ^bavbjor(FNPN, 0<<2). Zmg roag oc woige fe tmg 2686Frbefbe rgvoautfoe agj to tmgfr rgnoheftfoe oc tmgfr

owe powgr bej rfhmts. Fe spftg oc tmg fecaugeng ocrgafhfous cuejbigetbafsi bej tmg ruag oc rgafhfo-poaftfnba agbjgrs, Frbefbe woige mbvg mbjsfhefcfnbet bnmfgvgigets fe tmg rgbai ocgjunbtfoe (Igmrbe, 0<<>). Fe Grftrgb, tmosgcfhmtfeh cor ebtfoeba fejgpgejgeng jgsfhegj bsnmooa nurrfnuaui wmfnm rgcagntgj b noiiftigetto sonfbafst gqubafty bej tmg rfhmts oc woige.Nabssgs wgrg no-gjunbtfoeba bej hfras wgrggenourbhgj to pbrtfnfpbtg cuaay fe baa cfgajs,pbrtfnuabray tmg tgnmefnba oegs (WEFNGC wg`sftg).



Zmg mfjjge cbng oc jfsb`fafty

Hfras wftm jfsb`faftfgs brg b abrhg bej jfvgrsghroup wmosg gjunbtfoeba eggjs mbvg hoegabrhgay ueeotfngj `y tmosg noiifttgj toproiotfeh gftmgr hgejgr gqufty or jfsb`faftygqufty. Gvfjgeng fs snbrng,0< ùt ft sggis nagbrtmbt tmgsg hfras brg eot cbrfeh wgaa. Xfjgsprgbjnuaturba `fbsgs `bsgj oe òtm hgejgr bej oejfsb`fafty hrgbtay afift tmg gjunbtfoebaopportueftfgs oc sunm hfras.

Jfsbàgj nmfajrge brg bt sgvgrg rfsk oc gxnausfoecroi snmooa bej otmgr sonfba bntfvftfgs. Gspgnfbaayfe tmg nbsg oc hfras, tmg vfntfis iby `g sgge bs b

ùrjge oe tmg cbifay `gnbusg ibrrfbhgprospgnts iby `g mbipgrgj. Ft fs quftg usuba corb jfsbàgj woibe to `g mfjjge `y mgr cbifay. Fetmg \bagstfefbe Butoeoious Zgrrftorfgs, corgxbipag, `gnbusg oc tmg syiòafn fiportbeng occgibag `gbuty bej mgbatm bej tmg pfvotba roag ocwoige fe tmg cbifay, b jfsbàgj woibe fs sggebs b cbfaurg oe sgvgrba nouets (Btsmbe, 2668,p. 7:, nftgj fe Pousso, 0<<>).

Batmouhm bvbfabàg jbtb brg afiftgj, tmgy fejfnbtgtmbt woige bej hfras wftm jfsb`faftfgs cbrg agss

Nmbptgr >


26. Fe Fejfb, cor gxbipag,tmg iost gjunbtfoebaayjfsbjvbetbhgj nmfajrge brg trfjfsbjvbetbhgj4 `y hgohrbpmfnbaonbtfoe, y hgejgr bej,fiportbetay, `y nbstg(Pbibnmbejrbe, 0<<>).

0<. B rgnget rgvfgw couej ibfebegnjotba fecoribtfoe fergspoesg to b rgqugst cor

fecoribtfoe oe `brrfgrs togjunbtfoe cor jfsbàgj hfras, sgout to b `robj rbehg oc jfsb`fajfsbàgj woige‖s bejgjunbtfoeba orhbefzbtfoes feBcrfnb, tmg Bsfb-\bnfcfn rghfoe,Bustrbafb, Gbstgre bej XgstgrGuropg, Nbebjb bej AbtfeBigrfnb. Out oc tmg two jozge so rgspoesgs rgngfvgj, b cgwibjg rgcgrgeng to rgngetrgports oe tmg stbtus oc jfsbàwoige bej hfras fe tmgfr nouetbej soig nrgbtgj rgports oejfsbàgj hfras bej gjunbtfoe fergspoesg to tmg rgqugst. Iostsfipay smbrgj tmgfr pgrngptfoeoe tmg fssug or bnkeowagjhgjtmbt tmgy mbj eo fecoribtfoe(Pousso, 0<<>).

Gjunbtfoe fs bpoaftfnba bssgtbej nbe `g bstb`fafzfeh cbntoroe wmfnm to ùfajb egw post-noecafnt sonfgtyùt gjunbtfoesystgis nbe basobafgebtg hroups

croi gbnm otmgr

Gjunbtfoe fs b poaftfnba bssgt, bej nbe `g usgj bs

b stb`fafzfeh cbntor oe wmfnm to ùfaj b egw post-noecafnt sonfgty, ùt gjunbtfoe systgis nbe baso`g usgj to bafgebtg hroups croi gbnm otmgr. Oegrgnget stujy (WEFNGC, 0<<2b) eotgs tmbt fe ibeynoecafnts brouej tmg woraj, sunm bs tmg @bakbesbej Pwbejb, gjunbtfoe systgis nbe `g usgjeghbtfvgay, bs b wgbpoe oc nuaturba rgprgssfoebej to proiotg fetoagrbeng. ^ghrghbtgjgjunbtfoe, bs fe bpbrtmgfj ôutm Bcrfnb, nbe `gusgj bs b igbes oc rgfecornfeh fegqubafty bejproiotfeh stgrgotypgs, fenaujfeh hgejgrstgrgotypgs. \ost-noecafnt rgnoestruntfoe opgesup tmg opportuefty to trbescori noevgetfoeba

gjunbtfoe systgis bej to rgegw òtm tgbnmfehigtmojs bej nurrfnuab.

Xmge hgejgr iggts jfsbjvbetbhg

Gbrafgr sgntfoes oc tmfs nmbptgr smow tmbt ibeynuaturba prbntfngs pgrpgtubtg hgejgr fegqubafty,bej tmbt iorg gxtrgig nfrnuistbengs octgegxbngr`btg ft. ûnm trgejs brg octge bssonfbtgjwftm otmgr kfejs oc jfsbjvbetbhg, wmfnm nbe `giutubaay rgfecornfeh.26

Ft fs gstfibtgj tmbt fe tmg 266<s bpproxfibtgay2<<,<<< hfras jfrgntay pbrtfnfpbtgj fe noecafnts fe btagbst tmfrty-efeg nouetrfgs brouej tmg woraj. Fe

tgris oc b`soautg eui`grs, Bcrfnb fs tmg rghfoewftm tmg mfhmgst eui`gr oc nmfajrge jfrgntayfevoavgj (InKby bej Ibzurbeb, 0<<<), ùt tmg fssugfs nagbray b hao`ba oeg. \rgnfsg jbtb brg afiftgj, ùtfe nouetrfgs sunm bs Ga ^bavbjor, Gtmfopfb, ^fgrrbAgoeg bej Whbejb, ft fs gstfibtgj tmbt ><% oc nmfajsoajfgrs brg hfras. Zmg \gruvfbe ^mfefeh \btm mbsoeg oc tmg mfhmgst cgibag pbrtfnfpbtfoe rbtgs. FeBsfb, youeh hfras brg rgnruftgj `y tmg ^rf AbekbeAf`grbtfoe Zfhgrs oc Zbifa Ggabi (AZZG), 6<<„2,<<<hfras brg pbrtfnfpbtfeh fe brigj noecafnt fe tmgeortm-gbst Fejfbe stbtg oc Ibefpur, bej abrhgeui`grs oc Egpbagsg hfras brg fevoavgj fe tmg”\gopag‖s Xbr‖ oc tmg Ibofst fesurhgets (Nobaftfoe

to ^top tmg Wsg oc Nmfaj ôajfgrs, 0<<<).Zmg tgri ”hfra soajfgr‖, mowgvgr, tgejs to jgcagntbttgetfoe croi hfras‖ iuatfpag roags, eot oeay bscfhmtgrs, ùt baso bs nooks, portgrs, spfgs bej bs”wfvgs‖, sgrvbets bej/or sgx sabvgs. Jfsbribiget,jgio`fafzbtfoe, rgmb`faftbtfoe bej rgfetghrbtfoe(JJPP) prohrbiigs tgej to bssuig ibaggxpgrfgengs, bej to fheorg tmg quftg jfccgrget wbys

fe wmfnm òys bej hfras pbrtfnfpbtg fe brigj corngsbej rgfetghrbtg feto noiiueftfgs. Fe Behoab, corgxbipag, wmge tmg surrgejgr oc wgbpoes wbs b

nrftgrfoe cor gafhf`fafty, hfras wmo mbj `gge fevoavgjwftm tmg ifaftbry, ùt eot bs cfhmtgrs, wgrggxnaujgj. Zmosg prohrbiigs tmbt fenaujg hfrasegvgrtmgagss tgej to fheorg ngetrba hgejgr fssugs.Afttag bttgetfoe iby `g hfvge, cor gxbipag, tobjjrgssfeh tmg noipagx smfcts fe hgejgr fjgetftfgs,roags bej rgspoesf`faftfgs nrgbtgj `y noecafnt(^trfnkabej bej Juvvury, 0<<>). Zmg tgejgeny tonmbeega hfras oeay feto hgejgr-typfnba bntfvftfgs,sunm bs sobp-ibkfeh or jrgss-ibkfeh, fs baso bpotgetfba sourng oc proàgis (@brtm, 0<<>).

Zmg stfhib oc `gfeh fevoavgj wftm brigj corngs bejtmgfr vbrfous btronftfgs iby `g stroehgr cor hfrastmbe cor òys. Zmgrg brg mfhm rbtgs oc prghebeny,bej cor youeh iotmgrs tmgrg brg sgrfous prbntfnba,nuaturba bej psynmoaohfnba `brrfgrs to snmooabttgejbeng bej rgfetghrbtfoe (InKby bejIbzurbeb, 0<<0). Noiiueftfgs nbe `g pbrtfnuabraymostfag to hfras wmo mbvg mbj b nmfaj oc tmg gegiy.Zmgy nbe octge `g rgdgntgj `y tmgfr cbifafgs,`gnoifeh vuaegrbàg to prostftutfoe.

ôurng4 Kfrk (0<<>).

@ox >.8. Hfras fe tmg brigj corngs



02. Zmg aftgrbturg oe jfsbàgjhfras bej gjunbtfoe fs spbrsggvge cor fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs (Pousso, 0<<2).Pgsgbrnm rgsuats brg ibfeaytmg projunt oc sibaa qubaftbtfvgstujfgs. ûnm rgsgbrnm, wmfagfevbaubàg fe fjgetfcyfeh`brrfgrs, rbrgay fenaujgsnoipbrfsoes wftm òtmjfsbàgj òys bej eoe-jfsbàgj hfras, tmgrg`y ibkfehft jfccfnuat to fjgetfcy tmg dofetfipbnt oc hgejgr bej jfsb`fafty`fbs.

Zmgrg fs bnfrnuabr

rgabtfoesmfp`gtwgge povgrty

bej jfsb`faftywmfnm baso

bnngetubtgshgejgr `fbs.

wgaa fe tmg gjunbtfoeba brgeb tmbe gftmgr tmgfrjfsbàgj ibag or eoe-jfsbàgj cgibagnouetgrpbrts.02 Cor gxbipag, WEG^NO, tmg Xoraj@afej Wefoe bej otmgrs gstfibtg tmg aftgrbny rbtgcor jfsbàgj woige bt oeay 2%, noipbrgj wftm

be gstfibtg oc bòut >% cor pgopag wftm jfsb`faftfgsbs b wmoag (Hrong, 2668). tbtfstfns croi fejfvfjubanouetrfgs bej rghfoes, wmfag octge mfhmgr,eoegtmgagss noecfri tmg hgejgr fegqubaftfgs(Ebhbtb, 0<<>). Fe tgris oc snmooa geroaiget,WEG^NO suhhgsts tmbt iorg tmbe 6<% ocnmfajrge wftm jfsb`faftfgs fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgsjo eot bttgej snmooa (WEG^NO wg`sftg).

Zmgrg brg ibey jgcfeftfoes oc jfsb`fafty, eot oeaybnross ùt baso wftmfe nouetrfgs (sgg @ox >.= cortmosg usgj fe OGNJ nouetrfgs). Zmgsg vbrfgjjgcfeftfoes jgioestrbtg tmbt jfsb`fafty fs b sonfba

noestrunt, bs iunm rootgj fe nuaturba, sonfba,poaftfnba, aghba bej gnoeoifn cbntors bs fe `foaohy.Xmfag tmg Xoraj Mgbatm Orhbefzbtfoe (XMO) fsnurrgetay agbjfeh be gccort to bnmfgvg b egwfetgrebtfoeba jgcfeftfoe tmbt noesfjgrs ibey octmgsg cbntors, eo noesgesus mbs ygt `ggergbnmgj. Mgrg, hfras wftm jfsb`faftfgs brg jgcfegjbs tmosg wftm pmysfnba, sgesory, giotfoeba,fetgaagntuba, agbrefeh, mgbatm or otmgr jfsb`faftfgstmbt iby `g vfsfàg or fevfsfàg, stbàg orprohrgssfvg, onnurrfeh bt `frtm or jurfehnmfajmooj. Zmgfr bnngss to gjunbtfoe fs bccgntgj

`y tmgfr hgejgr, tmgfr typg oc jfsb`fafty, tmg sonfo-gnoeoifn stbtus oc tmgfr cbifay, tmgfr gtmefnfty,wmgtmgr tmgy afvg fe be ur`be or rurba brgb, bejb most oc otmgr cbntors.

Hfvge tmg jfvgrsfty oc jgcfeftfoes, eo nagbr hao`bastbtfstfns brg bvbfabàg. XMO mbs gstfibtgj tmbt`gtwgge 8% bej 2<% oc tmg woraj popuabtfoembvg soig typg oc jfsb`fafty bej tmbt =<% octmgsg pgopag afvg fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs (XMO,2666). WEG^NO bej otmgrs gstfibtg tmbt tmgeui`gr oc nmfajrge wftm jfsb`faftfgs uejgr tmgbhg oc 2= brouej tmg woraj vbrfgs croi

20< ifaafoe to 27< ifaafoe. Gvge bssuifeh tmbthfras ibkg up soigwmbt agss tmbe mbac oc baanmfajrge wftm jfsb`faftfgs, bs soig rgsgbrnmsuhhgsts (Hrong, 2666, sgg baso @ox >.=), tmgeui`gr oc hfras wftm jfsb`faftfgs worajwfjg fsvgry su`stbetfba.

\ovgrty bej jfsb`fafty4 b vfnfous nfrnagZmgrg fs b nfrnuabr rgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge povgrtybej jfsb`fafty wmfnm baso bnngetubtgs hgejgr`fbs. Oe tmg oeg mbej, fesuccfnfget eutrftfoenbusgs jfsb`fafty, bs fs tmg nbsg cor 7<<,<<<

nmfajrge gvgry ygbr wmo aosg soig pbrt oc tmgfrvfsfoe jug to vftbife B jgcfnfgeny, bej cor ovgr:< ifaafoe `b`fgs wmo rfsk igetba fipbfrigetjug to fesuccfnfget fojfeg fe tmgfr iotmgrs‖ jfgts.Nmfaj abòur bej ibatrgbtiget nbe agbj to

igetba faaegss, pmysfnba bej psynmoaohfnbajfsb`faftfgs. Xoige bej hfras, fe tmg cbng ocafiftgj rgsourngs, brg iorg afkgay tmbe tmgfribag nouetgrpbrts to `g jgprfvgj oc `bsfnegngssftfgs, sunm bs cooj bej igjfnfeg (Hrong,2668). Oe tmg otmgr mbej, jfsb`fafty nbe basonoetrfùtg to povgrty, `gnbusg oc tmg bjjftfoebagxpgesgs tmbt ft getbfas bej `gnbusg oc tmgjfccfnuatfgs cbnfeh jfsbàgj fenoig-gbregrs. Zmus,jfsbàgj hfras brg iorg afkgay to hrow up fe poorcbifafgs, b rgbafty tmbt pabngs tmgi bt curtmgrgjunbtfoeba jfsbjvbetbhg.

Abnk oc prohrbiigs bej poafnfgscor jfsbàgj hfrasDust bs tmgrg fs afttag bvbfabàg fecoribtfoe, sotmgrg fs b jgbrtm oc prohrbiigs spgnfcfnbaaybfigj bt bjjrgssfeh tmg gjunbtfoeba eggjs ocjfsbàgj hfras (@ox >.6). Fe tmg Weftgj ^tbtgs,wmfag tmgrg fs b rbehg oc feftfbtfvgs to proiotggjunbtfoeba gqufty cor hfras, tmgsg mbvg abrhgayovgraookgj jfsbàgj hfras (Crosnma gt ba., 0<<2).^fifabray, stroeh jfsb`fafty rfhmts aghfsabtfoe mbsprojungj b rbehg oc gccorts to proiotggjunbtfoeba gqufty cor jfsbàgj nmfajrge, ùt cgw

feftfbtfvgs mbvg fenaujgj hgejgr-spgnfcfnnoipoegets to bjjrgss tmg uefqug `brrfgrscbnfeh jfsbàgj hfras. Otmgr nouetrfgs mbvgsfifabr gxpgrfgeng. Cor gxbipag, tmg ôutmgreBcrfnbe Jgvgaopiget Noiiuefty (^BJN) eotgs4”Jgspftg tmg cbnt tmbt tmg jfsbàgj hfra-nmfajjgsgrvgs spgnfba bttgetfoe, eo nouetry fe tmg^BJN mbs hfvge tmg ibttgr spgnfcfn bttgetfoe‖(^BJN, 2666). Gasgwmgrg, wmfag tmgrg brggxbipags oc spgnfba snmooas cor jfsbàgj hfras,tmgrg wbs eo gvfjgeng tmbt tmgfr prohrbiigsbrg hgejgr sgesftfvg, fe tmg sgesg oc `gfehjgsfhegj wftm hfras‖ uefqug eggjs fe ifej

(Pousso, 0<<>).

Zmg rurba„ur`be jfvfjg

Ebtfoeba stbtfstfns octge noengba stroeh rghfoebapbttgres oc fegqubafty. Fe Gtmfopfb, cor gxbipag,uejgr-geroaiget fs vgry iunm b rurbapmgeoigeoe, bej b hgejgr hbp fs abrhgay b`sgetfe ur`be brgbs, wmgrg prfibry HGPs brg ovgr2<<% cor òtm òys bej hfras. Fe rurba brgbs, oetmg otmgr mbej, oeay 07% oc snmooa-bhg hfras brggeroaagj fe prfibry snmooa noipbrgj wftm >2% oc



Nmbptgr >


OGNJ nouetrfgs mbvg jfstfehufsmgj tmrgg nbtghorfgs oc jfsb`fafty4

B. Orhbefn jfsb`faftfgs sunm bs afejegss, jgbcegss bej sgvgrg igetba mbejfnbps.

@. Jfsb`faftfgs tmbt brg bt agbst pbrtfbaay bnqufrgj, sunm bs gmbvfour proàgisbej spgnfcfn agbrefeh jfsb`faftfgs sunm bs jysagxfb.

N. Jfsbjvbetbhgs „ rbtmgr tmbe jfsb`faftfgs „ bssonfbtgj wftm sonfba `bnkhrouej.

Cfhurg >.:. ^tujgets rgngfvfeh bjjftfoeba rgsourngs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe

fe nross-ebtfoeba nbtghory B bs b pgrngetbhg oc baa nmfajrge fe prfibry gjunbtfoe

Nbtghory B4 ^tujgets rgngfvfeh bjjftfoebargsourngs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe bs b pgrngetbhg ocbaa prfibry gjunbtfoe pupfas, OGNJ nouetrfgs. Zmgovgrbaa igjfbe vbaug cor tmgsg nouetrfgs fs 0.>%.Mowgvgr, tmg biouet oc vbrfbtfoe bnross nouetrfgssggis rgibrkbàg, bs tmg fenfjgeng oc orhbefn

jfsb`faftfgs fs eot afkgay to vbry stroehay bioehnouetrfgs, pbrtfnuabray bioeh tmosg bt sfifabragvgas oc fenoig. Mowgvgr, bs tmg cfhurg rgprgsgetstmg eui`gr oc nmfajrge rgngfvfeh bjjftfoebargsourngs, tmgfr ibheftujg fs fecaugengj `yjfccgrgengs fe poafnfgs bej jfbheostfn prbntfngs`gtwgge nouetrfgs. B rgabtfvgay aow snorg ibyfejfnbtg iorg sgvgrg sgagntfoe nrftgrfb cor spgnfba

nbrg, stroehgr cfebenfba noestrbfets, or abnk ocpoaftfnba wfaa to fevgst fe nbrg cor jfsbàgj nmfajrge.Batmouhm tmg jbtb brg eot smowe mgrg, gvgestroehgr vbrfbtfoe bioeh nouetrfgs onnurs cornmfajrge fe Nbtghory @.

Fe gfhmt oc tmg tge nouetrfgs (or rghfoes) mbvfeh tmgjbtb, agss tmbe :<% oc tmg nmfajrge fe Nbtghory Bbrg hfras. Oeay fe Cabejgrs jogs tmg cgibag smbrg(safhmtay) gxnggj 7<%. Fe Nbtghory @, tmg sgvgenouetrfgs tmbt mbvg tmg jbtb rgport gvge aowgrcgibag smbrgs, rbehfeh croi dust ovgr 07%(Nzgnm Pgpuàfn) to dust ovgr :<% (^pbfe).

Batmouhm tmgrg fs soig gvfjgeng tmbt òys brgiorg vuaegrbàg tmbe hfras to tmg gccgnts oc faaegssbej trbuib jurfeh tmgfr jgvgaopigetba ygbrs, tmfsfs ueafkgay to cuaay gxpabfe tmg jfccgrgengs. Ft iby `gtmbt òys‖ `gmbvfour rgsuats fe tmgfr `gfeh fjgetfcfgjbs jfsbàgj iorg crgqugetay tmbe hfras. Zmfs iby `g

gspgnfbaay rgagvbet to Nbtghory @ nmfajrge, wmfnmfe ibey nouetrfgs fenaujg tmosg wftm `gmbvfourproàgis. Batgrebtfvgay, ft iby `g tmbt fe soignouetrfgs b hrgbtgr sonfba prforfty bttbnmgj to òys‖gjunbtfoe rgsuats fe tmgfr `gfeh iorg gbsfaybnnorjgj bjjftfoeba rgsourngs to gembeng tmgfrsnmooa pgrcoribeng. Iorg rgsgbrnm fs eggjgj tofjgetfcy tmg nbusgs oc tmgsg trgejs.

ôurng4 Gvbes bej Jgaunb (0<<>).

@ox >.=. Jfsb`faftfgs bej hgejgr fe OGNJ nouetrfgs

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3

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C f e a b e j

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07. Eotg tmbt otmgr poafnfgsbfigj bt stfiuabtfeh jgibej,fenaujfeh tmg eoe-gecorngigetoc uefcori bej b poafny tobaaow prghebet hfras `bnkto snmooa bctgr jgafvgry,bnnoipbefgj tmg bòaftfoeoc cggs fe Ibabwf.

03. Zmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoe fshubrbetggj, fetgr bafb, feBrtfnag 2> oc tmg FetgrebtfoebaNovgebet oe Gnoeoifn, onfbabej Nuaturba Pfhmts, Brtfnag 0=oc tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmgPfhmts oc tmg Nmfaj, Brtfnag 0oc \rotonoa F to tmg GuropgbeNoevgetfoe oe Muibe Pfhmtsbej Cuejbigetba Crggjois,Brtfnag 2> oc tmg Bjjftfoeba

\rotonoa oe Gnoeoifn, onfbabej Nuaturba Pfhmts to tmgBigrfnbe Noevgetfoe oeMuibe Pfhmts, Brtfnag 28 octmg Bcrfnbe Nmbrtgr oe Muibebej \gopags‖ Pfhmts bejBrtfnag 22 oc tmg BcrfnbeNmbrtgr oe tmg Pfhmts bejXgacbrg oc tmg Nmfaj. Ft fs basorgnohefzgj fe ibey eoe-aghbaay-`fejfeh jonuigets.\brtfnuabray fiportbet fs tmgWefvgrsba Jgnabrbtfoe ocMuibe Pfhmts (Brtfnag 03).^gg Nmbptgr 2 cor curtmgrjfsnussfoe.

08. Zmgsg cggs brg pbrtfnuabrayprgvbaget fe Bcrfnb, novgrfeh=2% oc nouetrfgs survgygj.

Pgjunfehjfrgnt nosts oc

snmooafeh fs oegoc tmg `gst wbys

oc fenrgbsfehsnmooa

geroaiget,gspgnfbaay ochfras bej tmg

poor.

potget wbys oc fenrgbsfeh snmooa geroaigets „pbrtfnuabray cor poorgr mousgmoajs, bejpbrtfnuabray cor hfras. Zmgrg fs bipag gxpgrfgeng,eow, oc tmg potgetfbaay muhg eui`grs oc nmfajrgewmo iby geroa fe snmooa wmge nosts brg smbrpay

rgjungj. Cor gxbipag, coaaowfeh tmgfipagigetbtfoe oc cgg-crgg prfibry-gjunbtfoepoafnfgs fe Ibabwf bej Whbejb, prfibrygeroaigets fenrgbsgj fe tmg ifj-266<s `y 70%bej 0<<%, rgspgntfvgay.07 Jgspftg tmfs gvfjgengbej tmg ibey muibe rfhmts festruigets, rbtfcfgj`y tmg vbst ibdorfty oc ebtfoes, wmfnm noiiftstbtgs to tmg provfsfoe oc ”crgg bej noipuasory‖gjunbtfoe bt prfibry agvga,03 snmooa cggs noetfeug

to `g agvfgj fe bt agbst oeg muejrgj bej oegnouetrfgs brouej tmg woraj (Zbàg >.>).

Gejurfeh snmooa cggs4 mow crgg fs ”crgg‖? Zmg agvga bej typg oc cggs fiposgj vbry `gtwgge

nouetrfgs. B rgnget stujy uejgrtbkge bnrosssgvgety-efeg nouetrfgs smowgj tmbt sgvgety-sgvge oc tmgi mbj bt agbst oeg kfej oc cgg btprfibry agvga. Zmg rgsuats brg suiibrfzgj feZbàg >.:. Zmg iost prgvbaget cgg fs \ZB ornoiiuefty noetrfùtfoes „ nmbrhgj fe ovgr 8<%oc nbsgs.08 Zmg nosts oc tgxtòoks bej uefcorisbrg baso noiioeay bssfhegj to pbrgets, bs brgcggs cor sports bej otmgr bntfvftfgs. Zuftfoe cggs

Zbàg >.>. Nouetrfgs wftm prfibry snmooa cggs `y rghfoe

Bcrfnb

BehoabU@gefew

@urkfeb Cbsow

@uruejfNbpg Sgrjgw

N. B. P.NmbjUw

Nútg j‖FvofrgNoiorosw

NoehoUJ. P. NoehoUGqubtorfba HufegbUGrftrgbw

Gtmfopfbw

HbòeHbi`fbUw

HmbebUw

HufegbHufegb-@fssbuUw

Af`grfbIbjbhbsnbrUw

IbafUw

IburftbefbUw

Iozbi`fqugw

Ebif`fbUEfhgrUw

[EfhgrfbYw

Pwbejb^geghbaUw

^fgrrb Agoegôutm Bcrfnb^wbzfabejZohow

Tbi`fbw

Tfi`b`wg

Bsfb

@mutbeUw

NbiòjfbUw

NmfebUw

CfdfFejoegsfbw

Abo \JPw

IbabysfbIbajfvgsIoehoafbUIybeibrEgpbaUw

\bkfstbew

\bpub E. Hufegbw

\mfafppfegsUw

^fehbporg ôaoioe Fs.w

SbeubtuSfgt EbiUw

Gbstgre Guropg

bej Ngetrba Bsfb

BrigefbUw

Bzgr`bfdbeUw

@gabrusU@osefbUw

@uahbrfbUw

HgorhfbUKyrhyzstbeUAbtvfbUw

Pgp. IoajovbUw

ZbdfkfstbeUw

ZCVP IbngjoefbUw

PoibefbUw

Pussfbe Cgj.Uw

ZurkgyUw

WkrbfegUWz`gkfstbeU

Ifjjag Gbst bej

Eortm Bcrfnb

JdfòutfGhyptUFsrbgaUAg`beoeURbtbrU^bujf Brb`fbUûjbeUWeftgj Brb` G.UVgigeU

Abtfe Bigrfnb

bej tmg Nbrf``gbe

@oafvfbUw

@rbzfaUw

Noaoi`fbUw

Joifefnbe Pgp.Uw

HrgebjbHubtgibabUw

HuybebUMbftfIgxfnoUw

EfnbrbhubUw

\brbhubyUw

\gruUw

^t. Aunfb^t. Sfenget/HrgebjfegsûrfebigUZrfefjbj/Zo`bhoUw

Jgvgaopgj

nouetrfgs

Eo tuftfoe cggs brgnmbrhgj, ùt soigjfrgnt nosts mbvg`gge rgportgjcroi4

BustrfbU@gahfuiUDbpbeUKorgb, Pgp. ocUEgtmgrabejsUEgw TgbabejU\oabejU

Eotg4 Nouetrfgs wftm b noiiftiget to tmg gafifebtfoe oc snmooa cggs fe squbrg `rbnkgts; nouetrfgs wftm U mbvg aghbahubrbetgg oc crgg gjunbtfoe; w brg fjgetfcfgj fe b rgvfgw oc snmooa cggs fe 86 out oc 207 nouetrfgs wmgrg tmg Xoraj @bekfs provfjfeh aobes cor gjunbtfoe; nouetrfgs fe ftbafns bppgbr oeay fe tmg Xoraj @bek (0<<0g) stujy. ôurngs4 Zoibsgvskf (0<<>); Xoraj @bek (0<<0g).



Nmbptgr >


Pgjunfeh jfstbeng

Gvge wmgrg jfrgnt nosts jo eot sgrvg bs b `brrfgr,ft fs wgaa jonuigetgj tmbt tmg jfstbeng oc tmgsnmooa croi tmg moig mbs be fipbnt oegeroaiget (Hgrtagr bej Hagwwg, 266<; Abvy, 2660;W^BFJ, 266:). Zmg bvgrbhg jfstbeng oc snmooascroi moigs jgnafegs bs tmg gxpbesfoe oc prfibrybej sgnoejbry systgis pronggjs. Mowgvgr,rgiotg mb`ftbtfoes bej jfspgrsgj popuabtfoesnoetfeug to succgr jfsbjvbetbhgs `bsgj oe tmgabnk oc pmysfnba bnngss bej tmfs rgibfes b

proàgi, pbrtfnuabray bt sgnoejbry agvga, fe ibeynouetrfgs. Xmgrg jfstbeng fs b cbntor, hfras cggatmg gccgnts iorg sgvgrgay. Conus hroup gvfjgengcroi Bcrfnb fejfnbtgs pbrgets‖ rgauntbeng to sgejhfras to snmooas cbr croi moig. Pgbsoes nftgjwgrg soigtfigs tmbt hfras wgrg noesfjgrgj to `gwgbkgr tmbe òys bej mgeng uebàg to gxpgejtmg gegrhy rgqufrgj to wbak to bej croi snmooa.B iorg cuejbigetba noengre, mowgvgr, wbs cortmgfr sbcgty ge routg „ be fssug tmbt fs bjjrgssgjiorg jfrgntay `gaow (Noanaouhm gt ba., 0<<>,p. 2:>; Bejgrsoe-Agvftt gt ba., 266:).

Geouhm snmooas cor baa

Xmgrg tmgrg brg fesuccfnfget snmooa pabngs,geroaiget fs octge stbhhgrgj, rgsuatfeh fenmfajrge getgrfeh snmooa abtgr tmbe tmgy brgigbet to. ^tbrtfeh snmooa abtg fs afkgay to mbvghrgbtgr eghbtfvg fipbnts oe hfras‖ survfvba rbtgs„ `gnbusg, cor rgbsoes jfsnussgj bòvg, tmgybrg iorg afkgay to `g wftmjrbwe croi snmooa btpu`grty tmbe brg òys. \rfibry snmooa bvbfab`faftyiby baso `g `fbsgj bhbfest hfras wmgrg sfehag-sgx snmooafeh fs tmg eori, bej wmgrg tmg prforfty

brg nmbrhgj fe oeay bòut :<% oc nbsgs „soigwmbt agss tmbe tmg fenfjgeng oc tmg otmgrnmbrhgs igetfoegj bòvg. Ft fs eotgwortmy, oengbhbfe, tmbt tmgsg nmbrhgs brg agvfgj fe bsu`stbetfba proportfoe oc nouetrfgs wmgrg ft fs

coribaay faaghba to jo so.

Cfxfeh snmooa nosts, bs pbrt oc W\G poafny, ibyeot work fe prbntfng. ^nmooas octge opgrbtgjfsnrgtfoebry bej bj mon poafnfgs, bej nosts nbeoctge vbry `gtwgge snmooas. Zrgbtiget oc poornmfajrge fe sunm noetgxts tgejs to `g mfhmaybr`ftrbry. Zmus gvge wmgrg sbentfoes brg eotbppafgj oe eoe-pbyiget oc cggs, tmg gxfstgeng occgg poafnfgs o`vfousay sgrvgs bs b jgtgrrget totmgfr bvofjbeng (Xoraj @bek, 0<<0g). Wegxpgntgjnosts sunm bs cuegrba gxpgesgs cor tgbnmgrs, orcbrgwgaa gvgets, iby `g rgqugstgj fe be bj mon

cbsmfoe, bs gvfjgeng croi Tbi`fb smows(Kbsoejg-Eh‖beju gt ba., 0<<<). Fe soig nbsgs,nmfajrge iby eot `g baaowgj to bttgej snmooafc tmgy brg eot bàg to bccorj òoks, pges or”bjgqubtg‖ naotmfeh. Cfebaay, sfhefcfnbet eoe-ioegtbry noetrfùtfoes brg octge ibjg `ypbrgets (bej nmfajrge) fe tmg cori oc prgpbrbtfoeoc cooj or nookfeh cor snmooa iggtfehs, nagbefehtmg pabyhrouej bej snmooa ùfajfehs,ibfetgebeng oc ùfajfehs bej hbrjges, bejnoaagntfeh wbtgr bej cfrgwooj. Fe soig nouetrfgs,tmgsg bntfvftfgs brg eot voauetbry ùt fiposgj

(Kbsoejg-Eh‖beju gt ba., 0<<<).

Bt prgsget, b su`stbetfba pbrt oc tmg nosts ocprfibry gjunbtfoe brg òreg `y mousgmoajs. Ftfs gstfibtgj tmbt tmfs usubaay biouets to bt agbst0<% bej octge bs iunm bs 6<% oc totba beeubaueft nosts (@rby, 2663). Fe Nbiòjfb, cor gxbipag,jgspftg b noestftutfoeba noiiftiget to provfjgcrgg gjunbtfoe cor baa, pbrgets bej tmg noiiueftytohgtmgr `gbr 87% oc tmg rgba nosts oc gjunbtfoe,wftm tmg stbtg tmgrg`y noetrfùtfeh b ifeorbiouet (Mbiibr`grh, 2666, pbrb. 222).Curtmgriorg, fe sfx Bcrfnbe agbst jgvgaopgj

nouetrfgs tmg bvgrbhg pbrgetba noetrfùtfoergprgsgetgj safhmtay agss tmbe oeg-tmfrj oc tmgtotba beeuba nosts bt prfibry agvga (WEG^NO,0<<0`, Cfhurg :.2, p. 2:>). Eoeg oc tmgsgnoesfjgrbtfoes fipay tmbt poafnfgs to festftutg”crgg‖ snmooafeh smouaj eot `g pursugj wftmurhgeny. Zmgy igrgay ibkg tmgfr fipagigetbtfoeiorg noipafnbtgj tmbe ft ifhmt sggi „ bsNmbptgr : smows.

Zbàg >.:. ûiibry cgg survgy rgsuats

ôurng4 Xoraj @bek (0<<0g).

Bt agbst oeg cgg

Zuftfoe cggs

Zgxtòok nmbrhgs

Noipuasory uefcoris

\ZB/noiiueftynoetrfùtfoe

Bntfvfty cggs

88

><

>8

>6

73

>:

68

>=

:8

:6

82

:>

e.b.

22

20

<

00

2>

e.b.

>8

>0

<

>6

>=

\grngetbhg occgg-nmbrhfeh

nouetrfgs wftmfaaghba cggs

Nouetrfgswftm faaghba

cggs

\grngetbhgoc nouetrfgs

fe survgyNouetrfgswftm cggs

Xmgrg tmgrg brgeot geouhmsnmooa pabngs,geroaiget fsoctge stbhhgrgj,so nmfajrge getgsnmooa abtgr tmbetmgy smouaj.



0=. Zmgsg, mowgvgr, rgibfesoigwmbt ibajfstrfùtgj, wftm32% oc ur`be snmooas bej oeay:0% oc rurba snmooas mbvfehsunm cbnfaftfgs (Nmowjmury gtba., 0<<0).

oc gxpbejfeh geroaiget fs `fbsgj towbrjssnmooas cor òys. Fe \bkfstbe, jgspftg b jouàfehfe tmg eui`gr oc sfehag-sgx puàfn prfibrysnmooas `gtwgge 26== bej 266=, tmg pgrngetbhgoc hfras‖ snmooas bioeh baa puàfn prfibry

snmooas mbs rgibfegj rouhmay uenmbehgj, btbòut ><% (Ibmiooj, 2668). Zmfs proportfoergcagnts tmg gbrafgr hovgreiget prbntfng ocùfajfeh bpproxfibtgay oeg hfras‖ snmooa cor gvgrytwo òys‖ snmooas (Xbrwfnk bej Pgfigrs, 2667).Sfaabhgs fe rurba \bkfstbe brg mgeng iorg afkgayto mbvg òys‖ tmbe hfras‖ snmooas. Afttag fs keowebòut tmg gxtget to wmfnm fevgstigets mbvg `ggeibjg to uphrbjg bej fiprovg noejftfoes fegxfstfeh puàfn prfibry-snmooa cbnfaftfgs eor bòutmow tmgsg rgsourngs ifhmt mbvg `gge jfstrfùtgj`gtwgge snmooas cor òys bej hfras (Aaoyj gt ba.,0<<0).

Ebrrowfeh tmfs hbp fs, tmgrgcorg, b vftba stgp fenouetrfgs wmgrg sfehag-sgx snmooas brgfiportbet cor hfras‖ snmooafeh. B stujy ocmousgmoaj jgibej bej hgejgr jfccgrgengs feprfibry-snmooa bnngss fe \bkfstbe noenaujgjtmbt tmg jgnfsfoe `y pbrgets to geroa tmgfrjbuhmtgrs fs iost fecaugengj `y tmg prgsgeng ocb sfehag-sgx puàfn snmooa fe tmgfr vfaabhg,coaaowgj naosgay `y tmgfr pgrngptfoes oc tmgqubafty oc tmg snmooa (Aaoyj gt ba., 0<<0).

No-orjfebtfeh tmg gxpbesfoe oc snmooa pabngs btòtm aowgr bej mfhmgr agvgas oc snmooafeh nbebaso `g fiportbet. Fe Ibaf, cor gxbipag, jgspftgrgnget snmooa gxpbesfoe tmgrg rgibfes b sgrfousabnk oc pabngs fe tmg sgnoej stbhg oc `bsfngjunbtfoe. Ibey nmfajrge fe tmg cfrst stbhg oc`bsfn gjunbtfoe brg geroaagj uejgr b jouàg-smfctsystgi, bej tmgrg brg eot geouhm spbngs tofenaujg baa wmo hrbjubtg fe tmg sgnoej stbhg.Xmgrg soig nmfajrge mbvg to rgibfe out ocsnmooa, ft fs iorg octge tmg hfras wmo aosg out(Abehg, 0<<>b).

Fiprovfeh myhfgeg

Zmg provfsfoe oc hgejgr-bwbrg fecrbstrunturg nbe`g gxtrgigay fiportbet cor gesurfeh hfras‖ cuaapbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooafeh. Zmg b`sgeng oc abtrfegscor hfras nbe `g jgnfsfvg, pbrtfnuabray corigestrubtfeh hfras. Cgwgr tmbe mbac tmg snmooasvfsftgj jurfeh b rgnget Gtmfopfbe stujy mbjabtrfegs, bej oeay oeg oc tmgsg snmooas mbj bsgpbrbtg abtrfeg cor òys bej hfras. Oeay oeg-tmfrjoc snmooas stujfgj fe Hufegb mbj abtrfegs, bej feiost nbsgs tmgsg wgrg eot suftbàg cor usg (Posg

gt ba., 2668; Zgiòe gt ba., 2668). Xmgrggeroaigets fenrgbsg rbpfjay, prgssurg oe snmooafecrbstrunturg nbe rgsuat fe ovgrnrowjfeh, bej fepoor sbeftbtfoe bej myhfgeg fc tmgrg brgfesuccfnfget tofagts.

Bs wftm rgjunfeh tmg jfstbeng `gtwgge snmooasbej moigs, tmg nbsg cor fevgstfeh fe wbtgr,tofagts bej `bsfn snmooa fecrbstrunturg fs iostpgrsubsfvgay ibjg `y hovgreigets tmbt, mbvfehjoeg so, mbvg gxpgrfgengj rgibrkbàg prohrgssfe naosfeh hgejgr hbps bej uefvgrsbafzfehgjunbtfoe (sgg baso @ox >.2<). Fe @behabjgsm,jrfekfeh wbtgr fs eow bvbfabàg fe or egbr ovgr6<% oc snmooas. Baiost mbac oc hovgreigetsnmooas mbvg tmgfr owe jrfekfeh-wbtgr cbnfaftfgs.0=

^mortcbaas stfaa rgibfe mowgvgr „ ovgr ><% oc no-gjunbtfoeba snmooas mbj eo tofagt cbnfaftfgs, bej

oeay 26% mbj sgpbrbtg cbnfaftfgs cor òys bej hfras(Nmowjmury gt ba., 0<<0).

Eoe-stbtg provfjgrs4 b òostgrcor hfras‖ gjunbtfoe?

Fe iost nouetrfgs fe tmg jgvgaopfeh woraj, eoe-stbtg provfjgrs mbvg mbj b aoehgr gehbhgigetwftm gjunbtfoe sgrvfng provfsfoe tmbe tmg stbtg.Zmgfr iotfvbtfoes bej tbrhgt hroups brg jfvgrsg.Fe soig nouetrfgs, EHOs brg ibdor noetrfùtorsto gjunbtfoeba provfsfoe, bs fe tmg nbsg oc tmg

@behabjgsm Purba Bjvbengiget Noiifttgg(@PBN). Zmgsg provfjgrs brg hgegrbaay noiifttgjto proiotfeh gqufty fe gjunbtfoe, gesurfeh tmbtgjunbtfoe rgbnmgs tmg poorgst, iostjfsbjvbetbhgj hroups. Noiigrnfba provfjgrs brgbaso hrowfeh rbpfjay fe ibey nouetrfgs. Zmgfriotfvgs vbry, rbehfeh croi getgrprfsgs sggkfehto cuacfa b pbrtfnuabr sonfba rgspoesf`fafty „ corgxbipag to tmgfr owe gipaoyggs „ to tmosg tmbtrue snmooas wftm b vfgw to jgafvgrfeh mfhm-qubaftygjunbtfoe to fiprovg tmg skfaas `bsg bej/or ibkgb procft.

Noiiuefty hroups, sunm bs rgafhfous òjfgs,baso octge rue snmooas, tbrhgtfeh pbrtfnuabrhroups wftmfe tmg noiiuefty, or aonbtgj fe brgbswmgrg tmgfr pbrtfnuabr sonfba hroups brgjoifebet. Otmgrs iby `g sgt up `y tmg stbtg, ùtibebhgj bej rue `y aonba noiiueftfgs, wmfnmbrg rgspoesfàg cor rgnruftfeh aonba tgbnmgrs bejibebhfeh tmg snmooafeh prongss. Jfccgrget typgsoc eoe-stbtg snmooas, tmgrgcorg, mbvg b rbehg oco`dgntfvgs, bej iby `g bfigj bt jfccgrget hroupsfe tmg popuabtfoe.

Fe soignouetrfgs

EHOs brg ibdornoetrfùtors to

gjunbtfoebaprovfsfoe.



Nmbptgr >


06. Fe bpproxfibtgay mbac oc baanouetrfgs, rgafhfous gjunbtfoe noipuasory bt soig pofet jurtmg cfrst efeg ygbrs oc snmooafeFe cfcty-cour oc tmgsg nouetrfgs,bpproxfibtgay =% oc totbatgbnmfeh tfig fs jgvotgj torgafhfous festruntfoe, wmfnmnoipbrgs wftm brouej :% ovgtmg pgrfoj 268<„=3 (WEG^NO-F@G, 0<<>).

><. NJ\ Zbsk Corng 0<<2,nftgj fe Crbesibe gt ba. (0<<>)

noiiuefty pbrtfnfpbtfoe. Cor gxbipag, bt bsnmooa vfsftgj fe Ibabwf, ft wbs eotgj tmbt`rfnkibkfeh uejgrtbkge `y ige wbsrgiuegrbtgj bs ft rgqufrgj skfaa, wmgrgbsnbrryfeh wbtgr `y woige, octge cor aoehjfstbengs, wbs eot hfvge bey vbaug jgspftg tmgbiouet oc tfig bej gegrhy fevoavgj (Posg,

0<<>b). Kbjzbifrb bej Ejbabib (2668) basocouej tmbt ige pbrtfnfpbtgj iorg fe sgrvfngs corwmfnm tmgy wgrg pbfj fe Ibabwf, wmgrgbs baanoetrfùtfoes provfjgj `y woige wgrg crgg.

Pgafhfous gjunbtfoe…Ovgr rgnget ygbrs tmgrg bppgbrs to mbvg `gge bsfhefcfnbet fenrgbsg fe tmg tfig hfvge to rgafhfousfestruntfoe fe snmooa systgis brouej tmg woraj.06

Fe pbrbaaga wftm tmfs, tmg roag oc cbftm-`bsgjorhbefzbtfoes bs provfjgrs oc gjunbtfoe mbsrgibfegj stroeh. Mfstorfnbaay, tmgy mbvg pabygjbe fiportbet pbrt fe gjunbtfoe fe ibey nouetrfgs,

occgrfeh snmooafeh to nmfajrge croi jgprfvgjsonfba hroups, rgjunfeh prfvbtg nosts, gxpbejfehsnmooa pabngs bej fiprovfeh snmooafecrbstrunturg. Zmgfr roag mbs `gge pbrtfnuabraysfhefcfnbet bt tfigs wmge gnoeoifn nrfsfs mbsrgsuatgj fe rgjuntfoes fe puàfn sgrvfngs(Kbejfyotf, 2667). Zmgfr fecaugeng oe hgejgrgqubafty fe gjunbtfoe, mowgvgr, mbs `gge ifxgj.

… mgaps to òost hgejgr pbrfty…Cbftm-`bsgj orhbefzbtfoes bccgnt tmg gjunbtfoe ochfras fe two wbys „ `y provfjfeh opportueftfgs cor

tmgi to bttgej snmooa bej `y fecaugenfeh tmgnoetget oc gjunbtfoe fe wbys tmbt rgcagnt aonba`gafgcs bej prbntfngs.

\brgets brg octge bttrbntgj to sgejfeh tmgfrjbuhmtgrs to rgafhfous snmooas `gnbusg tmg vbaugstmgy rgprgsget brg dujhgj fiportbet cor hfras‖

sonfbafzbtfoe. Nross-ebtfoeba noipbrbtfvg jbtbbrg eot bvbfabàg, ùt ft fs gvfjget tmbt rgafhfoussnmooas mbvg mbj b posftfvg fipbnt fe òostfehhfras‖ geroaiget fe tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe,wmgrg 67% oc cgibag nmfajrge bttgej prfibrysnmooa (@ox >.20) (XGJO, 266=). Fe Ibaf, rgngetgeroaiget hrowtm mbs `gge pbrtay cbnfaftbtgj `yibey iorg nmfajrge getgrfeh igjgrsbs[rgafhfous snmooasY (Abehg, 0<<>b). Fe @behabjgsm,igjgrsbs mbvg baso mgapgj tmg nouetry‖sgjunbtfoeba prohrgss, bnnouetfeh cor bòut 27%oc post-prfibry geroaigets `y tmg ture oc tmgngetury, oc wmfnm ovgr :<% wgrg hfras.><

… ùt jogs ft proiotg hgejgr gqubafty? Mowgvgr, gvfjgeng suhhgsts tmbt rgafhfoussnmooas òost tmg geroaiget oc hfras pbrtay`gnbusg oc tmg sgx-stgrgotypgj igssbhgs tmgyhgegrbaay provfjg, wmfnm rgcagnt hgejgr-jfccgrgetfbtgj noiiuefty eoris. Bnnorjfehay,iost rgafhfous snmooas tgej to rgfecorngstgrgotypgs oc woige bs suìfssfvg bejjgpgejget, rbtmgr tmbe uejgrifeg tmgi.

^nmooa noiifttggs brg b nmbeng cor noiiueftfgsto gxgrnfsg tmgfr vofng fe jgnfjfeh mow tmgsnmooa smouaj cuentfoe. Jgspftg iunm aftgrbturg

gipmbsfzfeh tmg fiportbet roag oc woige feproiotfeh posftfvg gjunbtfoeba outnoigs cortmgfr jbuhmtgrs, tmg pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc woige fesnmooa noiifttggs rgcagnts iorg hgegrbahgejgr fegqubaftfgs fe jgnfsfoe-ibkfehprongssgs bej fe tmg gxgrnfsg oc fecaugeng ovgrsnmooafeh.

Bttgipts mbvg `gge ibjg to gesurg jfvgrsfty ocigi`grsmfp oc snmooa noiifttggs fe b eui`groc nouetrfgs fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb. Mowgvgr,tmgy hgegrbaay work wftmfe gxfstfeh noiiueftystrunturgs bej powgr rgabtfoes. Ibabwfbeaghfsabtfoe stfpuabtgs tmbt oeg-tmfrj oc pabngs oesnmooa noiifttggs smouaj `g rgsgrvgj cor woige.@ut tmfs tgejs eot to gesurg tmgfr bntfvgpbrtfnfpbtfoe, gvge wmgrg tmg quotb fs igt.

Bt sgvge oc twgety snmooas vfsftgj tmgrg wgrg eowoige oe tmg noiifttgg. Bt oeg, woige b`sgetgjtmgisgavgs oe bnnouet oc mousgmoaj

rgspoesf`faftfgs. Curtmgriorg, ft wbs gvfjget croijfsnussfoes mgaj wftm snmooa noiifttggs tmbt gvgefc woige wgrg prgsget, tmgy octge wouaj eot spgbk.

^fifabray, fe Hmbeb snmooa noiifttggs rbrgay iggtebtfoeba rgqufrgigets cor woige rgprgsgetbtfvgs,bs igi`grsmfp fs `bsgj oe gxfstfeh posftfoes ocagbjgrsmfp fe tmg noiiuefty bej snmooa wmfnmbrg usubaay mgaj `y ige (Noejy, 266=; \ryor bejBipfbm, 0<<>). Gvfjgeng croi Whbejb basofejfnbtgs tmbt ige ibfeay joifebtg jfsnussfoesfe noiifttggs, wftm oeay b cgw woige spgbkfeh.Xoige cgga femf`ftgj croi tbkfeh pbrt fe coribajfsnussfoes wmgrg trbjftfoe bssfhes jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh roags to ige (ûzukf, cortmnoifeh).

ôurng4 Posg (0<<>b).

@ox >.22. Wegquba pbrtegrsmfps oe snmooa noiifttggs



Pgafhfoussnmooas brg

iorg afkgay toupmoaj hgejgr

jfccgrgengstmbe grbjfnbtg

tmgi.

\brgets iby vbaug tmfs kfej oc sonfbafzbtfoe coròtm òys bej hfras, ùt octge sgej jbuhmtgrsoeay to rgafhfous snmooas. @oys, oe tmg otmgrmbej, iby `g sget to òtm rgafhfous bej sgnuabrsnmooas to gxposg tmgi to tmg cuaa rbehg oc tmg

nurrfnuaui. Batmouhm iost rgafhfoes jo eotgxpafnftay jfsnourbhg cgibag gjunbtfoe, ibey joso fe prbntfng `y rgqufrfeh hfras‖ snmooafeh tooccgr b jfccgrget nurrfnuaui to tmbt occgrgj toòys. Pgafhfous jontrfeg iby gxpafnftay sbentfoetmg hgejgr jfvfsfoe oc abòur bej tmgsuòrjfebtfoe oc woige. Xoige brg usubaaygxpgntgj to `g tmg `gbrgrs bej ibrkgrs octrbjftfoe bej rgafhfous fjgetfty. Zmus bs bhgets ocsonfbafzbtfoe wftmfe tmg cbifay, tmgfr snmooafeh fergafhfous `gafgcs bej trbjftfoe iby `g noesfjgrgjiorg fiportbet tmbe proiotfeh tmgfr owegjunbtfoeba bjvbengiget. Hgejgr fegqubaftfgs

coaaow croi gjunbtfoeba gxpgrfgengs jgsfhegj tosonfbafzg hfras feto ebrroway noengfvgj roags ocwfvgs bej iotmgrs.

Zmus rgafhfous gjunbtfoe nbe noetrfùtg stroehayto òostfeh pbrfty cor hfras, `y occgrfeh tmgi sbcgspbngs to getgr tmg puàfn joibfe bej rgngfvg begjunbtfoe. Mowgvgr, rgafhfous snmooas brg octgenoesgrvbtfvg festftutfoes, gstbàfsmgj to prgsgrvgbej protgnt trbjftfoes, ibey oc wmfnm brg afkgay toupmoaj hgejgr jfccgrgengs `gtwgge woige bejige rbtmgr tmbe grbjfnbtg tmgi. Cbftm-`bsgj

orhbefzbtfoes hgegrbaay abh cbr `gmfej otmgr eoe-stbtg provfjgrs oc gjunbtfoe fe hfvfeh be gxpafnft

noiiftiget to hgejgr gqubafty, wftm tmg eotbàggxngptfoes oc cbftms sunm bs @bmb‖f, bej tmgRubkgr iovgiget (Zfgtdge, 0<<<). Zmg vonbtfoebatrbfefeh tmgy provfjg fs octge fe tmg joigstfn brts.Gxbipags fenaujg tmg ^bagsfbe ^fstgrs fe

Moejurbs, wmo opgrbtg b ûejby snmooa cor poorhfras wmo brg trbfegj fe sgwfeh, jrgssibkfeh,eggjagwork bej nookfeh. Zrbfefeh provfjgj `y tmgPoibe Nbtmoafn orhbefzbtfoe Opus Jgf, fe Kgeyb,sghrghbtgj ige feto trbfefeh cor tgnmeoaohy bejignmbefnba trbjgs, bej woige feto jgvgaopfehskfaas cor nbtgrfeh bej mospftbafty [nookfeh bejnagbefehY (Zfgtdge, 0<<<). Zmgsg feftfbtfvgs,batmouhm wgaa fetgetfoegj bej bjifrbàg fe otmgrwbys, egvgrtmgagss rgcagnt bej strgehtmgetrbjftfoeba fetgrprgtbtfoes oc hgejgr roags.

Zmg fipbnt oc rgafhfous snmooafeh oe hgejgr

gqubafty fs jfccfnuat to prgjfntXoige‖s fenrgbsgj bnngss to coriba gjunbtfoe,gvge fe noetgxts wmgrg rgafhfous `gafgc fecaugengstmg getfrg gjunbtfoe systgi, nbe egvgrtmgagssagbj to nmbehgs fe woige‖s stbtus. Fe tmg FsabifnPgpuàfn oc Frbe, tmg pbrbjox oc snmooafeh uejgrmfhmay noesgrvbtfvg noejftfoes fs tmbt woige‖svgry pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe gjunbtfoe provfjgs befipgtus cor sonfba nmbehg. Gjunbtfoe smowspgopag mow to qugstfoe rgngfvgj wfsjoi. Zmgrgfs gvfjgeng tmbt gjunbtgj woige fe Frbe brgjgabyfeh tmgfr bhg oc ibrrfbhg, bej sggkfeh

nmbehgs fe tmg trbjftfoeba roag oc woige fe cbifaybej sonfgty (Igmrbe, 0<<>).

Fe ^bujf Brb`fb, tmg hovgreiget cfrst baaowgjhfras to pbrtfnfpbtg jurfeh tmg 263<s. ^gesftfvg towfjgsprgbj opposftfoe, ft jgtgrifegj tmbt hfras‖gjunbtfoe wouaj `g wftmfe ”Fsabifn ibrhfes‖,bfigj bt trbfefeh woige cor suftbày cgifefegtbsks. Zmgsg ibrhfes `gnbig `robjgr bs bnngssto mfhmgr gjunbtfoe `rouhmt woige feto tmgprocgssfoes. Batmouhm hgejgr sghrghbtfoenoetfeugj, woige rbpfjay nbuhmt up wftm ige‖sgjunbtfoe fe tgris oc pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej

pgrcoribeng. Jurfeh tmg 26=<s, mowgvgr, fergspoesg to rfsfeh noesgrvbtfvg sgetfiget,woige‖s crggjois to trbvga b`robj cor stujy, toibebhg ùsfegssgs, gvge to gbt fe rgstburbets,wgrg baa nur`gj (Jouibto, 2667). Nmbehgs fe tmg`babeng `gtwgge poaftfns, gnoeoiy bej sonfgtynoetfeug to ibkg gqubafty hbfes cor woige mbrjto prgjfnt fe soig nbsgs, bej mbrj to sustbfe feotmgrs.

Zmg ”Fsabifzbtfoe‖ oc gjunbtfoe fe post-rgvoautfoebry Frbe mbs agj tofenrgbsgj jgibej cor hfras‖ snmooafeh, ibfeay `gnbusg ft mbs bssurgjtrbjftfoeba cbifafgs tmbt tmg snmooa nafibtg fs eot fe noecafnt wftm tmgvbaugs nmgrfsmgj bt moig. Zmg ibfe gjunbtfoe poafnfgs fetrojungj `ytmg rgafhfo-poaftfnba agbjgrsmfp, smortay bctgr tmg 2686 rgvoautfoe, wgrgbs coaaows4 `beefeh no-gjunbtfoe bt baa agvgas gxngpt bt uefvgrsftfgs;bssfhefeh cgibag tgbnmgrs to hfras‖ snmooas bej ibag tgbnmgrs to òys‖snmooas; nmbehfeh tmg noetget bej pfnturgs oc snmooa tgxtòoks toportrby b trbjftfoeba jfvfsfoe oc abòur `gtwgge ige bej woige feprfvbtg bej puàfn spmgrgs; fetrojunfeh noipuasory vgfafeh cor baacgibag stujgets bej tgbnmgrs; jfrgntfeh stujgets towbrjs ”ibag- orcgibag-orfgetgj‖ cfgajs oc stujy `bsgj oe tmgfr sgx; bej `brrfehwoige croi getgrfeh ”ibsnuafeg‖ jfsnfpafegs bt uefvgrsfty. Batmouhmsoig oc tmg bòvg igbsurgs mbvg wgbkgegj ovgr tfig, tmgy mbvgbntgj bs be bssurbeng cor iorg noesgrvbtfvg cbifafgs tmbt tmgfrjbuhmtgrs wouaj `g stujyfeh fe be Fsabifn sgttfeh.

ôurng4 Igmrbe (0<<>).

@ox >.20. Frbe4 noesgrvbtfvgpoafnfgs òost hfras‖ snmooafeh



Nmbptgr >


^nmooas brgoctge pabngs ocfetoagrbeng,jfsnrfifebtfoe bvfoageng. Hfras brjfsproportfoebtgtmg vfntfis.

Pgafhfous festftutfoes nbe gxgrtfecaugeng ovgr poafny-ibkfehPgafhfous festftutfoes gxgrt fiportbet fecaugengovgr poafny-ibkfeh fe soig nouetrfgs. Fe tmgFsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe, cor gxbipag, tmg

fecaugeng oc tmg rgafhfous agbjgrsmfp fs pbtget,bs jfsnussgj gbrafgr. Eotwftmstbejfeh ftsjfstfehufsmgj roag fe opposfeh pgrsgnutfoe, tmgNmurnm fe Abtfe Bigrfnb mbs baso mgapgj toprgvget soig hgejgr gqufty feftfbtfvgs croi `gfehbttgiptgj. Fe Nmfag, cor gxbipag, b prohrbiigfeftfbtgj fe 2663 `y tmg Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe bejtmg woige‖s ebtfoeba sgrvfng (^grvfnfo Ebnfoebajg ab Iudgr „ ^GPEBI) conusgj oe fecorifehsgnoejbry-snmooa noiiueftfgs (tgbnmgrs,pbrgets bej youeh stujgets) bòut sgxubafty bejrgabtgj fssugs. Pgsfstbeng croi noesgrvbtfvgcbifafgs bej Nmurnm rgprgsgetbtfvgs, wmo cgat tmg

nbipbfhe noejoegj tmg usg oc noetrbngptfvgsbej gbray sgxuba rgabtfoes, agj to tmg feftfbtfvg`gfeh b`bejoegj (Bvbaos, 0<<>). Fe Nostb Pfnb,tmg Poibe Nbtmoafn Nmurnm usgj fts fecaugeng toàonk tmg fipagigetbtfoe oc sgx gjunbtfoepoafnfgs fe tmg ”Voueh Aovg \rohrbiig‖, stbrtgjfe 2666. Ft io`fafzgj rgafhfous bssonfbtfoes bejego-noesgrvbtfvg hroups to opposg noetrbngptfoebej tmg usg oc noejois fe prgvgetfeh tmgtrbesifssfoe oc MFS/BFJ^. Ft baso nmbaagehgj tmgnoetgets bej igtmojs oc sgx gjunbtfoe fe stbtgprfibry bej sgnoejbry snmooas oe tmg hrouejs

tmbt ft tmrgbtgegj Nmrfstfbe iorbafty. Zmgsgnoetrovgrsfgs noipgaagj tmg stbtg to iojfcy ftsbpprobnm (Huzibe bej Agtgejrg, 0<<>). ^fifabrnoetrovgrsfgs brg rgportgj croi Brhgetfeb bejIgxfno (Zfgtdge, 0<<<, p. 27<).

Bjjrgssfeh tmg roag oc cbftm-`bsgj orhbefzbtfoesfe gjunbtfoe fs noipagx bej fiportbet, ùt tmgsgntor smouaj `g sgge bs jyebifn, eot stbtfn.Pgafhfous snmooas opgrbtg fe b poaftfnbagevfroeiget bej tmgy brg octge opgegj fe tmgnoetgxt oc rgafhfous noipgtftfoe, wftmfe or`gtwgge cbftms. Pgafhfous snmooafeh iby `g

pbrtfnuabray fiportbet to rgafhfous ifeorftfgs fesonfgtfgs wmgrg ibfetgebeng oc tmgfr fjgetfty fsnoesfjgrgj bt rfsk. Bs rgsgbrnm fe Fejfb mbssmowe, tmg rfsg oc rgafhfous snmooas fs octge brgspoesg to cbfaurg oc tmg puàfn systgi to rgbnmbrgbs wmgrg rgafhfous ifeorftfgs bej otmgrsonfbaay jfsbjvbetbhgj hroups brg aonbtgj(Dgccgry gt ba., 0<<>).

Zmg tgesfoe `gtwgge tmg rfhmts to hgejgrgqubafty, to rgafhfous crggjoi, bej to nmoosgsnmooafeh oe nuaturba or rgafhfous hrouejs, eggjs

jg`btg fe ibey sonfgtfgs. Bs iunm oc tmg noetgetoc rgafhfoe fs jgpgejget oe tgxtuba fetgrprgtbtfoe,tmgrg brg ibey opportueftfgs cor rgafhfoussnmooas, gehbhfeh wftm otmgr gjunbtfoestbkgmoajgrs, to bjjrgss hgejgr gqubafty fssugs

iorg systgibtfnbaay tmbe fe tmg pbst, bsNmbptgr : fejfnbtgs.

Pfhmts wftmfe gjunbtfoe

^nmooas brg eot sbcg mbvges

Fetgrebtfoeba gccorts to fenrgbsg pbrtfnfpbtfoe fesnmooas, gspgnfbaay cor hfras, bej to fiprovg tmgqubafty oc tmg snmooa gxpgrfgeng, mbvg tgejgj tobssuig tmbt snmooas brg uefvgrsbaay `gefhe.

Fejggj, gjunbtfoe festftutfoes brg supposgj to `gpabngs oc agbrefeh, hrowtm bej gipowgriget,pbrtfnuabray cor hfras. Xmge abuenmfeh tmg WeftgjEbtfoes Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe Feftfbtfvg bt tmg 0<<<Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui fe Jbkbr, Weftgj Ebtfoes^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba Kocf Beebe gipmbsfzgj tmgfiportbeng oc hfras‖ gjunbtfoe bs b tooa cor prgvgetfeh noecafnt bej ùfajfeh pgbng (WEG^NO,0<<<`).

Pgnget rgsgbrnm, mowgvgr, smows tmbt cbr croi`gfeh sbcg mbvges cor agbrefeh, snmooas brg octge

sftgs oc fetoagrbeng, jfsnrfifebtfoe bej vfoageng.Hfras brg jfsproportfoebtgay tmg vfntfis. Ibeyhfras wmo suriouet tmg `brrfgrs prgvgetfeh tmgicroi bttgejfeh snmooa cbng mbrbssiget bejsgxuba bùsg croi tmgfr pggrs or croi tmgfrtgbnmgrs oeng tmgy brg geroaagj. Zmfs vfoagengbhbfest hfras pgrpgtubtgs tmg hgejgr hbp fegjunbtfoe bej fipgjgs tmgfr rfhmt to gjunbtfoe.Naosfeh tmg hgejgr hbp igbes noecroetfehsgxuba vfoageng bej mbrbssiget oc hfras fesnmooas.

Sfoageng bhbfest woige fs b ibefcgstbtfoe oc mfstorfnbaay uegquba powgr rgabtfoes `gtwggeige bej woige, wmfnm mbvg agj to joifebtfoe

ovgr bej jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest woige y igebej to tmg prgvgetfoe oc tmg cuaa bjvbengiget oc

woige … Sfoageng bhbfest woige fs oeg oc tmgnrunfba sonfba ignmbefsis `y wmfnm woige brg

corngj feto b suòrjfebtg posftfoe noipbrgjwftm ige.

Jgnabrbtfoe oe Gafifebtfoe oc Sfoageng Bhbfest Xoige,Weftgj Ebtfoes Hgegrba Bssgiày Pgsoautfoe :=/2<:,0< Jgngi`gr 266>.



\grifssfvgbttftujgs to

vfoageng bhbfesthfras mgap

pgrpgtubtg ft.

Batmouhm hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng fs octge eotrgportgj, bej tmus eot jfstfehufsmgj croi otmgrcoris oc snmooa vfoageng, tmgrg fs eo jou`t tmbtuejgrbnmfgvgiget bej mfhm jrop-out rbtgs corsoig nmfajrge brg afekgj to hgejgr-`bsgj

vfoageng. Oeg rgnget rgport croi ôutm Bcrfnb(Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm, 0<<2b) couej tmbt tmgtmrgbt oc vfoageng bt snmooa fs oeg oc tmg iostsfhefcfnbet nmbaagehgs to agbrefeh cor nmfajrge.Fe Hmbeb, Ibabwf bej Tfi`b`wg, mfhm agvgas ocsgxuba bhhrgssfoe croi òys, bej soigtfigscroi tgbnmgrs, bhbfest duefor sgnoejbry hfraswget abrhgay uepuefsmgj (Agbnm, 0<<>). Fe AbtfeBigrfnb, b stujy oe Gnubjor (Xoraj @bek, 0<<<)rgports tmbt 00% oc bjoagsnget hfras mbj `ggevfntfis oc sgxuba bùsg fe be gjunbtfoeba sgttfeh.

Xmbt fs hgejgr-`bsgj vfoagengfe snmooas?

Gxpafnft hgejgr vfoageng fs nmfgcay sgxuba vfoageng,ùt otmgr coris sunm bs uerghuabtgj bejgxngssfvg norporba puefsmiget, ùaayfeh bejpmysfnba bssbuat „ soigtfigs wftm hues bejkefvgs „ vgr`ba bùsg bej tgbnmgrs‖ usg oc pupfascor crgg abòur nbe baa `g hgejgr-spgnfcfn.Bhhrgssfvg bej fetfifjbtfeh `gmbvfour,uesoafnftgj pmysfnba noetbnt sunm bs tounmfeh bejhropfeh, bssbuat, nogrnfvg sgx bej rbpg, baanoestftutg bùsg. Zmfs fs baso trug oc bey sgxuba

rgabtfoesmfp corigj `y b tgbnmgr wftm b pupfa. Feiost ebtfoeba noetgxts tmfs kfej oc rgabtfoesmfpoccgejs tgbnmgrs‖ noejftfoes oc gipaoyiget bej„ fe tmg nbsg oc ifeors „ fs b nrfifeba occgeng.ûnm `gmbvfour gxpaofts tmg tgbnmgr‖s posftfoe ocbutmorfty bej `gtrbys tmgfr juty oc nbrg.

^gxuba bùsg iby baso onnur outsfjg tmg snmooawftm bjuat ige (soigtfigs nbaagj ”suhbrjbjjfgs‖) gehbhfeh fe trbesbntfoeba sgx fegxnmbehg cor hfcts or ioegy. B rgport croi oegôutm Bcrfnbe towesmfp (Xooj bej Dgwkgs, 2668)smowgj tmbt pmysfnba bssbuat, rbpg bej nogrnfvg

sgx mbj `gnoig tmg eori, ibkfeh ft vgry jfccfnuatcor bjoagsnget hfras to protgnt tmgisgavgs bhbfestuewbetgj sgxuba fetgrnoursg, prghebeny bej MFSfecgntfoe. @oys sggigj to jgcfeg tmgfribsnuafefty `y tmg eui`gr oc tmgfr sgxubapbrtegrs bej `y tmgfr b`fafty to noetroa hfracrfgejs.Zmgy sbw sgx bs tmgfr rfhmt, bej corngj sgx bsaghftfibtg.

^gxuba vfoageng fe snmooas fs eot b egwpmgeoigeoe. Efgmbus (0<<<) smows tmbt sgxubargabtfoes `gtwgge tgbnmgrs bej snmooahfras fe

ôutm Bcrfnb wgrg noiioe gvge fe tmg 267<s.Ft fs octge ibjg iorg noiioepabng y popuabrprgdujfng. Oeg ôutm Bcrfnbe survgy fejfnbtgjtmbt gfhmt fe tge youeh ige `gafgvgj tmbt woigewgrg rgspoesfàg cor nbusfeh sgxuba vfoageng bej

tmrgg fe tge tmouhmt tmbt woige wmo wgrg rbpgj”bskgj cor ft‖ (Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm, 0<<2b).Cgibag vfntfis oc sgxuba vfoageng brg octgergauntbet to rgport tmg nrfig to tmg poafng or tmgcbifay. Fe b nouetry wmgrg tmg woige‖s vfrhfeftyfs bssonfbtgj wftm tmg cbifay moeour, b woibenbe gftmgr `g corngj to ibrry mgr bttbnkgr oriby `g iurjgrgj `y mgr smbigj cbtmgr or`rotmgrs, so nbaagj ”moeour kfaafehs‖. B noiioeprgdujfng fs tmbt woige ”provokg‖ ige to bttbnkor mbrbss tmgi.

Eot dust b jgvgaopfeh-nouetry proàgi

B abrhg òjy oc rgsgbrnm oe snmooa vfoageng bejùaayfeh gxfsts fe Guropg bej Eortm Bigrfnb.Ft smows tmbt òys brg iorg octge fevoavgj fevfoageng, òtm bs pgrpgtrbtors bej vfntfis. Fe tmgWeftgj ^tbtgs, 07% oc 23-ygbr-oajs „ tmrgg tfigsbs ibey òys bs hfras „ rgportgj tmbt tmgy mbj`gge vfntfis oc soig cori oc vfoageng jurfeh tmgygbr (Cfekgamor bej Jzfu`b-Agtmgribe, 266:).Fe Crbeng, 28% oc bjoagsngets mbj `gge vfntfisoc vfoageng „ twfng bs ibey òys bs hfras(Nmoqugt bej Agjoux, 266:). Zmgsg cfejfehssuhhgst tmbt ft fs ibfeay òys wmo gxposg

tmgisgavgs to rfsky `gmbvfour bej gxgrt tmgfrpgrcoribeng oc ibsnuafefty to suòrjfebtg otmgròys. Fe tmg nbsg oc sgxuba vfoageng, mowgvgr,hfras brg ovgrwmgaifehay tmg vfntfis.

Gejfeh fipuefty \grifssfvg bttftujgs rghbrjfeh vfoageng bhbfesthfras mgap to pgrpgtubtg ft. Be Bigrfnbe stujycouej tmbt ”Fe snmooas, mbrbssiget octge mbppgeswmfag ibey pgopag wbtnm … Xmge sgxubambrbssiget mbppges fe puàfn bej fs eotnoejgiegj, ft `gnoigs, wftm tfig, pbrt oc tmgsonfba eori‖ (^tgfe, 2667). Zmg cgw stujfgs tmbt

mbvg `gge nbrrfgj out suhhgst tmbt iunm hgejgrvfoageng fe snmooas fs uergportgj or uejgr-rgportgj, `gnbusg stujgets cgbr vfntfifzbtfoe,puefsmiget or rfjfnuag (Agbnm gt ba., 0<<>;Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm, 0<<2b). Hfras iby basombvg fenorporbtgj vfoaget hgejgr rgabtfoes tosunm be gxtget tmbt tmgy mbvg bnngptgj ft bs pbrtoc tmg snmooa gxpgrfgeng.

Sfoaget snmooas iby tmus mbvg cbr-rgbnmfehnoesgqugengs cor hgejgr rgabtfoes `gtwgge igebej woige abtgr fe afcg. Fetgrvgetfoes bhbfest



^fagengs fe tmgnurrfnuaui

bòut hgejgrfegqubafty

„ tmg ”gvbjgjnurrfnuaui‖ „brg b jbehgr.

Hufegb, pbrgets pgrngfvgj su`dgnts sunm bs moiggnoeoifns, nmfajnbrg bej sgwfeh, hbrjgefeh bejmbejfnrbcts bs fiportbet cor hfras, bej nrftfnfzgjtmgfr b`sgeng croi tmg snmooafeh nurrfnuaui(Zgiòe gt ba., 2668). Vgt gxpbesfoe oc snmooafeh

bnmfgvgj oe tmg `bsfs oc noevgetfoeba eotfoes ocbpproprfbtg sonfba roags cor hfras bej òys wouajsgrfousay tmwbrt prohrgss towbrjs tmg 0<27hobas. Zmfs pmgeoigeoe fs eot dust rgstrfntgj toiorg ”trbjftfoeba‖ sonfgtfgs „ fe Crbeng, b rgportpuàfsmgj fe 2668 `y two pbrafbigetbrfbes eotgjtmbt snmooa òoks bej tgbnmfeh ibtgrfbas uejgr-rgprgsgetgj woige bej too crgqugetaynmbrbntgrfzgj tmgi oeay fe tmgfr roags bs iotmgrsbej wfvgs. Zmfs wbs jgspftg two jgnbjgs ocstbtgj poafny noengre bòut hgejgr `fbs fetgxtòoks (@bujfeo, 0<<>).

^gxfsi fe tgxtòoks tmus noetfeugs to rgqufrgbttgetfoe, ùt tmg fssug jogs eot oeay noengre tmgebturg oc tmg gxbipags usgj. ^fagengs fe tmgnurrfnuaui bòut tmg fssug oc hgejgr fegqubafty„ or wmbt fs soigtfigs tgrigj tmg ”gvbjgjnurrfnuaui‖ (Bigrfnbe Bssonfbtfoe oc WefvgrsftyXoige, 2660), brg gqubaay fiportbet. Zmggxpgrfgeng oc trbesftfoeba nouetrfgs fe GbstgreGuropg fs sbautbry fe tmfs rghbrj. ôig mbvg`gge cbnfeh rgvgrsbas fe tmgfr ovgrbaa gjunbtfoebasftubtfoe, tohgtmgr wftm jgnafegs fe tmgfr H\F.

Xmfag woige ibjg rbpfj hbfes uejgr sonfbafsthovgreigets, pbrtfnuabray fe rgspgnt ocgipaoyiget gqufty, agss bttgetfoe wbs pbfj tohgejgr gqubafty wftmfe tmg cbifay, wftm uejgrayfehfjgoaohfgs oc hgejgr jfccgrgeng rgibfefeh

rgabtfvgay uetounmgj. Zmgsg brg rgcagntgj fe tmghgejgr `fbs wmfnm rgibfes wftmfe tmgnurrfnuaui, bs @ox >.2> faaustrbtgs.

Xoige tgbnmgrs bs roag iojgas

Zmg fiportbeng oc cgibag roag iojgas fs wfjgaybnngptgj bs b igbes oc proiotfeh hrgbtgrhgejgr gqubafty4 tmgy gxpbej tmg bspfrbtfoes ocyoueh hfras, bej jgioestrbtg tmbt `brrfgrs tocgibag bjvbengiget brg usubaay sonfbaaynoestruntgj rbtmgr tmbe rgcagntfeh tmgfr jfccgrgetnbpbnftfgs or fetgrgsts. Gvfjgeng croi Dbibfnb

smows tmbt hfras fe sbipagj snmooas aook up tobej giuabtg woige (usubaay tmgfr iotmgrs) bsòys jo to ige (usubaay tmgfr cbtmgrs). Poagiojgas cor oajgr nmfajrge brg agss crgqugetaycbifay igi`grs ùt rgibfe jgcfegj `y hgejgr(^gwgaa gt ba., 0<<>). Zmus eoe-stgrgotypfnba roagiojgas cor òtm òys bej hfras brg potgetfbaay befiportbet igbes oc nmbehfeh bttftujgs bòuthgejgr.

Xmfag tmg eui`gr oc cgibag tgbnmgrs mbsfenrgbsgj hrbjubaay fe Fejfb, tmg proportfoe

rgibfes gxtrgigay aow fe iost pbrts oc tmgnouetry. Baiost 6<% oc sfehag-tgbnmgr snmooas„ wmfnm bnnouet cor bt agbst 0<% oc baa snmooas „brg stbccgj `y ige. Curtmgriorg, 80% oc two-tgbnmgr snmooas mbvg eo cgibag tgbnmgrs(Pbibnmbejrbe, 0<<>). ^fehag bej two-tgbnmgrsnmooas tgej to `g aonbtgj fe rgiotg bej rurbamb`ftbtfoes, wmgrg hfras brg pbrtfnuabrayjfsbjvbetbhgj. Fe Zoho, tmg H\F cor tgbnmgrsworsgegj ovgr tmg 266<s, croi be bargbjy aowagvga oc <.26 to <.2: fe cbvour oc ibag tgbnmgrs.Hgejgr pbrfty trgejs cor tgbnmgrs rgcagnt tmg cbnttmbt fenrgbsfeh noipgtftfoe `gtwgge youeh ige

bej woige cor tmg cgw posts bvbfabàg mbs sggewoige `gnoig fenrgbsfehay uesunngsscua fe`gfeh occgrgj tmosg posts (Abehg, 0<<>`).

Pgsgbrnm fe Gtmfopfb, Hmbeb bej tmg WeftgjPgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb baso rgvgbagj tmbt tmgjfstrfùtfoe oc cgibag tgbnmgrs vbrfgs stroehay`gtwgge snmooas. Zmfs pbrtay jgrfvgs croiworkfeh noejftfoes „ cgibag tgbnmgrs tgej to `gpostgj to ur`be snmooas tmbt brg iorgbnngssfàg, wmgrg tmg bnngptb`fafty oc cgibagtgbnmgrs iby `g gbsfgr to bnmfgvg, bej wmgrg

Fe iost nouetrfgs oc Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg bej Ngetrba Bsfb,tgxtòoks prgsget ige bej woige bs mbvfeh jfccgrget hgejgr roags.Fe pbrtfnuabr, woige brg prgjoifebetay portrbygj uejgrtbkfehjoigstfn bntfvftfgs bt moig. Cor gxbipag, \oafsm tgxtòoks usubaayprgsget woige bs iotmgrs bej mousgwfvgs fe cbifay roags, jofehmousgwork. Gstoefbe tgxtòoks noetbfe trbjftfoeba hgejgr stgrgotypgs`y portrbyfeh hfras bej woige bt moig bej fe nmfajnbrg roags, vgryrbrgay jgpfntfeh òys bej ige nookfeh, nagbefeh or tbkfeh nbrg ocnmfajrge. Fe Ba`befb, Muehbry, Kbzbkmstbe bej Zbdfkfstbe, tmg ibdorftyoc tgxtòoks jo eot portrby woige outsfjg tmgfr moig gevfroeigets.

Fe Bzgr`bfdbe, oeg tgxtòok fipafnftay noejgies woige wmo workoutsfjg tmg moig, stbtfeh4 ”Fe iojgre cbifafgs tmgrg fs b jbehgrousjgnrgbsg fe tmg eui`gr oc nmfajrge. Bioeh tmg ibfe nbusgs brgur`be wbys oc afvfeh, tmg cbnt tmbt woige work too, bej mfhmgr agvgasoc gjunbtfoe.‖ Fe nbsgs wmgrg woige workfeh outsfjg tmg mousgmoajbrg jgpfntgj, tmgy tgej bhbfe to `g fe stgrgotypfnba roags. Cor gxbipag,prfibry-snmooa tgxtòoks fe Poibefb jgpfnt woige bssnmooatgbnmgrs, vfaabhgrs, cruft or caowgr sgaagrs, wmgrgbs ige brgvfgwgj bs bstroebuts, poafngige, pmysfnfbes, bntors, noejuntors bejibsoes.

ôurng4 Ibheo gt ba. (0<<0).

@ox >.2>. Gejurfeh stgrgotypgs



Nmbptgr >


noejftfoes oc trbvga or bnnoiiojbtfoe iby `giorg sgnurg (Noanaouhm gt ba., 0<<>). Fe noetrbst,fe \bkfstbe, woige tgbnmgrs fe ur`be brgbs brgsoigtfigs rgportgj to cfej tmg gevfroeigetbrouej snmooas uecrfgejay, òtm pmysfnbaay bej

nuaturbaay, agbjfeh tmgi to sggk mousfeh wftmwbtnmige, mfhm òuejbry wbaas or noipbefoescor tmgfr sbcgty (Xbrwfnk bej Pgfigrs, 2667,nftgj fe Nmbpibe bej Bjbis, 0<<0).

Zrbjftfoeba coris oc prg-sgrvfng tgbnmgr trbfefehnbe `g b jfsfengetfvg cor woige‖s pbrtfnfpbtfoe fenouetrfgs wmgrg nuaturba eoris prgvget tmgicroi stbyfeh ovgrefhmt bwby croi moig, orwmgrg `gfeh trbfegj `y ibag tgbnmgrs fs eotnoesfjgrgj bpproprfbtg. Fe nouetrfgs wftm poorayjgvgaopgj tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe systgis, sibaaproportfoes oc cgibag tgbnmgrs fe ture rgcagnt aow

hgejgr pbrfty fe mfhmgr gjunbtfoe, bej tmg prforftyhfvge to ibag gipaoyiget (Hfssga`rgnmt, 2663;Posg, 0<<>b). Bs tmg nbsg oc Ibaf faaustrbtgs,`fbsgs iby baso brfsg croi tmg prgcgrgengs ocpbrgets bej noiiueftfgs, fe noetgxts wmgrg tmgygftmgr pby cor or noetroa snmooafeh (sgg @ox >.2:).

Be uegquba jfstrfùtfoe oc cgibag tgbnmgrs fsbaso typfnbaay couej wftmfe snmooas. Fe Hufegb bejIbabwf, cgibag tgbnmgrs brg hgegrbaay bssfhegjto tmg aowgr nabssgs (Hrbjgs 2„:) wmgrgbs ibagtgbnmgrs tgej to `g fe tmg mfhmgr hrbjgs. Zmg

gxpabebtfoe hfvge `y tgbnmgrs fetgrvfgwgj wbstmbt aowgr nabssgs wgrg gbsfgr to tgbnm bejpupfas wgrg agss jfccfnuat to mbejag tmbe tmosg fesgefor nabssgs. Zmg vfgw tmbt cgibag tgbnmgrscfej ft mbrj to tgbnm iorg sgefor hroupsovgraooks tmg cbnt tmbt aowgr hrbjgs octge mbvgabrhgr nabss sfzgs, bej pgrpgtubtgs b eotfoe tmbtcgibag tgbnmgrs‖ fetgaagntuba b`faftfgs brg aowgrtmbe tmosg oc ibag tgbnmgrs (Kbjzbifrb bejNmf`wbeb, 0<<<).

Pfsks oc b cgifefzgj procgssfoeZmg gxtget oc cgifefzbtfoe oc tmg tgbnmfeh

procgssfoe tgejs to fenrgbsg bs snmooageroaigets oc hfras bej/or tmg gnoeoifn roags ocwoige gxpbej. Fe soig nbsgs, mowgvgr, tmfstrgej fs bnngagrbtgj `y wbhg rgjuntfoes fiposgj`y gnoeoifn trbesftfoe bej bjdustiget (sgg@ox >.27). Fe Fejfb, stujfgs smow b mfhmgrpgrngetbhg oc woige tgbnmgrs fe ”Batgrebtfvg^nmooas‖ rgabtfvg to coriba hovgreiget snmooas fesoig stbtgs. Fe tmg nbsg oc @fmbr, wftm b aow agvgaoc cgibag aftgrbny, tgbnmgrs fe tmg Batgrebtfvg^nmooas brg baa cgibag, jug to b rgqufrgiget torgnruft oeay woige tgbnmgrs. ^fifabray, fe tmg

stbtg oc Xgst @gehba, wmgrg oeay 07% oc sfehag-tgbnmgr snmooas mbvg woige tgbnmgrs, baa oc tmgBatgrebtfvg ^nmooas cor wmfnm jbtb brg bvbfabàg

mbvg woige tgbnmgrs, coaaowfeh b jgnfsfoe tobppofet woige bòvg tmg bhg oc :< wftm cfvg togfhmt ygbrs oc snmooafeh to sunm posts(Pbibnmbejrbe, 0<<>). Zmgsg smfcts towbrjscgifefzbtfoe brg `gfeh ibjg wftmfe b nmbehfehprocgssfoeba strunturg „ noetrbnts brg smort bejfesgnurg, bej tmg pby fs cbr agss tmbe tmbtrgngfvgj `y tgbnmgrs fe tmg coriba hovgreigetsnmooas. Zmgrg brg sfifabrftfgs fe Ibaf, wmgrghgejgr pbrfty fs mfhmgr bioeh ”rgafgc tgbnmgrs‖wmo mbvg aowgr pby bej agss pgribeget tgeurgtmbe otmgr tgbnmgrs (Abehg, 0<<>b). Zmgsggxbipags fejfnbtg tmbt tmg jfvgrsfcfnbtfoe oc

gipaoyiget opportueftfgs cor woige bej tmghoba oc nrgbtfeh iorg cgibag roag iojgas corsnmooanmfajrge smouaj eot `g baaowgj to tmrgbtgetmg fipagigetbtfoe oc hgejgr gqubafty fegipaoyiget noetrbnts bej eoe-jfsnrfifebtfoefe trbfefeh opportueftfgs bej tgbnmfehrgspoesf`faftfgs.

Zmg rbtfo oc cgibag to ibag tgbnmgrs fe Ibafbe

prfibry snmooas rbehgj croi <.>= fe stbtgsnmooas to <.<7 fe igjgrsbs fe 0<<</<2. @otmnoiiueftfgs bej pbrgets tgej to cbvour ibagtgbnmgrs. Zmus fe noiiuefty snmooas, wmfnm brg`gnoifeh fenrgbsfehay fiportbet fe tmg Ibafbegjunbtfoe gxpbesfoe prongss, tmg cgibag/ibagrbtfo bioeh tgbnmgrs fs baso vgry aow, bt <.0:.Fe prfvbtg sgnuabr or Poibe Nbtmoafn snmooas,wmgrg stujgets brg jrbwe croi `gttgr-occcbifafgs, tmgrg fs b prgcgrgeng cor ibagtgbnmgrs, rgcagntfeh tmg vfgws oc tmg cbifafgswmo cuej tmg snmooas. Fenrgbsgj snmooabutoeoiy bej jgngetrbafzbtfoe igbe tmbt tmghovgreiget mbs agss opportuefty to fecaugeng

tmgsg outnoigs4 tmg jfvgrsg pbrtfgs fevoavgj fesnmooa ibebhgiget, fenaujfeh mousgmoajs,noiiuefty agbjgrs, aonba poaftfnfbes bej aonbabutmorftfgs, octge mbvg iorg ”trbjftfoeba‖bttftujgs towbrjs ibag bej cgibag roags.

ôurngs4 ^behbræ gt ba. (0<<<); Abehg (0<<>b).

@ox >.2:. ^gxfsi bej pbrgetbaprgcgrgengs fe Ibaf fipbnt eghbtfvgayoe rgnruftiget oc cgibag tgbnmgrs



Xmgrg hgejgrpbrfty fs stfaa cbr

occ bejgjunbtfoe

systgis brgpoor, òtm òys

bej hfras cbrg`bjay.

Bs fs tmg nbsg gasgwmgrg brouej tmg woraj, snmooasfe Ngetrba bej ôutm-Gbstgre Guropg bej tmg

corigr ôvfgt Wefoe brg `gnoifeh fenrgbsfehaycgifefzgj gevfroeigets. Fe baa tmg nouetrfgs fe tmgrghfoe, tmg ibdorfty oc prfibry-snmooa tgbnmgrs brgwoige bej fe iost oc tmg nouetrfgs tmfs fs trug ocsgnoejbry-snmooa tgbnmgrs baso. Mowgvgr,nfrnuistbengs jfccgr croi nouetry to nouetry.Cgibag tgbnmgrs noestftutg iorg tmbe 6<% oc baaprfibry tgbnmgrs fe Brigefb, @gabrus, @uahbrfb,Hgorhfb, Kbzbkmstbe, Kyrhyzstbe, Abtvfb, Aftmubefb,tmg Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe, âovbkfb, âovgefb, bejWkrbfeg, bej `gtwgge 87% bej 6<% fe Bzgr`bfdbe,Nrobtfb, tmg Nzgnm Pgpuàfn, Gstoefb, Muehbry,\oabej, Poibefb bej Wz`gkfstbe.

Fe iost nouetrfgs, tmg pgrngetbhg oc cgibagtgbnmgrs mbs `gge fenrgbsfeh jurfeh tmg trbesftfoepgrfoj. @gtwgge 2662 bej 0<<<, cor gxbipag, tmgproportfoe oc cgibag sgnoejbry-snmooa tgbnmgrs feBa`befb jouàgj to 70%, bej fe Bzgr`bfdbe ft hrgwrbpfjay to rgbnm 86% fe 266=.

Gnoeoifn trbesftfoe mbs octge `gge bssonfbtgj wftmjgnafefeh rgba wbhgs cor tgbnmgrs, wmfnm mbs agj tobe gxojus oc ige croi tmg nabssrooi. Fe soig oc

tmgsg nouetrfgs, tgbnmgrs‖ sbabrfgs brg eo aoehgrsuccfnfget cor `bsfn su`sfstgeng. Fe otmgrs, sbabrfgs

cor tgbnmgrs brg vgry aow noipbrgj wftm tmosgbvbfabàg fe tmg prfvbtg sgntor4

”Zmgrg brg nuaturba gxpgntbtfoes fe Bzgr`bfdbe tmbtb ibag fs mgbj oc tmg cbifay bej bs sunm fsgxpgntgj to provfjg cor tmg cbifay. … Ibey ibagsbrg corngj to agbvg tgbnmfeh to pursug otmgr iorgmfhmay pbfj nbrggrs. Bioeh woige, tgbnmfeh fssgge bs b nbrggr tmbt cfts wgaa wftm rbfsfeh b cbifaysfeng b nmofng nbe `g ibjg `gtwgge tgbnmfeh bsfehag (mbac jby) or b jouàg smfct (cuaa jby)‖(WEG^NO, 0<<<h).

^nmooa ibebhgiget mfgrbrnmfgs baso rgcagnthgejgr fegqubaftfgs. Fe Wz`gkfstbe, wmgrgbs tmg

ibdorfty oc tgbnmgrs brg woige, iost snmooamgbjs brg ige. Xoige brg pooray rgprgsgetgj feibebhgiget strunturgs fe Nrobtfbe snmooas,wmgrgbs fe Bzgr`bfdbe tmg ibdorfty oc igegipaoygj fe gjunbtfoe brg snmooa bjifefstrbtorsbej ibebhgrs.

ôurng4 Ibheo gt ba. (0<<0).

@ox >.27. Fe tmg corigr sonfbafst àon, cgibag tgbnmgrsoe tmg rfsg bs rgba wbhgs cbaa

Pfhmts tmrouhm gjunbtfoe4bnmfgvfeh gqubafty ocoutnoigsJbtb croi Nmbptgr 0 smow tmbt wmgrg gjunbtfoesystgis brg wgaa jgvgaopgj bej wmgrg hfras gedoygquba pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooafeh, tmg òys octgecfej tmgisgavgs outpgrcorigj `y tmgi. Xmbtgxpabfes tmfs tgejgeny?

Pgsuats croi agbrefeh outnoigs survgys bejotmgrs, rgportgj fe jgtbfa fe Nmbptgr 0, smow tmgcoaaowfeh4

Hfras bnmfgvg iunm `gttgr rgbjfeh snorgs tmbeòys fe baa tmg nouetrfgs survgygj fe tmg abtgst\F^B survgy (WEG^NO Festftutg cor^tbtfstfns/OGNJ, 0<<>`); òys jo soigwmbt`gttgr tmbe hfras fe ibtmgibtfns fe iostnouetrfgs; tmg pgrcoribeng oc òys bej hfras fsrouhmay gquba fe snfgeng. Zmgsg rgsuats brgjrbwe croi nouetrfgs wmfnm baa mbvg prfibryEGPs mfhmgr tmbe 67. Zmus tmgy gbnm mbvg bwgaa-jgvgaopgj gjunbtfoe systgi.

Jbtb cor jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs smow tmbt tmgovgr-pgrcoribeng oc hfras fs wgbkgr tmbe fe tmg\F^B hroup, bej soigtfigs jogs eot onnur.

Zmgsg cfejfehs, mowgvgr, nbeeot `g hgegrbafzgjto otmgr nouetrfgs. Cor ibey, wmgrg hgejgrpbrfty fs stfaa cbr croi `gfeh bnmfgvgj, bej wmgrggjunbtfoe systgis brg poor, òtm òys bej hfrascbrg `bjay. Fiprovgigets fe pgrcoribeng orvbrfbtfoes fe pgrcoribeng hbps iby rgcagntsonfo-gnoeoifn bjvbetbhgs. Fe Ibaf, wmgrgovgrbaa rgpgtftfoe rbtgs brg mfhm, tmg hgejgr hbpfe rgpgtftfoe fs ebrrow cor tmg cfrst stbhg oc `bsfn

gjunbtfoe, ùt fenrgbsgs to bòut 7 pgrngetbhgpofets `y tmg sgnoej stbhg oc `bsfn gjunbtfoe,wftm iorg hfras rgpgbtfeh ygbrs bej jroppfeh outtmbe òys. Mowgvgr, bt sgnoejbry agvga, tmgopposftg mbppges, wftm „ ovgr tmg pgrfoj 2638„6:„ baiost bawbys b sibaagr proportfoe oc hfrasrgpgbtfeh tmbe òys (Hfssga`rgnmt, 2663, nftgj feAbehg, 0<<>b). Zmfs pro`bày rgcagnts tmg aowbnngss oc hfras to sgnoejbry snmooafeh fe Ibaf,wmgrg tmosg wmo jo bttgej brg usubaay croiiorg prfvfaghgj `bnkhrouejs (Abehg, 0<<>b).



Nmbptgr >


Xoige brgnoengetrbtgj fesu`dgnts agbjfehtowbrjs do`s fegjunbtfoe bejmgbatm, wmfagige joifebtg fenoursgs bòuthovgrebeng,cfebeng bej

`bekfeh.

cbntors prgvget hfras croi turefeh tmgfrbnbjgifnbaay stroeh pgrcoribeng feto optfeh to

stujy snfgeng fe tmg mfhmgr hrbjgs (@bujfeo,0<<>).

û`dgnt strgbifeh fe Nmfag onnurs mbacwbytmrouhm tmg sgnoejbry-snmooa systgi, wmge tmgnoiioe nurrfnuaui fs jfvfjgj bctgr two ygbrsfeto bnbjgifn bej tgnmefnba spgnfbafzbtfoes.^gnoejbry tgnmefnba gjunbtfoe mbs `gnoig iunmsouhmt-bctgr, bs ft provfjgs hrgbtgr nmbengs ocsu`sgquget gipaoyiget tmbe tmg bnbjgifnstrgbi. Ngesus jbtb suhhgst tmbt =0.0% oc hfrasnoipbrgj wftm >>.=% oc òys wgrg geroaagj fenoiigrnfba spgnfbafzbtfoes, wmgrgbs 7=.7% oc

òys noipbrgj wftm 2>.2% oc hfras wgrg geroaagjfe fejustrfba spgnfbafzbtfoes. Zmus, oc tmosg hfraswmo dofe tmg tgnmefnba strgbis tmg ibdorfty optcor trbjftfoeba noiigrnfba bej sgnrgtbrfbaspgnfbafzbtfoes rbtmgr tmbe cor tmosg prgcgrrgj`y òys.

Zmg cgifefzbtfoe oc mfhmgr gjunbtfoe fe tmg 266<smbs `gge b strfkfeh cgbturg fe nouetrfgs ocNgetrba Guropg, tmg corigr Vuhosabvfb, ôutm-Gbstgre Guropg bej tmg @batfn ^tbtgs bej tmgcorigr ôvfgt Wefoe. Cor gxbipag, tmg hross

geroaiget rbtfos cor woige fe mfhmgr gjunbtfoegxnggjgj tmosg oc ige `y iorg tmbe 27% fe

@uahbrfb, Gstoefb, Aftmubefb, \oabej, tmg PussfbeCgjgrbtfoe bej âovgefb jurfeh tmg abtg 266<s. FeAbtvfb, tmfs jfccgrgeng rgbnmgj 07% fe tmg266=/66 bnbjgifn ygbr. Oeg rgnget stujy croitmg rghfoe suhhgsts tmbt tmgsg trgejs iby rgcagntb prgcgrgeng `y ibag stujgets cor vonbtfoeba bejtgnmefnba trbfefeh, rbtmgr tmbe uefvgrsfty stujy, feorjgr to hbfe iorg qufnkay tmg qubafcfnbtfoes tmbtwfaa baaow tmgi to dofe tmg abòur ibrkgt. Oe tmgotmgr mbej, wftmfe mfhmgr gjunbtfoe, woige brgnoengetrbtgj fe su`dgnts agbjfeh towbrjs tmgfrnmosge procgssfoes fe sgntors sunm bs gjunbtfoebej mgbatm, wmgrgbs ige joifebtg fe bnbjgifn

prohrbis rgabtgj to hovgrebeng, cfebeng bej`bekfeh (Ibheo gt ba., 0<<0). ^fifabr tgejgenfgsbrg baso couej fe ibey otmgr nouetrfgs bejrghfoes oc tmg woraj (Breot bej \mfpps, 0<<>;Huzibe bej Agtgejrg, 0<<>).

Zmg fjgb oc su`dgnt ”nmofng‖ eggjs to `gfetgrprgtgj wftm nbrg. Batmouhm b cuentfoe ocstujgets‖ bspfrbtfoes, tmgsg tmgisgavgs brgstroehay fecaugengj `y gxpgntbtfoes oc wmbtopportueftfgs brg afkgay to `g oe occgr. @ox >.2=smows tmbt òtm tmg moig gevfroeiget bej tmg

Pgnget bttgetfoe jrbwe to tmg ”uejgrpgrcoribeng oc òys feDbibfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe nouetrfgs mbs `gge bssonfbtgjwftm noengre bòut tmg hrowfeh eui`gr oc youeh ibags

gehbhgj fe sgrfous nrfigs, bej mbs mgapgj conus oe tmgnoipagx afeks `gtwgge snmooafeh bej sonfgty‖ [^gwgaa gt ba.,0<<>Y. Mfstorfnbaay, ige mbvg onnupfgj b wfjgr sonfba spbng,noetroaagj iorg rgsourngs, ibfetbfegj b mfhmgr sonfbaposftfoe bej gxgrnfsgj hrgbtgr powgr tmbe woige.Mowgvgr, rgnget gxpgrfgeng suhhgsts tmbt tmfs prfvfaghg mbsnoig bt b prfng.

B stujy oc sonfbafzbtfoe pbttgres fe Joifefnb, Huybeb bejDbibfnb couej tmbt, jgspftg soig ifeor jfccgrgengs rgabtgjto gtmefnfty bej nabss, tmg sonfbafzbtfoe oc òys bej hfraswbs quftg ”hgejgrgj‖ fe tgris oc tmg ebturg oc mousgmoajnmorgs, jghrgg oc pbrgetba supgrvfsfoe, sgvgrfty ocjfsnfpafeg/puefsmiget, bej gxpgntbtfoes fe rgabtfoe tosgxubafty bej fts gxprgssfoes.

Hfras fe tmg stujy oc Joifefnb mbj iorg posftfvg bttftujgstowbrjs snmooafeh bej rgportgj tmbt tmgy wgrg supgrvfsgjiorg naosgay `y tmgfr pbrgets bej rgngfvgj mfhmgr agvgas ocgenourbhgiget. \brgets baso gesurgj tmbt hfras wgrg iorgonnupfgj wftm mousgwork tmbe òys, wmo wgrg octge agct totmgfr owe jgvfngs. Conus-hroup jfsnussfoe wftm pbrgets

suhhgstgj tmbt fetgrgst fe rgbjfeh ifhmt mbvg `ggegehgejgrgj bt be gbray bhg, wftm pbrgets iorg afkgay to ùyb òok or joaa cor b hfra, wmgrgbs b òy wouaj rgngfvg b hue

or otmgr toy. Zmg jfccgrfeh ebturg oc sunm hfcts sggis to `gòuej up wftm tmg pbrgets‖ noengpts oc ibsnuafefty.

Zmg posftfvg rgfecorngiget tmbt hfras rgngfvg croi tmg moigbej wftmfe tmg snmooa fs iutubaay rgfecornfeh. Zgbnmgrs btsnmooa genouetgr òys wmo bppgbr to `g agss iotfvbtgj bejagss afkgay to ibkg be gccort tmbe hfras, wmfnm tgejs torgfecorng tmgfr owe pgrngptfoes. \brgetba bttgetfoe to hfrasbej tmgfr snmooafeh bppgbrs jrfvge pbrtay `y b rgnoheftfoetmbt fe Dbibfnbe sonfgty tmg ruags oc tmg hbig brg jfccgrgetcor tmg two sgxgs bej `y b cgbr oc gbray prghebeny „ eowiorg mgfhmtgegj wftm tmg hrowfeh tmrgbt oc MFS/BFJ^bioeh tmg bjoagsnget popuabtfoe.

Zrbjftfoeba eoris brg tmgrgcorg uejgr trbesftfoe. Xmfag

hgejgr eoris mbvg bawbys `gge agss rgstrfntfvg tmbegasgwmgrg, tmg ifsibtnm `gtwgge ibag hgejgr fjgetftfgsbej tmg gjunbtfoe systgi mbs hrowe. Bs snmooas `gnoigfenrgbsfehay cgifefzgj spbngs, òys tgej to jgvgaop tmgfrfjgetftfgs wftmfe b iunm iorg rgstrfntfvg noengpt ocibsnuafefty.

ôurngs4 gwgaa gt ba. (0<<>); @bfagy (0<<>); Cfhugrob (0<<<).

@ox >.28. Nbrf``gbe pbrbjox



>2. @bfagy (0<<>). Gipfrfnbagvfjgeng cor tmfs fs mowgvgrbi`fhuous (Kbibafnm bej\oabnmgk, 26=0; aobeg, 26=7).

abòur ibrkgt nbe procouejay fecaugeng stujget

pgrcoribeng bej nmofng. Zmus, bnmfgvfeh b `gttgr`babeng fe tmg pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc ibags bej cgibagsfe ibey gjunbtfoeba prohrbiigs fs afkgay to `gfecaugengj bs iunm `y nmbehgs outsfjg tmggjunbtfoeba joibfe bs wftmfe ft.

Jogs tmg abòur ibrkgt rgwbrj hfras?

Jgspftg hgeufeg bej souejay `bsgj noengrebòut ibag uejgrbnmfgvgiget, ft fs nagbr tmbtibey sonfgtfgs mbvg jfccgrget gxpgntbtfoes coribags bej cgibags. Zmg uejgrbnmfgvgiget ocige fe tmg gjunbtfoeba brgeb mbs eot ygt

rgsuatgj fe tmgfr cbaafeh `gmfej fe tmg gnoeoifnbej poaftfnba spmgrgs. Ft sggis tmbt woige ibyoctge rgqufrg mfhmgr agvgas oc bttbfeiget tmbeige fc tmgy brg to `g sunngsscua fe noipgtftfoecor do`s, gquba rgiuegrbtfoe, jgnfsfoe-ibkfehposftfoes bej bnngss to be gquba smbrg ocprojuntfvg rgsourngs.>2

@y tmg sbig tokge, b rgnget survgy oc Bsfbenouetrfgs‖ pgrcoribeng fe rgabtfoe to hgejgrgqufty smows tmbt mfhmgr rbtgs oc uegipaoyigetprgvbfa cor woige bt baa gjunbtfoeba agvgas. Cor

gxbipag, fe Fejoegsfb bej ^rf Abekb (òtm

nouetrfgs mbvfeh rgbnmgj naosg to hgejgr pbrftyfe geroaigets), tmg uegipaoyiget rbtgs corwoige brg mfhmgr tmbe tmosg cor ige bnross baaagvgas oc gjunbtfoe. Zmg Fejoegsfbe cfhurgs smowcurtmgr tmbt woige‖s uegipaoyiget rbtgs rfsgwftm tmgfr agvga oc gjunbtfoe, up to bej fenaujfehtmosg wftm uefvgrsfty jghrggs. Gqubaay, woigewftm vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe brg iorg afkgay to `guegipaoygj tmbe ige (Agg, 0<<0).

Mbs woige‖s hrgbtgr prgsgeng fe tmg workcorngmbj be fipbnt oe hgejgr wbhg hbps? Zmgrg fs babrhg biouet oc gvfjgeng oe tmfs qugstfoe wmfnm

nbeeot `g cuaay trgbtgj mgrg. Mowgvgr, tmgrgafb`fafty bej fetgrprgtb`fafty oc tmg jbtb oe pbyrgabtfvftfgs `y hgejgr posg ibdor proàgis. Brgnget WEFCGI rgport (WEFCGI, 0<<<) ibjg bmgrofn gccort to tbnkag tmfs qugstfoe, ùt wbsnoestrbfegj `y tmg afiftgj rbehg oc nouetrfgs corwmfnm fetgrebtfoebaay noipbrbàg jbtbsgts wgrgbvbfabàg (gspgnfbaay to bssgss nmbehg ovgr tfig),bs wgaa bs `y tmg fenoipagtg novgrbhg oc jfccgrgetgnoeoifn sgntors, wftm b `fbs towbrjs ur`becoriba sgntors. Jgspftg sunm smortnoifehs, tmgrgport brhugs tmbt fe fejustry bej sgrvfngs,

Jgspftg hfras jofeh wgaa fe snmooa fe ibey noetgxts, pbrgetsiby noetfeug to moaj stgrgotypfnba vfgws bòut tmg b`faftfgsoc hfras rgabtfvg to òys. Fe Ibaf, cor gxbipag, baiost oeg-

tmfrj oc ><< mousgmoajs survgygj sbfj tmbt tmg rgbsoe tmgyjfccgrgetfbtgj `gtwgge òys bej hfras wbs `gnbusg òyswgrg iorg fetgaafhget. Zmgsg gxpgntbtfoes, `gfeh noestbetayrgfecorngj wftmfe tmg moig gevfroeiget, fegvftbàyfecaugeng su`sgquget `gmbvfour.

Curtmgriorg, tmg woraj oc work baso hfvgs hgejgrgjigssbhgs, wmfnm fecaugeng òys‖ bspfrbtfoes fe jfccgrgetwbys to tmosg oc hfras. Fe Nmfag, b survgy oc bspfrbtfoes ocout-oc-snmooa 2:„28-ygbr-oajs rgvgbagj tmbt two-tmfrjs ocòys mopgj to cfej b do`, noipbrgj wftm oeay oeg-tmfrj ochfras; oe tmg otmgr mbej, ovgr mbac oc tmg hfras mopgj to hgt`bnk to snmooa noipbrgj wftm agss tmbe mbac oc tmg òys. Fetmg oajgr hroup oc 2=„0:-ygbr-oajs, iorg woige mopgj tostujy bej iorg ige mopgj to cfej work.

Zmgsg bspfrbtfoes fejfnbtg tmbt òys sgg tmg woraj oc workbs tmgfr joifebet opportuefty bej brg kgge to getgr ftgbray, wmgrgbs hfras brg iorg afkgay to wbet to stby oe femfhmgr gjunbtfoe fe orjgr to fiprovg tmgfr nmbengs fe tmgabòur ibrkgt. ôigwmbt pgrvgrsgay, abòur ibrkgtjfsnrfifebtfoe sggis mgrg to `g cugaafeh hrgbtgr hgejgrpbrfty fe gjunbtfoe. Zmfs outnoig, mowgvgr, fs cbr croi

`gfeh hgegrbaay tmg nbsg. Ft fs iorg noiioe cor rgstrfntgj do` opportueftfgs cor woige to agbj to aowgr gjunbtfoebapgrsfstgeng bej pgrcoribeng. Be gxbipag fs hfvge `y Zoho

wmgrg b hgegrba abnk oc gipaoyiget cor woige, bej bsnbrnfty oc do`s cor snmooa-agbvgrs bej jfpaoib-moajgrssfeng tmg fipagigetbtfoe oc gnoeoifn rgcoris, fs rgportgjto mbvg uejgrifegj tmg jgibej cor hfras‖ snmooafeh.

Onnupbtfoeba gxpgntbtfoes brg wfjgay rgportgj to fecaugengsu`dgnt nmofng.

\F^B survgy jbtb gxpaorgj tmg onnupbtfoes stujgets‖gxpgntgj to mbvg bt bhg ><, bej couej tmbt cgibag stujgetsfe tmg pbrtfnfpbtfeh nouetrfgs wgrg cbr iorg afkgay tmbeibags to rgport gxpgntgj onnupbtfoes rgabtgj to igjfnfeg,`foaohy, eutrftfoe bej tgbnmfeh. Ibag stujgets oe tmg otmgrmbej wgrg iorg afkgay to gxpgnt nbrggrs bssonfbtgj wftmpmysfns, ibtmgibtfns or gehfeggrfeh. Ft fs uesurprfsfeh

tmbt su`dgnt nmofngs rgcagnt tmgsg onnupbtfoebagxpgntbtfoes.

Eotg4 \F^B (\rohrbiig cor Fetgrebtfoeba tujget Bssgssiget) fs befeftfbtfvg novgrfeh twgety-gfhmt OGNJ bej cfctgge eoe-OGNJ nouetrfgs,bfigj bt igbsurfeh ”mow wgaa youeh bjuats bt bhg 27, bej tmgrgcorgbpprobnmfeh tmg gej oc noipuasory snmooafeh, brg prgpbrgj to iggt tmgnmbaagehgs oc tojby‖s keowagjhg sonfgtfgs‖.

ôurngs4 Bvbaos (0<<>); WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns/OGNJ (0<<>`,p. 20); Abehg (0<<>b, 0<<>`).

@ox >.2=. ^tujget ”nmofngs‖ brg egvgr uecgttgrgj

Fe Bsfb,mfhmgr rbtgs ocuegipaoyiget

prgvbfa corwoige bt baa

gjunbtfoebaagvgas.



Nmbptgr >


woige oe bvgrbhg gbregj 00% agss tmbe ige fetmg abtg 266<s. Fe Gbst Bsfb, wmgrg iorg rgafbàgjbtbsgts brg bvbfabàg, tmgrg fs soig gvfjgengtmbt tmg hgejgr wbhg hbps ebrrowgj fe b eui`groc nouetrfgs jurfeh tmg 26=<s bej 266<s, ùt gvge

so tmgy rgibfegj abrhg `y fetgrebtfoebastbejbrjs (^ghufeo, 2668, nftgj fe Pbzbvf, 0<<>).Gxngpt fe tmg nbsg oc sgrvfng bej cbrionnupbtfoes, ige‖s wbhgs brg `gtwgge 0<% bej2<<% mfhmgr tmbe tmosg oc woige bej tmg ibagwbhg bjvbetbhg onnurs bnross baa agvgas ocgjunbtfoe (Agg, 0<<0).

@gyoej gquba eui`grs

Zmfs nmbptgr smows tmbt gjunbtfoe hgegrbtgsopportuefty cor woige bej ige bej tmbt ft, feture, fs smbpgj `y tmg gxfstfeh eoris bej vbaugs

wmfnm nrgbtg hgejgrgj gjunbtfoeba nmofngs bejoutnoigs.

Iunm mbs nmbehgj fe tmg woraj to fipbnt oehfras‖ gjunbtfoe. Xmfag povgrty noetfeugs to `g bibdor cbntor fe tmg nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg tmgmfhmgst agvgas oc hgejgr jfspbrfty, gvfjgengsmows tmbt wmgrg tmg hbps brg naosfeh, mbvgnaosgj, or brg rgvgrsfeh safhmtay fe cbvour oc hfras,tmgy brg jofeh so fe wbys tmbt rgibfe tfhmtaysnrfptgj `y eotfoes oc hgejgr jfccgrgengs`gtwgge ige bej woige. Xg mbvg sgge tmbt,

wmge hfvge opportueftfgs cor gjunbtfoe, hfras tbkgbjvbetbhg oc tmgi, work mbrj bej pgrcori wgaa.Mowgvgr, ft fs froefn tmbt òys‖ jgnafefeh agvgas ocgjunbtfoeba pgrcoribeng iby pbrtay rgcagnt wfjgrfegqubaftfgs fe tmg abòur ibrkgt, wmfnm noetfeugto cbvour ige, wmgrgbs opportueftfgs cor woigeoctge rgibfe jgtgrifegj `y tmg eotfoe tmbtwoige‖s prfibry roag fs wftmfe tmg cbifay bsuepbfj nbrgrs. Curtmgr, òys‖ rgabtfvgay worsgpgrcoribeng fe soig noetgxts fejfnbtgs mowibsnuafeg fjgetfty nbe mbvg b eghbtfvg fipbnt oeòys‖ b`fafty to pgrcori bs wgaa bs hfras. Zmg roagoc gjunbtfoe bs b kgy festftutfoe cor sonfbafzfeh

youeh pgopag fs pbrbiouet fe tmfs rgspgnt.

Wrhget bntfoe fs tmgrgcorg rgqufrgj to naosg hbps`gtwgge òys bej hfras fe nouetrfgs wmgrg tmghgejgr hbp fe gjunbtfoe fs stfaa abrhg. Bjjrgssfehpovgrty bej gnoeoifn noestrbfets, bs wgaa bsprbntfngs tmbt noetfeug to aghftfifzg uegqubafevgstiget fe òys bej hfras, rgqufrg urhget

bttgetfoe. Ibkfeh snmooas sbcg gevfroeigets bejgesurfeh gqufty fe tmg jfstrfùtfoe oc gjunbtfoeba

rgsourngs brg nrunfba igbsurgs cor proiotfehhgejgr pbrfty. Mowgvgr, tmg provfsfoe ocfecrbstrunturg fs eot succfnfget fe ftsgac. Bttgetfoepbfj to tmg noetget oc tgxtòoks, to prongss bejto nabssrooi prbntfng fs be fiportbetprgnoejftfoe oc gesurfeh tmg geroaiget bejnoipagtfoe oc hfras bej òys. Jfsnrfifebtorynoetget bej `fbs fe tgxtòoks sgrvgs to rgbccfritmg wfjgr sonfba fegqubaftfgs tmbt prgvget hfrascroi tbkfeh bjvbetbhg oc gjunbtfoebaopportueftfgs fe tmg cfrst pabng.

Zmg nmbaagehgs oc bnmfgvfeh pbrfty jo eot gej

wftm tmg bnmfgvgiget oc gquba eui`grs oc òysbej hfras fe snmooa, batmouhm tmbt jogs rgprgsgetb sfhefcfnbet stgp towbrjs tmg bnmfgvgiget ochgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe. Bs tmfs nmbptgrsmows, hgejgr gqubafty fs eot b purgayqubetftbtfvg hoba „ ft rgabtgs to tmg wfjgr fssugsoc gquba opportuefty, trgbtiget bej outnoigs fegjunbtfoe bej fe sonfgty iorg hgegrbaay.

Zmg Ibhmrg` rghfoe jgioestrbtgs tmg jfccfnuaty oc ibkfeh afegbr bssuiptfoesbòut tmg afeks `gtwgge gjunbtfoe bej gipaoyiget cor woige. Ft smows tmbt

wmfag gjunbtfoe nbe fecaugeng woige‖s opportueftfgs to cfej coribagipaoyiget fe eoe-trbjftfoeba sgntors, gnoeoifn poafnfgs, aghfsabtfoe bej tmgsonfba gevfroeiget baso ibttgr.

@otm Zuefsfb bej Bahgrfb mbvg bttbfegj hgejgr pbrfty fe gjunbtfoe ùt Zuefsfbewoige mbvg wfjg bnngss to tmg abòur ibrkgt, wmgrgbs fe Bahgrfb ft fs iunmiorg rgstrfntgj. Zuefsfb fetrojungj nurrfnuaui rgcori to fiprovg tmg fibhgoc woige. Zmg gjunbtfoe systgi mbs gxpbejgj. ônfba rgcoris mbvg `ggefipagigetgj, hfvfeh woige tmg rfhmt to votg bej fiprovgj jfvorng bejibrrfbhg rfhmts. Egbray 8<% oc Zuefsfbe woige brg gipaoygj fe tmg coribasgntor, bej tmgrg fs b hrowfeh eui`gr oc cgibag gehfeggrs. Mowgvgr, feBahgrfb, jgnafefeh rbtgs oc cgibag pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg coriba sgntor brg abrhgaybssonfbtgj wftm tmg jgnafeg oc tmg puàfn sgntor, wmfnm wbs tmg abrhgstgipaoygr. Xoige brg tmus fenrgbsfehay jgpgejget oe tmg fecoriba sgntor. Fe

noetrbst, Ioronno fs cbr croi bnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrfty fe snmooa geroaigetsbej fs cbaafeh curtmgr `gmfej. Mowgvgr, Ioronno pgrcoris iunm `gttgr tmbetmg two otmgrs fe tgris oc cgibag pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg abòur ibrkgt. \ovgrtyfs oeg cbntor propgaafeh woige feto tmg abòur ibrkgt, bs wftegssgj `y mfhmrbtgs oc rurba„ur`be ifhrbtfoe cor woige. Zmus, batmouhm iost woige brggnoeoifnbaay bntfvg, tmgy brg naustgrgj fe aow-pbfj, aow-skfaagj do`s.

ôurng4 GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport Zgbi.

@ox >.26. Gjunbtfoe, hgejgr bej gipaoyigetfe Ibhmrg` nouetrfgs

Zmg Ibhmrg`rghfoe smows tmg

jfccfnuaty oc ibkbssuiptfoes bòafeks `gtwggegjunbtfoe bejgipaoyiget corwoige.



^nmooahfras oe tmgfrwby moig, Ghypt.

© I b h e u i \

m o t o s / F b e @ g r r y



2. ^gg @uewbrgg (2666) oeIburftfus; \oeh (2666) oeIbabysfb; bej Noanaouhm gt ba.(0<<>), oe Hufegb, tmg WeftgjPgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb bejGtmfopfb.

Gjunbtfoe corwoige mbs

bawbys `ggemfhmay poaftfnba,

hfvge tmg hgejgrjfsnrfifebtfoe

tmbt mbs ibrkgjiost sonfgtfgs.

Mfstorfnba agssoes

Fe iost nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg bnmfgvgj pbrfty, tmgrbpfj prohrgss ibjg fe woige‖s gjunbtfoe wbsb cgbturg oc tmg sgnoej mbac oc tmg twgetfgtm

ngetury. Fe ibey nouetrfgs oc su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnbbej Bsfb, coriba gjunbtfoe wbs feftfbaay bvbfabàgoeay cor òys. Zmg noesfstgeny oc tmfs mfstorfnbacgbturg nuts bnross jfccgrget stbtgs bej jfccgrgetnoaoefba gxpgrfgengs.2

Fe Abtfe Bigrfnb, wmgrg tmg gxpbesfoe ocgjunbtfoe systgis stbrtgj gbrafgr, tmgrg mbj`gge prbntfnbaay eo coriba gjunbtfoe cor woigejurfeh noaoefba tfigs „ batmouhm tmgy octgergngfvgj festruntfoe bt moig to gebàg tmgi topgrcori joigstfn tbsks bej to mgap tmgi `rfehup tmgfr nmfajrge (Bvbaos, 0<<>).

Fe Fejfb, jurfeh tmg efegtggetm bej gbraytwgetfgtm ngeturfgs, wmbt wbs sgge bs woige‖s”`bnkwbrjegss‖ wbs ngetrba to tmg noaoefba”nfvfafzfeh ifssfoe‖, wmfnm gipmbsfzgj tmgfiportbeng oc tmg gjunbtgj iotmgr fergprojunfeh cuturg hgegrbtfoes oc nftfzge-su`dgnts (Dgccgry gt ba., 0<<>). Iorg rgngetay,ifjjag nabss rgcori iovgigets pabygj befiportbet roag, sggkfeh gjunbtfoe cor woigeto ibkg tmgi suftbàg noipbefoes cor tmgfrgjunbtgj mus`bejs. Zmfs conus oe gjunbtfeh

woige fe, or cor, tmgfr roags bs wfvgs bej

iotmgrs fs b mfstorfnba mbehovgr tmbt noetfeugstojby fe ibey nouetrfgs.

Fe tmg Fejfbe stbtg oc Kgrbab, mowgvgr, tmg fipbntoc b ibtrfafegba nuaturg bej tmg gccorts oc tmg

gbray iojgrefzfeh stbtg noipagigetgj gbnmotmgr, rgsuatfeh fe ueprgngjgetgj gjunbtfoebabej sonfba jgvgaopiget jurfeh tmg gbraytwgetfgtm ngetury (@ox :.2). @y tmg 26=<s, wmgestbtg hovgreigets gasgwmgrg fe Fejfb wgrgstrfvfeh to fenrgbsg snmooafeh geroaigets, Kgrbabhovgreigets wgrg sggkfeh to naosg snmooas`gnbusg oc tmg jgnafefeh prfibry snmooa-bhgpopuabtfoe. Zmgsg jfccgrget noetgxtubanfrnuistbengs jgioestrbtg tmg potgetfba powgroc puàfn poafny to trbescori woige‖s gjunbtfoe„ gvge wmgrg gnoeoifn hrowtm rgibfes iojgst.

\oaftfnba bhgejbs bej fjgoaohy nbe baso pabyjgnfsfvg roags. Zmg provfsfoe oc gjunbtfoe corwoige mbs bawbys `gge mfhmay poaftfnba, hfvge tmgmfstory oc hgejgr jfsnrfifebtfoe tmbt mbs ibrkgjiost sonfgtfgs. Fe ibey, tmg jrfvg to gjunbtgwoige mbs mbj to `g crbigj wftmfe wfjgrfjgoaohfnba noestruntfoes oc tmg bpproprfbtg roagcor woige. B mfstorfnba pgrspgntfvg, mowgvgr,smows mow sunm corngs nbe nmbehg ovgr tfig.Zmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe provfjgs befetgrgstfeh gxbipag oc tmg wbys fe wmfnmwoige‖s gjunbtfoe mbs `gge jgcfegj bt vbrfous

stbhgs fe rgabtfoe to tmg ovgrbaa hobas bej vfsfoes

B ibdor agssoe croi tmg Kgrbab gxpgrfgeng,eotbàg fe Fejfb cor mbvfeh naosgj tmg hgejgr hbp feprfibry gjunbtfoe `y 0<<2, fs tmg fiportbet roagpabygj `y tmg stbtg, bej `y geafhmtgegj agbjgrsmfp.Bs gbray bs 2==2, tmg Ibmbrbdb oc Zrbvbenorg mbjjgnabrgj4 ”Eo nfvfafzgj hovgreiget nbe `g oàfvfousto tmg hrgbt bjvbetbhgs oc popuabr gjunbtfoe, corb hovgreiget wmfnm mbs to jgba wftm be gjunbtgjpopuabtfoe fs `y cbr stroehgr tmbe oeg wmfnm mbsto noetroa fheorbet bej jfsorjgray ibssgs. Mgenggjunbtfoe fs b twfng àgssgj tmfeh „ ft `gegcftstmosg wmo hfvg ft bej tmosg wmo rgngfvg ft.‖

Croi be gbray stbhg tmg royba stbtgs oc Zrbvbenorgbej Nonmfe „ òtm pbrt oc iojgre-jby Kgrbab „vfgwgj gjunbtfoe bs be fiportbet cbntor feiojgrefzbtfoe bej jgvgaopiget. Zmg sprgbj ocgjunbtfoe bej tmg ghbaftbrfbe gtmfn wgrg iutubaaysupportfvg corngs. Zmg stbtg, cor fts pbrt, fevgstgj fe

vfaabhg af`rbrfgs bej efhmt snmooas fe orjgr tosustbfe aftgrbny bej agbrefeh. Zmg roag oc Nmrfstfbeifssfoebrfgs, wmo sgt up snmooas fe wmfnm jgprfvgjhroups wgrg hfvge gjunbtfoeba opportueftfgs, wbsbaso fiportbet.

Zmg gxpbesfoe oc gipaoyiget opportueftfgs fetmg puàfn sgntor, wftm eo festftutfoeba or sonfba

`brrfgrs to cgibag pbrtfnfpbtfoe, igbet tmbtgjunbtfoe provfjgj woige wftm be fiportbetigbes oc pbrtfnfpbtfeh fe tmg puàfn brgeb. Fe tmfstrbjftfoebaay ibtrfafegba sonfgty, woige fe Kgrbabjfj eot cbng tmg sonfba `brrfgrs tmbt typfcfgj ibeyotmgr Fejfbe stbtgs. Batmouhm `y tmg 267<s tmgibtrfafegba cbifay systgi mbj jfsbppgbrgj feKgrbab, woige rgtbfegj hooj bnngss to puàfngipaoyiget bej poaftfnba rgprgsgetbtfoe. Agvgasoc cgibag aftgrbny rgibfe mfhm.

ôurngs4 Igeoe (266=); Dgccgrgy (2660).

@ox :.2. Zmg Kgrbab ”iojga‖



Nmbptgr :

Agssoes croi hooj prbn

:. ^gg Imaoyf bej Ibpcuio(266=). Cor iorg gvfjgeng tmbtcgrtfafty jgnafeg iby soigtfig`g povgrty-jrfvge, or bt agbstonnur bt aow agvgas oc sonfo-gnoeoifn jgvgaopiget, bejtmgrgcorg `g agss afkgay to `rfehbjvbetbhgs cor woige, sgg^btmbr bej Nbstgrafeg (266=), c\bkfstbe, bej ^wbrtz (0<<0), coôutm Bcrfnb.

Mfstory fejfnbtgstmg fiportbeng opurposgcua bntfo`y tmg stbtg.

Fe sunm nfrnuistbengs, woige iby mbvg agss tohbfe croi cgrtfafty jgnafeg.:

Otmgr nbutfoebry eotgs brg fiportbet. Cfrst, fenoetgxts wmgrg soe-prgcgrgeng fs gvfjget, bs

Nmbptgr > jfsnussgs, cgrtfafty jgnafeg iby bntubaayagbj to be fenrgbsg fe cgibag jfsbjvbetbhg. Zmgfenrgbsgj bvbfab`fafty bej usg oc prg-ebtba sgx-sgagntfoe tgnmeoaohfgs, fe nouetrfgs wmgrgjbuhmtgrs brg eot bs jgsfrbàg bs soes, suhhgsttmfs. ^gnoej, gvge wmgrg cbifay sfzg fs jgnafefeh,tmg nosts oc gjunbtfoe iby stfaa sgrvg bs b cbntornoestrbfefeh gjunbtfoeba fevgstiget. Zmfrj, tmgjgiohrbpmfn trbesftfoe fs baso rgsuatfeh fe tmgbhgfeh oc popuabtfoes bnross tmg woraj, ba`gft tovbryfeh jghrggs. Nbrfeh cor gajgray rgabtfvgs ibybjj to woige‖s nbrg ùrjges, wftm keonk-oegccgnts cor jbuhmtgrs wftmfe tmg moig (InEby,

0<<>).

Fe ôutm Bcrfnb bej su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bs bwmoag, tmg possf`fafty tmbt cgrtfafty jgnafeg iby `gbssonfbtgj wftm tmg MFS/BFJ^ gpfjgifn fs bcurtmgr noipafnbtfeh cbntor. Zmg fipbnt ocMFS/BFJ^ oe cgrtfafty fs eot strbfhmtcorwbrj, ùtiost jgiohrbpmgrs bhrgg tmbt tmg egt gccgnt fseghbtfvg. MFS-posftfvg woige mbvg aowgr cgrtfaftytmbe MFS-eghbtfvg woige cor òtm `foaohfnba bej`gmbvfourba rgbsoes; tmgy brg iorg afkgay to `gwfjowgj or jfvorngj, bej agss afkgay to rgibrry

(Hrghsoe gt ba., 0<<0). Zmfs ibefcgstbtfoe oc aowcgrtfafty, tmgrgcorg, fs ueafkgay to mbvg posftfvgoutnoigs.

Jgnryptfeh sonfba nmbehgZmus, fe ibey nouetrfgs, prongssgs oc sonfbanmbehg smow tmbt b rbehg oc cbntors nbe supporthgejgr gqubafty. Fenrgbsgj cgibag pbrtfnfpbtfoe fetmg abòur corng nbe octge `g b trfhhgr oc nmbehg,hrbjubaay fecaugenfeh sonfba eoris bejpgrngptfoes oc woige‖s b`faftfgs bej roags.îbaagr cbifafgs nbe ibkg b `fh jfccgrgeng towoige‖s tfig, gftmgr crggfeh tmgi croi

mousgwork to cbnfaftbtg gnoeoifn bntfvfty, orfiprovfeh tmgfr nmfaj-crgg agfsurg. Bt tmg sbigtfig tmgsg sonfba nmbehgs brg soigtfigs bnoesgqugeng oc povgrty, gnoeoifn smonk ornrfsfs, rbtmgr tmbe bawbys rgcagntfeh woige‖shrgbtgr butoeoiy or wgaa-`gfeh.

Hgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe tmgrgcorgbrg `gst uejgrstooj wftmfe tmfs crbigwork.Hrgbtgr bnngss to gjunbtfoe nbe support bej, feture, `g strgehtmgegj `y tmgsg trgejs. Zmgrg fseo sfehag ”ibhfn ùaagt‖.

Egvgrtmgagss, gvge b nursory uejgrstbejfeh ocmfstory fejfnbtgs tmg fiportbeng oc purposgcuabntfoes, `y tmg stbtg bej otmgr bhgets, to wgbkgetmg corngs agbjfeh to hgejgr fegqubaftfgs, bej tobjjrgss soig oc tmgfr root nbusgs. Gjunbtfoe nbe`g be fiportbet agvgr oc nmbehg fe tmfs rgspgnt.

Ibkfeh puàfn poafnycft cor hfras

Zmg stbtg‖s roag fs fiportbet fe bt agbst tmrggprfenfpba wbys4 nrgbtfeh tmg gebàfehgevfroeiget cor proiotfeh cgibag gjunbtfoetmrouhm aghfsabtfvg bej poafny rgcori cor hgejgrgqubafty; fevgstfeh fe rgjfstrfùtfoe, `y baaonbtfehtbrhgtgj rgsourngs cor cgibag gjunbtfoe bejspgnfba igbsurgs to rgjung fegquftfgs; bej

fetrojunfeh gjunbtfoeba rgcoris wmfnm rgspoejto tmg pbrtfnuabr nfrnuistbengs oc hfras bejwoige. Zmgsg wfaa fenaujg igbsurgs to iftfhbtgtmg ùrjge oc gxtgreba smonks oe woige, sunmbs tmg gccgnts oc noecafnt, gnoeoifn nrfsfs bejMFS/BFJ^, bs wgaa bs iorg hgejgr-conusgjgjunbtfoeba rgcoris. Fe wmbt coaaows, tmg conus fsprfibrfay oe gjunbtfoeba igbsurgs, tmouhm soigoc tmg `robjgr igbsurgs tmbt brg fiportbet tosupport prohrgss towbrjs hgejgr gqubafty fegjunbtfoe brg fejfnbtgj. Zmus bntfoes to proiotghgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe eggj to

Eotg4 Zotba cgrtfafty rbtg jbtb brg cor 2667„0<<<, hgejgr gipowgriget igbsurg jbtb brg cor 0<<<. ôurng4 WEJ\ (0<<0b).

Cfhurg :.2. Pgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge totba cgrtfafty rbtg bej hgejgr gipowgriget

igbsurg fe vbrfous nouetrfgs (0<<<)

y 9 -<.<882x + <.807:P0 9 <.0<3>

<

<.2

<.0

<.>

<.:

<.7

<.3

<.8

<.=

<.6

< <.7 2.< 2.7 0.< 0.7 >.< >.7 :.< :.7 7.

Zotba cgrtfafty rbtg

H g e j g r g i p o w g r i g e t i g b s u r g ( H G I

)



Nmbptgr :


\oaftfnba `bnkfehfs nrunfba cor tmgfetrojuntfoe ocpoafny rgcorisbccgntfeh hgejgrgqubafty.

Ibfestrgbifeh hgejgr feto festftutfoes^feng tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgnbjg cor Xoige(2683„=7), tmg jgibej cor hovgreigets tobjjrgss woige‖s eggjs fe jgvgaopiget mbsrgsuatgj fe ”woige‖s fssugs‖ `gfeh fetghrbtgj

feto prodgnts bej poafny-ibkfeh festftutfoes.Zmg stbtg mbs `gge b prfibry conus oc woige‖sbjvonbny, eot agbst `gnbusg mfstorfnba agssoessmow tmg fiportbeng oc puàfn bntfoes `y tmgstbtg fe gxpbejfeh opportueftfgs cor woige.

Jgspftg tmg vftba roag pabygj `y tmg stbtg, bntfoesmbvg eot `gge butoibtfn. Fetgrebtfoeba soafjbrftycorhgj tmrouhm Weftgj Ebtfoes bntfvftfgs bejnoecgrgengs strgehtmgegj tmg mbej oc woige‖siovgigets fe ibkfeh jgibejs.

^gvgrba nouetrfgs mbvg nrgbtgj spgnfba

ignmbefsis to bjjrgss hgejgr gqubafty fegjunbtfoe. Fe tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe, tmggstbàfsmiget oc tmg @urgbu oc Xoige‖s Bccbfrs(bccfafbtgj wftm tmg Occfng oc tmg \rgsfjget) fe tmggbray 266<s, rgpabngj `y tmg Ngetgr cor Xoige‖s\brtfnfpbtfoe fe 2668, rgsuatgj croi be feftfbtfvgto conus oe tmg noejftfoe oc woige, to bjjrgsstmgfr noengres bej fenrgbsg tmgfr pbrtfnfpbtfoe fevbrfous brgebs, fenaujfeh gjunbtfoe. Zmg Ngetgrsgt up spgnfba woige‖s uefts fe hovgreigetifefstrfgs bej orhbefzbtfoes, bioeh wmfnm wbstmg @urgbu oc Xoige‖s Bccbfrs bt tmg Ifefstry

oc Gjunbtfoe. Zmg ibejbtg oc tmg abttgr fs to”nbipbfhe bhbfest uejgsfrbàg hgejgr bttftujgs‖(\@O, 2666, p. 62). Zmg @urgbu orhbefzgsworksmops bej sgifebrs bt baa agvgas oc tmgIfefstry oc Gjunbtfoe to rbfsg bwbrgegss oc tmgeggj cor hgejgr sgesftfvfty fe snmooas, bioehtgbnmgrs bej snmooa bjifefstrbtors. Ft cfebengsrgsgbrnm oe tmg fipbnt oc hgejgr stgrgotypfehfe tgxtòoks bej hgejgr jfsnrfifebtfoe fe tmgnurrfnuaui.

Ebtfoeba ignmbefsis mowgvgr, mbvggenouetgrgj b rbehg oc noestrbfets, wmfnm mbvg

rgejgrgj tmgi soigwmbt fegccgntfvg. Zmgibrhfebafzbtfoe oc ibey oc tmgsg uefts wftmfeabrhg jgpbrtigets rgsuatgj croi uejgr-rgsournfeh oc stbcc, skfaas bej cuejfeh, ”bej croi`gfeh hfvge rgspoesf`faftfgs fesuccfnfget tosgnurfeh hgejgr-trbescoribtfvg poafny nmbehg‖(Hogtz, 266=, p. :0). Xftmout propgr ùjhgtbrybaaonbtfoes, tmgsg uefts mbvg octge cbfagj to ibkgbe fipbnt oe ebtfoeba jgvgaopiget pabeefeh(@ox :.7).

\oaftfnba `bnkfeh fs nrunfba cor tmg fetrojuntfoeoc poafny rgcoris bccgntfeh hgejgr gqubafty. @utgccgntfvg fipagigetbtfoe eggjs iorg tmbe tmfs.Bs fejfnbtgj bòvg, fe Gtmfopfb, hgejgr fssugswgrg nmbipfoegj `y tmg aoeh-sgrvfeh Ifefstgr ocGjunbtfoe, wmo wbs noiifttgj to fenorporbtfehhgejgr feto gjunbtfoe poafny. Zmfs igbet tmbtprongssgs wgrg gstbàfsmgj to gesurg tmbt

hgejgr fssugs wgrg bjjrgssgj bt baa agvgas oc tmgsystgi, wftm woige‖s bccbfrs occfngrs bppofetgjto òtm tmg ngetrba bej rghfoeba (bej soigtfigsbaso jfstrfnt) gjunbtfoe occfngs. Mowgvgr,fipagigetbtfoe mbs `gge pbtnmy. Zmfs fs pbrtayjug to fesuccfnfget nabrfty bòut rgspoesf`faftfgscor ioeftorfeh hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe strbtghfgsbej to b abnk oc ùjhgtbry baaonbtfoes.Noesgqugetay, hgejgr strbtghfgs mbvg eot `ggeibfestrgbigj feto tmg pabeefeh bejfipagigetbtfoe prongss (Posg, 0<<>b).

B rgport oe coaaow-up bntfoes to tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Courtm XorajNoecgrgeng oe Xoige (@gfdfeh, 2667), couej tmbt fe twgety-sgvge

nouetrfgs (agss tmbe oeg-tmfrj oc tmosg rgportfeh) tmg ùjhgt corwoige‖s prohrbiigs mbj hrowe sfeng 2667. Fenrgbsgs rbehgj croi3% fe Fejfb to 07% fe Egw Tgbabej bej >:% fe Auxgiòurh. Fe bebaiost gquba eui`gr (twgety-gfhmt), tmg ùjhgt rgibfegj uenmbehgj.Fe tmg rgibfejgr, ùjhgt nuts sfeng 2667 rbehgj croi be bvgrbhg oc0<% (Hgribey) to b nrfppafeh 3<% (Hubtgibab). Fe Nbebjb, tmgebtfoeba ùjhgt cor woige‖s prohrbiigs wbs nut croi N$20 ifaafoe`gcorg 266< to N$=.2 ifaafoe fe 266=, or agss tmbe N$2 pgr woibe bejhfra. Cor tmg iost pbrt, tmg ùjhgt cor woige‖s prohrbiigsrgprgsgets b vgry sibaa „ bej octge fesfhefcfnbet „ pgrngetbhg oc tmgebtfoeba ùjhgt.

ôig hovgreigets, fenaujfeh tmosg oc Egw Tgbabej, tmg WeftgjKfehjoi bej tmg Weftgj ^tbtgs, mbvg pofetgj to tmg jfccfnuatfgs oc

bssgssfeh tmg ùjhgt cor woige‖s prohrbiigs `gnbusg oc tmg abnk ochgejgr-jfsbhhrghbtgj jbtb or oc ”ibfestrgbifeh‖ poafnfgs tmbt nbaa corhgejgr-rgspoesfvg gxpgejfturgs `y baa ifefstrfgs bej jgpbrtigets.

Oe tmg otmgr mbej, b sgntorba bebaysfs oc hovgreiget spgejfeh nbe `grgvgbafeh. Fe ôutm Bcrfnb, ùjhgtbry nuts mbj b eghbtfvg fipbnt oeabej rgcori, bccgntfeh woige iost. Zmg bhrfnuaturg ùjhgt noetfeugsto support noiigrnfba cbrigrs bt tmg gxpgesg oc ifnro-cbrigrs, wmobrg ibfeay woige. Ovgr mbac oc tmg gegrhy ùjhgt wget to tmg BtoifnGegrhy Norporbtfoe rbtmgr tmbe to tmg gagntrfcfnbtfoe oc noiiueftfgs.

Fe otmgr nbsgs, sunm bs Igxfno, tmg woige‖s jgpbrtiget fs rgportgjto `g pbrt oc b abrhgr sonfba jgvgaopiget strunturg bej uebàg tonoiibej b proportfoebtg smbrg oc tmg ùjhgt cor woige‖sprohrbiigs.

ôurng4 XGJO (266=).

@ox :.7. Ibfestrgbifeh hgejgr4 mbvgbjgqubtg rgsourngs `gge baaonbtgj?



Zmg snbrnfty ocwoige

fe sgeforposftfoes

puts tmgiuejgr prgssurg

to noecori.

Mostfafty to woige‖s fetgrgsts fs octge ibefcgstwftmfe orhbefzbtfoes, gvge fenaujfeh tmosg wftm bibejbtg cor fipagigetfeh hgejgr gqubaftypoafnfgs. ûnm poafnfgs brg sgge bs `gfeh fiposgj`y be gxtgreba butmorfty, sunm bs b cuejfeh

bhgeny. Zmg abnk oc owegrsmfp iby `gnoig bcurtmgr rgbsoe cor opposfeh sunm feftfbtfvgs(^wbfesoe gt ba., 266=). Bfj bhgenfgs mbvgegvgrtmgagss `gge festruigetba fe puttfeh hgejgrgqubafty oeto tmg bhgejb oc hovgreigets, gvge fctmgfr owe prbntfng fs febjgqubtgay hgejgr-bwbrg.

Fe Pbdbstmbe, Fejfb, tmg ^mfksmbkbrif (GjunbtfoeXorkgrs) \rodgnt, wmfnm mbs b stroeh conus oehgejgr fegqubaftfgs fe gjunbtfoe, gstbàfsmgj bXoige‖s Zbsk Corng to provfjg rghuabr supportto tmg woige workfeh wftmfe tmgsg prohrbiigs.Ft wbs rgnohefzgj tmbt woige‖s butmorfty wbs

octge ovgrrfjjge `y ige, wmo jfj eot tbkg tmgisgrfousay. Igi`grs oc tmg Zbsk Corng wgrg toprovfjg b afek `gtwgge cfgaj- bej stbtg-agvgaworkgrs bfigj bt nrgbtfeh be gevfroeiget cormgfhmtgegj hgejgr bwbrgegss. Mowgvgr,jfsnussfoe wftm tmg Zbsk Corng igi`grsrgvgbagj tmbt ibey occfnfbas bt cfgaj agvga wgrg eothgejgr sgesftfvg bej jfj eot ”vbaug‖ tmgfr fjgbsbej opfefoes. ôig woige cgat tmbt gvge stbtg-agvga occfngrs oc tmg ^mfksmbkbrif \rodgnt wgrgibrhfebafzgj fe tmg Pghfoeba Pgvfgw Iggtfehs(Dbfe, 0<<>).

Hgejgr sgesftfvfty trbfefeh fs gssgetfba, ùt ibyeot noiibej support. Zmg \uedb` Ifjjag^nmooas \rodgnt „ rue `y tmg Hovgreiget oc\bkfstbe, tmg Xoraj @bek bej tmg WKJgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget „bfis bt mfhmgr pbrtfnfpbtfoe rbtgs, pbrtfnuabray occgibags, fe Hrbjgs SF to SFFF fe rurba brgbs bej feur`be saui snmooas. Zmg proàgi oc abnk ocrgcgrgeng to hgejgr fe tmg prodgnt jonuigetbtfoewbs gxbngr`btgj `y gbray bttgipts to fetrojunghgejgr bntfvftfgs fe tmg prodgnt. Zmgsg gbraybntfvftfgs fenaujgj worksmops cor sgefor

Gjunbtfoe ^gntor occfngrs, to sgesftfzg tmgi fehgejgr fssugs fe ifjjag snmooas, bej to mgapjgvgaop prodgnt bpprobnmgs. Fe tmg gvget, sgeforcfhurgs wgrg ibjg to cgga febjgqubtg fe tmgfruejgrstbejfeh oc hgejgr fssugs. Zmfs rgsuatgj fetmgfr bafgebtfoe bej fe eo corwbrj iovgigettowbrjs ibfestrgbifeh hgejgr bntfvftfgs fe tmgprodgnt (^f`òes, 2666).

Zoo cgw woige wftmfe tmg hovgreigetgxbngr`btgs tmg jfccfnuatfgs oc puttfeh corwbrjwoige‖s pgrspgntfvgs. Fe bey nbsg, ùrgbunrbtfn

orhbefzbtfoes brg octge mostfag to bhgejbs tmbtnmbaagehg bnnustoigj pbttgres oc workfeh. Xmfagft nbeeot `g bssuigj tmbt baa woige smbrg tmgsbig fetgrgsts, or brg egngssbrfay nmbipfoes ochgejgr gqubafty, tmg snbrnfty oc woige fe sgefor

posftfoes puts tmgi uejgr prgssurg to noecori,rbtmgr tmbe to `brhbfe cor nmbehg.

Fevgstfeh fe rgjfstrfùtfoe

Pgjunfeh tmg nosts oc hfras‖ gjunbtfoeZmg jfrgnt bej fejfrgnt nosts oc snmooafeh tomousgmoajs fipgjg bnngss to gjunbtfoe cor tmgiost jfsbjvbetbhgj hroups. Bòafsmfeh prfibry-snmooa cggs nbe mbvg b ibdor fipbnt oe òostfehtmg geroaiget oc òtm hfras bej òys, bs tmggxpgrfgeng oc Ibabwf, Iburftfus bej ibey otmgrnouetrfgs nbe tgstfcy (Pfjjgaa, 0<<>; @uewbrgg,

2666; sgg baso Nmbptgr 7). Mowgvgr, gafifebtfehtmg cgg bspgnts oc jfrgnt nosts fs oeay oeg, ba`gftfiportbet, pbrt oc tmg nmbaagehg oc bnmfgvfehhgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe. Bsjgioestrbtgj fe Nmbptgr >, tmg opportuefty nostsoc snmooafeh brg mfhm „ bej octge hrgbtgr cor hfrastmbe cor òys, dust bs fts pgrngfvgj `gegcfts brgoctge agss. Zmus tbrhgtgj fetgrvgetfoes fe cbvouroc hfras brg rgqufrgj fe orjgr to gqubafzg tmgnmbengs oc hfras bej òys bttgejfeh snmooa.

Igbsurgs to rgjung nmfaj abòur

Zmg eggj cor nmfajrge to work „ tmg sourng oc tmgopportuefty nosts oc snmooa bttgejbeng „ mbs`gge smowe to `g oeg oc tmg iost fiportbetnbusgs oc uejgr-geroaiget fe snmooa.Bnnorjfehay, igbsurgs to rgjung or rgiovg tmgeggj cor nmfaj abòur rgprgsget b potgetfbaayfiportbet igbes oc fenrgbsfeh snmooageroaigets bioeh òtm hfras bej òys.

Mowgvgr, oeg wgbkegss oc iost jfsnussfoes ocsunm poafny fetgrvgetfoes fs tmbt tmgy cbfa torgnohefzg tmg prgjoifebeng oc mousgmoajgipaoyiget bioeh nmfaj workgrs. Zmfs rgcagnts

tmg stroeh igjfb novgrbhg hfvge to nmfajrgegipaoygj fe gxport sgntors sunm bs tmg nbrpgt,hbriget bej sports-gqufpiget fejustrfgs. Zmfsgipmbsfs typfnbaay agbjs to proposbas cor trbjgsbentfoes, cor bjmgrgeng to fetgrebtfoeba abòurstbejbrjs bej cor ifefiui wbhgs (@bsu, 2666,0<<<). Vgt to tmg gxtget tmbt tmg pbrgets oc nmfajabòurgrs brg sgac-gipaoygj, be bjuat ifefiuiwbhg wfaa mbvg, bt `gst, fejfrgnt gccgnts oe nmfajabòur. Zrbjg sbentfoes tmbt fevoavg `beefeh tmgfiport oc projunts ibjg wftm nmfaj abòur wfaambvg eo jfrgnt gccgnts oe nmfajrge wmo work oe



Nmbptgr :


3. Batmouhm tmg bjuat wbhg fsoctge dujhgj to `g b kgy vbrfb`

too iunm gipmbsfs nbe `gpabngj oe ”abòur ibrkgtrgcori‖4 fe iost jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs agss tmbe mbac oc tmgbàg bjuat ibag popuabtfoe gbrb rghuabr wbhg. Iost brg sgac-gipaoygj. Ft fs tmgrgcorg iorgbpproprfbtg to tmfek fe tgris oigbsurgs tmbt rbfsg abòurprojuntfvfty „ tmgsg wfaa rbehgcroi provfsfoe oc frrfhbtfoe tooccgrfeh support prfngs corbhrfnuaturba projunts. Fe tmgaoehgr tgri, gjunbtfoe bejtrbfefeh prohrbiigs wfaa rbfsgtmg skfaa agvga oc tmg bjuatpopuabtfoe, ibkfeh nmfajrge bpoorgr su`stftutg cor bjuatabòur bej, tmgrg`y, aowgrfeh tjgibej cor nmfaj abòur.

\oafnfgs nbe`g jgsfhegjto hfvg pbrgetsfengetfvgsto sgej tmgfrnmfajrge to

snmooa.

su`sfstgeng cbris. Aghfsabtfoe tmbt `bes nmfajabòur fs gspgnfbaay jfccfnuat to ioeftor wmgenmfajrge brg gipaoygj fe mousgmoaj-rue ormoig-`bsgj bntfvftfgs. Zmfs fs eot to sby tmbttmgsg kfejs oc aghfsabtfvg fetgrvgetfoe brg

uejgsfrbàg. Pbtmgr, ft gipmbsfzgs tmbtbjjftfoeba igbsurgs wfaa `g eggjgj to rgjungnmfaj abòur su`stbetfbaay cor iost oc tmg nmfajrgefevoavgj, bej pbrtfnuabray hfras. Zmg jgsfhe ocpoafny to bjjrgss nmfaj abòur jgpgejs oergnohefzfeh tmbt iost nmfajrge work wftm or cortmgfr pbrgets fe gnoeoifgs wmgrg ibrkgts brguejgrjgvgaopgj bej wmgrg tmg aghba bej poaftfnbafecrbstrunturg fs tmfe.

Ft fs fiportbet, cor tmg purposgs oc poafny jgsfhe,to jfstfehufsm `gtwgge aoeh-rueefeh poafnfgs bejtmosg wmfnm conus oe iorg smort-tgri

o`dgntfvgs. Zmg corigr bjjrgss tmg `fh hobas ocpovgrty rgjuntfoe, gnoeoifn hrowtm bej rgjungjfegqubafty. Zmg abttgr tbrhgt tmg poorgst sgntfoesoc sonfgty, `gfeh jgsfhegj to mgap tmgi to `rgbkout oc povgrty trbps or to bvofj cbaafeh feto tmgi.

Zo tmg gxtget tmbt tmg ibfe uejgrayfeh nbusg ocnmfaj abòur fs povgrty, aoeh-tgri strbtghfgs ocpovgrty baagvfbtfoe bej gagigets oc pro-poorhrowtm poafny brg rgagvbet to bjjrgssfeh nmfajabòur. Bioeh tmgsg brg igbsurgs tmbt rbfsgtmg projuntfvfty bej mgeng tmg wbhgs oc bjuat

abòur.3

Fe bjjftfoe, bey igbsurgs tmbt rgjungjfsnrfifebtfoe fe gipaoyiget or wbhgs bhbfestwoige wfaa jfsnourbhg nmfaj abòur bioeh hfras,òtm jfrgntay (`y rgjunfeh mousgmoaj povgrty) bejfejfrgntay (`y rbfsfeh tmg rgtures to hfras‖gjunbtfoe).

Be gipmbsfs oe povgrty agbjs, bt agbst fipafnftay,to bjvonbny oc poafnfgs tmbt occgr nrgjft to poormousgmoajs (g.h. Pbedbe, 2666; Dbcbrgy bej Abmfrf,0<<0; Jgmgdfb bej Hbttf, 0<<0), eot agbst `gnbusgtmgy brg sgge bs occgrfeh b wby oc ”gebàfeh‖rbtmgr tmbe su`sfjfzfeh tmg poor. @ut bssgssiget

oc ifnro-nrgjft snmgigs bnross tmg jgvgaopfehworaj suhhgsts tmbt tmgy jo mgap tmg poor ùt eottmg iost poor. Xmfag tmgy rgtbfe tmgfr rgagvbengto oeg sgntfoe oc tmg poor, tmg vgry poorgst wfaa`g mgapgj iorg `y abrhg-snbag puàfnfevgstigets supportfeh òtm tmg suppay oc, bejtmg jgibej cor, gjunbtfoe. Zmfs fs eot oeay”gebàfeh‖ `y vfrtug oc rbfsfeh tmg projuntfvfty octmg egxt hgegrbtfoe, ùt ft baso hgegrbtgs bsu`stbetfba sonfba pbyocc.

Xmgrg tmg trbjg-occ `gtwgge tmg rgtures to workbej tmg rgtures to snmooafeh fs tmg ibfefecaugeng oe tmg voauig oc nmfaj abòur,fevgstigets fe tmg qubafty bej bvbfab`fafty ocsnmooafeh wfaa pby occ. Curtmgr, cor hfras to rgbp

tmg (pgnuefbry) `gegcfts oc tmgfr gjunbtfoe ovgrtmg aoeh tgri, igbsurgs eggj to `g tbkge torgjung abòur-ibrkgt jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfesthfras. Bs fejfnbtgj fe Nmbptgr >, stujfgs croiibey jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs smow abòur ibrkgtsghigetbtfoe wftm ibags bej cgibags typfnbaayjofeh jfccgrget typgs oc work. Xmgrg tmgy brggehbhgj fe noipbrbàg work, hfras bej woigebppgbr to `g pbfj aowgr wbhgs tmbe òys bejige. Pghuabtory igbsurgs to stop sunmprbntfngs brg jfccfnuat to gecorng fe rurbagnoeoifgs. Zmus sonfba io`fafzbtfoe, gjunbtfoebej tmg orhbefzbtfoe oc woige „ noi`fegj,

possfày, wftm ioegtbry fengetfvgs to gipaoygrs „brg iorg afkgay to `rfeh bòut be gqubafzbtfoe octmgsg jfccgrgengs tmbe aghfsabtfoe pgr sg.Jgnafefeh cgrtfafty bej rfsfeh afvfeh stbejbrjs wfaauejou`tgjay bssfst tmg prongss oc `rfehfehwoige feto tmg abòur ibrkgt. Fe vfgw ocwfjgsprgbj gvfjgeng tmbt workfeh woige mbvg bhrgbtgr sby fe mousgmoaj jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh bejbppgbr to spgej iorg rgsourngs oe nmfajrgetmbe jo ige, tmfs iby `g gxpgntgj curtmgr togenourbhg tmg gjunbtfoe oc tmg egxt hgegrbtfoeoc nmfajrge. Zmg egw roag iojgas fipafgj `y

tmgsg nmbehgs wouaj `g afkgay to agbj to tmgfipbnt oe hfras `gfeh abrhgr tmbe oe òys.

\oafnfgs nbe `g jgsfhegj spgnfcfnbaay to provfjgpbrgets wftm fengetfvgs to sgej tmgfr nmfajrge tosnmooa. Cfebenfba fengetfvgs, sunm bs nbsmtrbescgrs to novgr tmg corghoeg ”wbhg‖ oc tmgnmfaj, iby `g rgagvbet gvge wmgrg mousgmoajpovgrty fs eot noipgaafeh. Fe sunm nbsgs, ft sggissgesfàg to ibkg tmgsg trbescgrs noejftfoeba oesnmooa bttgejbeng. Fengetfvgs brg pbrtfnuabrayrgagvbet fc pbrgets bppgbr eot to `g noesfjgrfehtmg `gst fetgrgsts oc nmfajrge, or fc sonfba eoris

prgvget tmgsg croi `gfeh bntgj upoe. Fe sunmsftubtfoes, fengetfvgs brg afkgay to `g rgqufrgj topgrsubjg pbrgets to ibkg `gttgr nmofngsrghbrjfeh tmg usg oc tmgfr nmfajrge‖s tfig.

Batmouhm ft iby eot `g fetuftfvgay o`vfous, occgrfehpgesfoes to tmg gajgray nbe mgap to rgjung nmfajabòur. Ft fs eot uenoiioe fe jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs cor gajgray pbrgets to afvg wftm tmgfrnmfajrge bej hrbejnmfajrge. Fe tmg b`sgeng ocpgesfoes, tmg youehgr bjuats ibkg (fipafnft orgxpafnft) fenoig trbescgrs to jgpgejget gajgray



Zmg vbstibdorfty oc

joigstfnnmfaj workgrs

brg hfras.

pbrgets wmfnm, oe bvgrbhg, wfaa rgjung tmgrgsourngs bvbfabàg cor nmfajrge. Fejggj, bebaysfsoc tmg opgrbtfoe oc tmg oaj \oor Abw fe Gehabejsuhhgsts tmbt tmg bvbfab`fafty oc oaj-bhg pgesfoesmbj `gegcfnfba gccgnts oe nmfajrge (sgg îftm,

2663). Zmgrg fs baso noetgiporbry gvfjgeng tmbttmg fetrojuntfoe oc b stbtg pgesfoe fe @rbzfa wbsbssonfbtgj wftm b rgjuntfoe fe nmfaj abòur(Nbrvbamo, 0<<<), wftm tmg abrhgst fipbnt `gfeh oehfras afvfeh fe mousgmoajs wmgrg tmg hrbejiotmgrrgngfvgj b pgesfoe.

B stroehgr rgspoesg to pbrgetba nmofngs tmbt brguejgsfrbàg cor tmg nmfaj fs aghfsabtfvgfetgrvgetfoe. Nbutfoe fs eggjgj, mowgvgr. Corgxbipag, fetrojunfeh b `be oe nmfaj abòur ibywgaa agbvg cbifafgs (bej nmfajrge) worsg occ, fcnmfajrge‖s fenoig wbs egngssbry cor survfvba.

Iorgovgr, fetrojunfeh b `be rbfsgs sgrfousfipagigetbtfoe fssugs fe b sonfgty wftm afiftgjaghba bej poaftfnba fecrbstrunturg. Zmg jgsfhe ocsunm b `be eggjs to tbkg bnnouet oc possfàguefetgejgj noesgqugengs. Cor gxbipag, b abwpbssgj fe Fejfb fe 26=3 tmbt tmrgbtgegj to cfeggipaoygrs oc nmfaj abòurgrs fe cbnt rgsuatgj feaowgr wbhgs cor nmfajrge (@mbaotrb, 0<<>).Curtmgriorg, b pbrtfba `be iby rgsuat fe nmfajworkgrs iovfeh croi tmg protgntgj to tmgueprotgntgj sgntor, wmgrg noejftfoes brgtypfnbaay worsg (sgg @bnmibee, 266=). Oe

`babeng, totba `bes brg afkgay to `g iorg gccgntfvgtmbe pbrtfba `bes, bej tmgy brg pbrtfnuabrayrgqufrgj cor tmg worst coris oc nmfaj abòur(jgcfegj `y tmg FAO to fenaujg mbzbrjous work,prostftutfoe, soajfgrfeh bej otmgr coris ocgxtrgig gxpaoftbtfoe).

Oeg ibdor proàgi fe bssgssfeh tmg jghrgg towmfnm poafny nmbehg fs rgqufrgj fs tmbt tmg gxtgetoc joigstfn nmfaj abòur fs abrhgay uekeowe.Zmosg fevoavgj fe joigstfn work cor mousgmoajsotmgr tmbe tmgfr owe brg vbrfousay gstfibtgj bt2<% to 0<% oc baa hfra nmfaj abòurgrs (FAO, 2663`,

266=, 0<<0b). Mowgvgr, b iunm abrhgr eui`gr ochfras brg gehbhgj fe joigstfn work cor tmgfr owemousgmoajs, vgry ibey oc wmoi brg mbvfeh tmgfrrfhmts „ fenaujfeh tmgfr rfhmts to gjunbtfoe „fecrfehgj `y tmgsg rgspoesf`faftfgs. Fe @behabjgsmbej Egpba b rgnget stujy couej tmbt `y tmg bhg oc2< ft fs eot uenoiioe cor hfras to `g workfeh bebvgrbhg oc tge mours pgr jby. Fe Ghypt ft mbs `ggegstfibtgj tmbt hfras brg rgspoesfàg cor =7% oc baamousgmoaj nmorgs. Otmgr nbsg stujfgs gxfst(Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe, 0<<>b).Egvgrtmgagss, `gnbusg iunm oc tmfs work

rgibfes mfjjge, b prforfty fs to fenrgbsg tmgbvbfab`fafty oc jbtb bej keowagjhg bòut fts gxtgetbej nmbrbntgrfstfns. Fetgrebtfoeba orhbefzbtfoesmbvg hfvge soig procfag to tmg fssug oc nmfajjoigstfn abòur tmrouhm puàfnbtfoes, ao``yfeh

bej bssfstfeh tmg jgvgaopiget oc egtworks.Orhbefzbtfoes sunm bs tmg Sfsbybe Corui fe tmg\mfafppfegs work wftm gipaoygrs bej wftm nmfajjoigstfn workgrs tmgisgavgs, to puàfnfzg tmgfrrfhmts (Sfsbybe Corui, 2668). Mowgvgr, tmfsbspgnt oc nmfaj abòur fs fe eggj oc iorg urhgetbttgetfoe tmbe otmgrs, bs tmg ebturg bej gxtget ocgxpaoftbtfoe fevoavgj fs iorg jfccfnuat to bssgssbej noi`bt. Zmg vbst ibdorfty oc tmg nmfajrgebccgntgj `y ft brg hfras.

Nagbray, tmg rbehg oc igbsurgs bvbfabàg torgjung tmg fenfjgeng oc nmfaj abòur fs abrhg.

Ibey oc tmg bvbfabàg poafnfgs nbe fenrgbsg tmgafkgafmooj oc òtm hfras bej òys `gfeh sget tosnmooa. ôig, mowgvgr, baso baaow tmg possf`faftyoc tbrhgtfeh fe orjgr to nmbehg tmg `babeng ocfengetfvgs tmbt agbj to hfras, fe pbrtfnuabr, `gfehgxnaujgj croi snmooas. Agssoes croi tmg usg octmrgg typgs oc tmgsg tbrhgtfeh igbsurgs brg`rfgcay jrbwe `gaow4 snmoabrsmfps, fenoig-support snmgigs bej snmooa-cggjfehprohrbiigs.

^nmoabrsmfps cor hfras

Zmg Cgibag ^gnoejbry ^nmooa ^tfpgej\rohrbiig fe @behabjgsm fs oeg sunm feftfbtfvg„ conusfeh oe sgnoejbry, rbtmgr tmbe prfibry,snmooafeh. Jgsnrf`gj bs ”tmg woraj‖s vbehubrjprohrbiig oc tmfs typg‖, tmgrg brg agssoes to `gagbregj croi fts gxpgrfgeng.

Zmg o`dgntfvgs oc tmg prohrbiig bej tmg wbys fewmfnm ft opgrbtgs brg jgsnrf`gj fe @ox :.3. Ftsfipbnt fs jfccfnuat to gstbàfsm. Oeay oegbssgssiget fs bvbfabàg, cor tmg EOPBJ pfaotprodgnt novgrfeh 8=< hfras wmo rgngfvgj stfpgejscroi 26=3 to 2660. Otmgr stujfgs brg pabeegj.

Fsoabtfeh tmg gccgnt oc tmg stfpgej prohrbiig fsjfccfnuat `gnbusg oc fts fetgrbntfoe wftm otmgrsnmooa fiprovgiget prodgnts, sunm bs tgbnmgrtrbfefeh bej fiprovgj snmooa ibebhgiget.

Mowgvgr, prodgnt noipagtfoe rgports stroehaysuhhgst tmbt tmg gccgnt oe hfras‖ geroaiget mbs`gge su`stbetfba. Fe soig prodgnt brgbs, tmgeui`gr oc bwbrjggs mbs fenrgbsgj cfvgcoaj. Feotmgrs tmgrg mbvg `gge smbrp fenrgbsgs, wftmhfras ovgrtbkfeh òys. Fe 0<<0 tmg rgpgtftfoe rbtgfe Hrbjgs 3„6 wbs uejgr :% cor baa stujgets bej



Nmbptgr :


^nmoabrsmfpsnbe mbvg bsu`stbetfbagccgnt oe hfras‖geroaiget.

oeay >% cor hfras. Zmfs gxnggjgj tmg pgrcoribengtbrhgt oc aowgrfeh tmg rgpgtftfoe rbtg to agss tmbe7%. Bttgejbeng rbtgs fe Hrbjgs 3„2< rgbnmgj37% cor òtm òys bej hfras.

Otmgr posftfvg fipbnts oe hfras brg rgportgj. Zmgpbyiget jfrgntay tmrouhm hfras‖ owe `bekbnnouets fs be gipowgrfeh gxpgrfgeng. Hfrasrgnohefzg b egw b`fafty to `rgbk cgibagstgrgotypgs bej hbfe bnngss to gipaoyiget.Ruotbtfoes croi nbsg stujfgs smow hfras croipoor rurba `bnkhrouejs mbvg `gge bàg to hbfe

do`s fe usfegss, to jgaby ibrrfbhg fe orjgr to

work bej, cor soig woige wmo mbj tmgisgavgs`gge jgefgj opportueftfgs to stujy, hgt b nmbengto gjunbtg tmgfr jbuhmtgrs. Zmgsg woigevbrfousay rgcgr to tmgsg opportueftfgs bs `gfehòtm usgcua bej syiòafnbaay fiportbet bsrgnoheftfoe oc woige‖s rfhmts to `g gjunbtgj(\btmibrk Bssonfbtgs, 0<<2).

Zmg bjvbetbhgs oc tmg prohrbiig brg ibefcoaj.Bs tmgrg fs eo sgagntfoe oc stfpgej bwbrjggs, tmgfetgrvgetfoe fs sfipag to fipagiget. Zmg systgiifefifzgs agbkbhgs bej mbs cgw mfjjge nosts bs

snmooa butmorftfgs brg eot jfrgntay fevoavgj,gxngpt cor ngrtfcyfeh noipafbeng wftm stfpgejgafhf`fafty bej pgrcoribeng nrftgrfb.

Oeg wgbkegss oc tmg prohrbiig fs beuefetgejgj gxnausfoe oc tmg poorgst hfras`gnbusg tmg stfpgej fs too aow to novgr baa tmgnosts oc sgejfeh b hfra to snmooa. Ft mbs baso cbfagjto rgbnm hfras fe uejgrsgrvgj brgbs. Curtmgr,sgnurfeh bnngss oc hfras to sgnoejbry snmooa wfaambvg afiftgj igbefeh fe tmg b`sgeng ocfiprovgigets to tmg qubafty oc snmooafeh. Bjfstur`feh trgej mbs `gge tmg jgnafefeh

pgrcoribeng fe gxbifebtfoes. Zmg ^gefor ^nmooaNgrtfcfnbtg (^^N) pbss rbtg cor hfras jroppgj croi70% fe 266= to :7% fe 0<<0, wmgrgbs tmg Mfhm^nmooa Ngrtfcfnbtg (M^N) pbss rbtg cgaa croi >8%to 08%. Fe òtm gxbifebtfoes tmg pgrcoribeng ochfras fs poorgr tmbe tmbt oc òys. Iorgovgr, tmgjrop-out rbtg cor hfras fe Hrbjgs 3„2< rgibfesvgry mfhm (:3%) noipbrgj wftm tmbt oc òys (>6%).

Zmg cuturg oc tmg prohrbiig fs fe qugstfoe.Pbfsfeh tmg stfpgej biouet to iftfhbtg soig octmg gxnausfoebry gccgnts nftgj bòvg wouaj

Zmg spgnfcfn o`dgntfvgs oc tmg Cgibag ^gnoejbry ^nmooa^tfpgej \rohrbiig brg to fenrgbsg hfras‖ geroaiget bejrgtgetfoe fe sgnoejbry snmooafeh; to bssfst tmgi fe pbssfeh

tmg ^gefor ^nmooa Ngrtfcfnbtg (^^N) gxbifebtfoe; to gembengtmgfr gipaoyiget opportueftfgs bs prfibry-snmooa tgbnmgrs,gxtgesfoe workgrs, mgbatm bej cbifay pabeefeh workgrs bejEHO workgrs; bej to jgaby hfras‖ ibrrfbhg.

Zmg prohrbiig wbs feftfbtgj fe26=0 `y b aonba EHO wftmW^BFJ cfebenfba bssfstbeng, uejgr tmg supgrvfsfoe oc tmg BsfbCouejbtfoe. Zmg eui`gr oc stfpgejs bwbrjgj cbr gxnggjgjtmg prodgntgj eui`gr bt tmg tfig oc fts fengptfoe, bej tmgeui`gr oc snmooas fevoavgj fenrgbsgj `y 20% wftmfe courygbrs oc prodgnt afcg. Abrhgay oe tmg `bsfs oc tmg bòvg”sunngss‖, fe Dbeubry 266: tmg @behabjgsm Hovgreigetabuenmgj b ebtfoewfjg stfpgej prohrbiig cor hfras fesgnoejbry snmooa (Hrbjgs 3„2<) fe baa :3< upbzfabs (su`-jfstrfnts), fenaujfeh baa ibjrbsbs (rgafhfous snmooas) octmg nouetry. ûpport wbs provfjgj `y tmg Xoraj @bek, tmgBsfbe Jgvgaopiget @bek bej tmg Eorwghfbe Bhgeny corJgvgaopiget Noopgrbtfoe. û`sgqugetay stfpgejs wgrg basoprovfjgj to hfras fe mfhmgr sgnoejbry Hrbjgs 22„20. Bctgr tmgfeftfba gipmbsfs oe naosfeh tmg hgejgr hbp fe bnngss tosgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, wmfnm noestftutgj tmg cfrst ovgrrfjfehbfi oc tmg prohrbiig, tmg prodgnt stbrtgj b sgnoej pmbsgtmbt gipmbsfzgj fiprovfeh tmg qubafty oc sgnoejbry gjunbtfoebej sgnurfeh fts cfebenfba sustbfeb`fafty.

Wejgr tmg prohrbiig, crgg tuftfoe bej stfpgejs brg bwbrjgjto baa gafhfàg cgibag sgnoejbry-snmooa stujgets geroaagj fergnohefzgj festftutfoes outsfjg tmg igtropoaftbe brgbs. Zo `g

gafhfàg cor b stfpgej b hfra iust bttgej snmooa cor bt agbst 87%oc tmg jbys oc tmg snmooa ygbr, smg iust bnmfgvg bt agbst :7%ibrks oe mgr gvbaubtfoes bej gxbifebtfoes bej smg iustrgibfe ueibrrfgj. Zmgsg rgqufrgigets rgfecorng tmgstrbtghfn hobas oc fenrgbsfeh bnngss `y pbyfeh pbrt oc tmg nostto pbrgets bej pbrt to snmooas; oc fiprovfeh qubafty `yfenrgbsfeh prgssurg cor hooj pgrcoribeng; bej oc jgabyfehhfras‖ ibrrfbhg to bnmfgvg sonfba bej jgiohrbpmfn hobas.^tfpgej biouets brg tmg sbig cor baa hfras, ùt vbry `y hrbjg.

^tfpgejs brg bwbrjgj fe two festbaigets pgr ygbr jfrgntay totmg hfras tmrouhm tmgfr bnnouets fe upbzfab `rbenmgs oc bebtfoebafzgj `bek. Fc `bek `rbenmgs brg iorg tmbe 7 ki croitmg snmooa, `bek occfngrs opge tgiporbry òotms bt tmg snmooaprgifsgs to baaow hfras to wftmjrbw tmg stfpgej ioegy. Hfrasopge bnnouets, rgngfvg pbssòoks bej nmgqug òoks bejagbre mow to opgrbtg be bnnouet. \brtfnfpbtfeh festftutfoesrgngfvg tuftfoe cggs fe two sgif-beeuba festbaigets bhbfestgbnm stfpgej bwbrjgg, tohgtmgr wftm tmrgg ioetms‖ tuftfoe corbaa rgnfpfgets fe Hrbjg 2<, to noipgesbtg cor tmg pgrfoj `gcorgtmg ^^N gxbifebtfoe.

ôurng4 Ibmiuj (0<<>).

@ox :.3. Cuentfoefeh oc tmg Cgibag ^gnoejbry ^nmooa ^tfpgej \rohrbiig, @behabjgsm



Nmbptgr :


Cooj fengetfvgsnbe ibkg bsfhefcfnbetnoetrfùtfoeto fenrgbsfehtmg geroaigetbej rgtgetfoe ochfras fe snmooa.

iuefnfpbaftfgs bej cour stbtgs wftm be gstfibtgj0 ifaafoe `gegcfnfbrfgs (Jgegs, 0<<>; Nbnnfo-@bvb, e.j.).

Zmg @oasb-Gsnoab prohrbiig wbs gstbàfsmgjebtfoebaay fe 0<<<. ^tujfgs noejuntgj jurfeh ftsgxpbesfoe pmbsg, `gtwgge 2667 bej 2666, smowsmbrp rgjuntfoes fe snmooa jrop-out rbtgs bejfenrgbsgj geroaigets fe post-prfibry gjunbtfoe.Curtmgr, tmg fevoavgiget oc nmfajrge bhgj 2<„2:fe nmfaj abòur mbs jgnrgbsgj `y >3% fe @rbsfafb.\osftfvg fipbnts oe povgrty bej fenoig mbvg

`gge rgnorjgj, bej qubaftbtfvg fetgrvfgws wftmpbrgets fejfnbtg tmbt mousgmoaj gxpgejfturg oewgacbrg hoojs mbs baso fenrgbsgj. Beotmgrposftfvg gccgnt oc @oasb-Gsnoab stgis croi tmgjgpgejb`fafty oc tmg ioetmay fenoig su`sfjy,wmfnm noetrbsts wftm tmg uengrtbfe rgngfpts croifecoriba sgntor work. Zmg noesfstget suppagigethfvgs cbifafgs bnngss to prgvfousay uebttbfebàgsourngs oc nrgjft bej fs rgportgj to mbvgstfiuabtgj cfebenfba pabeefeh. Batmouhm tmgbiouet oc tmg su`sfjy fs agss tmbe tmg gxpgntgjfenoig croi nmfaj abòur, fts jgpgejb`fafty,

tohgtmgr wftm tmg rgjuntfoe fe vfoageng bej mgbatmproàgis bssonfbtgj wftm work fe tmg fecoribasgntor, outwgfhms tmg aoss oc fenoig cor iostcbifafgs (Hustbccsoe-Xrfhmt bej \yeg, 0<<0).

^nmooa cggjfeh prohrbiigsCooj fengetfvgs, provfjgj bs igbas or sebnks btsnmooa or jry cooj rbtfoes to tbkg moig, nbe basoibkg b sfhefcfnbet noetrfùtfoe to fenrgbsfeh tmggeroaiget bej rgtgetfoe oc hfras fe snmooa. Coojbnts bs be fengetfvg `y provfjfeh b rgba fenoigtrbescgr to cbifafgs oc stujgets4 wmge nmfajrge

rgngfvg b igba bt snmooa, tmgfr cbifafgs eggj tocggj tmgi agss bt moig. ^fifabray, wmge coojrbtfoes brg jfstrfùtgj jfrgntay to cbifafgs fegxnmbehg cor tmg snmooafeh oc tmgfr jbuhmtgrs,tmgy eggj to purnmbsg agss cooj (or tmgy nbe sgaatmg cooj cor nbsm).

Xmbt fs tmg gvfjgeng oc tmg fipbnt oc snmooacggjfeh prohrbiigs oe hgejgr fegqubafty?Bnnorjfeh to b stujy oc tmg ebtfoeba Cooj corGjunbtfoe (CCG) prohrbiig fe @behabjgsm,geroaiget fe CCG hovgreiget snmooas fenrgbsgj

Zmg Nmfaj Abòr Grbjfnbtfoe (\GZF) \rohrbiig, feftfbtgj fe2663 fe rurba brgbs oc @rbzfa, bfis to fenrgbsg gjunbtfoebabttbfeiget, rgjung povgrty bej grbjfnbtg tmg ”worst coris‖

oc nmfaj abòur. Ft provfjgs stfpgejs oc bpproxfibtgay P$07pgr ioetm to poor cbifafgs wmo mbvg workfeh nmfajrge bhgj8„2:; rgsourngs brg hfvge to tmg iotmgrs oc tmg`gegcfnfbrfgs. Fe orjgr to `g gafhfàg, baa snmooa-bhg nmfajrgefe tmg cbifay iust bttgej snmooa, pbrtfnfpbtg fe bctgr-snmooabntfvftfgs, bej bhrgg eot to work. Bctgr-snmooa bntfvftfgs brgb wby oc gesurfeh tmbt nmfajrge jo eot ifx snmooa bej work.Zmfs tbrhgtgj prohrbiig fs supportgj `y rurba workgruefoes, wmfnm bssfst fe tmg sgagntfoe oc nmfajrge bej feioeftorfeh fts fipbnt. @y 2666 tmg prohrbiig mbj rgbnmgj233 iuefnfpbaftfgs fe gfhmt stbtgs, novgrfeh be gstfibtgj2>2,<<< nmfajrge.

B sfifabr snmgig, tmg Ifefiui Fenoig Bssurbeng\rohrbiig (Cuejb Hbrbetfb jg Pgejb Ifefib „ CHPI),wbs gstbàfsmgj `y tmg Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe to provfjgcfebenfba bfj bej tgnmefnba support to iuefnfpbaftfgs mbvfehpgr nbpftb fenoig bej tbx rgvgeugs agss tmbe tmg stbtgbvgrbhg. Bhbfe, baa `gegcfnfbrfgs „ wmo wgrg sgagntgj croibioeh tmg poorgst cbifafgs „ wgrg rgqufrgj to jgioestrbtgtmg snmooa bttgejbeng oc baa tmgfr nmfajrge `gtwgge tmgbhgs oc 3 bej 27. Zmg prohrbiig wbs cfebengj fe pbrt croicgjgrba cuejs bej fe pbrt croi iuefnfpbaftfgs‖ tbx rgvgeugs.@y tmg ture oc tmg ngetury, tmg Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoegstfibtgj tmbt tmg CHPI mbj `gegcftgj 2 ifaafoe nmfajrge

fe iorg tmbe 7<<,<<< cbifafgs. Zmg cuejfeh cor tmg CHPIwbs sfhefcfnbetay fenrgbsgj to W^$=7< ifaafoe cor 0<<2,bfifeh to rgbnm baiost 22 ifaafoe nmfajrge.

^nbafeh up tmg nmfaj abòur feftfbtfvgs

Fe ^gptgi`gr 0<<< tmg hovgreiget igrhgj tmg bòvg twoprohrbiigs wftm tmg @oasb-Gsnoab prohrbiig (sgg tgxt),wmfnm mbj 0 ifaafoe `gegcfnfbrfgs fe 0<<< uejgr be ui`rgaab”Bavorbjb \rohrbiig‖.

Bjjftfoebaay, b egw prohrbiig, ^getfegab, wbs gstbàfsmgjuejgr Bavorbjb to rgjung nmfaj prostftutfoe. Zmfsprohrbiig tbrhgts bt-rfsk nmfajrge bhgj 8„2: croicbifafgs wftm fenoig oc agss tmbe mbac tmg ifefiui wbhg.@y provfjfeh W^$0< to gbnm nmfaj bej b curtmgr W^$20 pgrnmfaj pgr ioetm cor bttgejfeh bctgr-snmooa bntfvftfgs, tmghovgreiget bfigj to rgbnm =,7<< nmfajrge workfeh fe tmgsgx fejustry. Zmg prgvgetfvg igbsurgs fenaujgj b ebtfoebanbipbfhe to rbfsg bwbrgegss, beeuba stbtg-agvga sgifebrs,bej worksmops cor prohrbiig no-orjfebtors rghbrjfeh tmghrbvfty oc tmg proàgi oc prostftutfoe. Zmg noi`btfvgigbsurgs fenaujgj no-orjfebtfeh pabes wftm nouenfas,cbnfaftbtfeh bnngss to sonfba sgrvfngs, bej hubrbetggfehfetgrbntfoe `gtwgge cbifafgs, snmooas bej tmg noiiuefty.Be gvbaubtfoe systgi fs fe pabng to igbsurg tmg gccfnfgenybej gccgntfvgegss oc tmg prohrbiig.

ôurng4 Hustbcssoe-Xrfhmt bej \yeg (0<<0).

@ox :.8. Hgttfeh nmfajrge out oc work bej feto snmooa fe @rbzfa



Nmbptgr :


Aonba

noiiueftfgs bejpbrgets smouaj`g fe nmbrhg occooj fengetfvgprohrbiigs.

Cor cooj-fengetfvg prohrbiigs to `g gccgntfvg,soig noejftfoes iust `g igt. Cfrst, fc cooj fsoccgrgj bs be fengetfvg, ft wfaa `g iost gccgntfvgbioeh tmg poor, wmo typfnbaay baaonbtg 37% to8<% oc tmgfr fenoig to cooj (Xoraj @bek, 2660,

nftgj fe Xoraj Cooj \rohrbiig, 2666). \ropgrtbrhgtfeh fs tmgrgcorg tmg kgy (Agvfehgr, 26=3) ùtfs eot bawbys gbsy to bnmfgvg. Fe tmg nbsg oc@behabjgsm, b su`stbetfba pbrt oc tmg CCGprohrbiig baaonbtfoe wbs eot rgngfvgj `y ftsfetgejgj `gegcfnfbrfgs (W^BFJ, 0<<0). Hfras wgrgrgportgj eot to rgngfvg gquba rbtfoes to òys, bejibey cbifafgs rgngfvgj agss cooj croi tmg CCGprohrbiig tmbe tmgy wgrg getftagj to. Febjjftfoe, `gaow-bhg nmfajrge wgrg soigtfigsrghfstgrgj bej soig pbrgets geroaagj nmfajrgefe two or tmrgg egfhmòurfeh snmooas, nbusfehjouàg nouetfeh bej jfstortfoe oc geroaiget

cfhurgs. Bs b rgsuat oc tmgsg jfccfnuatfgs, tmgHovgreiget oc @behabjgsm jgnfjgj to jrop tmgcooj rbtfoe prohrbiig fe cbvour oc ioegtbrystfpgejs.

^gnoej, aonba noiiueftfgs bej pbrgets eggj to`g rgspoesfàg cor tmg ibebhgiget oc coojfengetfvg prohrbiigs. Fe @behabjgsm, tmgrgspoesf`fafty cor cooj jfstrfùtfoe uejgr tmgCCG prohrbiig wbs smfctgj croi ^nmooaIbebhgiget Noiifttggs to prfvbtg jgbagrs,fe orjgr to crgg tgbnmgrs‖ tfig cor tgbnmfeh.

Mowgvgr, tmfs wbs oeg oc tmg ibfe nbusgs ocibaprbntfng bej cooj aossgs (Bmigj bej jgaEfeeo, 0<<0). Fesuccfnfget noiiuefty fevoavgigetbej keowagjhg bòut tmg prohrbiig wbsfjgetfcfgj bs oeg oc tmg kgy rgbsoes cor tmggrrbtfn fipagigetbtfoe bej afiftgj rgsuats octmg ebtfoeba ifjjby igba snmgig fe Fejfb(Igfr, 0<<2). Noiiuefty fevoavgiget fe tmgibebhgiget oc cooj fengetfvg prohrbiigseot oeay fiprovgs tmgfr cuentfoefeh, ùt ft nbebaso sgrvg bs be opportuefty to strgehtmgenoiiuefty/snmooa rgabtfoes fe hgegrba (Agvfehgr,26=3) bej cor noiiueftfgs to tbkg iorg

rgspoesf`fafty cor hfras‖ gjunbtfoe (Xoraj Cooj\rohrbiig, 0<<<). Zmg pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc woigefs pbrtfnuabray fiportbet fe tmfs noetgxt.

Zmfrj, wmgrg tmg eggj cor nmfaj abòur bejbvbfab`fafty oc gipaoyiget opportueftfgs cornmfajrge nogxfst, snmooa cggjfeh prohrbiigs brgafkgay to bnt bs fengetfvgs cor snmooa bttgejbengoeay wmge tmg rbtfoe sfzg fs abrhg geouhm to `gvfgwgj `y pbrgets bs noestftutfeh b sfhefcfnbetfenoig-trbescgr. Fe sunm nfrnuistbengs, ft ifhmtgvge `g jgsfrbàg cor nmfajrge to tbkg pbrt oc tmgrbtfoe moig (Agvfehgr, 26=3).

Courtm, cooj fengetfvgs to support geroaigetseggj to `g pbrt oc iorg noiprgmgesfvg pbnkbhgsoc fetgrvgetfoes cor hfras‖ gjunbtfoe (snmooanoestruntfoe, fiprovgigets fe snmooafecrbstrunturg, cgibag tgbnmgr trbfefeh,

gafifebtfoe oc hgejgr stgrgotypgs fe nurrfnuabbej tgbnmfeh ibtgrfbas, gtn.). Xmgrg fengetfvgsbej nost su`sfjy prohrbiigs mbvg tmgfrfetgejgj gccgnt oc fiprovfeh jgibej bejgebàfeh bnngss, tmg qubafty oc snmooafeh fs afkgayto `g bccgntgj. Fe tmg nbsg oc tmg CCGprohrbiigs, cor gxbipag, snmooa qubafty bntubaayjgnrgbsgj abrhgay `gnbusg oc fenrgbsgjgeroaiget bej nabss bttgejbeng rbtgs, wmfnm agjto tmg ovgrnrowjfeh oc CCG snmooa nabssrooisnoipbrgj wftm otmgrs. Xmfag tmgrg brg sfxty-twostujgets pgr tgbnmgr fe eoe-CCG snmooas, oebvgrbhg, CCG snmooas mbj sgvgety-sfx stujgets

pgr tgbnmgr. Jgtgrforbtfeh agvgas oc qubafty basombj be bjvgrsg gccgnt oe agvgas oc bnmfgvgiget(FC\PF, 0<<2).

Xg nbe noenaujg tmbt snmooa cggjfehprohrbiigs nbe provfjg usgcua fengetfvgs togeroa fe bej bttgej snmooa, wmfnm sggi toproiotg hrgbtgr hgejgr pbrfty. Oe tmg otmgrmbej, gxpgrfgeng smows tmg jbehgr oc tmgsgigbsurgs `gfeh ifstbrhgtgj. Iorgovgr, tmgfrnost-gccgntfvgegss mbs eot ygt `gge cuaayjgioestrbtgj fe noipbrfsoe wftm otmgr

fengetfvg-`bsgj bpprobnmgs.

Hgejgr pgrspgntfvgsfe gjunbtfoeba rgcori

^nmooas brg pabngs wmgrg youeh pgopag hrow up,agbre bòut tmg woraj bej tmg sonfgty fe wmfnmtmgy afvg, cori fjgetftfgs bej fibhfeg tmgfrcuturgs. Igbsurgs to fiprovg tmg gxpgrfgeng ocsnmooafeh cor òtm hfras bej òys rgqufrg bhgejgr pgrspgntfvg fe tmg jgsfhe oc snmooafehfetgrvgetfoes. Zmfs fenaujgs rgabtfvgay iuejbegfssugs „ sunm bs tmg cbnt tmbt tmg prongss oc

hgttfeh to snmooa iby ftsgac `g b nmbaagehg, hfvgenoengres cor sbcgty bej sgnurfty, wmgrg snmooasbrg aonbtgj bt soig jfstbeng croi moig. Iorgcuejbigetbaay, tmg qubafty oc tmg snmooafehgxpgrfgeng cor ibey nmfajrge fs octge rgpagtgwftm tmrgbts „ or iby sfipay eot `g fetgrgstfehgeouhm to moaj tmg bttgetfoe oc tmg nmfaj. Octgenmfajrge rg-getgrfeh snmooa jo so uejgrstfhibtfzgj or gxngptfoeba nfrnuistbengs „ bsfe tmg nbsgs oc nmfaj soajfgrs, jfsbàgj nmfajrge,prghebet hfras or youeh iotmgrs, or tmosg croicbifafgs jfsruptgj `y MFS/BFJ^. Zmg qubafty oc



=. Nrfstbeo Brnbehga Ibrtfegz

y Ibrfb ubrgz Po byo vs.Noaghfo Nfujbj jg Nbaf, NbsgEo. Z-288=2:, 22 Eovgi`gr266=. Nftgj fe Zoibsgvskf(0<<2, p. :0).

6. Zmg Nmbrtgr mbs `gge fecorng sfeng 06 Eovgi`gr 2666.Brtfnag 22 (3) stbtgs4 ”^tbtgs\brtfgs to tmg prgsget Nmbrtgrsmbaa mbvg baa bpproprfbtgigbsurgs to gesurg tmbtnmfajrge wmo gnoigprghebet `gcorg noipagtfehtmgfr gjunbtfoe smbaa mbvg beopportuefty to noetfeug wftmtmgfr gjunbtfoe oe tmg `bsfsoc tmgfr fejfvfjuba b`fafty‖,Orhbefzbtfoe oc Bcrfnbe Wefty(266<).

Fe ibeynouetrfgs

prghebet hfrascbng gxpuasfoe

croi coriba

gjunbtfoe.

tgbnmfeh iby `g poor, bej tmg nurrfnuaui cuaa ocigssbhgs tmbt rgfecorng hgejgr jfccgrgeng bejsupprgss tmg bspfrbtfoes oc youeh pgopag.Gesurfeh tmbt gjunbtfoe jogs eot cbfa nmfajrgergqufrgs pbyfeh bttgetfoe to tmg ”soctwbrgs‖ oc

nmbehg, tmg ignmbefsis wmgrg`y snmooafeh`gnoigs be gedoybàg bej gquftbàg gxpgrfgeng.

Nmbehg jogs eot rgqufrg oeay tmg fevgstiget ocrgsourngs to jgvgaop fecrbstrunturg, ft baso eggjsfevgstiget fe noesuatbtfoe, noiiueftypbrtfnfpbtfoe bej tmg nrgbtfvg jgvgaopiget ocsoautfoes. Hooj gxbipags oc tmfs noig croiPbdbstmbe fe Fejfb, wmgrg noiiuefty feftfbtfvgsmbvg gebàgj hfras wmo wouaj otmgrwfsg ifss outoe snmooa to bttgej. Fe tmg ^mfksmbkbrif \rodgnt,b ibmfab sbmyohf (woibe mgapgr/gsnort) fsbppofetgj to gebàg youeh hfras to bttgej snmooa.

Zmg ibmfab sbmyohf fs b aonba woibe wmonoaagnts tmgsg nmfajrge croi tmgfr moigs,gsnortfeh tmgi to tmg snmooa bej `bnk. ^mg basoprovfjgs nmfajnbrg jurfeh snmooa mours. Xftm tmfsbjjftfoeba support, hfras‖ bttgejbeng bt snmooasrgngfvgs b òost (Dbfe, 0<<>).

Zmgsg bej otmgr sfipag igbsurgs nbe noetrfùtgto nmbehg, bej pofet to jfrgntfoes cor tmg jgsfheoc hgejgr-bwbrg fetgrvgetfoes, bjbptgj to aonbaeggjs bej rgqufrgigets.

Bjjrgssfeh tmg eggjs oc prghebet hfrasFe ibey nouetrfgs prghebet hfras cbng gxpuasfoecroi coriba gjunbtfoe. Bt tfigs tmfs baso bccgntstmg rfhmts oc tgbnmgrs, wmo iby cbng suspgesfoeor jfsifssba fc tmgy `gnoig prghebet, gspgnfbaaywmge tmgy brg ueibrrfgj (NGJBX, 2663,pbrbs. 22>„23). Zmgrg fs, egvgrtmgagss, fenrgbsfehjg`btg bs to wmy prghebet hfras smouaj `gjfsnrfifebtgj bhbfest fe tmfs wby. Be gxbipagnoigs croi Noaoi`fb. Zmg Noestftutfoeba Nourtfe @ohotâ stbtgj oc tmg pabngiget oc b prghebethfra fe agss fetgesfvg tutorfbas (bhbfest mgr wfaa),”surgay, tmg stfhibtfzbtfoe bej jfsnrfifebtfoe

fipafgj fe tmg suspgesfoe croi snmooabttgejbeng mbvg noevgrtgj tmfs igtmoj ocfestruntfoe [afiftgj tutorfbasY feto bjfsproportfoebtg ùrjge wmfnm tmg pupfa mbs to`gbr soagay `gnbusg smg fs prghebet, wmfnm, fetmg opfefoe oc tmg nourt, biouets to puefsmiget.Zmg trbescoribtfoe oc prghebeny „ tmrouhmsnmooa rghuabtfoes „ feto hrouejs cor puefsmigetvfoabtgs cuejbigetba rfhmts to gqubafty, prfvbny,crgg jgvgaopiget oc pgrsoebafty, bej togjunbtfoe‖.=

Gasgwmgrg, eoe-hovgreigetba orhbefzbtfoes,sunm bs tmg Corui cor Bcrfnbe XoigeGjunbtfoebafsts (CBXG), mbvg gxposgj tmgjfsnrfifebtory trgbtiget oc prghebet hfras feb rbehg oc nouetrfgs. Zmg Bcrfnbe Nmbrtgr oe

tmg Pfhmts bej Xgacbrg oc tmg Nmfaj gxpafnftayrgnohefzgs tmg rfhmt oc tmg prghebet hfra to begjunbtfoe.6 Fe rgspoesg, soig nouetrfgs,fenaujfeh @otswbeb, Hufegb, Kgeyb, Ibabwf bejTbi`fb eow pgrift tmg rg-getry oc hfras fetocoriba gjunbtfoe bctgr prghebeny. Egvgrtmgagss,tmfs soigtfigs oeay moajs cor tmg twgavg ioetmsfiigjfbtgay coaaowfeh tmg `frtm, bej iby `gsu`dgnt to otmgr afiftbtfoes, eotbày tmbt tmg hfraiby eot rg-getgr tmg sbig snmooa (NGJBX, 0<<<,p. 2>). Fe sunm nfrnuistbengs ft iby stfaa `gqugstfoegj bs to wmgtmgr prghebeny fs, fe cbnt,`gfeh trgbtgj bs b jfsnfpafebry occgeng.

Ebtfoeba rgports to tmg Weftgj Ebtfoesnoiifttggs rgspoesfàg cor ioeftorfeh tmgrgbafzbtfoe oc muibe rfhmts brg festruntfvg.Xmfag oeg nouetry mbs bjifttgj to mbvfeh ”eogjunbtfoeba poafny fe tmfs brgb‖, ft bjifts tmbt”youeh [hfrasY iby `g gxpgaagj `gnbusg ocprghebeny, or `g jgefgj tmg opportuefty torgsuig tmgfr gjunbtfoe coaaowfeh nmfaj`frtm‖ bejtmg ”tmg ibfe fipgtus cor gxpgaafeh prghebetstujgets fs prgssurg croi tmg pbrgets oc otmgrstujgets‖ (NGJBX, 0<<<, p. :=). Zmfs fejfnbtgs b

nabsm `gtwgge prfvbtg jfsnrfifebtfoe bej tmgpuàfn rgspoesf`fafty cor tmg rgbafzbtfoe oc tmgrfhmt to gjunbtfoe oc baa, wmfnm afgs wftm tmg stbtg.Fe soig nouetrfgs mbvfeh be bppbrgetay cfripoafny promf`ftfeh tmg gxpuasfoe oc prghebet hfras,tmfs iby eot gxtgej to prfvbtg snmooas. Vgt otmgrsrgport ”hrgbt sunngss‖ fe gecornfeh wfjg-rbehfehaghfsabtfoe promf`ftfeh tmg gxpuasfoe oc prghebethfras (NGJBX, 2666). Oe tmg otmgr mbej, gvgewmgrg tmg aghfsabtfoe fs fe pabng, spgnfba gccortsbfigj bt tmg hfras tmgisgavgs brg octgeegngssbry, fe orjgr to genourbhg tmgi tonoetfeug tmgfr gjunbtfoe bctgr prghebeny

(@ox :.6).

^gxubafty bej rgprojuntfvgmgbatm fecoribtfoe cor bjoagsngetsZmg rfhmts oc prghebet hfras jo eot dust stbrtwftm prghebeny. Iunm bttgetfoe eggjs to `gpbfj to fssugs oc sgxubafty bej to tmg prongssgsbssonfbtgj wftm bjoagsngeng bej youehbjuatmooj. Fe ibey nouetrfgs, sgx gjunbtfoe fsnrftfnbaay fiportbet to gebàg mgbatmyrgabtfoesmfps `bsgj oe iutuba rgspgnt bej,pbrtfnuabray fe noetgxts oc MFS/BFJ^, to proiotg



fs nagbray be fiportbet noetrbjfntfoe `gtwgge tmgsnmooa bs b aonbtfoe cor mfhm-rfsk sgxuba prbntfngbej tmg snmooa bs be gccgntfvg corui cor tgbnmfehbòut bej genourbhfeh sbcg sgx. Zgbnmgrs eggj

to `g propgray trbfegj, bs MFS/BFJ^ `gnoigs bnoipuasory pbrt oc tmg snmooa nurrfnuaui(@ox :.2<). \rohrbiigs fe @otswbeb,Iozbi`fqug, Efhgrfb, ôutm Bcrfnb, Whbejb bejgasgwmgrg mbvg `gge gstbàfsmgj to gipowgrhfras bej woige bej to sgesftfzg ige to tmgfiportbeng oc rgspgnt, muibe rfhmts bejnftfzgesmfp. Fe Efhgrfb, tmg Hfras‖ \owgr Feftfbtfvg,rgbnmfeh 2,7<< hfras fe twgety-gfhmt snmooas,tgbnmgs strbtghfgs cor hfras to rgsfst uewbetgjsgx bej to rgbnm tmgfr cuaa potgetfba. Beotmgrprohrbiig, Noesnfgetfzfeh Ibag Bjoagsngets, fs

sgesftfzfeh Efhgrfbe youtm bòut tmg eggjs bejrfhmts oc hfras bej woige. Zmgsg feftfbtfvgs,conusfeh oe youtm bwbrgegss bòut rgprojuntfvgmgbatm, afek naosgay wftm feftfbtfvgs to costgr

mgbatmy sgac-fibhgs cor youeh pgopag, fe bebttgipt baso to tbnkag tmg roots oc sgxubavfoageng.

Voutm-ngetrgj prodgnts to noi`bthgejgr-`bsgj vfoagengZmg tmgig oc hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng nuts bnrossibey fssugs4 povgrty bej trbesbntfoeba sgx, abnkoc vofng bej cgbr oc rbpg, muibe rfhmts,mgfhmtgegj vuaegrb`fafty to MFS/BFJ^ bej otmgrs.Ibey prohrbiigs conusfeh oe tmfs tmgig mbvg`gge pfoeggrgj fe ôutm Bcrfnb wmgrg tmg mfhm

Zbàg :.0. Hfra-ngetrgj gjunbtfoe/poafny prodgnts

Zftag OrhbefzbtfoeNouetry Hobas/Bntfvftfgs Zbrhgt hroups

ôurng4 Iftnmgaa (0<<>).

Kgeyb

Efhgrfb

Efhgrfb

W.P.Zbezbefb

Kgeyb,Pwbejb,^geghba,W.P.Zbezbefb

Igi`grstbtgs oc tmgOrhbefzbtfoe

oc BcrfnbeWefty (OBW)

Ibgejgago Vb XbebwbkgOrhbefzbtfoe (IVXO),Bnbjgiy cor Gjunbtfoeba

Jgvgaopiget (BGJ), DomesMopkfes Wefvgrsfty Ngetgrcor Noiiuefnbtfoe\rohrbiigs (DMW/NN\)

Hgejgr JgvgaopigetFestftutg

Corui cor Bcrfnbe XoigeGjunbtfoebafsts (CBXG)

^nmooa Ibppfeh Feftfbtfvg,Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe bej

Nuaturg oc tmg WeftgjPgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb,WEFNGC

Corui cor Bcrfnbe XoigeGjunbtfoebafsts (CBXG)

Hao`ba Nmfajrge‖sIovgiget, WE Hfras‖Gjunbtfoe Feftfbtfvg,

Bcrfnbe Hfras‖ GjunbtfoeFeftfbtfvg (BHGF), Coruicor Bcrfnbe XoigeGjunbtfoebafsts (CBXG)

Zmg ibfe hoba oc tmg prodgnt fs to rgjung tmg rgprojuntfvg mgbatm`brrfgrs to prfibry snmooa noipagtfoe bioeh hfras. Zmg prodgntnurrgetay opgrbtgs fe b totba oc tmfrty-oeg noiiueftfgs fe tmg

jfstrfnts oc @uehoib, Kfafcf, Kof`btgk bej Kurfb, bej fe tmgEbfro`f sauis. Fe Iby 266=, BGJ trbfegj IVXO cfgaj workgrs bejtmgfr supgrvfsors croi tmg cfvg conus jfstrfnts fe \brtfnfpbtoryAgbrefeh bej Bntfoe (\AB) tgnmefqugs.

Zo gqufp hfras wftm muibe rfhmts, rgprojuntfvg mgbatm/rfhmtsfecoribtfoe, agbjgrsmfp, gnoeoifn bej otmgr afcg skfaas to nopgwftm hrowfeh up, tmus abyfeh tmg `bsfs cor gesurfeh tmg gedoyigetoc mgbatmy sgxubafty, woibemooj bej sonfba dustfng cor cuturghgegrbtfoes oc Efhgrfbe woige.

Be bntfoe-orfgetgj pgrcoribeng gembengiget prohrbiig corhfras bt duefor sgnoejbry agvga fe Efhgrfb. Zmg prfibry hoba fs togxpbej fetgrgst bej fiprovg pgrcoribeng fe snfgeng bioehEfhgrfbe hfras, `bsgj oe mbejs oe, bntfvfty-`bsgj agbrefeh.

Zo hfvg b sgnoej nmbeng to tmosg wmo nouaj eot noetfeug wftmcoriba gjunbtfoe. Zmg NO@GZ pmfaosopmy fs eo cggs, eo uefcoris

bej eo nbefeh. Zmg nmfajrge jgnfjg wmge to stbrt stujyfeh bejwmge to gej. Jfsnfpafeg fs gecorngj tmrouhm pggr gjunbtfoe,gxposurg to afcg skfaas keowagjhg bej nfvfns.

Zo jgioestrbtg mow bnnuiuabtgj fecoribtfoe, keowagjhg bejgxpgrfgeng nbe `g usgj to coriuabtg, fipagiget bej ioeftorpoafnfgs bej prbntfngs tmbt proiotg hfras‖ gjunbtfoe. Zmg Ngetrgsoc Gxngaageng tbkg be fetghrbtgj bpprobnm to proàgi-soavfeh `yprovfjfeh qubafty gjunbtfoe cor hfras. ^fhefcfnbet noipoegets octmg Ngetrgs oc Gxngaageng prohrbiigs brg4 provfjfeh bjgqubtgpmysfnba cbnfaftfgs; provfjfeh bjgqubtg agbrefeh ibtgrfbas;bwbrjfeh ùrsbrfgs; rgagvbet nurrfnuaui; skfaagj tgbnmgrs;noiiuefty sgesftfzbtfoe; gipowgriget oc hfras; hufjbeng bejnouesgaafeh.

Zo nrgbtg spbngs cor Bcrfnbe hfras to rgbafzg bej noenrgtfzg tmgfrrfhmt to pbrtfnfpbtg fe fjgetfcyfeh proàgis, proposfeh soautfoes,jgtgrifefeh wmbt works bej prforftfzfeh fssugs tmbt bccgnt tmgfr

gjunbtfoe bej noesgqugetay tmgfr afcg nmbengs; provfjgopportueftfgs cor tmgi to jgvgaop bej gxgrnfsg tmgfr agbjgrsmfpbej tgnmefnba skfaas; tbp tmg potgetfba oc òys to work fepbrtegrsmfp wftm hfras to proiotg hfras‖ gjunbtfoe fe Bcrfnb, bejtmrouhm gjunbtfoe, nrgbtg iorg gquftbàg bej dust Bcrfnbesonfgtfgs.

Voueh hfras

2<„2=-ygbr-oaj hfras

Hfras bt dueforsgnoejbry agvga

Orpmbes bej nmfajrgeoc sfehag pbrgets,

gspgnfbaay hfras

Hfras, pbrgets,tgbnmgrs, snmooabjifefstrbtors,noiiueftfgs, Ifefstryoc Gjunbtfoe, rgafhfoushroups, joeors, igjfb,gjunbtfoe provfjgrs,òys

Hfras

PgjunfehPgprojuntfvgMgbatm @brrfgrs

to \rfibry ^nmooaNoipagtfoebioeh KgeybeHfras

Hfras‖ \owgrFeftfbtfvg (H\F)

Efhgrfbe Hfras feto^nfgengs (EHF^)

Noipagigetbry@bsfn Gjunbtfoe

fe Zbezbefb(NO@GZ)

Ngetrgsoc Gxngaageng(CBXG)

Bcrfnbe Hfras‖GjunbtfoeIovgiget (HGI)



Nmbptgr :


Zmg Ige Bhbfest

Sfoageng Hrouptmbt caourfsmgjfe Efnbrbhubmbs eow sprgbjto Nostb Pfnb,Ga ^bavbjor,Hubtgibab bejMoejurbs.

fenfjgeng oc hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng bej ocMFS/BFJ^ bioeh youeh woige `gtwgge tmg bhgsoc 27 bej 0: suhhgsts sunm b eggj. B Nbipbfheoe Grbjfnbtfeh Hgejgr Sfoageng fe ^nmooas,gstbàfsmgj fe 0<<0, works wftm stujget òjfgs,wmfnm, fe ture, jgvgaop bntfvftfgs bt tmg agvgaoc fejfvfjuba snmooas. Zmg Ngetrg cor tmg ^tujyoc Sfoageng bej Pgnoenfafbtfoe (N^SP) feDombeegsùrh rues tmg ^bcg ^nmooasprohrbiig, wmfnm conusgs oe ùfajfeh rgsfafgeng

bioeh youeh pgopag `y gxposfeh tmgi tobatgrebtfvgs to vfoageng bej otmgr eghbtfvg`gmbvfour. B curtmgr pfaot prodgnt oe ^gxubaSfoageng Gjunbtfoe fs jgsfhegj to ùfajbwbrgegss oc tmg fssug oc hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng.

@gyoej tmg spmgrg oc hovgreiget, ôua Nfty , btgagvfsfoe jrbib sgrfgs gstbàfsmgj `y b ebtfoebaEHO wftm b conus oe mgbatm (fe pbrtfnuabrMFS/BFJ^) bej otmgr jgvgaopiget fssugs, mbs`gge rueefeh cor ovgr tge ygbrs. ôig oc tmg ôua Nfty ibtgrfbas brg eow usgj fe otmgr Bcrfnbenouetrfgs bej fe pbrts oc Bsfb bej Abtfe Bigrfnb.

^bvg tmg Nmfajrge bej WEFNGC mbvg usgj cfai tomgap òys fe ôutm Bsfb to qugstfoe tmgfr vfgws ochgejgr bej ibsnuafefty fe orjgr to jgvgaop iorgposftfvg bttftujgs towbrjs woige bej hfras(\oujyba, 0<<<).

B noiioe crbigwork to tbnkag hgejgr vfoagengmbs baso `gge projungj `y tmg Noiioewgbatm^gnrgtbrfbt bs pbrt oc b sgrfgs oc hgejgribfestrgbifeh ibeubas. Bntfoe Bfj‖s ^tgppfeh^toegs fs b wfjgay usgj MFS/BFJ^ prgvgetfoeprohrbiig. Orfhfebaay jgsfhegj cor usg wftm

faaftgrbtg rurba noiiueftfgs fe Bcrfnb usfehpbrtfnfpbtory igtmojs, ft mbs eow `gge bjbptgjbej usgj fe ovgr b muejrgj nouetrfgs fe Bsfb,Eortm bej Abtfe Bigrfnb bej Guropg bej mbs`gge proiotgj cor usg fe snmooas. Fe AbtfeBigrfnb, ^bvg tmg Nmfajrge mbs `gge workfehwftm mgbatm ifefstrfgs fe @rbzfa, Noaoi`fb bej\gru, trbfefeh youeh pgopag bs pggr nouesgaaorsto work wftmfe snmooas oe sgxuba bejrgprojuntfvg mgbatm fssugs croi tmg hgejgr

pgrspgntfvg. Fe Efnbrbhub, tmg NBEZGPBorhbefzbtfoe rues worksmops cor ige to gxpaorgtmgfr ibsnuafefty bej jgvgaop skfaas fe hgejgrbwbrgegss. Zmg Ige Bhbfest Sfoageng Hroup tmbtcaourfsmgj fe Efnbrbhub mbs eow sprgbj to NostbPfnb, Ga ^bavbjor, Hubtgibab bej Moejurbs.

Iunm oc tmg iost feeovbtfvg work fe nouetgrfehsnmooa vfoageng mbs `gge feftfbtgj `y EHOs, octgefe noeegntfoe wftm MFS/BFJ^ gjunbtfoe. Iostsunm feftfbtfvgs, mowgvgr, brg sibaa-snbag bejgxpgesfvg, bej mbvg `gge jgvgaopgj outsfjg tmgcoriba snmooa sgttfeh „ fe pbrt `gnbusg

ifefstrfgs oc gjunbtfoe mbvg `gge rgauntbet tobjjrgss tmg fssug oc hgejgr vfoageng tmgisgavgs.

Hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng fe snmooas gxfsts fe baapbrts oc tmg woraj. Xmgrg snmooa butmorftfgs mbvgcbfagj to bnkeowagjhg fts gxfstgeng ft mbs octgecaourfsmgj bej `gnoig festftutfoebafzgj. Fe orjgrto protgnt hfra pupfas croi mbrbssiget, sgxubabssbuat bej rbpg, vfhorous bntfoe fs eggjgj,tmrouhm `robjay `bsgj bntfoe pabes feno-opgrbtfoe wftm stujgets, pbrgets, tgbnmgrsbej snmooa bjifefstrbtors.

Be fiportbet typg oc tbrhgtgj bpprobnm fs uejgrtbkge `ytgbnmgrs‖ uefoes bej bssonfbtfoes tmgisgavgs. Zmg ôutmBcrfnbe Jgionrbtfn Zgbnmgrs‖ Wefoe (^BJZW) cor gxbipag,

mbs cor b eui`gr oc ygbrs mbj b hgejgr occfngr bej hgejgrnoiifttgg, wmfnm mbs mgapgj to rbfsg bwbrgegss bòutspgnfcfn hgejgr fssugs. Zmg conus oc ^BJZW fe tmg 266<swbs to mgap to nrgbtg gquba noejftfoes oc gipaoyiget corcgibag bej ibag tgbnmgrs (g.h. fe rgabtfoe to sbabrfgs bejpgesfoes) to rgntfcy tmg abnk oc cgibag tgbnmgrs feagbjgrsmfp bej ibebhgiget posftfoes. Zmg occfngrs bejnoiifttggs rgportgj b hrgbt jgba oc hovgreigetrgsfstbeng to jgbafeh wftm hgejgr fssugs.

Iorg rgngetay, tmg conus smfctgj to tmg fipbnt oc MFS/BFJôe tgbnmgrs. Feftfbtfvgs fenaujg4

agbjfeh tmg Gjunbtfoe Fetgrebtfoeba bej Xoraj Mgbatm

Orhbefzbtfoe noaabòrbtfvg MFS/BFJ^ prodgnt, tohgtmgrwftm tmg Ifefstrfgs oc Mgbatm bej Gjunbtfoe;

b survgy oc tmg prgvbageng rbtgs bej fipbnt ocMFS/BFJ^ oe tgbnmgrs (wftm otmgr rgsgbrnm pbrtegrs);

afcg mfstory rgsgbrnm oe tgbnmgrs afvfeh wftm MFS/BFJ^;

eghotfbtfoes wftm tmg Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe to gesurgtmbt MFS/BFJ^ `gnoigs b noipuasory pbrt oc tmg norgnurrfnuaui cor tgbnmgrs uejgrhofeh prg-sgrvfngtrbfefeh;

nbipbfhefeh cor iorg bttgetfoe to afcg skfaas tgbnmfehfe tmg nurrfnuaui.

ôurng4 Nmfsmoai bej InKfeegy (0<<>).

@ox :.2<. ôutm Bcrfnb4 tgbnmgrs‖ uefoes conus oe MFS/BFJ^



Zgbnmgrs brg kgy bntors cor nmbehg. Zmgy brgroag iojgas cor snmooanmfajrge. Mowgvgr, cortmgi to bjjrgss hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng fesnmooas ibey tgbnmgrs eggj to uejgrstbej bejnoecroet tmgfr owe gxpgrfgengs. Zmg roag oc

tgbnmgrs bs pgrpgtrbtors oc bùsg fs mfhmafhmtgjfe tmg iost rgnget Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm rgportoe sgxuba vfoageng fe ôutm Bcrfnbe snmooas(Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm, 0<<2b). Nouetgr strbtghfgsnagbray baso eggj to bjjrgss tmg bttftujgs oc tmg

tgbnmgrs tmgisgavgs (@ox :.22).

Xorkfeh wftm tgbnmgrsPgcoris to mgap tgbnmgrs `gnoig bhgets ochgejgr gqubafty mbvg vbrfgj bnnorjfeh to tfigbej noetgxt ùt bppgbr to `g rgabtgj to tmgprgsgeng or b`sgeng oc `robjgr cgifefst bejwoige‖s iovgigets.

Zmg prgsgeng oc stroeh cgifefst iovgigetsjurfeh tmg 268<s bej 26=<s fe tmg WeftgjKfehjoi, Bustrbafb bej otmgr fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs mgapgj to conus feftfbtfvgs oe hfras‖

pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe ibtmgibtfns, snfgeng bejtgnmeoaohy, bej oe tmg nrgbtfoe oc ”hfra-crfgejay‖gevfroeigets fe snmooas (@ox :.20). Zmgsg mbvgpossfày agj to b ”ebrrowfeh oc tmg hgejgr hbp‖(Breot gt ba., 2666), batmouhm soignoiigetbtors mbvg gipmbsfzgj tmg giotfoebanoipagxfty oc hgejgr rgcori fe snmooas (Kgewbygt ba., 266=). Fe Bcrfnb, tmg Corui cor BcrfnbeXoige Gjunbtfoebafsts (CBXG) mbs cbnfaftbtgjfeftfbtfvgs bfigj bt gembenfeh hfras‖ bnngss tobej pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooas.

Zmg ^nmooa oc \uàfn Mgbatm bt tmg Wefvgrsfty oc tmg Xgstgre Nbpg feôutm Bcrfnb mbs jgvgaopgj b iojga to fenorporbtg tmg fssug oc

hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng feto tmg prfibry snmooa nurrfnuaui, pfaotfehtwo trbfefeh iojgas „ tmg ”wmoag snmooa‖ bpprobnm bej ”trbfe tmgtrbfegr‖ fe sfx prfibry snmooas fe Nbpg Zowe. Zmg purposg oc tmgtrbfefeh wbs to nmbaagehg tmg tgbnmgrs‖ owe keowagjhg bej bttftujgstowbrjs hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng bej to fjgetfcy strbtghfgs to bjjrgsstmg proàgi.

@otm iojgas agj to sfhefcfnbet nmbehgs fe tmg wby tgbnmgrsuejgrstooj hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng bej fe tmg roag oc snmooas tobjjrgss tmg proàgi.

@gcorg tmg trbfefeh ><% oc tgbnmgrs cgat tmbt snmooas nouaj paby bigbefehcua roag fe bjjrgssfeh hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng, bej bctgrtmg trbfefeh 8<% oc tgbnmgrs cgat tmbt to `g so.

=7% oc tgbnmgrs cgat tmbt hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng wbs b sfhefcfnbet

proàgi fe tmgfr owe snmooas, bej baa oc tmgi `gafgvgj tmbt tmgsnmooa nurrfnuaui smouaj fenaujg noetget oe hgejgr-`bsgjvfoageng stbrtfeh bt Hrbjg 7 (bhg 6„2<).

ôurng4 FJ02 wg`sftg.

@ox :.22. Zrbfefeh tgbnmgrs bhbfest vfoageng fe ôutm Bcrfnb

Fe tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi, ”gjunbtfoeba cgifefsi‖ wbs ngetrba totmg post-wbr grb oc sonfba jgionrbny. Zmg 26=<s wbs b”pfvotba jgnbjg‖ cor cgifefst prodgnts fe gjunbtfoe fe wmfnmhgejgr-bwbrg, octge mfhmay poaftfnfzgj, tgbnmgrs `gnbigpfoeggrs oc betf-sgxfst bej ”hfra-crfgejay‖ gjunbtfoe.

Bt fts stroehgst, tmg iotto oc ”gqubafty oc opportuefty cor baa‖nbaagj cor gqubafty oc outnoig bej hgejgr gqubafty fe sonfgty.Bt fts wgbkgst, ft genourbhgj tmg rgiovba oc o`stbnags,

`brrfgrs bej rgstrfntfoes oe hfras‖ nmofngs. Zmgsg poaftfnbapabtcoris wgrg motay jg`btgj fe puàfn tmrouhm tmg snmooasystgi bej fe tmg igjfb. Cor hfras, fe pbrtfnuabr, ft agj toqugstfoefeh tmg ebturg oc noevgetfoeba cgifefefty wftmfe tmg”sbcg mbvge‖ oc tmg snmooa bej `robjgefeh tmgfr morfzoes.Pgsgbrnm suhhgsts tmbt ft genourbhgj hfras to bjopt b iorgfejfvfjubafzgj ùt baso b iorg posftfvg bej fejgpgejgetbpprobnm to tmgfr snmooafeh bej cuturg afvgs.

Hfra-crfgejay snmooafeh prbntfngs wgrg genourbhgj `y cgifefstfeftfbtfvgs pbrtfnuabray ùt eot soagay fe tmg feegr nftfgs, fewmfnm iuefnfpba sonfbafsi supportgj hgejgr gqubafty.

Zgbnmgrs proiotgj stroeh nurrfnuaui bej snmooa su`dgntegtworks, tmgy gehbhgj fe festftutfoeba rgsgbrnm prodgnts wftmtmg mgap bej noaabòrbtfoe oc mfhmgr-gjunbtfoe bnbjgifns,bej tmgy bntfvbtgj hgejgr gqubafty poafnfgs fe tgbnmgrs‖uefoes, aonba gjunbtfoe butmorftfgs bej snmooas. Zmg feftfbaprforfty wbs to rbfsg hgejgr bwbrgegss tmrouhm tmg usg ocaghfsabtfoe, fe-sgrvfng noursgs cor tgbnmgrs, ibebhgrs bejpoafny-ibkgrs, tmg noaagntfoe oc rgagvbet gvfjgeng, bej tmgprovfsfoe oc hufjbeng ibtgrfbas. Egw nbrggrs fe gquba

opportueftfgs wgrg gstbàfsmgj tmrouhm hgejgr gqubaftyrgspoesf`fafty posts fe snmooas, aonba butmorftfgs bej gjunbtfoebhgenfgs. ^nmooas sgt up workfeh pbrtfgs bej `y tmg a6=<swgrg bàg to support spgnfcfn hgejgr feftfbtfvgs tmrouhmvonbtfoeba trbfefeh ùjhgts. Hgejgr ioeftorfeh oc pbttgres ocpgrcoribeng bej snmooa nuaturgs `gnbig noiioe gagigetsfe snmooa jgvgaopiget pabes bej snmooa fespgntfoe rghfigsbej, to b afiftgj gxtget, feftfba tgbnmgr gjunbtfoe noursgs mbvgtbkge hgejgr feto bnnouet.

ôurng4 Breot bej \mfpps (0<<>).

@ox :.20. Gjunbtfoeba cgifefsi fe tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi



2<. Fe 2662 tmg hovgreigetrgvfsgj tmg rgqufrgjqubafcfnbtfoes to bttrbnt iorgcgibag tgbnmgrs to tmgprocgssfoe. B ibag nbejfjbtgiust mbvg b Mfhm ^nmooaNgrtfcfnbtg (M^N), wmfnm fso`tbfegj `y sunngsscuaaypbssfeh tmg M^N puàfngxbifebtfoe bt tmg gej octwgavg ygbrs oc snmooafeh. @utb cgibag nbejfjbtg wftm b^gefor ^nmooa Ngrtfcfnbtg (^^N)nbe bppay bt tmg gej oc tgeygbrs oc snmooafeh. Zo iggt tmgquotb, tmosg cgibag nbejfjbtgswmo pbss tmg tgst, gvge wftm

aowgr snorgs, brg bàg to`gnoig prfibry-snmooatgbnmgrs (sgg W^BFJ, 0<<0).

22. ^tujfgs mbvg smowe tmbtovgr :<% oc prfibry-snmooatgbnmgrs wgrg cgibag; tmfsproportfoe wbs iunm mfhmgr feur`be snmooas (82%) tmbe rurbasnmooas (06%). Fecoribtfoergngfvgj croi hovgreigetsourngs suhhgsts tmbt bòut>2% oc tmg tgbnmgrs fehovgreiget snmooas wgrgcgibag. Egbray 6<% oc EHOeoe-coriba snmooa tgbnmgrswgrg cgibag ut tmg smbrg occgibag tgbnmgrs fe ibjrbsbswbs gxtrgigay aow bt oeay 7%(Nmowjmury gt ba., 2666).

Jfsnrfifebtorybttftujgs brgeot rgiovgj

tmrouhm b egwnurrfnuaui.

Iorg rgngetay, sgnoej-hgegrbtfoe cgifefsts mbvgconusgj oe òys bej ibsnuafeftfgs oe tmg `bsfstmbt ueagss òys nmbehg, rgabtfoesmfps `gtwggeòys bej hfras bej `gtwgge ige bej woige wfaaeot nmbehg. Zmg gxpgntbtfoe tmbt hfras baoeg

smouaj nmbehg jogs eot bjjrgss tmg proàgibtfnibsnuafeftfgs tmbt hfvg rfsg to vfoaget, bhhrgssfvgbej hgegrbaay jgrohbtory `gmbvfours towbrjshfras. Hgejgr-rgagvbet strbtghfgs cor work wftmòys fenaujg pursufeh keowagjhg, fiprovfehrgabtfoesmfps bej bppayfeh dustfng (Noeegaa, 2663).Zmg sunngss oc sunm feftfbtfvgs fs bs ygt abrhgayuejonuigetgj. @ox :.2> jonuigets oeg feftfbtfvguejgr wby fe Dbibfnbe snmooas bfigj btbjjrgssfeh tmg nafibtg oc aow ibag bnmfgvgiget.Zmg Nmbehg croi Xftmfe prohrbiig fe Dbibfnbjgioestrbtgs tmg fiportbeng oc baaowfeh snmooasto fjgetfcy strbtghfgs rgagvbet to tmgfr noiiuefty

oc agbregrs, bej oc hfvfeh tgbnmgrs tmgopportuefty to jgvfsg tmgfr owe strbtghfgs.

Nurrfnuaui rgcoriFt fs b wfjgay smbrgj o`dgntfvg oc gjunbtfoe poafnytmbt òys bej hfras smouaj `g hfvge gqubaopportueftfgs cor sunngss bej bjvbengiget wmfagbt snmooa. Zmg roag oc tmg nurrfnuaui fe tmfsprongss fs nrunfba, fe tmbt ft fs b kgy sourng ocpupfas‖ keowagjhg bòut, bej orfgetbtfoe wftmfe,tmg sonfba woraj. Zmfs fs wfjgay bnkeowagjhgj,bej ibey nouetrfgs mbvg feftfbtgj rgcoris òtm

to rgjung `fbsgs fe su`dgnt nmofngs noecroetfehhfras bej òys, bej to rgiovg bey fipafnbtfoes ochgejgr stgrgotypfeh croi tgxtòoks bej otmgrtgbnmfeh ibtgrfbas. Zmgsg mbvg octge `ggesunngsscua. B rgnget bssgssiget oc twgetystbejbrj tgxtòoks usgj fe Whbejbe prfibrysnmooas cor tmg tgbnmfeh oc Gehafsm, ibtmgibtfns,sonfba stujfgs bej snfgeng noenaujgs tmbt tmgnoetget oc tmg òoks bej tmgfr faaustrbtfoes wgrg,cor gbnm su`dgnt, egutrba fe tmgfr rgprgsgetbtfoeoc hgejgr (Iumwgzf, 0<<>). B rbtmgr jfccgrgetbpprobnm wbs tbkge fe Nbiòjfb, wmgrg brgcorigj nurrfnuaui cor prfibry bej sgnoejbry

agvgas wbs fetrojungj fe 2663 wftm egw tgxtòoksbej tgbnmgr ibeubas. Ft stbtgj tmbt gccorts wgrgibjg to proiotg noengpts oc hgejgr cbfregssbej sonfba fenausfoe fe tmgsg ibtgrfbas.Egvgrtmgagss, tmg Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe‖s\gjbhohfnba Pgsgbrnm Jgpbrtiget took tmg vfgwtmbt hgejgr cbfregss wouaj `g gxprgssgj ibfeayfe be gvgeay `babengj eui`gr oc ibag bejcgibag faaustrbtfoes or gxbipags, rbtmgr tmbe fe bwby tmbt wouaj gxpafnftay nmbaagehg nuaturbaeoris bej trbjftfoes. Zmus, woige brg smowe bswgbvgrs, hfras bs mgapfeh wftm mousgwork; ige

bs ibebhgrs bej òys mgapfeh oe tmg cbifaycbri. Fe tmfs nbsg, tmge, tmg o`dgntfvg oc bnmfgvfeh”hgejgr cbfregss bej egutrbafty‖ fs mgaj wftmfe tmggxfstfeh noetgxt oc `gafgcs, nustois bej bttftujgs,rbtmgr tmbe bs b igbes oc nmbaagehfeh tmgi

(Sgabsno, 0<<>).

Frrgspgntfvg oc tmg coriba nurrfnuaui, tmg wbysfe wmfnm ft fs fetgrprgtgj `y tgbnmgrs rgibfes beovgrwmgaifeh fecaugeng. Fe Whbejb, b ibdorftyoc tmg prfibry tgbnmgrs brg ibag, bej sgxfstbttftujgs brg `y eo igbes b`sget croi tmgfrrbeks. Jfsnrfifebtory bttftujgs brg eot rgiovgj`y vfrtug oc b egw nurrfnuaui, wmgrg tmgy brggi`gjjgj fe tmg pbtrfbrnmba ebturg oc tmg wfjgrsonfgty. Zgbnmgrs rgcagnt tmgsg bttftujgs bs iunmbs bey otmgr nftfzges (Iumwgzf, 0<<>). Zmus,rgcori „ mowgvgr sunngsscua fe b coriba sgesg „

eggjs to `g uejgrpfeegj `y noipagigetbrybntfoes fe b rbehg oc jfccgrget poafny brgebs fc ft fsto bnmfgvg fts bfis. Ibabwf provfjgs be gxbipagoc tmorouhmhofeh bpprobnm to rgcori wmgrg tgxt-wrftgrs, bjifefstrbtors, ibebhgrs bej tgbnmgrsbrg baa trbfegj fe hgejgr bwbrgegss fe tmgnoetgxt oc ibebhfeh tmg egw nurrfnuaui. Gvgetmgrg, nmbaagehgs brg to `g cbngj fc tmg fetgetfoesoc tmg rgcoris brg to `g bnmfgvgj (@ox :.2:).

Gipowgrfeh woige tgbnmgrsB nrftfnba nmbaagehg fs tmbt oc rgnruftfeh cgibag

tgbnmgrs „ pbrtfnuabray cor rurba or fsoabtgjsnmooas. Fe @behabjgsm, jgspftg tmg coriuabtfoeoc b hovgreiget poafny to rgsgrvg 3<% oc prfibrysnmooa tgbnmgrs‖ posts cor woige,2<

fipagigetbtfoe mbs eot `gge sunngsscua. Jurfehtmg 266<s ovgr ><,<<< cgibag tgbnmgrs wgrgrgnruftgj, ùt fe orjgr to bnmfgvg hgejgr pbrfty fehovgreiget prfibry snmooas, 3<,<<< iorgcgibags wgrg eggjgj (W^BFJ, 0<<0). Zmg cbfaurgto cuacfa b succfnfget cgibag quotb bppgbrs to `gabrhgay rghfoeba bej prfenfpbaay afiftgj to coriba,hovgreiget snmooas bej ibjrbsbs.22 Zmfs fs jugto tmg gxfstgeng oc b rbehg oc `brrfgrs to

rgnruftiget bej jgpaoyiget, fenaujfehrgstrfntfoes bhbfest woige trbvgaafeh or afvfehbwby croi tmg cbifay moig, bnnoiiojbtfoeproàgis fe jfstbet aonbtfoes, pmysfnba sgnurfty,bej woige‖s cbifay rgspoesf`faftfgs.

Fe ibey nouetrfgs, woige tgbnmgrs rgqufrgsupport bej genourbhgiget, bs tmgy octge workfe jfccfnuat sonfba gevfroeigets. Fe Pbdbstmbe,Fejfb, tmg ^mfksmbkbrif \rodgnt rgnohefzgj tmbtto genourbhg geroaiget oc hfras bej to jgvgaopbwbrgegss bioeh woige, ^mfksmbkbrifs wgrg



Nmbptgr :


Gjunbtfoesystgis rgibfeovgrwmgaifehayibag bt tmg top,wftm cgw woigefe posftfoes ocbutmorfty.

eggjgj fe abrhg eui`grs to ibkg up cor tmgsmortcbaa oc aftgrbtg woige fe iost rurba brgbs,pbrtfnuabray fe rgiotg bej jfccfnuat pabngs. Zmgaow aftgrbny rbtg bej tmg fejfccgrgeng towbrjshfras‖ gjunbtfoe wbs jggigj so hrgbt tmbt urhgetrgigjfba bntfoe wbs egngssbry to mbstge tmgprohrgss oc hfras‖ snmooafeh (Dbfe, 0<<>).\rgpbrfeh ibmfab (cgibag) ^mfksmbkbrifstmgrgcorg `gnbig b prforfty (@ox :.27).

Gjunbtfoe systgis rgibfe ovgrwmgaifehay ibagbt tmg top agvgas, wftm cgw woige fe posftfoes ocbutmorfty. Fe @oafvfb oeay 23% oc baa mgbj-tgbnmgrposts brg mgaj `y woige, bej tmgrg brg ibrkgjur`be„rurba jfccgrgetfbas. ôig oc tmg proàgisnftgj `y tmosg woige wmo brg mgbj tgbnmgrsfenaujg tmg rgdgntfoe oc cgibag butmorfty,pbrtfnuabray fe trbjftfoeba noiiueftfgs,jfccfnuatfgs oc trbvga to rgiotg noiiueftfgs, aow`brhbfefeh powgr wftm aonba butmorftfgs rgabtfvg totmgfr ibag nouetgrpbrts, bej onnbsfoebaay bùsg,pbrtfnuabray bctgr banomoa noesuiptfoe, `y

igi`grs oc aonba noiiueftfgs. Xmfag tmfehs brghrbjubaay nmbehfeh cor tmg `gttgr fe tgris oc tmgeui`grs oc woige, tmgsg workfeh noejftfoessgrvg òtm bs b ibdor jfsfengetfvg, bej `brrfgr,to woige‖s gccgntfvg pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh fe mfhmgr agvgas oc tmg gjunbtfoe systgi(\brgdb Abrb, 0<<>).

Fe Fejfb, tmg Aok Dui`fsm prohrbiig fePbdbstmbe mbs nrgbtgj b Xoige Zgbnmgrs‖

Corui (Bjmybpfkb Ibenm). Fts bntfvftfgs wgrgfeftfbtgj fe 266: oe be gxpgrfigetba `bsfs, wftmtmg purposg oc gembenfeh woige tgbnmgrs‖pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe rgsfjgetfba tgbnmgr-trbfefehnbips bej to genourbhg tmgi to jgvgaoptmgisgavgs bs trbfegrs. Ovgr tmg ygbrs, tmgsgcoruis mbvg `gnoig be fiportbet bntfvfty to`rgbk fsoabtfoe bej bssgrt woige tgbnmgrs‖fjgetftfgs. Zmgy mbvg baso `gnoig rbaayfeh pofetscor woige tgbnmgrs to jgvgaop bs nrgbtfvg bejbrtfnuabtg procgssfoebas.

Zmg Hovgreiget oc Ibabwf, tmrouhm tmg Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe,^nfgeng bej Zgnmeoaohy (IoG^Z) gstbàfsmgj tmg HgejgrBpproprfbtg Nurrfnuaui (HBN) ueft bt tmg Ibabwf Festftutg oc

Gjunbtfoe (IFG) fe 2660. Zmg ueft wbs nmbrhgj wftm tmgrgspoesf`fafty oc fenorporbtfeh hgejgr sgesftfvfty feto tmg prfibrynurrfnuaui, prfibry tgbnmgr-trbfefeh nurrfnuab (òtm rgsfjgetfbabej fe-sgrvfng). Zmg ueft gesurgs tmbt tmg noetget fe festruntfoebaibtgrfbas mbs worjs, stbtgigets, gxbipags bej faaustrbtfoes tmbtbrg egutrba bs rghbrjs cgibag bej ibag fibhgs. Ft baso gesurgstmbt tgbnmgr-trbfefeh prohrbiigs brg jgsfhegj to gafifebtghgejgr `fbs fe tmg nabssrooi, tmbt baa prfibry tgbnmgr fe-sgrvfngtrbfefeh fs hgejgr bpproprfbtg bej tmbt sgefor Ifefstry ocGjunbtfoe occfnfbas brg bwbrg oc hgejgr fssugs fe tmgfr poafnfgsbej prbntfngs (IFG, 2663).

\rfibry bej sgnoejbry tgxtòoks mbvg `gge rgvfsgj to ibkgtmgi hgejgr sgesftfvg bej to portrby hfras bej woige fe iorgposftfvg roags. Zrbfefeh mbs `gge provfjgj cor snmooa tgxtòokwrftgrs, gjftors bej soig tgbnmgrs to ibkg tmgfr work hgejgrsgesftfvg. Bs oc 2666, trbfefeh oc kgy procgssfoebas oe hgejgrfssugs mbj `gge noejuntgj wftm 0:< prfibry gjunbtfoe bjvfsors;6 jfstrfnt gjunbtfoe ibebhgrs (out oc 0:); 207 tgbnmgr-trbfefehnoaaghg tutors; 2<,<<< sgrvfeh tgbnmgrs; bej 2< noiiueftyjgvgaopiget bssfstbet trbfegrs (Kbjyoib gt ba., 2666).

Ibdor bttgipts mbvg `gge ibjg bt prfibry agvga to mbvg iorgfaaustrbtfoes oc woige bej hfras fe tmg rgvfsgj tgxtòoks. Corgxbipag, fe tmg ^tbejbrj > Gehafsm \upfas‖ @ook, 70% oc tmgfaaustrbtfoes jgpfnt cgibag nmbrbntgrs, wmgrgbs tmg gbrafgr snmooatgxtòoks wgrg prgjoifebetay faaustrbtgj wftm ibag nmbrbntgrs.Ft

nbe `g o`sgrvgj croi tmg sbipag sgnoejbry tgxtòoks tmbtsonfba stujfgs bej moig gnoeoifns mbvg baiost mbac oc tmgfrfaaustrbtfoes jgpfntfeh òtm ibag bej cgibag nmbrbntgrs. Oe tmg

otmgr mbej, fe snfgeng bej tgnmeoaohy, iost oc tmg faaustrbtfoesbrg prgjoifebetay ibag. Hgejgr `babeng rgibfes b nmbaagehg cortmg gjunbtfoe sgntor bt sgnoejbry-snmooa agvga. Curtmgriorg,hgejgr stgrgotypfeh nbe `g trbngj fe soig oc tmg faaustrbtfoesfe soig oc tmg tgxtòoks. Cor gxbipag, ige brg jgpfntgj bsuefvgrsfty hrbjubtgs, poafng occfngrs, rbjfo beeouengrs, dourebafstsbej jontors, wmgrgbs woige brg portrbygj bs eursgs. Mowgvgr,ovgrbaa, faaustrbtfoes portrby ige bej woige fe iorg posftfvgroags. Cor gxbipag, tmgrg brg faaustrbtfoes oc cgibag gehfeggrs,cgibag dujhgs bej cgibag stujgets jofeh gxpgrfigets fe bsnfgeng nabss. Zmgrg brg ibey faaustrbtfoes wmgrg ige bejwoige brg jofeh tmfehs tohgtmgr.

Fe 266>, IoG^Z rgiovgj su`dgnt rgstrfntfoes tmbt `brrgj hfrascroi snfgengs bt tmg prfibry bej sgnoejbry agvgas. Baa su`dgnts,fenaujfeh snfgengs, brg opge to baa stujgets. Cor gxbipag, òysnbe opt cor su`dgnts sunm bs moig gnoeoifns bej hfras nbe optcor wooj bej igtba work.

Zmg Ibabwf prfibry nurrfnuaui fs nurrgetay `gfeh rgvfgwgjtmrouhm pbrtfnfpbtory bpprobnmgs sgesftfvg to hgejgr. Bnnorjfehto tmg \rfibry Nurrfnuaui bej Bssgssiget Pgvfgw (\NBP)Pgport (Ibabwf, 0<<0), ft fs fetgejgj tmbt òys‖ bej hfras‖ fetgrgsts,vbaugs bej eggjs wfaa `g rgcagntgj fe tmg egw nurrfnuaui. Fetmg rgnoiigejbtfoes, tmgrg fs b nagbr igetfoe oc tmg eggj togipmbsfzg tmg jgvgaopiget oc aftgrbny bej euigrbny skfaas, bejotmgr gigrhfeh fssugs sunm bs hgejgr gqubafty bej MFS/BFJ^.

ôurng4 Ibauwb-@bejb (0<<>).

@ox :.2:. Nurrfnuaui rgcori fe Ibabwf



20. Oc b sbipag oc 0,272nmfajrge geroaagj fe eoe-coriba snmooas survgygj, 83%wgrg stujyfeh fe @PBN snmooas(NBI\G/Gjunbtfoe Xbtnm,2666).

EHOs sgrvg bsabòrbtorfgs ocfeeovbtfvg

gxpgrfigetbtfoe.

(@PBN) wmfnm fs be bntfvg bej jfrgnt provfjgroc gjunbtfoe. Fe Fejfb, EHOs sgrvg iorg bsabòrbtorfgs oc feeovbtfvg gxpgrfigetbtfoe,wmfnm baaows tmgi to try out jfccgrget iojgaswftm aonba noiiueftfgs, to cfej tmg `gst soautfoes

cor bjjrgssfeh òtm smort-tgri noestrbfets bejaoehgr-tgri fssugs oc fegqubafty.

Fe @behabjgsm, tmg rgnget fenrgbsg fe totba prfibrygeroaigets bej tmg ”rgvgrsba‖ oc tmg hgejgr hbpmbs mbj iunm to jo wftm tmg gxpbesfoe fe EHO-ibebhgj snmooas. Bnnorjfeh to oeg stujy, fe tmgb`sgeng oc sunm snmooas tmg hross rbtg wouaj

@PBN snmooas provfjg eoe-coriba prfibrygjunbtfoe ibfeay fe rurba brgbs, cor tmg poorgstnmfajrge (bhgj =„2<), wmo mbvg egvgr `gge geroaagjor wmo mbvg jroppgj out oc tmg coriba snmooas.@PBN gipaoys b ”posftfvg jfsnrfifebtory‖ strbtghy,wmgrg`y 8<% oc snmooa geroaigets brg hfras bejrouhmay 63% oc tgbnmgrs brg cgibag. Orfhfebaaystbrtgj bs b tmrgg-ygbr prohrbiig, ft mbs `ggegxpbejgj to b cour-ygbr nynag, novgrfeh tmg wmoagprfibry nurrfnuaui (Hrbjgs 2„7).

Zmg @PBN iojga fs jfstfent fe cour oc fts bspgntsrgagvbet to hfras‖ gjunbtfoe4 tmg snmooa cbnfaftfgs;tmg tgbnmgrs bej tmgfr trbfefeh; tmg nurrfnuaui; bej

tmg agvga oc noiiuefty pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg snmooas. ^nmooa cbnfaftfgs4 ^nmooas noiprfsg tmfrty to tmfrty-tmrgg stujgets bej tmgfr sibaa sfzg genourbhgsstujget pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej fetgrbntfoe. Fe bjjftfoe,tmg rgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge tgbnmgr bej stujget fsgembengj. Zmg snmooas rgqufrg b ifefiui oc0:< squbrg cggt oc spbng, rgetgj bt ifefiba nostcroi b noiiuefty igi`gr. Zmg sfehag-nabssrooistrunturgs brg crgqugetay `biòo or iuj-wbaagjbej gqufppgj wftm b àbnkòbrj bej nmbrts. Baa tmgibtgrfbas (pgenfas, eotgòoks, tgxtòoks) brgprovfjgj `y @PBN bej tmg nmfajrge noetrfùtg bsui oc Zk7 b ioetm. Zmg proxfifty oc snmooas to

tmg moigs oc tmg tbrhgt hroup fs jgaf`grbtg, fe vfgwoc fts fiportbeng cor snmooa geroaiget bejrgtgetfoe, pbrtfnuabray cor hfras. Zmg snmooasnmgjuag fs sgt fe iggtfehs wftm tmg pbrgets. Oebvgrbhg, nabssgs iggt sfx jbys b wggk cor two bejb mbac mours gbnm jby cor tmg cfrst bej sgnoejhrbjgs bej tmrgg mours cor tmg otmgrs.

Zgbnmgrs bej tgbnmgr trbfefeh4 @PBN tgbnmgrs brgibfeay woige bej mbvg to `g rgsfjgets oc tmg aonbavfaabhg. Zgbnmgrs brg nmosge croi bioeh tmg iostgjunbtgj fe tmg vfaabhg. Zmg tgbnmgr uejgrhogs be

feftfba fetgesfvg trbfefeh cor twgavg jbys, wmgrg`ytmg `bsfn noengpts oc agbrefeh tmgory brgfetrojungj bej prbntfnba tgbnmfeh gxgrnfsgs brguejgrtbkge. Zmfs fs coaaowgj `y beeuba rgcrgsmgrtrbfefeh oc sfx jbys jurbtfoe fe prgpbrbtfoe cor gbnmbnbjgifn ygbr. Bjjftfoebaay, tgbnmgrs brg rgqufrgjto bttgej b ioetmay oeg-jby trbfefeh sgssfoe tojfsnuss proàgis bej to conus oe gxpgrfgengs fetmg nabssrooi. Zgbnmgrs brg pbfj rouhmay Zk7<< bioetm (W^$6), wmfnm fs iunm aowgr tmbe sbabrfgsbt coriba snmooas. Egvgrtmgagss, tmgrg fs vgry afttagb`sgetggfsi bioeh tgbnmgrs bej wbstbhg fs agsstmbe 0% beeubaay.

Nurrfnuaui4 Zmg @PBN nurrfnuaui fs gspgnfbaaytbfaorgj to bjjrgss tmg eggjs oc rurba bej ur`benmfajrge. Ft fs `bsgj oe fecoribtfoe bòut tmgagbregrs, tmgfr cbifafgs, tmgfr gnoeoifn noejftfoes,agvgas oc noheftfvg jgvgaopiget bej psynmoaohfnbabej pmysfoaohfnba hrowtm. Zmg nurrfnuauifenorporbtgs tmg noipgtgenfgs sgt `y tmghovgreiget cor coriba prfibry snmooa ùt fs `bsgjoe b pbrtfnfpbtory bpprobnm to agbrefeh. Gipmbsfsfs pabngj oe bntfvg-agbrefeh igtmojoaohfgs tmbtcbnfaftbtg jfsnussfoe oc topfns, rbtmgr tmbe igrgigiorfzbtfoe. Oeay b sibaa biouet oc moigworkfs bssfhegj.

Noiiuefty pbrtfnfpbtfoe4 Zmg pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc tmgpbrgets bej tmg noiiuefty bt abrhg pabys b nrftfnbaroag wftmfe tmg snmooas bej fs oeg oc tmg iostfiportbet cbntors fe tmgfr sunngss. Noiiueftyigi`grs bej pbrgets pbrtfnfpbtg fe vbrfous wbysfe tmg snmooa ibebhgiget noiifttgg (noiposgjoc tmrgg pbrgets, b noiiuefty agbjgr bej btgbnmgr), fe pbrgets‖ iggtfehs, fe tmggstbàfsmiget oc tmg snmooas, bej fe sgttfeh tmgsnmooa snmgjuags.

ôurngs4 @PBN (0<<0); Aovgaa bej Cbtgib (26=6);Crbesibe gt ba. (0<<>).

@ox :.0<. Hgejgr-bwbrg gjunbtfoe provfsfoe4 tmg @PBN EC\G iojga

mbvg `gge 6= cor hfras bej 68 cor òys (festgbj oc2<6 bej 2<: rgspgntfvgay) (Nmowjmury gt ba., 0<<0,p. 0<<). Mgeng tmgrg sggis to `g iunm posftfvghbfe brfsfeh croi tmg bntfvfty oc EHOs.Curtmgriorg, fiprovgigets fe tmg hgejgr hbp

sggi to `g trbngj to ”posftfvg jfsnrfifebtory‖bntfoes òtm `y tmg stbtg bej `y EHOs. B kgygxbipag fs provfjgj `y @PBN‖s Eoe-Coriba\rfibry Gjunbtfoe (EC\G) prohrbiig, wmfnmgesurgs tmbt 8<% oc fts stujgets brg òtm hfrasbej croi poorgr cbifafgs (@ox :.0<). Otmgr EHOsmbvg baso bjoptgj tmfs strbtghy ùt jo eot smbrg@PBN‖s abrhg novgrbhg.20



>. Gbnm ygbr tmg WEJ\ MuibeJgvgaopiget Pgport gxpaorgsibdor fssugs oc hao`banoengre, bjjrgssfeh nmbehgsfe pgr nbpftb fenoig, muibergsourng jgvgaopiget, bej`bsfn eggjs bs b igbsurg ocmuibe prohrgss, wmfagbssgssfeh tmg roag oc pgopag fejgvgaopiget. WEJ\ mbsgstbàfsmgj tmrgg noiposftgfejgxgs4 tmg MuibeJgvgaopiget Fejgx (MJF), tmgHgejgr GipowgrigetIgbsurg (HGI) bej tmgMuibe \ovgrty Fejgx (M\F).Zmg abttgr rbeks nouetrfgsbnnorjfeh to tmgfr ebtfoebaagvgas oc povgrty, faaftgrbny,uegipaoyiget bej afcggxpgntbeny (WEJ\, 0<<>`).

B sunngsscuagjunbtfoeba

poafny eggjsb nbrgcua

noi`febtfoeoc tbrhgtfehbej rgbafsi.

otmgr nbsgs, (bs wftm jg`t ibebhgiget) ftbppgbrs to `g nrunfba tmbt tmg stbtg fsbnnouetbàg to tmg gagntorbtg, fe orjgr to gesurgtmbt fts poafnfgs bntubaay `gegcft tmg puàfn.Cfebaay, tmgsg cfejfehs suhhgst tmbt b sunngsscua

gjunbtfoeba poafny egngssftbtgs b nbrgcuanoi`febtfoe oc tbrhgtfeh bej rgbafsi4 wmfaggjunbtfoeba gxpgejfturgs wfaa mbvg tmg iostsfhefcfnbet fipbnt fe poorgr nouetrfgs, aghbahubrbetggs oc crgg gjunbtfoe brg ueafkgay to mgapueagss tmg nouetry fs bàg to gesurg tmbt tmgcbnfaftfgs brg bvbfabàg, bej mbs b popuabtfoe tmbtfs wfaafeh bej bàg to usg tmgi. Bt prgsget tmgsgrgsuats brg suhhgstfvg, bej tmg bpprobnm igrftscurtmgr bttgetfoe bej jgvgaopiget.

Fiportbeng oc noetgxtZmg `robj rgabtfoesmfps sgt out bòvg brgfiportbet. @ut tmgy brg afiftgj fe tmgfr vbaug bsprgjfntors oc prohrgss ueagss tmgy brg igjfbtgjtmrouhm tmg pbrtfnuabr nfrnuistbengs ocfejfvfjuba nouetrfgs. Cor soig, tmg smggreuigrfnba snbag oc tmg gjunbtfoeba nmbaagehg fstmg jgcfefeh cbntor, cor otmgrs rgspoejfeh to tmgjfvgrsfty oc tmgfr sonfgtfgs fs kgy. @gfeh b sibaaebtfoe-stbtg iby afift optfoes, wmfag agvgas bejpbttgres oc povgrty nfrnuisnrf`g bntfoe fe tmg

poorgst nouetrfgs. Cor be fenrgbsfeh eui`gr ocstbtgs tmg prgvbageng oc MFS/BFJ^ bej tmgfenfjgeng oc noecafnt wfaa jfntbtg òtm tmg poafnfgstmbt brg eggjgj bej tmg rgcoris tmbt brgpossfàg.

Zmg nmbaagehg oc eui`grs

Cor soig nouetrfgs, tmg smggr snbag oc tmgnmbaagehg, fe tgris oc tmg eui`grs oc pgopagwmosg gjunbtfoeba rfhmts bej opportueftfgs brg

`gfeh jgefgj, rgqufrgs b poafny rgspoesg tmbt fssystgifn bej ebtfoewfjg. Zbàg 7.2 fjgetfcfgscfctgge nouetrfgs wmgrg iorg tmbe 2 ifaafoenmfajrge wgrg out oc snmooa fe 0<<<. Zmgsgnouetrfgs bnnouet cor bòut :<% oc tmg hao`bapopuabtfoe oc out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge bej bòuttmg sbig smbrg oc tmg woraj‖s bjuat faaftgrbtgs.Bej tmfs afst gxnaujgs b eui`gr oc vgry abrhgnouetrfgs cor wmfnm eo jbtb brg rgnorjgj cor0<<<, fenaujfeh tmg Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn oc tmgNoeho, Fejfb bej Efhgrfb.

Gasgwmgrg, tmg b`soautg eui`grs iby eot `g

abrhg `y fetgrebtfoeba stbejbrjs, ùt tmosgwftmout agbrefeh opportueftfgs noiprfsg b vgrymfhm proportfoe oc tmg snmooa-bhg popuabtfoe.Zbàg 7.0 smows sgvgetgge nouetrfgs (baa croitmg Brb` ^tbtgs bej su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb) wftm bprfibry-snmooa egt geroaiget rbtfo (EGP) fe 0<<<oc `gaow 3< (bhbfe afiftgj `y tmg cbnt tmbt EGP fsuebvbfabàg cor cfcty-two nouetrfgs worajwfjg).Zmfs tbàg ovgrabps wftm Zbàg 7.2 fe tmg nbsg ocsgvge nouetrfgs4 Behoab, Gtmfopfb, Hmbeb, tmgEfhgr, ^bujf Brb`fb, tmg ûjbe bej tmg WeftgjPgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb.

Cor baa tmgsg nouetrfgs bej iorg, pfgngigbargcori bej fejfvfjuba prodgnts wfaa eot ibkg tmgjfccgrgeng. Zmgy rgqufrg b ibssfvg gxpbesfoe oc`bsfn gjunbtfoe afekgj to jfccfnuat jgnfsfoes bòutfevgstiget fe bjuat aftgrbny fe systgis wmgrgrgsourngs brg sgvgrgay noestrbfegj.

Zmg ùrjge oc povgrty

Zmg fenfjgeng oc b`soautg povgrty rgaghbtgsgjunbtfoe bs b pgrsoeba bej cbifay prforfty, agtbaoeg baaowfeh hovgreigets to cuacfa tmgfr

gjunbtfoeba rgspoesf`faftfgs. Fe CrbenopmoegXgst Bcrfnb, povgrty fs b jgcfefeh nmbrbntgrfstfn ocafcg. @gefe, @urkfeb Cbso, Nútg j‖Fvofrg, Hufegb,Ibaf, Iburftbefb, tmg Efhgr, ^geghba bej Zohobrg baa nabssfcfgj bs agbst jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs.Zmg Muibe \ovgrty Fejgx> (WEJ\, 0<<>`) rbehgscroi >=.7 cor Zoho to 32.= cor tmg Efhgr bej,jgspftg fiprovgj gnoeoifn hrowtm fe tmg 266<s,tmg hbp fs wfjgefeh `gtwgge tmosg wmonoestftutg tmg 0<% poorgst bej tmg 0<% rfnmgst.Nafibtfn festb`fafty, b crbhfag ebturba rgsourng`bsg, jgpgejgeng oe b sibaa eui`gr oc gxports,

Zbàg 7.2. Zmg snbag oc tmg nmbaagehg (0<<<)

\rfibry-snmooa-bhg Bjuat faaftgrbtgs Out oc snmooanmfajrge out oc snmooa (27+) bej faaftgrbtgs

Nouetry (tmousbejs) (tmousbejs) (% oc totba popuabtfoe)

Nmfeb = <7: 2:2 6<> 22.=\bkfstbe 8 8=7 :3 8<0 >=.3Gtmfopfb 7 :66 02 <<7 :0.2

Weftgj Pgp. oc Zbezbefb > 32= : =08 0:.<Fsabifn Pgp. oc Frbe 0 :>3 2< 770 2=.7ûjbe 0 :<7 8 ==2 >>.<Fejoegsfb 0 <:3 26 >88 2<.2@behabjgsm 2 678 7< 77= >=.0Kgeyb 2 6<6 > <:6 23.0^bujf Brb`fb 2 :>= 0 83< 0<.3Hmbeb 2 06< > 0>6 0>.7Efhgr 2 0=8 : 73: 7:.<Iozbi`fqug 2 27> 7 8:2 >8.8Vgige 2 <6= : 62: >0.=Behoab 2 <2< e.b. e.b.




:. Bs oc Buhust 0<<>, tmgrg brgtwgety-sgvge Nouetry Pgportsoe Ifaageefui JgvgaopigetHobas prgpbrgj ebtfoebaay febssonfbtfoe wftm WEJ\, 0<<>b(www.uejp.orh/ijh/nouetryrgports.mtia).

Fc tmg oàfhbtfoesbej proifsgs

oc hovgreigetsovgr tmg abst

cfcty ygbrs mbj

`gge cuacfaagj,tmg jfbaohug bt

tmg XorajGjunbtfoe

Corui wouajmbvg `gge vgry

jfccgrget.

or bttgejgj snmooa, tmbe nmfajrge wmo mbvg Abobs tmgfr cfrst abehubhg (^gga, 0<<>).

Zmg sonfba bej gnoeoifn fipafnbtfoes ocgxnausfoe baso hfvg rfsg to sfhefcfnbet poaftfnba bej

gjunbtfoeba poafny fssugs fe tmg fejustrfbafzgjworaj, gvge wmge tmg eui`grs oc pgopag fevoavgjbrg sibaa `y woraj stbejbrjs. Zmfs fs be fssugwmfnm fs rgvfsftgj fe tmg abst sgntfoe oc tmfs nmbptgr.

îbaa stbtgs

Oc tmg 0<> stbtgs afstgj fe tmg beegxgs to tmfsrgport, 7= mbvg b popuabtfoe oc agss tmbe2.7 ifaafoe (0=.3% oc tmg totba); :> mbvg bpopuabtfoe oc uejgr 7<<,<<<. Cor ibey oc tmgsgnouetrfgs, prfibrfay fe tmg Nbrf``gbe bej tmgôutm \bnfcfn, GCB poafnfgs brg noestrbfegj `y

sfzg oc popuabtfoe, afiftfeh tmg b`fafty ochovgreigets to occgr b noipagtg rbehg ocgjunbtfoeba opportueftfgs. Zmg fipafnbtfoes ocout-ifhrbtfoe bej tmg fetgesfcfnbtfoe ochao`bafzbtfoe sgt bjjftfoeba gjunbtfoeba nmbaagehgscor vgry sibaa sonfgtfgs. Kfrf`btf, (popuabtfoe=>,<<<) fe tmg ôutm \bnfcfn, mbs to iggt tmgeggjs oc noiiueftfgs femb`ftfeh fsabejs sprgbjbnross ovgr >,7<< i0 oc ongbe (Ibnkgezfg, 0<<>).

Noiiftigets bejtfig-òuej tbrhgts

\owgrcua hao`ba syiòas

Jfccgrget noetgxts wfaa rgqufrg poafnfgs tbfaorgj toebtfoeba nfrnuistbengs ùt vfrtubaay baa stbtgsmbvg ibjg coriba fetgrebtfoeba noiiftigets toGjunbtfoe cor Baa. Fejggj, fc tmg oàfhbtfoes bejfetgetfoes bhrggj `y hovgreigets ovgr tmg abstcfcty ygbrs mbj `gge igt, tmg jfbaohug bt tmgXoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui wouaj mbvg `gge vgryjfccgrget.

Zrgbty oàfhbtfoesBs fejfnbtgj fe Nmbptgr 2, fetgrebtfoebanoiiftigets brg oc two typgs4 trgbty oàfhbtfoesbej poaftfnba noiiftigets. Bs rghbrjs tmgcorigr, coriba oàfhbtfoes rgqufrg stbtgs too`sgrvg bej rgport oe tmgfr pgrcoribeng uejgrtmg cfvg ibdor muibe rfhmts trgbtfgs, baa oc wmfnmbccfri tmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoe. @y rbtfcyfeh tmgsgtrgbtfgs, stbtgs nrgbtg aghba oàfhbtfoes towbrjstmgfr owe nftfzges bs wgaa bs to otmgrhovgreigets. Bt fts `gst, tmg rgportfeh

rgqufrgiget bssfsts stbtgs to fiprovg tmgfrpgrcoribeng uejgr gbnm trgbty, wmfag fejfrgntaystrgehtmgefeh fetgrebtfoeba uejgrstbejfeh bejno-opgrbtfoe fe support oc `gttgr gjunbtfoe.

Zmg rgportfeh rgnorj oc nouetrfgs vbrfgs, bejiorg tmbe oeg tmfrj oc rbtfcyfeh stbtgs mbvgrgports ovgrjug. Egvgrtmgagss, `y cbr tmgibdorfty oc tmg woraj‖s stbtgs mbvg hfvge cuaa orpbrtfba hubrbetggs oc tmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoe,wmfnm rgprgsget aghba oàfhbtfoes. @ox 2.2 feNmbptgr 2 suiibrfzgs tmgsg hubrbetggs bejBppgejfx 2 provfjgs b cuaagr bnnouet.

\oaftfnba noiiftigetsHovgreigets baso bhrgg to fetgrebtfoebacrbigworks cor bntfoe. Zmg Weftgj EbtfoesIfaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas (Weftgj Ebtfoes,

0<<<) bej, iorg spgnfcfnbaay cor gjunbtfoe, tmgXoraj Jgnabrbtfoe oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa bej tmgCrbigwork cor Bntfoe to Iggt @bsfn AgbrefehEggjs (XNGCB, 266<) bej tmg Jbkbr Crbigworkcor Bntfoe (WEG^NO, 0<<<c ) brg nagbr nbsgs fepofet. Zmgsg noiiftigets brg eot `fejfeh oefejfvfjuba stbtgs ùt tmgy brg fecaugetfba bej brgfenrgbsfehay su`dgnt to òtm fetgrebtfoeba bejebtfoeba ioeftorfeh prongssgs. Zmg GCB Pgportfs be gxbipag oc tmg corigr, wmfag ebtfoebargports nmbrtfeh prohrgss towbrjs tmgbnmfgvgiget oc tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget

Hobas (IJHs) provfjg be gxbipag oc tmg abttgr.:

Pghfoeba noiiftigets iby baso `g sfhefcfnbet.Fe tmg 263<s, b sgrfgs oc rghfoeba pabes, hobas bejtbrhgts wgrg bhrggj fe Bcrfnb, Abtfe Bigrfnb, bejBsfb bej tmg Cbr Gbst (Zbàg 7.:). Ft fs soigtfigscorhottge tmbt bi`ftfous tbrhgts wgrg sgt cor tmgbnmfgvgiget oc uefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe bejotmgr agvgas oc gjunbtfoe wgaa `gcorg tmg XorajNoecgrgeng oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa fe Doitfge(Zmbfabej) fe 266<.

Ebtfoeba noiiftiget fs gssgetfba

Fetgrebtfoeba noiiftigets brg fiportbet ùt ftfs bt tmg ebtfoeba agvga tmbt b puàfn, poaftfnba bejprocgssfoeba nobaftfoe brouej GCB fs gssgetfba.Noestftutfoeba bej aghfsabtfvg provfsfoe fsb `bnkòeg cor poafny bej rgcori. B hooj eui`groc stbtgs gesmrfeg tmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoe fe tmgfrnoestftutfoes „ => out oc 2>2 nouetrfgs `bsgj oeoeg survgy oc trgbty rgports, gxnaujfeh OGNJnouetrfgs (Zoibsgvskf, 0<<>). Cor gxbipag,uejgr tmg Noestftutfoe oc ôutm Bcrfnb, tmg @faaoc Pfhmts (ôutm Bcrfnb, 2663), hubrbetggs



Agbjgrsmfpbt tmg mfhmgst

agvga ibkgsb jfccgrgeng fc

tmg aghbahubrbetggs

brg to `g`bnkgj up.

Zmg `rfgc nouetry procfags tmbt coaaow gxgipafcyb sgt oc hgegrbaay bnngptgj tgegts bòut tmgprgrgqufsftgs cor fiprovfeh gjunbtfoe. Bs eotgjgasgwmgrg fe tmfs rgport, b stroeh aghfsabtfvg `bsgfs egngssbry gvge fc tmfs jogs eot fe ftsgac

hubrbetgg nmbehg. Agbjgrsmfp bt tmg mfhmgstagvga ibkgs b jfccgrgeng fc tmg aghba hubrbetggsbrg to `g igt bej, fe tmg noestbet `bttag tosgnurg rgsourngs cor gjunbtfoe, tmosg wmfnm brgbvbfabàg iust `g usgj gccfnfgetay bej ibebhgjwgaa, ngetrbaay bej aonbaay. Zmg uejgrpfeefehrgqufrgiget fs gjunbtfoe hrouejgj feprocgssfoeba noipgtgeng bej souej pgjbhohy.

Ibey nouetrfgs stfaa `gegcft croi tmg vgry stroehfipgtus hfvge to gjunbtfoe fe tmg fiigjfbtgpost-fejgpgejgeng pgrfoj. Bahgrfb jgioestrbtgjtmfs noiiftiget `gtwgge 2633 bej 2688 `y

ibkfeh ibdor fevgstigets fe gjunbtfoe (Kbtg`,0<<>). Fts Ebtfoeba Noiifssfoe cor GjunbtfoePgcori fe 268< strgssgj tmg jgionrbtfzbtfoe ocgjunbtfoe, agbjfeh to be gxpbesfoe oc prfibry-snmooa geroaigets croi :8.0 EGP fe 2633 to =>.<EGP fe 266=. @ut cor Bahgrfb „ bej ibey otmgrnouetrfgs „ noesoafjbtfeh tmgsg gbray hbfes mbsprovgj proàgibtfn.

@behabjgsm mbs gxpgrfgengj b rghuabr caow ocpoafnfgs bej rgcoris cor wgaa ovgr b jgnbjg. Zmggebntiget oc tmg Noipuasory \rfibry Gjunbtfoe

Bnt fe 2662 bej tmg fetrojuntfoe oc bnoipgtgeny-`bsgj nurrfnuaui crbigwork fe266: abfj tmg couejbtfoes cor b ibdor gxpbesfoefe gjunbtfoe provfsfoe tmbt tmge cbngj tmg trfpagnmbaagehg oc qubetftbtfvg gxpbesfoe, qubaftbtfvgfiprovgiget bej `gttgr ibebhgiget. Fe rgngetygbrs tmg Ebtfoeba Gjunbtfoe \oafny (0<<<), tmg\rfibry Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget \rohrbiig bejtmg Ebtfoeba \abe oc Bntfoe cor Nmfajrge(2668„0<<0) mbvg baa `gge noestruntgj to bjjrgsstmgsg nmbaagehgs (@behabjgsm EbtfoebaNoiifssfoe cor WEG^NO, 0<<0). Zmg gjunbtfoeoc hfras mbs `gge ibjg b prforfty bej tmgrg mbs

`gge feeovbtfoe tmrouhm hrgbtgr jfbaohug wftmnoiiueftfgs, tmrouhm WEFNGC‖s FetgesfvgJfstrfnt Bpprobnm to Gjunbtfoe cor Baa bej bspbrt oc tmg Gccgntfvg ^nmooas Zmrouhm GembengjIbebhgiget (G^ZGGI) prohrbiig supportgj`y tmg WK Jgpbrtiget cor FetgrebtfoebaJgvgaopiget (JCFJ). Fe tmfs prohrgssfoe oc poafnyjg`btg bej jgvgaopiget, gjunbtfoe mbsrgibfegj b poaftfnbaay noetgetfous fssug, fe bnouetry wftm b stroeh bej vonba eoe-hovgreigetgjunbtfoe sgntor. ôig noiigetbtors brhugtmbt gjunbtfoe eggjs to `g jgpoaftfnfzgj „

mowgvgr ueafkgay tmfs fs „ fc abstfeh bnmfgvgigetsbrg to `g sustbfegj (Crbesibe gt ba., 0<<>).

ûnngssfvg Nmfagbe hovgreigets mbvg pursugjgjunbtfoe sgntor rgcori. B ibdor gccfnfgeny-

orfgetgj rgcori, feftfbtgj fe 26=2 uejgr bebutmorftbrfbe rghfig, wbs cor tmg iost pbrtprgsgrvgj `y b ngetrg-agct nobaftfoe hovgreigetbctgr tmg trbesftfoe to jgionrbny fe 266< bejnoipagigetgj wftm sfhefcfnbet qubafty-orfgetgjrgcoris bej tbrhgtgj support cor snmooas feaow-fenoig bej rurba brgbs (Norrbags, 2666).B spgnfcfn noengre mbs `gge to bjjrgss tmgpgjbhohfnba fssugs bnkeowagjhgj bs noetrfùtfehto jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest woige (Bvbaos, 0<<>).Zmgsg fenaujg tmg nurrfnuaui bej tgxtòoks,tgbnmgr-gjunbtfoe prohrbiigs, snmooa-`bsgjsgx gjunbtfoe bej snmoabrsmfp prohrbiigs cor

stujgets bttgejfeh tmg ”poorgst‖ snmooas.

Jgvgaopfeh gjunbtfoe fe Iburftbefb stbrts croi baow bej jfccfnuat `bsg. B prongss oc hovgreigetjgngetrbafzbtfoe wbs feftfbtgj fe 26=3, b paurbafstjgionrbny wbs gstbàfsmgj fe 2662 bej begnoeoifn rgcori prohrbiig noiigengj fe2660. Fe gjunbtfoe, tmg conus mbs `gge oegxpbejfeh bnngss to snmooafeh bej ibdor hbfesmbvg `gge ibjg4 prfibry hross geroaiget corhfras mbs rfsge croi :8.0% fe 2662 to =:% fe0<<2/<0. Fe 2666 b sgntor rgcori wbs fetrojungj

to pabng gjunbtfoe ”bt tmg mgbrt oc jgvgaopiget‖bej wbs sooe coaaowgj `y tmg EbtfoebaJgvgaopiget \rohrbiig cor tmg Gjunbtfoe^gntor (EJ\G^ „ 0<<2„0<2<), jgvgaopgj tmrouhmb ygbr-aoeh prongss oc noesuatbtfoe. Fiprovfehbnngss, fiprovfeh qubafty, bej tmg gjunbtfoe ochfras brg fts tmrgg pfaabrs. Fe bssgssfeh tmgnmbengs cor sunngss oeg wrftgr mbs fjgetfcfgjtmg stgbjy bppafnbtfoe oc poaftfnba wfaa, bntfvgpbrtfnfpbtfoe bnross sonfgty, naosg bttgetfoeto tmg ioeftorfeh oc prohrgss, bej sustbfegjsupport croi tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty (KbifaMbiouj B`jga Xgjouj, 0<<>).

Fe Kfrf`btf, stroeh bej sustbfegj poaftfnbaagbjgrsmfp agj to tmg gstbàfsmiget oc b dueforsgnoejbry snmooa oe gbnm oc tmg twgety femb`ftgjfsabejs oc tmg nouetry, tmgrg`y hfvfeh baa nmfajrgetmg opportuefty oc b efeg-ygbr nynag oc `bsfngjunbtfoe. Zmfs wbs nostay4 tmg rgnurrget ùjhgtfenrgbsgj `y W^$0 ifaafoe fe 266=. Gjunbtfoe‖ssmbrg oc tmg ùjhgt fenrgbsgj croi 26% to 0>%fe oeg ygbr. Gvge so tmg nosts oc cfebenfeh tmgprohrbiig mbvg baiost ngrtbfeay `ggeuejgrgstfibtgj. Zmg conus eow, bs fe so ibey



Nmbptgr 7

Croi tbrhgts to rgcori4 ebtfoeba strbtghfgs fe bn

23. Cor gxbipag, Bfjg gt Bntfo\abe Hufeæg, ON Fetgrebtfoeba(ONF), ^bvg tmg Nmfajrge, XorajGjunbtfoe, FetgrebtfoebagTusbiigebr`gft jgs JgutsnmSoaksmonmsnmua-Sgr`bejgs(FFT/JSS), Ngetrg Bcrfnbfe jgCoribtfoe pour agJævgaoppgiget (NGEBCOJ),Corui jgs Æjunbtrfngs jgHufeæg/Corui cor BcrfnbeXoige Gjunbtfoebafsts(CGH/CBXG), bej Noorjfebtfoejgs OEH Cæifefegs jg Hufeæg(NOCGH).

bej ft mbs mbj ibdor sunngssgs fe pabnfeh tmgfssug oc hfras‖ gjunbtfoe oe tmg bhgejb oc poafny-ibkgrs fe Bcrfnb. Ft opgrbtgs tmrouhm ebtfoebanmbptgrs bej be gxbipag oc fts work bt nouetryagvga fs provfjgj fe @ox 7.6.

Noenausfoes

Zmfs `rfgc survgy suhhgsts b mgfhmtgegj agvga ocbntfvfty oe tmg pbrt oc NÔs fe support oc poafnyjgvgaopiget, gvge fe nouetrfgs wmgrg tmgrg fsafttag trbjftfoe oc hovgreiget gehbhfeh wftm nfvfasonfgty. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, ibey abnk tmgrgqufsftg tgnmefnba bej poaftfnba skfaas to fecaugenghovgreiget. Ft fs baso jfccfnuat cor noestruntfvgnrftfnfsi oc hovgreiget eot to uejgrifegprojuntfvg pbrtegrsmfps.

Zmus, tmg gxtget to wmfnm tmg prongssgsgevfsbhgj `y tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui wfaabccgnt outnoigs jgpgejs abrhgay oe tmg

wfaafehegss oc hovgreigets to `g iorg opgeto prongssgs oc puàfn pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh.

Jgngetrbafzbtfoe4 fs ftibkfeh b jfccgrgeng?

Igbefehs bej iotfvgs

Jgngetrbafzbtfoe nbe ibkg b `fh jfccgrgeng fetmg provfsfoe oc sonfba sgrvfngs. Zmfs fs bigssbhg oc tmg Muibe Jgvgaopiget Pgport

0<<> (WEJ\, 0<<>`) fe tmg noetgxt oc jgcfefehpoafnfgs tmbt wfaa noetrfùtg to tmg gafifebtfoeoc muibe povgrty. @ut ft rgqufrgs hoojhovgrebeng (@ox 7.2<), be brhuiget tmbt gnmogstmg Xoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<</0<<2(Xoraj @bek, 0<<<)4 to `gegcft poor pgopag[jgngetrbafzbtfoeY iust mbvg bjgqubtg supportbej sbcghubrjs croi tmg ngetrg bej gccgntfvgignmbefsis oc pbrtfnfpbtfoe.

Hufegb bej tmg Efhgr `gaoeh to b hroup oc sfxtgge Bcrfnbenouetrfgs wftm prfibry hross geroaiget rbtfos (HGPs) oc `gaow7<% fe 0<<<.

\rfor to 0<<<, NÔs wgrg usgj gxtgesfvgay fe Hufegb to nmbeegabfj, fipagiget prodgnts bej prohrbiigs, rgbnm out to, bejio`fafzg, jfsbjvbetbhgj aonba noiiueftfgs, bej gxpgrfiget wftmegw tgbnmfeh bej agbrefeh bpprobnmgs (BGJ/^BPBFF \rodgnt,0<<0). Sgry cgw NÔs pbrtfnfpbtgj fe poafny jgvgaopiget, batmouhmb cgw, iostay `rbenmgs oc fetgrebtfoeba EHOs, mbj iorg ebtfoebavfsf`fafty bej fipbnt.23 Iost wgrg afiftgj fe tmgfr tgnmefnbanbpbnfty, abnkgj cfebenfba rgsourngs bej/or wgrg jgpgejget oecorgfhe bfj (@brry, 0<<>). Fe tmg Efhgr, b nouetry tmg sfzg ocCrbeng, poaftfnba nrfsgs bej jggp povgrty mgfhmtgegj tmg nmbaagehgcor pooray rgsourngj NÔs. Zmg nfrnuistbengs oc tmgsg nouetrfgsrgqufrg `robj pbrtegrsmfps fc tmgrg fs to `g prohrgss towbrjs GCB.Egftmgr hovgreigets eor NÔs baoeg nbe jgafvgr oe GCB.

Fe ùfajfeh nbpbnfty, uejgrstbejfeh aonba nuaturgs, prbntfngs bejpoaftfns fs vftbaay fiportbet fc tmg prohrbiig fs to `g owegj bejjgvgaopgj `y jfccgrget noiiueftfgs. Zmg nuaturg oc pabeefeh,

fipagigetfeh bej ioeftorfeh be bhrggj noursg oc bntfoe nbeeot`g prgsnrf`gj gxtgrebaay, gspgnfbaay wmge egw nbpbnftfgs brg fetmg prongss oc `gfeh ùfat. \rgssurg oe aonba orhbefzbtfoes to pabebej `gmbvg fe ”iojgre‖ or ”Xgstgre‖ wbys nbe agssge b sgesg ocuejgrstbejfeh bej owegrsmfp bej, uatfibtgay, gccfnfgeny.

ôig oc tmg `gst ebtfoeba EHO/NÔs brg aonbaay hrouejgj, ruevoauetbrfay bej jrfvge `y b stroeh sgesg oc noiiftiget. Zmgyjgioestrbtg be gxtrborjfebry b`fafty to benmor agbrefeh wftmfetmgfr owe noetgxts wmfag mbvfeh tmg nbpbnfty to feeovbtg. Nbpbnfty-ùfajfeh prohrbiigs smouaj rgnohefzg tmgsg bttrfùtgs. Zmgsgprohrbiigs iby `g gccfnfget fe tmgfr owe tgris gvge fc tmgy abnkstbcc gxpgrfgengj fe skfaas jgcfegj fe fetgrebtfoeba ibebhgigettgris.

ôurng4 @bm (0<<>).

@ox 7.=. Hufegb bej tmg Efhgr4 wmo nbaas tmg tueg?

CBXG supports tmg ioeftorfeh ocgjunbtfoe fe Whbejb bej mbs mgapgjto provfjg snmoabrsmfps cor hfrascroi poor mousgmoajs wmo pgrcoriwgaa fe tmg ebtfoeba prfibry agbvfehgxbifebtfoes, ùt cbfa to dofesgnoejbry snmooa `gnbusg tmgfrpbrgets or hubrjfbes nbeeot bccorjtmg ioegtbry nosts fevoavgj. Zmfsstbrtgj out oe b sibaa snbag, ùt

`gnbusg ft wbs ibebhgj gccgntfvgay,bej tmg pgrcoribeng oc tmg hfras wbsnbrgcuaay ioeftorgj, tmg prodgnt mbsbttrbntgj cuejs croi joeorbhgenfgs. B hrowfeh eui`gr oc hfrasbrg eow fe sgnoejbry snmooaspoesorgj `y CBXG bej bs b rgsuatb eui`gr oc otmgr EHOs agj `ywoige mbvg bjoptgj tmfs bpprobnm.

ôurng4 CBXG (0<<>).

@ox 7.6. CBXG fe Whbejb „ sgttfeh b trgej



Xftm or wftmout hooj hovgrebeng, oeg rgngetsurvgy suhhgsts tmbt =<% oc jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs, paus soig oc tmg trbesftfoebagnoeoifgs oc Gbstgre bej Ngetrba Guropg, brggxpgrfigetfeh wftm soig cori oc

jgngetrbafzbtfoe. Fe 2666, 63 out oc 203 nouetrfgsmbj bt agbst oeg gagntgj su`-ebtfoeba agvga ochovgreiget, wmfag :0 nouetrfgs mbj two or iorgagvgas. Fe 2668, 70 nouetrfgs mbj b igbsurg occfsnba jgngetrbafzbtfoe (Xork, 0<<0).

Jgngetrbafzbtfoe cor `gttgr gjunbtfoe rgstsprfibrfay oe tmg bssuiptfoe tmbt tmg qubafty ocgjunbtfoe wfaa `g fiprovgj bs b rgsuat oc hrgbtgrgccfnfgeny fe tmg usg oc rgsourngs bej `gttgrrgspoesfvgegss to spgnfcfn proàgis. B Xoraj@bek jgcfeftfoe (@ox 7.22) nbpturgs tmfs fetget corsnmooa systgis bej fejfnbtgs tmg fipafnbtfoes

tmfs prongss iby mbvg cor iorg cuejbigetbasmfcts fe tmg igbefeh oc gjunbtfoe.

Bs Zbàg 7.8 suhhgsts, tmg iotfvgs corfetrojunfeh jgngetrbafzbtfoe brg ibey bej vbrfgj.ôig brg cugaagj `y joeor bhgenfgs bs b igbesoc proiotfeh aonba jgionrbny tmrouhm tmg work

oc EHOs (g.h. Egtmgrabejs, 0<<0; Ebnm I`bnk,0<<2). Xftmfe nouetrfgs tmgrg iby `g b hgeufegwfsm to rgspoej to jgibejs cor hrgbtgrpbrtfnfpbtfoe or to poaftfnba prgssurgs. Corgxbipag, fe rgnget ygbrs, jgvoautfoe oc butmorfty

fe tmg Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe, \bpub Egw Hufegb,tmg \mfafppfegs bej tmg ûjbe mbs `gge brgspoesg to tmg rfsk oc sgngssfoe (@rby bejIukuejbe, 0<<>). Gccfnfgeny iotfvgs iby `gfecaugengj `y b wfsm to agssge tmg cfebenfbaùrjge oe ngetrba hovgreiget.

B mfstorfnba pgrspgntfvg fejfnbtgs tmbtjgngetrbafzbtfoe fs egftmgr b egw fjgb or prongss.InHfee (0<<2) rgnohefzgs b eui`gr oc trgejsovgr tmg pbst mbac ngetury. Zmgsg fenaujg4

b iovg bwby croi jgngetrbafzbtfoe `gfehnoengfvgj bs b tgnmefnba festruiget to

`gnoifeh be bnngptgj noipoeget oc”iojgrefzbtfoe‖;b noengre cor outnoigs bs wgaa bs feputs;rgnoheftfoe oc jfvgrsfty „ oc pabng, noiiueftybej eggj;b iorg fenausfvg bpprobnm to stbkgmoajgrs;tmg eggj to `robjge tmg rgvgeug `bsg;b smfct croi aonba ibebhgiget to aonbahovgrebeng.

Zmg trgejs mbvg octge fevoavgj poafny rgvgrsbas.Zmus, fe 268>, @behabjgsm gafifebtgj aonba

ibebhgiget oc snmooas, pbssgj aghfsabtfoe torgstorg aonba noetroa fe tmg gbray 26=<s, rgvgrtgjto ngetrba noetroa fe 266< bej, iost rgngetay, fsiovfeh towbrjs aonba ibebhgiget bhbfe(InHfee, 0<<2).

Noaoi`fb jgioestrbtgs tmg femgrgetay poaftfnbaebturg oc jgngetrbafzbtfoe (@rby bej Iukbejbe,0<<>). Fe tmg ifj„26=<s, jgngetrbafzbtfoe wbspgrngfvgj `y tmg hovgreiget to `g b igbes ocproiotfeh stb`fafty bej poaftfnba aghftfibny. Croitmg gbray 266<s, rgsourngs wgrg trbescgrrgj croitmg ngetrg to iuefnfpbaftfgs, bej snmooas wgrg

hfvge jfrgnt rgspoesf`fafty cor ibebhfehpgrsoeega, jgsfhefeh bspgnts oc tmg snmooanurrfnuaui bej mbvfeh soig cfebenfba noetroa. Bhrgbtgr vofng wbs baso hfvge to pbrgets, tgbnmgrsbej stujgets. B vounmgr snmgig cor poorstujgets wbs festftutgj. Mowgvgr, oeay 8<% ocsnmooas mbj trbescgrrgj to iuefnfpba noetroa `y266>. Zmg getgrprfsg jfj eot mbvg totbahovgreiget support bej tmg tgbnmgrs‖ uefoes,kgy to ibkfeh tmg rgcoris work, cgbrgj tmg aossoc ebtfoeba `brhbfefeh powgr.

Jgngetrbafzbtfoe fs tmg prongss oc rgbssfhefeh rgspoesf`fafty bejnorrgspoejfeh jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh butmorfty cor spgnfcfn cuentfoes croimfhmgr to aowgr agvgas oc hovgreiget bej orhbefzbtfoeba uefts.Gjunbtfoeba jgngetrbafzbtfoe fs b noipagx prongss tmbt jgbas wftmnmbehgs fe tmg wby snmooa systgis ho bòut ibkfeh poafny, hgegrbtfehrgvgeugs, spgejfeh cuejs, trbfefeh tgbnmgrs, jgsfhefeh nurrfnuab,bej ibebhfeh aonba snmooas. ûnm nmbehgs fipay cuejbigetba smfctsfe tmg vbaugs tmbt noengre tmg rgabtfoesmfps oc stujgets bej pbrgets tosnmooas, tmg rgabtfoesmfps oc noiiueftfgs to ngetrba hovgreiget, bejtmg vgry igbefeh bej purposg oc puàfn gjunbtfoe.

ôurng4 Cfskg (2663).

@ox 7.22. Hgttfeh tmg noejftfoes rfhmt

Jgngetrbafzbtfoe tgejs to `g sunngsscua wmge tmg ngetrba hovgreigetfs stbàg, soavget bej noiifttgj to trbescgrrfeh rgsourngs, wmge aonbabutmorftfgs brg bàg to bssuig tmosg rgspoesf`faftfgs bej wmge tmgrgfs gccgntfvg pbrtfnfpbtfoe `y poor pgopag bej wgaa-orhbefzgj nfvfasonfgty. Zmgsg noejftfoes hgegrbaay rgsuat fe rgspoesfvg poafnfgs bejsgrvfngs, fenrgbsfeh hrowtm, gqufty bej muibe jgvgaopiget.

ôurng4 WEJ\ (0<<>`).

@ox 7.2<. Noejftfoes cor sunngss



Fe ôutm Bcrfnb,ibejbtory

snmooahovgrefeh

òjfgs bssfstprfenfpbas,tgbnmgrs bej

pbrgets.

gxprgssfoe fe jfccgrget wbys fe jfccgrget stbtgs(Hovfejb, 0<<>). Fe Ibjmyb \rbjgsm hrbipbenmbybts (vfaabhg-agvga butmorftfgs) tbkg oergspoesf`fafty cor tmg noestruntfoe bejibfetgebeng oc snmooas, snmooa fespgntfoe, tmg

jfstrfùtfoe oc crgg tgxtòoks bej uefcoris, tmgibebhgiget oc snmoabrsmfps cor ^nmgjuagjNbstgs bej Zrf`ba nmfajrge bej cor eoe-coribagjunbtfoe. Oeg posftfvg `gegcft mbs `gge tmghrgbtgr wfaafehegss oc pbrgets to sgej hfras tosnmooa. Mowgvgr, fe otmgr stbtgs „ cor gxbipag,Ibmbrbsmtrb „ tmgsg typgs oc rgspoesf`fafty afg bttmg agvga oc tmg zfaab pbrfsmbj or jfstrfnt agvga.Zmg rgnget bej vbrfgj gxpgrfgeng oc Kgrbab fsbebaysgj fe @ox 7.20. Zmfs mfhmafhmts tmgnoipagxfty oc tmg jgngetrbafzbtfoe prongss wmgrgvgstgj fetgrgsts rgibfe stroeh.

Xftm tmg pabeegj gebntiget oc tmg Crgg bejNoipuasory Gjunbtfoe cor Nmfajrge @faa, 0<<>,baafgj to tmg ^brvb ^mfksmb B`mfybe (^^B)prohrbiig cor Wefvgrsba Gagigetbry Gjunbtfoe(WGG), jgsfhegj to bttbfe WGG cor 3„2:-ygbr-oajs`y 0<2<, jgngetrbafzbtfoe smouaj `gnoig be gvgeiorg proifeget pbrt oc Fejfb‖s ebtfoeba gccort.^^B fs jgcfegj bs b pbrtegrsmfp `gtwggengetrba, stbtg bej aonba hovgreiget, fevoavfeh\benmbybtf Pbd festftutfoes, snmooa ibebhgigetnoiifttggs, vfaabhg bej ur`be-saui agvgagjunbtfoe noiifttggs, pbrget-tgbnmgrs‖ bej

iotmgr-tgbnmgr bssonfbtfoes, trf`ba butoeoiousnouenfas bej otmgr hrbssroots strunturgs fe tmgibebhgiget oc snmooas (Fejfb, 0<<>`).

^brvb ^mfksmb B`mfybe ùfajs oe b eui`gr ocfeftfbtfvgs croi tmg 266<s. Oeg noiigetbtorrgnohefzgs bt agbst gfhmt ebtfoeba bej stbtgfeftfbtfvgs bej prohrbiigs, fenaujfeh aftgrbnyifssfoes, wmfnm mbvg genoipbssgj jfccgrgetbpprobnmgs to jgngetrbafzbtfoe (Pbfeb, 0<<0).Zmg jg`btg brouej tmgsg feftfbtfvgs ngetrgs fepbrt oe tmg gxtget to wmfnm tmg prbntfng ocjgngetrbafzbtfoe fs bòut jgafvgry ignmbefsis

rbtmgr tmbe agbrefeh prongssgs, bejjgngetrbafzgj ibebhgiget rbtmgr tmbegjunbtfoeba jgngetrbafzbtfoe. Otmgr noengresrgabtg to tmg powgr oc tmg ebtfoeba gaftg `gfehrgpabngj `y tmg powgr oc tmg aonba gaftg4 ”Fejfbengetrba hovgreiget pabes cor uefvgrsbafzfehgagigetbry gjunbtfoe (hrbjgs 2„=) wouaj noigto eouhmt ueagss noaagntfvg vofng bej noaagntfvgbntfoe `gnoigs gccgntfvg fe baa stbtgs…‖(Igmotrb, 0<<2).

Fe ôutm Bcrfnb, jgngetrbafzbtfoe bej jgionrbtfnpbrtfnfpbtfoe mbs `gge b afvg fssug cor tmg pbstjgnbjg, pbrtfnuabray fe rgabtfoe to snmooabutoeoiy. Jurfeh tmg bpbrtmgfj grb, tmgjgionrbtfn iovgiget souhmt to jgvgaop

pbrget-tgbnmgr-stujget bssonfbtfoes (\Z^Bs).Zmg ôutm Bcrfnbe ^nmooas Bnt oc 2663 jrgw oetmfs trbjftfoe, gstbàfsmfeh ibejbtory snmooahovgrefeh òjfgs (^H@s). Zmgsg òjfgs wgrgjgsfhegj to bssfst snmooa ibebhgrs bejtgbnmgrs, genourbhg pbrgets to support tmgfrnmfajrge‖s gjunbtfoe, bej io`fafzg bjjftfoebargsourngs. Zmg rgnget gstbàfsmiget oc tmgEbtfoeba Bssonfbtfoe oc ^nmooa Hovgrefeh @ojfgsoccgrs soig gvfjgeng oc tmg sfhefcfnbeng oc ^H@s,batmouhm tmgrg fs soig wby to ho fe ùfajfehnbpbnftfgs to gebàg tmgi to cuentfoe stroehay(Ezfibejg, 0<<0).

@ut soig oc tmgsg jgvgaopigets mbvg rbfsgjqugstfoes bòut tmg `babeng `gtwgge tmg ngetrbabej jgngetrbafzgj iojgs oc hovgrebeng, tmgrghuabtory roag oc tmg stbtg fe pursuft oc ebtfoebaeoris bej gjunbtfoeba gqubafty, bej stroehnoiiuefty noetroa (^bygj, 0<<>).

Fe Dorjbe (Xork, 0<<0), tmg ifefstry oc gjunbtfoembs jgaghbtgj cfebenfba bej bjifefstrbtfvgbutmorfty to aonba uefts, rgorhbefzgj tmg ifefstryto `g iorg rgspoesfvg to aonba hovgreigets bej

baaowgj aonba jgnfsfoe-ibkgrs to proiotgpbrtfnfpbtory ùjhgt jgvgaopiget. Jfstrfnthovgreors bjvgrtfsg, rgnruft bej mfrg nfvfa sgrvfngstbcc tmrouhm pgrsoeega uefts.

Fe Oibe (Oibe, 0<<2), aonba support nouenfasmbvg `gge gstbàfsmgj to noetrfùtg to tmgrueefeh oc snmooas, rgprgsgetfeh tmg snmooa ftsgac,stujgets bej pbrgets. \brgets‖ nouenfas brggipowgrgj to ibkg proposbas oe bjifssfoepoafnfgs bej stujget bnmfgvgiget.

Zmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb‖s \rfibry

Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget \abe 0<<0„0<<3 (WeftgjPgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, 0<<2`) stbtgs tmbt ”ngetrbaifefstrfgs wfaa noetfeug to conus oe poafnyjgvgaopiget bej ioeftorfeh. Zmgrg wfaa `gfenrgbsgj jgaghbtgj butmorfty to aonbahovgreiget bej snmooas to ibebhg gjunbtfoeprovfsfoe bej jgvgaopiget. Zmg uatfibtg bfi fscor gbnm jfstrfnt to `g bàg to provfjg gquftbàgbnngss `y nmfajrge to gjunbtfoe sgrvfngs‖. Zmgroag oc snmooa noiifttggs fs sgt out fe @ox 7.2>.Ft fenaujgs òtm pabeefeh bej cfebenfbabnnouetb`fafty cuentfoes.



Nmbptgr 7


Zmfs rgprgsgets b vgry sfhefcfnbet bttgipt to hfvgiunm hrgbtgr butoeoiy to aonba noiiueftfgs. Ftrgqufrgs soig fevgstiget oc pgopag‖s tfig, bejnoipbrbtfvg gxpgrfgeng suhhgsts tmbt ueagss

vfaabhg pabes provfjg tmg `bsfs cor rgba bntfoe,aoeh-tgri noiiftiget nbeeot `g bssurgj.Zmgsg fssugs brg bnkeowagjhgj fe Zbezbefbergsgbrnm (Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, 0<<2b)wmgrg, cor gxbipag, ft mbs `gge eotgj4 ”Zmgrg fsb sfhefcfnbet rgabtfoesmfp gtwgge vfaabhg agvgasonfba nbpftba, oc wmfnm trust fs b ibdorjgtgrifebet, bej pbrgetba pbrtfnfpbtfoe fesnmooa-rgabtgj bntfvftfgs. Batmouhm pbrgets rgtbfeb jghrgg oc noecfjgeng fe tmg snmooa noiifttggbej tmg mgbj tgbnmgr, tmgrg fs wfjgsprgbjifstrust oc aonba hovgreiget bs b sgrvfng

provfjgr. Zmfs stgis croi b pgrngptfoe tmbtsnmooa cggs bej otmgr oàfhbtory pbyigets brgegftmgr bnnouetgj cor eor turegj feto `gttgrgjunbtfoe. Bs aoeh bs aonba hovgreigets rgibfe

uejgr-rgsourngj, ft wfaa `g b ibdor nmbaagehg toture tmfs sftubtfoe brouej‖ (Ebrbybe, 2668).

@rbzfa mbs oeg tmg iost jgngetrbafzgj cfsnbasystgis oc baa jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs (Nrook bej^turab ^vgrrfssoe, 2666). Ft fs baso nmbrbntgrfzgj`y hrgbt jfvgrsfty fe fts gjunbtfoeba strunturgsbej systgis tmbt brg ibebhgj `y 03 stbtgs bej7,732 iuefnfpbaftfgs wmgrg tmg roag oc ngetrbahovgreiget fe prfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoefs ibfeay rgjfstrfùtfvg bej suppagigetbry(Hufibrbgs jg Nbstro, 0<<0b). Oeg gxprgssfoe oc

Kgrbab ^tbtg, fe tmg soutm-wgst oc Fejfb, fs oeg oc tmg iostjgvgaopgj pbrts oc Fejfb. Fts bvgrbhg aftgrbny rbtg oc 6<.6%noetrbsts wftm tmg ebtfoeba bvgrbhg oc 37.:%. @bsfn gjunbtfoe fs

baiost uefvgrsba. Fe 0<<0/<>, 7,>>7,3<< nmfajrge wgrg geroaagj fesnmooa, oc wmoi :6.0% wgrg hfras. Zmg stbtg mbs b stroehrgputbtfoe cor poaftfnba pbrtfnfpbtfoe, bej fts agbjgrs mbvg `ggeoutspokge nmbipfoes oc jgngetrbafzbtfoe. Mowgvgr, tmg voauig ocrmgtorfn mbs `brgay `gge trbesabtgj feto rgbafty.

Fe soig rgspgnts, feftfbtfvgs fe Kgrbab jgrfvg croi ebtfoebargcoris. Zmg 8>rj bej 8:tm bigejigets to tmg FejfbeNoestftutfoe (2660) rgqufrgj stbtg hovgreigets to gstbàfsm aonbasgac hovgreiget festftutfoes (A^HFs), baso keowe bs \benmbybtfPbd festftutfoes. Purba brgbs wgrg rgqufrgj to mbvg b tmrgg-tfgrsystgi cor vfaabhgs, àonks bej jfstrfnts. Zmg noestftutfoebabigejigets jgibejgj jgvoautfoe oc sfhefcfnbet powgrs,rgspoesf`faftfgs bej cfebengs to tmgsg òjfgs.

Fe Kgrbab, tmgsg feftfbtfvgs cfttgj wgaa wftm aonba prforftfgs.Getmusfbsi iovgj feto b mfhmgr hgbr fe 2663 wftm tmg gagntfoe tostbtg hovgreiget oc b rbjfnba agctfst rghfig wmfnm fenaujgj fe ftsibdor bntfvftfgs b \gopag‖s Nbipbfhe cor Jgngetrbafsgj \abeefeh(\NJ\).

Zmg \NJ\ wbs jgsfhegj to fenaujg gjunbtfoe baoehsfjg mgbatm,noiiuefty hovgrebeng bej otmgr bspgnts oc jgvgaopiget, bejwbs fipagigetgj wftm b ”`fh-`beh‖ bpprobnm. B systgi oc iuatf-agvga pabeefeh wbs jgvfsgj fe wmfnm tmg vfaabhg pbenmbybt wbs tmgaowgst ueft oc bjifefstrbtfoe. Fe tmg Efetm Cfvg-Vgbr \abe(2668„0<<0), stbtg jgvgaopiget hrbets to aonba noiiueftfgs wgrgfenrgbsgj croi 7% to egbray :<%.

Bt tmbt tfig, Kgrbab mbj ovgr 22,<<< hovgreiget bej

hovgreiget-bfjgj snmooas. Bjifefstrbtfvg rgspoesf`fafty cor tmgsgsnmooas wbs trbescgrrgj croi tmg stbtg hovgreiget to tmg A^HFs,wftm prfibry gjunbtfoe `gfeh ibjg tmg rgspoesf`fafty oc tmgaowgst tfgr, f.g. tmg vfaabhg pbenmbybts. Zmg ^tbtg \abeefeh @obrjfetrojungj b Noiprgmgesfvg Gjunbtfoe \rohrbiig bs b hgegrba

hufjgafeg cor pbenmbybt-agvga prohrbiigs, bej tmg nbipbfhe wbssupportgj `y prfibry-snmooa nurrfnuaui rgvfsfoe.

Noetfeufty iorg tmbe nmbehg

Vgt wmfag pronabibtfoes brg rgabtfvgay gbsy to fssug, rgba nmbehgfs iorg jfccfnuat to bnmfgvg. Be gvbaubtfoe bctgr sfx ygbrs fejfnbtgjnoetfeufty iorg tmbe nmbehg. ^tbtg-agvga rghuabtfoes noetfeugj tojoifebtg, bej òttoi-up feftfbtfvgs wgrg cgw fe eui`gr.

Oeg iorg proàgi wbs tmbt vfaabhg butmorftfgs abnkgjuejgrstbejfeh oc tmg tbsks jgvoavgj to tmgi, bej gvge wmgrg tmgyjfj uejgrstbej tmgy abnkgj gxpgrtfsg to noejunt tmg tbsks. Corgxbipag, cgw vfaabhg pbenmbybts rgbafzgj tmg sfhefcfnbeng oc tmgfregw powgrs to ioeftor bej gvbaubtg tgbnmfeh bej agbrefeh; gvgecgwgr cgat noipgtget to usg tmgsg powgrs gccgntfvgay. Zgbnmgrsrgsfstgj wmbt tmgy sbw bs poaftfnba fenursfoes feto tmgfrprocgssfoeba joibfe; bej cgw vfaabhg-agvga agbjgrs cgat bjgqubtgto nmbaagehg tmg procgssfoeba vfgws bssgrtgj `y tmg tgbnmgrs.

Mowgvgr, aonba agbjgrs fe b cgw pbenmbybts jfj cfej wbys to supporttmgfr snmooas bej to jfvgrsfcy tmg ebturg oc provfsfoe `gyoej tmggxfstfeh iouaj. Cor gxbipag, \beefbeeur bej \febrbyf pbenmbybts

mbj agbjgrs wmo wgrg gxpgrfgengj fe gjunbtfoe bej wmo smowgjpbrtfnuabr fetgrgst fe fipagigetfeh gjunbtfoeba prodgnts. Zmgsgnbsgs, wmfnm gigrhgj fe rgspoesg to spgnfcfn sonfo-poaftfnbanoejftfoes, smowgj tmbt tmg bjvonbny oc jgngetrbafzbtfoe jfj agbjto soig nmbehgs. Egvgrtmgagss, tmg posftfvg gxbipags wgrg cgwfe eui`gr, bej tmg ovgrbaa pfnturg wbs abrhgay oeg oc noetfeufty octmg oaj pbttgres. Gxpgrfgeng so cbr tmus suhhgsts tmbt b cuaayjgngetrbafzgj systgi oc gjunbtfoeba bjifefstrbtfoe fs ueafkgay tojgvgaop. ^tbtg-agvga bjifefstrbtors brg bexfous to prgsgrvg tmg

nomgrgeng oc tmg gjunbtfoe systgi bej to afift tmg fegqubaftfgstmbt wouaj brfsg fe b mgbvfay jgngetrbafzgj crbigwork. Bej stbtg-agvga poaftfnfbes, jgspftg tmgfr puàfn proeouengigets, brg bexfousto ibfetbfe tmgfr gxfstfeh powgrs.

ôurng4 @rby bej Iukuejbe (0<<>).

@ox 7.20. Jgngetrbafzbtfoe fe Kgrbab4 stroeh rmgtorfn, getrgenmgj pbttgres



Ft fs mbrj tohbuhg tmg

rgabtfoesmfp`gtwgge

jgngetrbafzbtfoebej agbrefehoutnoigs.

rgnruftiget oc gtmefn ifeorfty tgbnmgrs fs baso`gfeh gxpaorgj.

Jgvgaopfeh b `babeng smggt

Zmfs sgt oc gxbipags pofets prfibrfay to work feprohrgss, ùt b eui`gr oc trgejs nbe `gjgtgntgj. Zmgsg fenaujg4

b egw `babeng `gtwgge tmg butmorfty bejrgspoesf`fafty vgstgj fe jfccgrget agvgas ochovgreiget „ fe cgjgrba bs wgaa bs ueftbrystbtgs;egw rgspoesf`faftfgs cor snmooas, pbrgets bejnoiiueftfgs;hrgbtgr jgvoautfoe oc cfebenfba butmorfty bejpgrsoeega ibebhgiget;soig gvfjgeng oc aonba „ snmooa bej jfstrfnt „pabeefeh.

Zmgsg brg prfibrfay smfcts fe tmg aonus ocibebhgiget rgspoesf`fafty. Zmgrg fs iunmagss gvfjgeng oc tmg jgngetrbafzbtfoe oc tmgprongssgs tmbt jgcfeg bej ioeftor tgbnmfeh bejagbrefeh bntfvftfgs. Zmgrg fs gvge agss gvfjgeng ocjgngetrbafzbtfoe jgvgaopfeh bs tmg rgsuat oc aonbaprgssurg rbtmgr tmbe tmrouhm ngetrbaayjgtgrifegj poaftfnba jgnfsfoes. Ft fs baso jfccfnuatto hbuhg tmg rgabtfoesmfp `gtwggejgngetrbafzbtfoe bej agbrefeh outnoigs, gvgetmouhm tmfs fs tmg rgba tgst.

Zmgrg brg nfrnuistbengs fe wmfnmjgngetrbafzbtfoe nbe fenrgbsg jfspbrftfgs. Corgxbipag, fe @urkfeb Cbso, Ibaf bej ^geghba,

^gesftfzg bej fevoavg baa pupfas, pbrgets bej snmooa stbcc fergspgnt oc tmg roags tmgy nbe paby fe ibxfifzfeh tmg `gegcftsoc prfibry snmooa.

Ovgrsgg tmg jby-to-jby bccbfrs oc tmg snmooa.

Xork tohgtmgr wftm tmg mgbj tgbnmgr bej otmgr tgbnmgrs toprgpbrg b Xmoag ^nmooa Jgvgaopiget \abe.

Bpprovg Xmoag ^nmooa Jgvgaopiget \abes bej ùjhgts bejsuìft tmgi to tmg itbb (noiifttgg fe ur`be brgbs) or vfaabhgnouenfa bej su`sgqugetay to tmg wbrj jgvgaopiget noiifttggbej gvgetubaay to tmg aonba hovgreiget butmorftfgs corsnrutfey, no-orjfebtfoe bej noesoafjbtfoe, bej suìfssfoe totmg Pghfoeba ^gnrgtbrfbt.

Cbnfaftbtg pabeefeh, ùjhgtfeh bej fipagigetbtfoe oc\rfibry Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget \rohrbiig (\GJ\) bntfvftfgs

Opge `bek bnnouets bej to gccfnfgetay bej gccgntfvgayibebhg cuejs … wmfag hubrbetggfeh ibxfiui bnnouetb`faftybej trbespbrgeny … fenaujfeh ibkfeh fenoigs bejgxpgejfturgs puàfnay bvbfabàg.

Gesurg sbcg nustojy oc propgrty bnqufrgj

\rgpbrg bej suìft bnnurbtg bej tfigay prohrgssbej cfebenfba rgports to tmg vfaabhg nouenfa, itbb noiifttggbej aonba hovgreiget butmorfty.

Noiiuefnbtg gjunbtfoeba fecoribtfoe to baa pbrgets,pupfas, noiiuefty stbkgmoajgrs, gtn.

ôurng4 Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb (0<<2`).

@ox 7.2>. ^nmooa noiifttgg rgspoesf`faftfgs fe tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb

tmgsg nmbrbntgrfstfns fs tmg Cuej cor \rfibryGjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget bej Ibfetgebeng bejGembengiget oc tmg Zgbnmfeh \rocgssfoe(Cuejgc). Hao`ba rgvgeug cor gjunbtfoe fsbaaonbtgj `gtwgge stbtgs bej iuefnfpbaftfgs to

gesurg tmbt tmgrg fs b ifefiui agvga ocfevgstiget cor gbnm stujget. Cuejs brg sgt bsfjgcor stbtgs tmbt nbeeot iggt tmfs noiiftiget.Zo coaaow up oe tmg bvbfab`fafty bej usg oc cuejsbt tmg noiiuefty agvga, noiifttggs mbvg `ggegstbàfsmgj. Gbnm hovgreiget (stbtg oriuefnfpba) fs rgqufrgj to prgsget b ioetmayrgport smowfeh mow cuejs mbvg `gge usgj. Zmgegw @rbzfafbe hovgreiget pabes to strgehtmgetmgsg ignmbefsis (Aojf, 0<<>).

Zmg Abo \gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn mbs ibjgsfhefcfnbet prohrgss fe gxpbejfeh gjunbtfoeba

opportueftfgs bctgr aoeh pgrfojs oc noaoefbafsi,noecafnt bej gnoeoifn nrfsfs (^gga, 0<<>). Ibssorhbefzbtfoes sunm bs tmg woige‖s bej youtmuefoes mbvg trbjftfoebaay pabygj be fiportbet pbrtfe noiiuefty-agvga jgvgaopiget. Mowgvgr rgngetrgstrunturfeh bej pabes cor jgngetrbafzbtfoe bfito `rfeh prohrbiig fipagigetbtfoe to jfstrfntbej vfaabhg agvga, bej pabeefeh bej ùjhgtfeh totmg provfengs, wmfag tmg ngetrg rgtbfes ovgrbaapoafny jfrgntfoe bej ioeftorfeh rgspoesf`faftfgs.Zmgrg fs be fenrgbsfeh conus oe agbrefehoutnoigs bs jfstfent croi gjunbtfoeba feputs.

^nmooa jgvgaopiget fs `gfeh jfsnussgj fe tgrisoc `gfeh rgspoesfvg to agbrefeh eggjs, wftmbttgetfoe to tmg ioeftorfeh oc agbrefeh bej ocnoiiuefty pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooas. Zmg aonba



Nmbptgr 7


wmgrg fenrgbsgj agvgas oc butmorfty mbvg `ggehfvge to noiiueftfgs bej EHOs, tgesfoes mbvg`gge gvfjget `gtwgge puàfn bej eoe-hovgreigetba snmooas, fenaujfeh jfccgrget bejuegvge fetgrprgtbtfoes oc wmbt smouaj `g tbuhmt

(Nmbrafgr bej \fgrrbrj, 0<<2).

Otmgr nmbaagehgs bssonfbtgj wftm tmg gccgntfvgfipagigetbtfoe oc jgngetrbafzbtfoe brgmfhmafhmtgj fe @ox 7.2:.

Fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs „towbrjs hrgbtgr cagxf`fafty?

Cor gjunbtfoe systgis fe fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs, jgngetrbafzbtfoe ”mbs vbrfousay igbetjgvoavfeh powgr to tmg rghfoes, tmg rghfoebaoutposts oc ngetrba hovgreiget (jgnoengetrbtfoe),

tmg aonba butmorftfgs, tmg sonfba pbrtegrs bej tmgfestftutfoes tmgisgavgs‖ (Hrgge, 2666). Bs brgsuat, b vbrfgty oc hovgrebeng iojgas gxfst feprbntfng. Fe soig nouetrfgs, cor gxbipag Crbengbej Dbpbe, iost powgr afgs bt tmg ngetrg. FeHgribey bej ^wftzgrabej rghfoeba noetroa fsstroehgst, wmfag tmg Eorjfn nouetrfgs brg keowecor tmgfr gipmbsfs oe aonba noetroa. Fe tmg WeftgjKfehjoi bej tmg Egtmgrabejs su`stbetfba powgrmbs `gge jgvoavgj to snmooas tmgisgavgs, bs wgaabs to tmg gjunbtfoeba ibrkgtpabng (Hrgge, 2666).

Eotwftmstbejfeh tmgsg jfccgrgengs, fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs smbrg b noiioe fetgrgst fe feeovbtfoecor tmg `gttgr hovgrebeng oc gjunbtfoe. Fe 2663,OGNJ gjunbtfoe ifefstgrs gxprgssgj noengre bttmg b`fafty oc tmgfr gjunbtfoe systgis to bjbptqufnkay. Zmgy nbaagj cor iorg cagxfàg crbigworks(OGNJ, 2663). Fe 0<<2, tmgy eotgj tmg fenrgbsfehjfvgrsfty oc agbregrs‖ eggjs bej tmg fiportbeng ocibfetbfefeh nuaturba jfvgrsfty wmfag fiprovfehqubafty. ^trgehtmgefeh tmg noeegntfoes `gtwggesnmooas bej tmgfr noiiueftfgs wbs sgge bs befiportbet strbtghy (OGNJ, 0<<2`).

Zmg rbpfjay nmbehfeh gevfroeiget oc snmooas fsfevbrfbày igetfoegj bs tmg ibfe jrfvgr ochovgrebeng feeovbtfoe. ^ystgis ùfat oe tmg eggjto prgpbrg pgopag cor rgpgtftfvg, o`gjfget workbej to smbpg ebtfoeba fjgetfty (@br`gr, 0<<>) brg`gfeh rgpabngj `y gjunbtfoe tmbt fs rgspoesfvg tocbst-nmbehfeh tgnmeoaohfgs bej ibrkgts, tmbt eotoeay nbaa cor jfccgrget agbrefeh outnoigs(proàgi-soavfeh, egtworkfeh, noiiuefnbtfoebej agbrefeh skfaas, cagxf`fafty, io`fafty) ùt basocor nmbehgs fe tmg orhbefzbtfoe oc tmg agbrefehprongss (Nbreoy bej Nbstgaas, 2663). ^nmooas

eggj iorg butoeoiy fe orjgr to `g iorgrgspoesfvg to tmg nmbehfeh eggjs oc tmgworkpabng, tmg fenrgbsfeh mgtgrohgegfty ocstujget popuabtfoes bej tmg hrowfeh noipagxftyoc tmg agbrefeh ibrkgt (Mbabsz, 0<<>).

Jgngetrbafzbtfoe fs eot sgge bs igrgay tmguenoejftfoeba jgaghbtfoe oc butmorfty to tmgsnmooa agvga. Gvge fe nouetrfgs wmgrg snmooabutoeoiy fs hrgbtgst, tmgrg brg ignmbefsisjgsfhegj to afek snmooa fiprovgiget wftmsystgifn fiprovgiget, wmfag rfhorousprongjurgs brg put fe pabng to gesurgbnnouetb`fafty. Zmg corigr ^wgjfsm gjunbtfoeifefstgr, Vavb Dombessoe (0<<<), suhhgsts tmbt”gxpgrfigetbtfoe smouaj `g costgrgj wftmfe tmg`robj crbigworks oc ebtfoeba hobas, wftmfibhfebtfvg soautfoes jgvfsgj cor tmg rgba

nmbaagehgs `gfeh noecroetgj oe tmg hrouej.Gvbaubtfoe bej cggj`bnk brg nrftfnba. ôig”cbfaurgs‖ brg fegvftbàg bej iust `g bnngptgj fe

giptfegss oc owegrsmfp4 tokge or rftuba pabeefeh gxgrnfsgsbt aonba agvgas wmfnm mbvg eo cfebenfba or poaftfnba rgbafty

poor ngetrba ibebhgiget oc tmg afqufjfty oc cuejs snmgjuagjcor aonba usg

pbunfty oc rgba rgsourngs bt b aonba agvga, rgsuatfeh fejfsfaausfoe

noipagx prongjurgs trbescgrrgj to aonba agvgas wftm gvgeagss nmbeng oc tmgfr gccgntfvg fipagigetbtfoe

tmrgbt bej rgbafty oc norruptfoe4 jfsnrgtfoebry powgr ovgrsnbrng rgsourngs baafgj to wgbk systgis oc bnnouetb`fafty

jgngetrbafzbtfoe afiftgj to gxtgreba bhgeny prodgnts or bnoejftfoe oc bhgeny support; support cor pbrtfnuabrnoiiueftfgs iby wgbkge rgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge noiiueftfgsbej aonba hovgreiget

afiftgj ibebhgiget nbpbnftfgs; poor noiiuefnbtfoe bejfecoribtfoe systgis

uegquba rgprgsgetbtfoe fe snmooa bej aonba butmorftfgs;hgejgr bej gtmefn fi`babeng

`bnkabsm croi gjunbtfoeba procgssfoebas; b pgrngfvgj bej/orrgba aoss oc butmorfty

hovgreiget su`sfjfgs to aonba hovgreiget iby eot `g usgjcor sgrvfng provfsfoe, so tmg nosts oc egw aonba strunturgs ibygbt feto aonba gjunbtfoe ùjhgts

ôurngs4 Nmbrafgr bej \fgrrbrj (0<<2); Mbaabk bej \ofssoe (0<<2);Poigo (0<<>); \ruj‖moiig (0<<>).

@ox 7.2:. Fipgjfigets to jgngetrbafzbtfoe



2=. www.stbejbrjs.jcgs.hov.uk

26. Bpbrt croi tmg \ortuhgsg\rohrbib @ob Gspgrbeèb,@obs \râtfnbs(www.ffg.ife-gju.pt/prod/òb-gspgrbenb/fejgx.mti),tmgrg brg ibey otmgr snmooasegtworks, g.h.

Fiprovfeh tmg Rubafty ocGjunbtfoe cor Baa (FRGB) prodgnt(www.eottfehmbi.bn.uk/gjunbtfoe);

@grtgasibee Couejbtfoe‖sEgtwork oc Feeovbtfvg ^nmooas,Hgribey(www.fefs.stfctueh.`grtgasibee.jg/sgt.mti);

Bnngagrbtgj ^nmooas \rodgnt,Weftgj ^tbtgs(www.bnngagrbtgjsnmooas. egt/);

Egtwork oc Bhgejb 02

^nmooas, Hgribey(ef`fs.ef.snmuag.jg/bhgejb/prodgkt.mti);

Egtwork oc Norg Keowagjhg^nmooas, Weftgj tbtgs(www.norgkeowagjhg.orh).

Egtworks wftm fejfvfjubas(tgbnmgrs, tgbnmgr trbfegrs) bsigi`grs fenaujg4

Guropgbe O`sgrvbtory oeFeeovbtfoe fe Gjunbtfoe bejZrbfefeh (www.ferp.cr);

Fetgrebtfoeba Egtwork ocFeeovbtfvg nmooa ystgis,Hgribey;

Zmg Agbrefeh Noesortfui,Oetbrfo, Nbebjb(cnfs.ofsg.utoroeto.nb/~agbrefeh).

Egtworksiby occgr b

`gttgr wby ocgxnmbehfeh

keowagjhgbòut wmbtworks cor

snmooas.

orjgr to genourbhg rfsk-tbkfeh; vbaubàg agssoesnbe `g agbregj croi tmgi bs wgaa bs croi tmgsunngssgs. Zmgsg prbntfngs smouaj eot rgibfefsoabtgj gxbipags, ùt `g jfssgifebtgj so tmbttmgy nbe gedoy b iunm `robjgr fipbnt‖.

Zmg Weftgj Kfehjoi, cor gxbipag, bppafgs tmgprfenfpag oc fetgrvgetfoe fe fevgrsg proportfoe tosunngss. Feftfbaay, snmooas brg hrbetgj b abrhgbiouet oc crggjoi bej powgr. @ut tmgrg brgebtfoeba stbejbrjs.2= ^nmooas tmbt jo wgaa rgtbfetmfs biouet oc butoeoiy. ^nmooas tmbt jopbrtfnuabray wgaa rgngfvg gvge hrgbtgr butoeoiy,nbe `g cfebenfbaay rgwbrjgj bej wfaa sgrvg bsgxbipags cor otmgr snmooas. Zmosg snmooas tmbtpgrcori pooray iby aoosg butoeoiy bejgvgetubaay rfsk jfrgnt fetgrvgetfoe croi ngetrbahovgreiget, b ”tbkgovgr‖ `y tmg prfvbtg sgntor

or naosurg. @ut snmooas brg eot agct oe tmgfr owe.B wgaa-jgcfegj crbigwork fs put fe pabng cor tmggbray fjgetfcfnbtfoe oc poor pgrcoribeng `yigbes oc rghuabr bssgssigets bej fespgntfoe.Fespgntfoe rgsuats brg jfsnaosgj puàfnay, òtm tohgegrbtg tmg prgssurg to fiprovg bej, fe tmgory,to mgap snmooas to fjgetfcy otmgr snmooas croiwmfnm tmgy nbe agbre. Zmg nrgbtfoe oc b EbtfoebaNoaaghg cor ^nmooa Agbjgrsmfp fs oeg oc vbrfousigbsurgs to strgehtmge snmooas so tmbt tmgy brgbàg to rgspoej to tmfs nmbaagehfeh crbigwork(@br`gr, 0<<>).

Fe Muehbry, fevoavgiget oc tmg prfvbtg sgntorbej tmg bppafnbtfoe oc usfegss iojgas(`genmibrkfeh, qubafty ibebhgiget) brgfiportbet fe snmooa fiprovgiget strbtghy.Zmg rbpfj trbesftfoe croi ngetrba noetroa tonoiiuefty-owegj snmooas mbs mfhmafhmtgj tmgfiportbeng oc snmooa mgbjs bej tgbnmgrs mbvfehtmg b`fafty to cuacfa tmgfr egw roags. ^nmooas brgbssfstgj `y noesuatbets croi vbrfous sgntors fejgcfefeh tmgfr hobas, fe pbrtegrsmfp wftm tmg aonbanoiiuefty. ^nmooas brg baso supportgj fe tmgfrjgvgaopiget feto agbrefeh orhbefzbtfoes,

fipagigetfeh ”Zotba Rubafty Ibebhgiget‖ bejjfssgifebtfeh tmg `gst oc tmgfr gxpgrfgengtmrouhmout tmg gjunbtfoe systgi (Mbabsz, 0<<>;Mfrsnm, 0<<>).

Zmg Egtmgrabejs fetrojungj ”crggjoi ocgjunbtfoe‖ fe 26284 pbrgets bej nfvfa sonfgtyorhbefzbtfoes wgrg hfvge tmg rfhmt to gstbàfsmsnmooas bnnorjfeh to prgcgrgeng bej rgngfvgpuàfn cuejfeh fc b ifefiui sgt oc hgegrbanoejftfoes wgrg igt. Zmfs trbjftfoe mbs nbusgjb jggpay rootgj `gafgc tmbt ”ft fs eot tmg

hovgreiget‖s do` to fetgrvgeg bt (snmooa) agvga‖(Egtmgrabejs, 0<<>`). Fe tmfs nuaturg, tmg snmooaftsgac fs tmg prfibry bntor fe tmg systgi oc qubaftybssurbeng bej bnnouetb`fafty. ”^gac-gvbaubtfoe‖`y tmg snmooa fs tmg norg festruiget. Zmg snmooa

fespgntor bssuigs tmg roag oc ”nrftfnba crfgej‖;oe tmg oeg mbej, mg/smg bssgssgs tmgpgrcoribeng oc b snmooa wftm, bs fe tmg WeftgjKfehjoi, tmg naosurg oc tmg snmooa bs uatfibtgsbentfoe fe nbsg oc abstfeh uejgr-pgrcoribeng.Oe tmg otmgr mbej, tmg fespgntor sggks to prgvgettmfs croi mbppgefeh `y supportfeh tmg snmooa fefts prongss oc fiprovgiget. Bs fe Muehbry bejtmg Weftgj Kfehjoi, puàfnay jfsnaosgjpgrcoribeng jbtb paby be fiportbet roag(Egtmgrabejs, 0<<2).

Egtworks oc snmooas bej tgbnmgrs brg fiportbet

vgmfnags cor tmg gxnmbehg oc hooj prbntfngbej cor procgssfoeba jgvgaopiget. Fe \ortuhba,tmg proafcgrbtfoe oc sunm egtworks fs oeg oc tmgnorg strbtghfgs fe tmg hovgreiget‖s poafnyoc jgngetrbafzbtfoe. Fe orjgr to gesurg tmgjfssgifebtfoe oc sunngsscua feeovbtfoes bej bprocgssfoeba noesuatbtfoe bioeh snmooas bejbioeh tgbnmgrs, \ortuhba mbs feftfbtgj tmg”Hooj Mopg \rohrbiig‖426 b hovgreiget-cuejgj snmgig to gstbàfsm afeks `gtwggesnmooas (Næu Poajbo, 0<<>).

Iorg nabssfn, ngetrbaay-jrfvge rgcori poafnfgsiby `g fesuccfnfgetay fecorigj `y tmg òjy ockeowagjhg bòut snmooa gccgntfvgegss(Mbrhrgbvgs gt ba., 266=), bej tmgrgcorgfebjgqubtgay tbfaorgj to aonba noetfehgenfgs. Bsb rgsuat, tmgy mbvg hgegrbaay cbfagj to fiprovgstujget bnmfgvgiget (Mopkfes bej Agvfe, 0<<<).Egtworks iby occgr b iorg fecaugetfba wby ocgxnmbehfeh keowagjhg bòut wmbt works corsnmooas. Zmfs fs fiportbet fe mfhmay jgngetrbafzgjsystgis, wmgrg nmbeegas cor top-jowejfssgifebtfoe oc keowagjhg iby `g b`sget fetmg cfrst pabng.

Ibkfeh prfibry gjunbtfoebccorjbàg

Ft fs vgry gxpgesfvg to `g poor (Ibbrfcb Ef Wcueho,0<<2). Oeg nagbr ibefcgstbtfoe oc tmfs trutm fs tmbtpovgrty fs b ibdor `brrfgr to snmooafeh bej toibey otmgr typgs oc gjunbtfoeba opportuefty. Bsb rgsuat, tmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoe, bej tmg muhgjgibej tmbt ft hgegrbtgs, nbeeot `g sbtfscfgj.



Nmbptgr 7


\brgets bej hubrjfbes brg uebàg to pbytmg jfrgnt cggs bej nmbrhgs wmfnm baaow tmgfrnmfajrge to bttgej snmooa, bs wgaa bs iggttmg fejfrgnt nosts tmbt octge mbvg sfhefcfnbetfipafnbtfoes cor `gfeh bàg to sustbfe gvge tmg

iost `bsfn oc afvgafmoojs.

Zmgsg rgbaftfgs brg `gttgr uejgrstooj eow tmbecfctgge ygbrs bho wmge nost-smbrfeh wbsbjvbengj bs b igbes to agssge tmg ùrjge ocnbsm-strbppgj hovgreigets bej to hgegrbtgnoiiuefty owegrsmfp oc snmooas. Fejggj, ft fstmg bppafnbtfoe oc nost-smbrfeh bej nost-rgnovgrystrbtghfgs bej tmg jgtrfigetba gccgnts ocstrunturba bjdustiget jurfeh tmg 26=<s bejgbray 266<s tmbt mgaj jowe geroaiget agvgas.Egvgrtmgagss, eow, fe tgris oc aghba oàfhbtfoes,b ibdorfty oc nouetrfgs mbvg b noiiftiget to

provfjg crgg prfibry gjunbtfoe.

Mbrj nmofngs cor mousgmoajs

Nmbptgr > oc tmfs rgport jonuigets tmg cbnt tmbttmg mbrj jgnfsfoes tbkge bt mousgmoaj agvga brgoctge jfccgrgetfbtgj `y hgejgr bej tmbt cggs bejnmbrhgs bccgnt hfras‖ nmbengs oc agbrefeh iorgtmbe tmosg oc òys.

Fe ibey nouetrfgs, cggs bej nmbrhgs brg iorgnoipagx tmbe fs o`vfous bt cfrst sfhmt. Be gxbipag

croi tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb fe 0<<<faaustrbtgs tmg pofet (Zbàg 7.=). B cbifay fe tmgKfafibedbro Jfstrfnt fs rgqufrgj to pby b ifefiuioc tge snmooa nmbrhgs. Zmg totba oc tmgsg nmbrhgstmge mbs to `g iuatfpafgj `y tmg eui`gr ocnmfajrge fe tmg cbifay bej `y tmg eui`gr oc ygbrstmbt gbnm nmfaj bttgejs snmooa. Zmgsg jfrgnt nostsmbvg to `g couej croi be fenoig wmfnm vbrfgssgbsoebaay, fs uengrtbfe beeubaay bej fe soignbsgs fs agss tmbe tmg totba nost oc snmooanmbrhgs smowe fe Zb ag 7.=. Oeg gstfibtg (Hao`baNbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe, 0<<>b) cor tmg wmoagnouetry suhhgsts tmbt, prfor to tmg rgiovba oc

snmooa cggs fe 0<<2, ft nost bòut mbac tmg beeubafenoig oc poor rurba cbifafgs to sgej oeg nmfaj toprfibry snmooa cor oeg ygbr.

B rgnget sfx-nouetry stujy (@oyag gt ba., 0<<0) oc@behabjgsm, Kgeyb, Egpba, ^rf Abekb, Whbejbbej Tbi`fb sgts tmg jfccfnuat mousgmoaj jgnfsfoesrghbrjfeh snmooa cggs fe b wfjgr noetgxt. Zmgstujy noenaujgs tmbt òtm cor tmg poorgst bej cortmg `gttgr-occ hroups, tmg nosts oc gjunbtfoe brgtmg prgjoifebet rgbsoe hfvge cor nmfajrge fe tmgmousgmoaj egvgr mbvfeh bttgejgj snmooa. Zmfs

cfejfeh fs gvge stroehgr cor nmfajrge wmo mbvgjroppgj out oc snmooa bej fs iorg proeouengj feur`be brgbs wmgrg cggs brg mfhmgr bej tmgrg fsagss cagxf`fafty fe pbyiget rgqufrgigets tmbe fesoig rurba snmooas. Mowgvgr, batmouhm jfrgnt

nmbrhgs brg nrftfnba to prgvgetfeh cuaa bejsustbfegj bnngss to snmooa bioeh tmg poorgstnoiiueftfgs, b wfjg rbehg oc otmgr sonfo-nuaturba cbntors brg sfhefcfnbet. Cour pofetsrgngfvg pbrtfnuabr bttgetfoe fe tmg stujy4

Gvge tmg poorgst mousgmoajs ibkg dujhgigets b out tmg qubafty bej rgagvbengoc snmooafeh bej ibkg sbnrfcfngs cor wmbttmgy pgrngfvg to `g gjunbtfoe oc hooj qubafty.Hgejgrgj jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh nmbrbntgrfzgs tmgtrbjg-occs oe snmooafeh cor jfccgrget nmfajrge.Hfras brg afkgay to succgr iost.Jgibej cor snmooafeh fs vuaegrbàg to

gnoeoifn bej ebturba smonks. MFS/BFJ^ bejpoor mgbatm fe hgegrba brg sfhefcfnbet cbntors.Sfoageng bej sgxuba mbrbssiget fe snmooas fsiorg pgrvbsfvg tmbe fs octge bnngptgj.

Zbàg 7.6 suiibrfzgs tmg rgbsoes cor agbvfehsnmooa, bs jfstfent croi bttgejfeh, fe cour oc tmgsfx nouetrfgs. Zmfs rgnoecfris tmbt ioegy fs tmgprfibry noestrbfet. Wecortuebtgay tmgsg jbtb brgeot jfsbhhrghbtgj `y hgejgr.

ô, wmfag pgopag jo ibkg fiportbet dujhgigets

bòut bccorjb`fafty, tmgy jo so fe tmg crbigworkoc b noipagx sgt oc otmgr cbntors wmfnm basofecaugeng tmgfr jgnfsfoes. Zmfs `gfeh so,hovgreiget poafnfgs oe jfrgnt nmbrhgs bej nostswmfnm brg fesgesftfvg to tmg noipagxfty ocmousgmoaj jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh „ agt baoeg tmgfipbnt oc suppay-sfjg poafnfgs „ brg afkgay to cbaasmort oc tmgfr o`dgntfvgs.

Jfccfnuat nmofngs cor hovgreigets

Fe tmfs noetgxt, ft fs festruntfvg to aook bt rgngetjgvgaopigets fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, fe b hroup

oc cfvg nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg fetrojungj crggprfibry gjunbtfoe ovgr b pgrfoj oc gagvge ygbrssfeng 266: (Zbàg 7.2<).

Fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, ibkfeh gjunbtfoe iorgbccorjbàg bej bnngssfàg mbs `gge b ibdortbakfeh pofet fe iost rgnget poaftfnba nbipbfhes,ibefcgstos bej gagntfoes. Zmfs fs uejgrstbejbàgcor b eui`gr oc rgbsoes. Zmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoefs `gttgr uejgrstooj. Ft rgibfes b sourng oc mopgbej opportuefty cor pgopag wmo afvg wftm povgrty,bej iost hovgreigets rgnohefzg tmbt fevgstiget

Gvge tmg poorgsmousgmoajs ibk dujhgigetsbòut tmg qubafty

bej rgagvbengoc snmooafeh.



mousgmoajs crgg oc iggtfeh soig jfrgnt nosts.Cor gxbipag, fe tmg Kfafibedbro brgb oc tmgWeftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, be EHO stujygbray fe 0<<> (Ibbrfcb Ef Wcueho, 0<<>), oegygbr bctgr tmg bòaftfoe oc tuftfoe cggs cor 8„2<-

ygbr-oajs, couej tmbt tmg bvgrbhg totba outaby`y pbrgets cor oeg nmfaj wbs eow fe tmg rbehgoc 0,<<<„=,<<< Zbezbefbe smfaafehs noipbrgjwftm 8,3<<„2<,3<< smfaafehs prfor to ”crgg‖ prfibry.Zotba nosts, fenaujfeh b nbanuabtfoe to novgrfejfrgnt nosts, suhhgstgj tmbt tmg nost ockggpfeh oeg nmfaj fe snmooa cor oeg ygbr wbsstfaa egbray 2>,<<< Zbezbefbe smfaafehs. Zmg nostoc uefcori rgibfegj b ùrjge ùt tmg stfhiboc sgejfeh b nmfaj to snmooa wftmout ft rgibfegjstroeh. Bej tmg feb`fafty to pby cor òoksrgibfegj b sgvgrg nur` oe rghuabr bttgejbeng.Egvgrtmgagss, ft bppgbrs tmbt ovgrbaa ebtfoeba

geroaigets fe tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefbmbvg rfsge jrbibtfnbaay bs b rgsuat oc tmg bòaftfoeoc tuftfoe cggs.

Zmg sujjge bej jrbibtfn rgspoesg to tmgfetrojuntfoe oc crgg prfibry gjunbtfoeegngssftbtgj stroeh suppay-sfjg rgspoesgs. Baacfvg hovgreigets fenrgbsgj tmg smbrg oc tmgebtfoeba ùjhgt to gjunbtfoe. \rfibry gjunbtfoembs fenrgbsgj fts smbrg oc tmg gjunbtfoe ùjhgtto 77% or iorg (Zbàg 7.2<). Mowgvgr, fergspoesg to tmg vbstay fenrgbsgj eui`grs oc

stujgets, tmg ueft gxpgejfturgs pgr stujgettypfnbaay cgaa su`stbetfbaay fe tmg fiigjfbtgbctgribtm oc tmg bòaftfoe oc cggs.

Igbewmfag, tmg totba nosts to hovgreigetnoetfeug to rfsg. Fe Whbejb (Whbejb, 0<<>) ft fsprodgntgj tmbt cor tmg pgrfoj 0<<0„27 tmgrg wfaa`g b 78.8% fenrgbsg fe tmg totba eui`gr ocprfibry-snmooa pupfas, iorg tmbe jouàg tmgeui`gr oc tgbnmgrs wfaa `g rgqufrgj, bej eoe-sbabry gxpgejfturg wfaa `g pghhgj bt naosg to07%. Zmg 0<27 ùjhgt fs gstfibtgj to `g>.7 tfigs tmbt oc tmg `bsg ygbr.

ûstbfefeh qubafty

ûstbfefeh tmg provfsfoe oc hooj qubafty gjunbtfoebhbfest tmfs `bnkhrouej wfaa `g jfccfnuat bej ft fsnagbr croi Zbàg 7.2< tmbt tmgrg fs, bej wfaargibfe, mgbvy jgpgejgeng oe gxtgreba cuejfeh.Fe tmg smort tgri, tmfs fs eggjgj to mgap iggt tmgfetgesg prgssurgs gxgrtgj oe crbhfag systgis `ysujjge fenrgbsgs fe geroaiget, ùt ft wfaa baso `geggjgj fe tmg aoehgr tgri bs popuabtfoe hrowtmbej tmg smfct to W\G bej towbrjs snmooafeh oc

Zuftfoe cggs

Otmgr (fenaujfehuefcori bej gqufpiget)

Hbigs cggs

^nmooa rgpbfrs

^nmooa hubrjs

@ookkggpfeh

Cooj

Nook

Zgbnmgr PgsourngNgetrg

Gxbifebtfoes

Zotbas

0<<<

867<

2<<<

2<<<

7<<

=<<

2<<<

7<<

0<<

0<<<

2367<

=<<<

>2=<<

:<<<

:<<<

0<<<

>0<<

:<<<

0<<<

=<<

0<<<

32=<<

Eotg 4 Zmgsg jbtb brg cor oeg cbifay fe tmg Kfafibedbro Jfstrfnt oc tmg WeftgjPgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, jrbwe croi b survgy noejuntgj fe 0<<< „ `gcorg tmghovgreiget beeouengj ”crgg‖ prfibry gjunbtfoe fe 0<<2. Zmgrg wgrg efegigi`grs fe tmg mousgmoaj, sgvge oc wmoi wgrg nmfajrge, cour fe snmooa.Zmg cbifay nouaj bccorj oeg igba b jby. @otm pbrgets vbaugj gjunbtfoe, tmgwfcg noipagtfeh ^tbejbrj 8 bt snmooa.

ôurng 4 Ibbrfcb Ef Wcueho (0<<2).

Zbàg 7.=. Nosts oc prfibry snmooafeh fe Zbezbefb

^nmooa nmbrhgsBiouet pgr nmfaj

(Zbezbefbe smfaafehs)Zotba beeuba nostscor cour nmfajrge

fe gjunbtfoe fs sfhefcfnbet cor ebtfoeba gnoeoifnbej sonfba rgcoris. Fe Ibabwf, crgg prfibrygjunbtfoe wbs b rbaayfeh nbaa cor tmg Weftgj

Jgionrbtfn Croet prfor to tmg 266: gagntfoe,wmfag iorg rgngetay, fe Kgeyb fe 0<<0, ft wbs bibdor nbipbfhe pagjhg `y tmg cuturg prgsfjget,Iwbf Kf`bkf. Fe cour out oc tmg cfvg nbsgs, crggprfibry gjunbtfoe wbs beeouengj coaaowfeh tmggagntfoe oc b egw hovgreiget. Bs Zbàg 7.2<jgioestrbtgs, tmg poaftfnba beeouengigets wgrgcoaaowgj `y jrbibtfn smort-tgri rgspoesgs fetgris oc prfibry-snmooa geroaiget. Fe Ebfro`f,gbray fe 0<<>, ibey snmooas vgry rbpfjaygxpgrfgengj b jouàfeh or iorg oc eui`grs.Zmrgg prfibry snmooas egbr tmg saui brgbs octmg nbpftba rghfstgrgj fenrgbsgs oc 2,:<<, 2,:<<

bej 2,7<< rgspgntfvgay (Weftgj Ebtfoes Occfng cortmg No-orjfebtfoe oc Muibeftbrfbe Bccbfrs, 0<<>).Fe Ibabwf, egt geroaigets prfor to 266: mbj `gge7=% cor hfras. Zmfs fenrgbsgj to 8>% `y 2663. FeTbi`fb, fe 0<<0, tmg cfrst snmooa ygbr bctgr tmgbeeouengiget oc nost rgjuntfoe igbsurgs,prfibry geroaigets hrgw `y 8% noipbrgj wftm0% fe tmg prgvfous ygbr.

Bs Zbàg 7.2< smows, tmg bntuba fetgrprgtbtfoe oc”crgg‖ tbkgs oe jfccgrget igbefehs fe jfccgrgetnouetrfgs. Fe eoeg oc tmg sbipag nouetrfgs brg



Cggs bej \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe ^trbtghfgs

Fe b rgvfgw oc twgety-cfvg \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe^trbtghy \bpgrs (Zoibsgvskf, 0<<>) tmgsfhefcfnbeng oc snmooa cggs fs igetfoegj gxpafnftayfe courtgge \P^\s (Zbàg 7.22). @urkfeb Cbso bejVgige ibkg pbrtfnuabr rgcgrgeng to tmg cbnt tmbtcggs smouaj eot `g nmbrhgj cor hfras, wmfag feNbiòjfb, Kyrhyzstbe, Iozbi`fqug, Zbdfkfstbebej Sfgt Ebi ft fs stbtgj tmbt tmg poor smouaj eotpby cggs.

Fe tmg afhmt oc tmg gvfjgeng nftgj fe tmfs sgntfoe(bej fe tmg sgntfoe oe ”\bttgres oc pgrcoribeng „wmbt jrfvgs prohrgss?‖) ft fs jfccfnuat to sgg mowbey \P^\ nbe fheorg tmg fssug oc tmg bccorjb`faftyoc prfibry gjunbtfoe bej oc tmg eggj to gafifebtg

or sfhefcfnbetay rgjung tmg nmbrhgs tmbtmousgmoajs `gbr fe sgejfeh nmfajrge to snmooa.@ut tmfs fs eot uefcoriay tmg nbsg, bs Zbàg 7.22smows.

GCB fe fejustrfbafzgjbej trbesftfoe nouetrfgs

Zmg GCB Pgport bnnorjs prforfty to tmosgnouetrfgs wmgrg tmg nmbaagehg oc bnmfgvfeh GCBfs hrgbtgst. Zmfs fs fe bnnorjbeng wftm tmg Jbkbr

Crbigwork cor Bntfoe, wmfnm rgnohefzgs tmgprgssfeh nmbaagehgs bej eggjs oc su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb, ôutm Bsfb, otmgr nouetrfgs bioeh tmgfetgrebtfoeba nbtghory oc agbst jgvgaopgjnouetrfgs, bej tmosg ebtfoes `gsgt `y noecafnt.Zmg ovgrbaa bssgssiget oc prohrgss towbrjs GCBfe Nmbptgr 0 noecfris tmg vbafjfty oc tmg Jbkbrjfbheosfs.

Mowgvgr, tmfs fs eot to suhhgst tmbt tmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe gxnaujgs fejustrfbafzgjbej trbesftfoe nouetrfgs croi tmg eggj to bttbfe

GCB hobas bej to noetrfùtg to post-Jbkbrbntfvftfgs bej prongssgs wftmfe tmgfr owe òrjgrs.Bs Nmbptgr 0 jgioestrbtgs, tmg sftubtfoe fe soigtrbesftfoe nouetrfgs fs eot sfhefcfnbetay `gttgrtmbe tmbt fe soig jgvgaopfeh rghfoes.Curtmgriorg fe fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs eo oegwouaj nabfi tmbt nurrget gjunbtfoe provfsfoeiggts tmg eggjs oc baa hroups fe sonfgty.

Zmfs sgntfoe gxpaorgs mow tmg GCB nmbaagehg fsuejgrstooj fe b sbipag oc fejustrfbafzgj bejtrbesftfoe nouetrfgs bej noipbrgs tmgfr poafnybhgejbs bhbfest tmg GCB hobas.

Fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs

Zmg tgrifeoaohy oc ”fejustrfbafzgj‖ bej”jgvgaopfeh‖ nouetrfgs mbs ibey noengptubawgbkegssgs. @ut ft fs kgpt to mgrg to jfstfehufsmtmosg nouetrfgs wftm mfhm pgr nbpftb fenoigscroi tmg rgst. Zmgfr gjunbtfoe fejfnbtors bt tmgibnro agvga brg wgaa fe bjvbeng oc otmgr hroupsfe tgris oc geroaiget bt baa agvgas oc tmg coribasystgi (^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs >„8) bej ocagbrefeh outnoigs cor youeh pgopag bej bjuats

2. Zmg poafny gevfroeiget

Sfsfoe 0<07

\ovgrty Grbjfnbtfoe Bntfoe \abe

Gjunbtfoe ^gntor Fevgstiget \abe (G^F\ 2 266=„0<<>)\oaftfnba noiiftiget rgcagntgj fe sustbfegj agvgas oc cfebenfeh corprfibry gjunbtfoe

”@uy fe‖ to W\G bnross hovgreiget

Fenrgbsg fe noesfstgeny bej prgjfntb`fafty oc gxtgreba cuejfeh`bsg, fenaujfeh ùjhgt support

Noiiftiget to rghuabr ioeftorfeh oc pgrcoribeng bej prohrgss

0.Bttgetfoe to ^gntor O`dgntfvgs wftmfe G^F\ 2 „ brgbs oc conus*

b. Bnngss bej gqufty

gxpbesfoe oc cbnfaftfgs

gccfnfgeny igbsurgs (`gttgr usg oc tgbnmgrs)

bnngss to post-prfibry vonbtfoeba skfaas prohrbiigsbnngss to mfhmgr gjunbtfoe

`. Rubafty fiprovgigets

prfibry tgxtòoks

tgbnmgr trbfefeh

mfhmgr gjunbtfoe

n. Jgafvgry oc gjunbtfoeba sgrvfngs

snmooa bej noiiuefty

jfstrfnt

ngetrba hovgreiget

j. Nbpbnfty jgvgaopiget fe strbtghfn pabeefeh bej prohrbiifeh

G^F\ ibebhgiget (f) fipagigetbtfoe ignmbefsi

G^F\ ibebhgiget (ff) nbpbnfty ùfajfeh

hovgreiget bhgeny noesuatbtfvg ignmbefsis

* Zmfs pbrt oc tmg tbàg jrbws oe tmg ibebhgiget crbigwork usgj fe G^F\ Pgvfgws, g.h.tmg Cfeba Pgport oc tmg Ifj-Zgri Pgvfgw oc tmg Gjunbtfoe trbtghfn Fevgstiget \abe(G^F\) fe Whbejb, Dbeubry 0<<0 (Whbejb, 0<<>).

ôurng4 Iurpmy (0<<>).

@ox 7.27. \oafny bej strbtghy fe Whbejb



noetfeugs to gipmbsfsg tmg rgspoesf`fafty ocigi`gr stbtgs cor tmg noetget bej strunturg octmgfr owe ebtfoeba gjunbtfoe systgis (Jgeibrk,0<<>). Zmg gxbipag oc Jgeibrk suhhgstsebtfoeba poafny jgvgaopiget `gfeh jrfvge `y b

jgionrbtfn prongss oc jgngetrbafzbtfoe bejfespfrgj `y tmg fetgrebtfoeba noetgxt. Zmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe fs sgge bs oeg oc tmggagigets oc tmfs.

Zmosg cgw nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg jgvgaopgj be GCBjonuiget bppgbr to mbvg joeg so wftm tmgcoaaowfeh o`dgntfvgs fe ifej4

Zo fiprovg tmg joigstfn gjunbtfoe systgi `yrgvfgwfeh ft baoeh tmg afegs oc tmg Jbkbr hobas.Fe tmfs afhmt, tmg Eorjfn nouetrfgs mbvggxnmbehgj tmgfr GCB pabes bej projungj b

syetmgsfs jonuiget (Eorjfn Nouenfa, 0<<>).Zmg WK Ebtfoeba Noiifssfoe cor WEG NO mbsorhbefzgj sfx ebtfoeba noecgrgengs, oeg cor gbnmoc tmg hobas. @batfn ^gb nouetrfgs (bej o`sgrvgrscroi tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi bej @gabrus) igt fePfhb fe Dbeubry 0<<0 (WEG^NO 0<<0b, @ox 7.2).

Zo `g bnnouetbàg to tmg woraj noiiuefty cortmg noiiftiget to iggt tmg Jbkbr hobas,bhbfe rghbrjfeh tmg joigstfn gjunbtfoe systgi(Eorjfn GCB pabes).

Zo gembeng uejgrstbejfeh bej bwbrgegss octmg nmbaagehgs cbnfeh tmg hao`ba noiiuefty,gspgnfbaay agss-jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs (WKEbtfoeba Noiifssfoe cor WEG^NO).

Zo fjgetfcy wbys fe wmfnm poor bej rfnmnouetrfgs nbe agbre croi oeg beotmgr‖sgxpgrfgeng. Zmg rgport oc tmg WK EbtfoebaNoiifssfoe cor WEG^NO fjgetfcfgs tmg”noiioebaftfgs bej noetrbsts‖ `gtwggejgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs bej tmg Weftgj Kfehjoicor gbnm oc tmg Jbkbr hobas.

Ft coaaows tmbt tmg Eorjfn bej @rftfsm jonuigetsbrg eot bntfoe pabes. Zmgy sgrvg tmg o`dgntfvgs ocrgvfgw, bnnouetb`fafty, bwbrgegss-rbfsfeh bejiutuba agbrefeh, ùt tmgy jo eot noetbfe egw,cfebenfbaay uejgrpfeegj noiiftigets to spgnfcfnsmort-tgri bntfoe. Zmg Weftgj Kfehjoi EbtfoebaNoiifssfoe cor WEG^NO‖s rgport, iorgovgr, fseot be occfnfba hovgreiget stbtgiget ùt b puàfnfeftfbtfvg.

Cfhmtfeh poabrfzbtfoe bej gxnausfoeFe tmg gxbifebtfoe oc tmgfr owe ebtfoebanfrnuistbengs, tmg gipmbsfs fe tmg Eorjfnbej @rftfsm jonuigets fs, fe tmg worjs oc tmgEorwghfbe pabe, oe ”bpprobnmgs to proàgis

bssonfbtgj wftm, bioehst otmgrs, tmgigetbaay/pmysfnbaay jfsbàgj, ifeorfty hroupsbej pgopag wftm rgjungj aftgrbny agvgas‖ (Eorwby,0<<0). Xmfag tmg Eorjfn nouetrfgs mbvg wgaa-jgvgaopgj bej wgaa-rgsourngj gjunbtfoe systgisfe wmfnm b ibdorfty rgbnm vgry mfhm agvgas ocnoipgtgeng (OGNJ/^tbtfstfns Nbebjb, 0<<<),bej wmfag gjunbtfoeba bnmfgvgiget fe tmg WeftgjKfehjoi mbs fiprovgj ibrkgjay fe rgnget ygbrs,tmgrg brg sgrfous noengres fe baa tmgsg nouetrfgscor tmosg wmo jo eot ygt `gegcft cuaay croi tmgagbrefeh opportueftfgs oe occgr.

Iorg `robjay, tmg Bigrfnbe Eo Nmfaj Agct @gmfejpoafny bej tmg Guropgbe Wefoe `genmibrksrghbrjfeh snmooa jrop-out bej `bsfn skfaas rgcagnttmg sbig noengres cor tmosg bt rfsk oc gxnausfoe,bs smowe gbrafgr fe tmfs nmbptgr. Zmg Cfeefsm GCBjonuiget nbpturgs tmfs4 ”Nfvfafzbtfoe `gaoehs tobaa. B hgeufeg fecoribtfoe sonfgty fs wftmfe tmgrgbnm oc gvgry nftfzge. Jgvgaopiget iust eotagbj to poabrfzbtfoe bej gxnausfoe‖ (Cfeabej,0<<0). Fe tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi, fenrgbsgjnoipgtftfvgegss `gtwgge snmooas fs sgge bshfvfeh rfsg to tgesfoes `gtwgge pgrcoribeng bej

fenausfoe. Zmgrg fs baso b worry tmbt ”tmg >Ps(rgbjfeh, wrftfeh, brftmigtfn) iby squggzg outnrgbtfvg su`dgnts, tmbt gxbifebàg su`dgnts wfaajfspabng otmgr pbrts oc tmg nurrfnuaui, bej tmbttmg nmfaj‖s pgrsoeba jgvgaopiget iby `gsbnrfcfngj to tmg hoba oc bnqufrfeh fecoribtfoe‖(WK Ebtfoeba Noiifssfoe cor WEG^NO, 0<<>).

Fe tmfs afhmt, GNNG (tmg cfrst oc tmg Jbkbr hobas)fs rghbrjgj bs pabyfeh ”be fiportbet pbrt feagvgaafeh out sonfba bej agbrefeh jfspbrftfgs‖,bs tmg Cfeefsm pabe puts ft (Cfeabej, 0<<0). Vgt,geroaiget jfspbrftfgs pgrsfst. Fe Eorwby, 3>%

oc baa nmfajrge `gtwgge tmg bhgs oc > bej 7 brggeroaagj, ùt bioeh ifeorftfgs tmg cfhurg fs ><%.Fe tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi, GNNG mbs rgngetay `ggebe brgb oc ibssfvg gxpbesfoe wftm be feftfba conusoe tmg ur`be poor. Fe 0<<: tmgrg wfaa `g crggeursgry gjunbtfoe cor baa nmfajrge croi bhg >.

Zmg sgnoej hoba, W\G, mbs hgegrbaay `ggebnmfgvgj fe baa nouetrfgs. @ut trubeny bej jrop-out jo onnur bej tmgrg fs b pbrtfnuabr nmbaagehgfe rgbnmfeh rgcuhggs, bsyaui sggkgrs bejtrbvgaafeh popuabtfoes.



Nmbptgr 7


Mbac b ngetury

oc hgejgr pbrftyjogs eotegngssbrfayrgsuat fe hgejgrgqubafty.

Zmg abehubhg oc festruntfoe fs `gnoifeh be fssug.Zmg Cfeefsm bej ^wgjfsm jonuigets fejfnbtgtmbt ifeorfty nmfajrge mbvg tmg rfhmt to `g tbuhmtfe tmgfr orfhfeba abehubhg, bej fe Cfeefsm or^wgjfsm bs b sgnoej abehubhg (Cfeabej, 0<<0;

^wgjge, 0<<0). ôig otmgr fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs sgg b jfagiib4 fc gjunbtfoe cuaayrgspgnts tmg abehubhgs bej nuaturgs oc gtmefnifeorftfgs, tmfs nbe, fe prfenfpag, mfejgr tmgfetghrbtfoe oc tmg nmfajrge feto tmgfr moigsonfgtfgs fe tmg aoeh tgri.

Crgg gjunbtfoe fs baso b pofet oc jfsnussfoebioeh fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs. Fe tmg Eorjfnnouetrfgs, tmfs bjbhg fs hgegrbaay uejgrstoojaftgrbaay. Zmgrg brg afttag or eo nosts fevoavgj fesnmooafeh, trbesportbtfoe bej snmooa igbas. Biorg jgibejfeh fetgrprgtbtfoe fs tmbt crgg

gjunbtfoe nbe `g rghbrjgj bs `gfeh bnmfgvgjwmge b nouetry‖s sonfba bej fenoig poafny(nmfaj `gegcfts, stujget support, sonfba sgnurfty,ifefiui wbhgs) fs sunm tmbt bey cbifay fshubrbetggj to `g bàg to bccorj tmg nosts fevoavgjwftm snmooafeh. Zmfs fs b igjfui-tgri o`dgntfvgfe baa tmg nouetrfgs.

@rfjhgs towbrjs b do`Hobas > bej :, iggtfeh tmg agbrefeh eggjs ocyoueh pgopag bej bjuats, rgprgsget b spgnfbanmbaagehg to fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs. Oe tmg oeg

mbej, tmgrg fs b tgejgeny towbrjs uefvgrsbauppgr sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe (sgg @ox 7.:), wmfagiorg tmbe mbac oc tmg bhg nomort pursugs tgrtfbrygjunbtfoe. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, fc be fejfvfjubajogs eot noipagtg uppgr sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe feb nouetry wmgrg baiost gvgryòjy gasg jogs, tmfs`gnoigs b stroeh jfsbjvbetbhg fe b noipbrbtfvgsgesg. Xmgrg sunm jfsbjvbetbhgs brgnoengetrbtgj fe spgnfcfn hroups, tmgy bccgnt tmgsonfba cb`rfn. Curtmgriorg, tmfs ovgrbaa rfsg ocgjunbtfoeba bttbfeiget genourbhgs pgopag toibxfifzg tmgfr stby fe gjunbtfoe, fe orjgr eot tocbaa `gmfej fe tmg fenrgbsfehay noipgtftfvg abòur

ibrkgt. Zmus, youeh pgopag tgej to prgcgrtmgorgtfnba pbtmwbys tmbt qubafcy tmgi cor curtmgrstujy, rbtmgr tmbe vonbtfoeba oegs. Zmfs trgejposgs proàgis cor fejfvfjubas wmo mbvg b iorgprbntfnba agbrefeh styag bej brg wgbkgr fenoheftfvg agbrefeh (OGNJ, 0<<<).

Fe baa fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs tmgrg fs b hroup ocpgopag cor wmoi tmg rghuabr gjunbtfoe systgijogs eot provfjg tmg opportueftfgs tmbt cft tmgfragbrefeh styags bej eggjs. Zmg FetgrebtfoebaBjuat Aftgrbny ^tujy (OGNJ/^tbtfstfns Nbebjb,

0<<<) suhhgsts tmbt tmfs hroup rbehgs croi2<%„0<% oc tmg popuabtfoe fe iost fejustrfbafzgjnouetrfgs. Zmfs rgprgsgets be fiportbet igssbhgcor baa nouetrfgs bfifeh to rgbnm bej sgrvg tmg”abst 2<%„0<%‖ oc tmgfr popuabtfoes.

Feeovbtfvg poafnfgs brg eggjgj to bjjrgss tmfshroup. ^wgjge, tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi bej otmgrnouetrfgs brg gxpgrfigetfeh wftm FejfvfjubaAgbrefeh Bnnouets. Zmgsg gesurg tmg rfhmt toagbre rghbrjagss oc bhg, tfig, pabng bej provfjgr,bej genourbhg tmg agbregr to sbvg cor tmfspurposg. Gbrafgr, tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi pfoeggrgjtmg jgvgaopiget oc Ebtfoeba SonbtfoebaRubafcfnbtfoes bej Bnnrgjftbtfoe oc \rforAgbrefeh. Zmg corigr bfi bt ibkfeh vonbtfoebapbtmwbys iorg trbespbrget, cagxfàg bej mgengiorg bttrbntfvg. Zmg abttgr poafny baaows

fejfvfjubas to ibkg `gttgr usg oc tmgnoipgtgenfgs tmgy mbvg bnqufrgj fecoribaay fetmg workpabng or fe jbfay afcg. Hufjbeng bejnouesgaafeh „ fe rgabtfoe to òtm gjunbtfoe bejtmg abòur ibrkgt „ brg nrunfba to tmfs poafny.Afcgaoeh agbrefeh strbtghfgs brg fenrgbsfehaymbrioefzgj bt GW agvga (Noabrjye, 0<<0).

Agbrefeh bt work baso tbkgs pabng febpprgetfngsmfp systgis. ^gvgrba Guropgbenouetrfgs mbvg rgtbfegj tmgsg, wmfag tmg WeftgjKfehjoi bej ^wgjge mbvg (rg)fetrojungj tmgi

(OGNJ, 0<<<). Zmg feeovbtfvg \rojuntfoe ^nmooasfe Jgeibrk (Jgeibrk, 0<<>) bej tmg ^tujy bejXorkfeh Afcg Ngetrgs fe ^wgjge (OGNJ, 2666)`rfeh workpabng agbrefeh feto tmg snmooa ftsgac.Zmg Eorwghfbe Noipgtgeng Pgcori fs bcrbigwork tmbt genoipbssgs b eui`gr oc tmgpoafnfgs dust igetfoegj. Ft baso fipafgs tmg rfhmtoc bey fejfvfjuba to noipagtg uppgr sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe bej tmus to bnqufrg bnngss to tgrtfbrygjunbtfoe.

^ghrghbtgj workpabngsFe rgabtfoe to Jbkbr Hoba 7, be fiportbet

igssbhg fs noevgygj `y tmg Eorjfn bej @rftfsmjonuigets4 mbac b ngetury oc hgejgr pbrfty jogseot egngssbrfay rgsuat fe hgejgr gqubafty. ZmgCfeefsm jonuiget, cor gxbipag, stbtgs tmbt tmg”abst rgstrfntfoes oe woige‖s uefvgrsfty stujfgswgrg rgiovgj fe tmg gbray 26<<s, bej bargbjy fetmg 267<s bòut mbac oc uefvgrsfty stujget wgrgwoige‖ (Cfeabej, 0<<0). Zojby iorg woige tmbeige bttgej mfhmgr gjunbtfoe fe tmg wmoag OGNJbrgb (OGNJ, 0<<2b; OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>). Fe cbnt, tmgagbrefeh bnmfgvgiget oc hfras fs ibrkgjay `gttgrtmbe tmbt oc òys, bs baa tmg jonuigets uejgrafeg,



Nmbptgr 7


fiigjfbtg poafny prforftfgs tgej to `g to provfjgbs ibey pgopag bs possfàg wftm bt agbst soig`bsfn skfaas.

Bioeh baa noiioebaftfgs bej jfsnrgpbenfgs

`gtwgge poafny bhgejbs, oeg tmfeh sggisb`soautgay uefqug cor trbesftfoe nouetrfgs. Zmgycbng b jouàg nmbaagehg. Oe tmg oeg mbej tmgyeggj to rgstorg bej gesurg tmg noetfeufty oc tmgpurgay opgrbtfoeba cuentfoefeh oc tmg gjunbtfoesystgi. Zmfs fs b ibttgr oc trbfefeh tgbnmgrs,prfetfeh tgxtòoks bej rgpbfrfeh snmooa ùfajfehs,eot ueafkg tmg sftubtfoe fe ibey jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, bej bt tmg sbigtfig, trbesftfoe nouetrfgs brg prgssgj `y tmgcorngs oc hao`bafzbtfoe to qufnkay rghbfe aosthrouej „ fe be gnoeoifn sgesg „ vfs-ì-vfs tmgfejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs. Fe tojby‖s woraj, tmfs nbe

eo aoehgr `g bnnoipafsmgj `y b strbtghy oc aow-skfaagj bej aow-nost abòur, bs tmg Pussfbe bejIoajovbe GCB pabes uejgrafeg. Cortuebtgay, tmgrgstfaa fs be fiprgssfvg fetgaagntuba, pgjbhohfnbabej tgnmeoaohfnba mgrftbhg tmbt nbe supporttrbesftfoe nouetrfgs fe tmgfr jouàg nmbaagehg.@ut tmgrg fs b rfsk oc ”aost hgegrbtfoes‖, bej tmfsmgrftbhg sggis to `g fe jbehgr.

Iost fejustrfbafzgj bej trbesftfoe nouetrfgs mbvgbnmfgvgj tmg hobas oc W\G bej hgejgr pbrfty, ùttmgy mbvg eot bnmfgvgj hgejgr gqubafty bej tmg

otmgr hobas. Zmgrg fs nagbray b nbsg cor ”iutubaagbrefeh‖ `gtwgge nouetrfgs oc tmg ôutm bej tmgEortm.



Pgturefeh rgcuhggs,^fgrrb Agoeg, 0<<0.

Nabss fe b `oi`gj `ufajfeh fe Behoab, 2668.

© S

W / J b v f j ^ B W S G W P

© I b h e u i \

m o t o s / D o m e S f e k



GCB fsvbrfousay

noengfvgj bs brfhmt, b vfsfoe,

b iovgigetor b prongss,bs wgaa bs bcrbigworkcor bntfoe.

B s tmfs rgport smows, GCB fs vbrfousaynoengfvgj bs b rfhmt, b vfsfoe, biovgiget or b prongss, bs wgaa bs bcrbigwork cor bntfoe. Hfvge tmfsspgntrui oc fetgrprgtbtfoe, tmg

fetgrebtfoeba gvgets tmbt mbvg `gge rgspoesfàgcor jgcfefeh bej proiuahbtfeh GCB (Nmb`òtt,0<<>) mbvg hfvge rfsg to b eui`gr oc strbtghfgs,pabes, coruis, hroups, feftfbtfvgs bej rgsgbrnm.

Cor tmosg nmbrhgj wftm sustbfefeh fetgrebtfoebaioigetui bej fiprovfeh no-orjfebtfoe cor GCB,tmfs jfvgrsfty fs b potgetfba strgehtm, gspgnfbaay fcft nbe `g mbregssgj to support ebtfoeba bejfetgrebtfoeba poafnfgs fe cagxfàg wbys. Mowgvgr,fc, bs fs soigtfigs tmg nbsg, tmg nmbaagehg fs to`rfeh tohgtmgr noipgtfeh fetgrgsts, tmg nmbaagehgoc no-orjfebtfeh pbrtegrs cor gccgntfvg GCB

outnoigs `gnoigs iorg noipagx. Ft rgqufrgstmg b`fafty to fjgetfcy prongssgs tmbt wfaanoiibej stroeh puàfn support, utfafzg souejtgnmefnba soautfoes bej fipagiget bpprobnmgstmbt ibtnm tmg snbag oc tmg nmbaagehg „ tmg afvgsoc muejrgjs oc ifaafoes oc pgopag. Bs tmgprgsfjget oc tmg Xoraj @bek mbs eotgj, ”…wg brgeo aoehgr tbakfeh bòut poafny or brhufeh bòutcrbigwork, ft fs tmg ioiget cor fipagigetbtfoe‖(WEG^NO, 0<<>n).

Xftm tmfs igssbhg bs tmg tounmstoeg, tmrgg ibfetopfns rgngfvg bttgetfoe. Zmg bebaysfs oc bfj caowsto gjunbtfoe mbs `gge upjbtgj to baaownoipbrfsoe `gtwgge 266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2 jbtb.Zmg fetgrprgtbtfoe oc tmgsg caows fs supportgj `y

b `rfgc survgy oc tmg gjunbtfoe poafnfgs oc b sgt oc`fabtgrba cuejfeh bhgenfgs.

GCB fs tmg su`dgnt oc b vbrfgty oc fetgrebtfoebafeftfbtfvgs, soig oc wmfnm mbvg gvoavgj fesfhefcfnbet wbys ovgr tmg abst ygbr, iost eotbàytmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg (CZF). Zmfs coris tmgsgnoej pbrt oc tmg nmbptgr. Cfebaay, prohrgssfe fiprovfeh fetgrebtfoeba no-orjfebtfoe bsbe gssgetfba noipoeget oc tmg hao`ba gccortto bnmfgvg tmg GCB hobas fs rg-bssgssgj,pbrtfnuabray, ùt eot gxnausfvgay, wftm rghbrjto WEG^NO‖s ibejbtgj roag. Zmg hgejgr

jfigesfoes oc tmg tmrgg strbejs brg gxbifegjwmgrg tmg jbtb ibkgs tmfs òtm possfàg bejbpproprfbtg.

Nurrget prfngs

Zotba

@fabtgrbaIuatfabtgrba

Noestbet 0<<< prfngs

Zotba

@fabtgrbaZotba iuatfabtgrba

Guropgbe Noiifssfoe (GN)

FJB (Xoraj @bek)Fetgr-Bigrfnbe Jgvgaopiget @bekWEJ\WEFNGCBcrfnbe Jgvgaopiget CuejBsfbe Jgvgaopiget CuejOtmgr*

70.< 76.0 3<.: 77.3 76.6 76.2 77.= :8.6 7<.0 70.0 :6.3 7<.=

>=.8 :>.0 :>.2 >6.: :2.> :<.3 >6.2 >0.: >7.0 >8.6 >3.< >7.<2>.> 27.6 28.0 23.> 2=.3 2=.7 23.8 27.: 27.< 2:.> 2>.7 27.8

77.2 3<.3 78.3 7:.2 77.= :6.= :=.= ::.= :=.3 :6.= :6.3 70.:

:2.2 ::.3 :2.: >=.> >=.3 >:.: >:.7 ><.3 >:.3 >3.7 >3.< >3.02:.< 23.2 23.> 27.= 28.0 27.7 2:.0 2:.0 2>.6 2>.> 2>.7 23.00.7 >.0 >.3 >.7 :.< >.3 :.2 :.: :.> :.> :.: 7.7

:.0 :.7 :.8 :.: 7.> <.: 7.2 7.< :.8 :.> :.0 7.2<.0 <.2 <.2 <.2 <.2 :.0 <.: <.> <.> <.0 <.0 <.>2.< 2.< <.= <.8 <.7 <.0 <.7 <.3 <.3 <.7 <.: <.><.3 <.3 <.8 <.= <.= <.8 <.3 <.7 <.7 <.7 <.3 <.3<.3 <.3 <.8 <.8 <.3 <.7 <.7 <.3 <.3 <.: <.> <.:2.0 2.2 <.6 <.6 2.2 2.< 2.< 2.< 2.< <.6 <.6 <.=>.8 7.< :.6 :.8 :.6 :.= 0.2 2.6 0.< 0.2 0.3 >.<

Zbàg 3.2. Zotba Occfnfba Jgvgaopiget Bssfstbeng (OJB), egt jfsùrsgigets, W^$ `faafoes (266<„0<<2)

266< 2662 2660 266> 266: 2667 2663 2668 266= 2666 0<<< 0<<2

Nurrget prfngs

Noestbet 0<<< prfngs

Eotgs4 Cfhurgs brg rouejgj.Occfnfba Jgvgaopiget Bssfstbeng noiprfsgs hrbets or noengssfoeba aobes to jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs.Egt jfsùrsgigets brg jgcfegj bs totba jfsùrsgigets agss bey rgpbyigets oc aobe prfenfpba jurfeh tmg sbig pgrfoj.Zmg JBN jgcabtors usgj to nbanuabtg noestbet prfngs bjdust cor fecabtfoe fe tmg joigstfn nurrgeny bej cor nmbehgs fe tmg gxnmbehgrbtg `gtwgge tmg joigstfn nurrgeny bej tmg W^ joaabr. Zmg nurrgeny gccgnt tgejs to joifebtg cor tmg pgrfoj 2660„66 bej fe 0<<2.* Otmgr fenaujgs otmgr Weftgj Ebtfoes bhgenfgs, FCBJ, Brb` Cuejs bej soig FIC bssfstbeng. ôurng4 JBN oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b, Zbàg 0b).



Nmbptgr 3

Iggtfeh our fetgrebtfoeba noiifti

gjunbtfoe fenrgbsgj `y iorg tmbe 3<% (croiW^$:=3 ifaafoe to W^$=<< ifaafoe). Bs b

proportfoe oc tmg totba, ft baiost jouàgj,rgbnmfeh 0:% fe 0<<<„<2.

Batmouhm tmg pgrfoj noengregj fs too smort togstbàfsm b trgej, soig pbttgres gigrhg croiZbàg 3.>. Zmus, fejgpgejgetay oc sfzg oc gnoeoiyor oc otmgr poaftfnba noesfjgrbtfoes, oeg hroup ocnouetrfgs mbj be uebi`fhuousay posftfvg rgnorj.Ft nbe `g sgge croi tmg abst cour noauies oc tmgtbàg tmbt fe @gahfui, Nbebjb, Jgeibrk,Auxgiòurh, \ortuhba bej tmg Weftgj ^tbtgs, tmgb`soautg ibheftujg oc bfj to gjunbtfoe bej to

`bsfn gjunbtfoe fenrgbsgj. Curtmgriorg,gjunbtfoe rgngfvgj hrgbtgr prforfty fe tmg ovgrbaa

bfj prohrbiig fe tmgsg nouetrfgs bej `bsfngjunbtfoe wbs hfvge hrgbtgr proifegeng fegjunbtfoeba support. Gasgwmgrg, gxpgrfgeng wbsiorg ifxgj. Fe soig Hroup FFF nouetrfgs fe tmgtbàg (fenaujfeh Crbeng bej Dbpbe) gjunbtfoe bfjbs wmoag cgaa, wmgrgbs bfj to `bsfn gjunbtfoefenrgbsgj. Fe otmgr nouetrfgs, bfj to `bsfngjunbtfoe cgaa, òtm b`soautgay bej bs bproportfoe oc gjunbtfoe bfj. Zmgsg brg tmgnouetrfgs smowe fe Hroups FS bej S, bej fenaujgBustrfb, Hgribey, ^wftzgrabej bej tmrgg Eorjfnnouetrfgs.

Hroup F

@gahfuiNbebjbJgeibrkAuxgiòurh2

\ortuhbaWeftgj ^tbtgs

Hroup FF

^pbfeEgtmgrabejs

Hroup FFF

Weftgj KfehjoiBustrbafb

CrbengDbpbe0

Hroup FS

CfeabejFtbay^wftzgrabej

Hroup S

HrggngBustrfbHgribeyEgw Tgbabej>

Eorwby^wgjge

Frgabej

Zotba JBN nouetrfgs:

72 37 0 3 20 2> : 6 \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg68 2>2 7 >2 = 2< 7 0> \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg2: :8 0 07 0 7 2> 7: \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg27 00 : = 02 0: 03 >: \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg23 0= 12 > = 22 2 20 \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg

0>< 0=: =2 267 > > >7 36 \osftfvg \osftfvg E^N \osftfvg

== 2:2 2< 2> 22 2> 20 6 \osftfvg \osftfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg27< 2=7 80 2>2 6 8 := 82 \osftfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg

2=8 2=3 :6 8< = 8 03 >= E^N \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg2>2 2<: >2 >> 2= 2> 0> >0 Eghbtfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg

206< 882 3 226 06 0> < 27 Eghbtfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg2<83 =2= := 3= 8 3 22 2> Eghbtfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg

23 02 7 > 8 6 >< 2: \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg03 :0 12 12 7 3 2 < \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg00 0= = = : : >= 0= \osftfvg E^N E^N Eghbtfvg

3 8 12 12 2< = < < \osftfvg E^N Eghbtfvg E^N22< 30 0 2 00 2: 0 0 Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg336 73= =0 7> 2= 28 20 6 Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg>2 0= > 0 >3 >> 2= 3 Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg=2 3> :7 27 = 8 73 0: Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg78 :7 >0 23 3 : 73 >3 Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg Eghbtfvg

02 >> e.b. e.b. 28 0< e.b. e.b. \osftfvg „ \osftfvg „

:>=3 >386 :=3 =<< 2< = 2> 0: Eghbtfvg \osftfvg Eghbtfvg \osftfvg

Zbàg 3.>. \grngetbhg nmbehgs fe `fabtgrba bfj caows to gjunbtfoe bej to `bsfn gjunbtfoe

fe noestbet 0<<< W^$ ifaafoes, bvgrbhg (266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2)

266=„66

Gjunbtfoe

Nouetry 0<<<„<2 266=„66

@bsfn gjunbtfoe

0<<<„<2 266=„66

Gjunbtfoe bs% oc totba bfj

0<<<„<2 266=„66

@bsfn gjunbtfoe bs% oc gjunbtfoe bfj Nmbehg fe biouet Nmbehg fe %

0<<<„<2 Gjunbtfoe@bsfn

gjunbtfoeGjunbtfoe/

totba

@bsfngjunbtfoe/gjunbtfoe

Hroup F

Hroup FF

Hroup FFF

Hroup FS

Hroup S

Eotgs4 Cfhurgs brg rouejgj. E^N „ eo sfhefcfnbet nmbehg.2. Auxgiòurh cfhurgs cor 0<<<„<2 novgr oeay 0<<<.0. Zmg biouet oc bfj rgportgj `y Dbpbe `y su`-sgntor biouetgj to oeay :2% oc totba gjunbtfoe bfj fe 266=„66 bej 3>% fe 0<<<„<2.>. Egw Tgbabej rgportgj oeay 7=% oc fts totba gjunbtfoe bfj y su`-sgntor fe 266=„66.:. Bs b rgsuat oc tmg uejgr-rgportfeh y su`-sgntor fe tmg nbsgs oc Dbpbe bej Egw Tgbabej, tmg totba cor JBN nouetrfgs y su`-sgntor

noestftutgj oeay =7% oc totba bfj fe 266=„66 bej 60% fe 0<<<„<2. Bfj cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe bs b pgrngetbhg oc totba gjunbtfoe bfj mbs `ggenbanuabtgj `bsgj oe tmg rgportgj su`-sgntor cfhurg rbtmgr tmbe tmg cfhurg cor totba gjunbtfoe bfj.

ôurng4 JBN oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b, Zb ag 7).



Nmbptgr 3


266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2 cor tmg Weftgj Kfehjoi

bej „ fe tmg opposftg jfrgntfoe „ cor wgjge.

Bfj to gjunbtfoe fs baso provfjgj tmrouhm otmgrsgntors, bs Cfhurg 3.: smows. Zmgsg caows brgfesfhefcfnbet fe soig nouetrfgs (sunm bs tmgWeftgj ^tbtgs), ùt tmgy noestftutg mfhmaysfhefcfnbet biouets fe otmgrs (bpproxfibtgay7<% cor Bustrbafb bej Eorwby). Zmgsg, oc noursg,iby `g btypfnba rbtmgr tmbe rghuabr. Corgxbipag, fe tmg nbsg oc Eorwby, tmg cfhurg wbs><% fe 266=„66. Fe bjjftfoe, tmgsg baaonbtfoesiby rgcagnt b afiftgj eui`gr oc bntfvftfgs. Zmus

6<% oc tmg 0<<<„<2 cfhurg cor Eorwby fs

gxpabfegj `y two igjfnba trbfefeh prodgnts fe tmg

Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb. Zmfs noesfjgrbàgproportfoe oc gjunbtfoe bfj baaonbtgj tmrouhmotmgr sgntor prohrbiigs iby nouetgr`babengtmg soigwmbt eghbtfvg nmbrbntgrfstfns corEorwby suhhgstgj `y Zbàg 3.>.

Ft fs, tmge, egngssbry to tbkg bnnouet oc baa JBNjbtb sourngs fe orjgr to gstbàfsm b cuaa pfnturgoc bfj to gjunbtfoe bej to gxpabfe nmbehgs fe bfjprovfsfoe `y fejfvfjuba igi`gr nouetrfgs. Zmfsfs pbrtfnuabray rgagvbet cor nouetrfgs tmbt mbvgbjoptgj tmg sgntor-wfjg bpprobnm or iorg

hgegrba support to tmg ùjhgts oc hovgreigets

<

0<

:<

3<

=<

2<<

Cfeabej Ftbay ^pbfe ^wgjge Weftgj Kfehjoi

\ g r n g e t b h g

Gjunbtfoe poafnfgsbej bjife. ibebhgiget

Gjunbtfoe cbnfaftfgs bej trbfefeh

Zgbnmgr trbfefeh

Gjunbtfoeba rgsgbrnm73

80

>3

2<<

3=

03:

3< :

23

:

0:

0 :

0>

Otmgr

2

Cfhurg 3.>. \grngetbhg noiposftfoe oc ”uespgnfcfgj‖ gjunbtfoe bfj, sgagntgj nouetrfgs, bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2)

ôurng4 NP^ oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b).

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2<

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7<

3<

\ g r n g e t b h g

B u s t r b a f b

B u s t r f b

@ g a h f u i

N b e b j b

J g e i b r k

C f e a b e j

C r b e n g

H g r i b e y

H r g g n g

F r g a b e j

F t b a y

D b p b e

A u x g i ` o u r h

E g t m g r a b e j s

E g w T g b a b e j

E o r w b y

\ o r t u h b a

^ p b f e

^ w g j g e

^ w f t z g r a b e j



J B N n o u e t r f g s - t o t b a

ôurng4 NP^ oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b).

Cfhurg 3.:. Bfj to gjunbtfoe tmrouhm otmgr sgntors bs b pgrngetbhg oc totba bfj to gjunbtfoe, bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2)



bs tmgfr prgjoifebet bfj iojbafty, bej cor tmosgtmbt provfjg abrhg biouets oc bfj cor gjunbtfoeuejgr otmgr sgntorba prohrbiigs.

Pgportfeh oe bfj to gjunbtfoe

Zmg prgvfous sgntfoes mbvg suhhgstgj tmbtjfccfnuatfgs rgibfe fe o`tbfefeh b totbaay bnnurbtgpfnturg oc bfj to gjunbtfoe, bej to `bsfn gjunbtfoeiorg spgnfcfnbaay, ùt stgbjy fiprovgigets fergportfeh to tmg OGNJ-JBN brg `gfeh ibjg, bs@ox 3.2 jgioestrbtgs. Fe tmg survgy noejuntgjcor tmfs rgport, baa `fabtgrba bhgenfgsbnkeowagjhgj tmg vbaug oc tmg JBN gjunbtfoestbtfstfns bs be occfnfba sourng oe bfj caows bejbs b `bsfs cor noipbrfsoe bnross nouetrfgs.Mowgvgr, soig oc tmgi baso fejfnbtgj tmbt tmgJBN cfhurgs jo eot provfjg tmg cuaa pfnturg octmgfr support cor gjunbtfoe bej tmbt fe soig

nbsgs tmgrg brg jfccgrgengs `gtwgge wmbt tmgyrgnorj cor tmg JBN bej wmbt tmgy rgportebtfoebaay. Zmfs pbrtay rgabtgs to jfccfnuatfgs febppayfeh tmg JBN rgnorjfeh systgi, pbrtfnuabray

fe tmg noetgxt oc iovfeh croi spgnfcfn prodgnts toiorg hgegrba sgntorba bej ùjhgt support, bejpbrtay to otmgr tgnmefnba fssugs tmbt vbry fefiportbeng croi nouetry to nouetry (sgg @ox 3.0).

Xmbt rgibfes oc fiigjfbtg fetgrgst fs wmgtmgrtmg jbtb fssugs rbfsgj `y tmg bhgenfgs iby pbrtaygxpabfe tmg pbttgres sgt out fe Zbàg 3.>, tmggxtget to wmfnm support cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe bejtmg ”uespgnfcfgj‖ su`-sgntors brg fetgrrgabtgj,bej wmgtmgr support provfjgj tmrouhm nmbeegasotmgr tmbe tmrouhm tmg gjunbtfoe sgntor nbe `gnoesfjgrgj bs sfhefcfnbet.

Bfj trgejs, poafnfgs bej noiiftigetsFe rgnget poafny stbtgigets, tmg `fabtgrbabhgenfgs pbrtfnfpbtfeh fe tmg survgy cor tmfsrgport fejfnbtgj stroeh support cor gjunbtfoe,

strgssfeh fts roag fe povgrty rgjuntfoe, fesustbfebàg jgvgaopiget, bej fe tmggipowgriget oc woige bej hfras. Zbàg 3.7suiibrfzgs tmg bhgenfgs‖ rgtures.

Zmg bebaysfs oc bfj caows to tmg gjunbtfoe sgntor prgsgetgjfe tmfs rgport fs ibfeay `bsgj oe OGNJ FetgrebtfoebaJgvgaopiget ^tbtfstfns (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b). Zmg jbtb noigcroi bhgenfgs, fenaujfeh tmg twgety-two igi`gr nouetrfgsoc tmg Jgvgaopiget Bssfstbeng Noiifttgg (JBN) oc tmgOGNJ, tmg Guropgbe Noiifssfoe bej otmgr fetgrebtfoebaorhbefzbtfoes. Zmg stbtfstfns brg noipfagj bnnorjfeh to tmgjgcfeftfoes bej nabssfcfnbtfoes bhrggj `y tmg JBN (OGNJ-JBN,0<<>b).

Jbtb oe totba beeuba biouets oc bfj to gjunbtfoe gxtgejgj `yfejfvfjuba JBN provfjgrs brg bvbfabàg croi 2682 oewbrjs.@bsfn gjunbtfoe mbs `gge jfstfehufsmgj bs b sgpbrbtgnbtghory fe tmg stbtfstfns sfeng 266>. Feftfbaay, rgportfeh `yagvga oc gjunbtfoe wbs jfccfnuat cor sgvgrba bhgenfgs, ùt tmgrgvfsfoe oc tmg JBN sgntor nabssfcfnbtfoe fe 2663 mgapgj tonabrfcy tmg jgcfeftfoe oc tmg gjunbtfoe sgntor bej fts su`-

nbtghorfgs. Zmg ruags oe mow to nabssfcy gjunbtfoeba bntfvftfgsfe otmgr sgntors (g.h. mgbatm, bhrfnuaturg) or prodgnts tbrhgtfehsgvgrba agvgas oc gjunbtfoe (g.h. `bsfn bej sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe) wgrg baso nabrfcfgj. Cor tmg `fgeefui 0<<<„<2, jbtboe bfj to gjunbtfoe nbe `g `rokge jowe `y agvga oc gjunbtfoecor baa JBN provfjgrs.

JBN igi`grs‖ rgportfeh oe fejfvfjuba gjunbtfoe prodgntsbej prohrbiigs mbs baso hrgbtay fiprovgj ovgr tmg abstcgw ygbrs. Zmg Nrgjftor Pgportfeh ^ystgi (NP^) Bfj Bntfvftyjbtb`bsg oc tmg JBN baaows sgntor-`y-rgnfpfget bebaysgs bejnovgrs ovgr 6<% oc JBN provfjgrs‖ `fabtgrba OJB sfeng

2666. Novgrbhg fs aowgr fe tmg gjunbtfoe sgntor (iorg tmbe8<%). Zmg jbtb hbps (ibfeay noengrefeh Crbeng bej Dbpbe)nbe, mowgvgr, `g rgigjfgj `y bhhrghbtfeh bfj to gjunbtfoe`y rgnfpfget, bs rgportgj fe tmg beeuba JBN stbtfstfns.

Zmg ibfe proàgi genouetgrgj fe tmg bebaysfs oc bfj togjunbtfoe noengres iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs. Jbtb oe gjunbtfoebaprodgnts mbvg `gge bvbfabàg cor tmg Xoraj @bek bej tmgrghfoeba jgvgaopiget `beks sfeng 268>, bej cor WEFNGCsfeng 0<<<. Bs rghbrjs tmg Guropgbe Noiifssfoe (b igi`groc tmg JBN), tmg totba biouet oc bfj to gjunbtfoe fs keowe cor0<<<„<2 ùt bntfvfty-agvga jgtbfa fs bvbfabàg oeay oe GuropgbeJgvgaopiget Cuej bej Guropgbe Fevgstiget @bek bntfvftfgs.Fiprovgigets brg gxpgntgj fe stbtfstfns oe 0<<> caows.

Zmg bhhrghbtg bej bntfvfty-agvga jbtb fe tmg JBN Fetgrebtfoeba

Jgvgaopiget ^tbtfstfns brg tmg ibfe sourng oc jbtb oe bfj to

gjunbtfoe (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b). Xmgrgbs fetgreba systgis ocigi`gr nouetrfgs ifhmt provfjg iorg jgtbfagj fecoribtfoe,tmg JBN stbtfstfns baaow noipbrb`fafty. JBN igi`grs mbvgurhgj tmbt tmg rgibfefeh fetgrebtfoeba provfjgrs eot ygt usfehtmg systgi „ fe pbrtfnuabr tmg WEJ\ ùt baso soig otmgrWeftgj Ebtfoes bhgenfgs „ smouaj rgport tmgfr bfj bntfvftfgsto tmg OGNJ usfeh tmg sbig coribt, jgcfeftfoes bejnabssfcfnbtfoes bs tmg `fabtgrba bhgenfgs. Zmfs wfaa mgap toprovfjg b noipagtg hao`ba pfnturg oc bfj gccorts bnnorjfeh tostbejbrjfzgj jgcfeftfoes bej nabssfcfnbtfoes.

ôurng4 @bsgj oe fecoribtfoe provfjgj y tmg OGNJ-JBN.

@ox 3.2. ^tbtfstfns oe bfj to gjunbtfoe4 tmg qubafty oc rgportfeh



Nmbptgr 3


Gjunbtfoe fsgxpgntgj to`gegcft croitmg IfaagefuiNmbaagehg

Bnnouet.

Zmgsg fejfnbtfoes oc b rgegwgj noiiftiget to`bsfn gjunbtfoe mbvg `gge bnnoipbefgj `y soigbeeouengigets oc egw cuejfeh noiiftigets.Bt tmg H= suiift fe Kbebebskfs, Nbebjb, feIbrnm 0<<0, òtm Dbpbe bej Nbebjb beeouengj

bjjftfoeba cuejfeh cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe. Dbpbefejfnbtgj pagjhgs oc iorg tmbe W^$0 `faafoe ocOJB cor tmg gjunbtfoe sgntor ovgr tmg egxt cfvgygbrs to support aow-fenoig nouetrfgs cbngj wftmjfccfnuatfgs fe bnmfgvfeh tmg GCB hobas, bej tmbt ftwouaj strgehtmge fts @bsfn Gjunbtfoe cor HrowtmFeftfbtfvg (@GHFE) wmfnm conusgs oe bnngss,qubafty bej ibebhgiget. Nbebjb jgnabrgj tmbt ftwouaj fenrgbsg fts fevgstiget fe `bsfn gjunbtfoefe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb to NJE$2<< ifaafoe y0<<7 bej wouaj ibfetbfe bt agbst tmbt agvga ocfevgstiget beeubaay tmgrgbctgr. Zmfs wbs febjjftfoe to tmg NJE$777 ifaafoe tmbt Nbebjb

noiifttgj to fevgst fe `bsfn gjunbtfoe fe ftsônfba Jgvgaopiget \rforftfgs Crbigworkpuàfsmgj sooe bctgr tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Coruife Jbkbr.

Bt tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Noecgrgeng oe Cfebenfehcor Jgvgaopiget fe Ioetgrrgy, Igxfno, feIbrnm 0<<0, Crbeng beeouengj be fenrgbsg oc ftsOJB to rgbnm <.7% oc fts HE\ ovgr tmg egxt cfvgygbrs, bej <.8% ovgr tge ygbrs. Zmfs fs gxpgntgjto agbj to fenrgbsgj support cor gjunbtfoe bejpbrtfnuabray cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe. Zmg Weftgj

^tbtgs beeouengj tmbt ft wouaj fenrgbsg fts norgbssfstbeng to jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs `y 7<% ovgrtmg egxt tmrgg ygbrs, rgsuatfeh fe b W^$7 `faafoebeeuba fenrgbsg ovgr nurrget agvgas `y 0<<3 (W.^.Hovgreiget, 0<<0). Zmg egw cuej, wmfnm wfaa

suppagiget tmg nurrget bssfstbeng, wouaj `gpabngj fe b Ifaageefui Nmbaagehg Bnnouet bej `gbvbfabàg to nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg jgioestrbtgjnoiiftiget to souej jgvgaopiget poafnfgs. ôcbr, Noehrgss mbs bpprovgj W^$=<< ifaafoe cor0<<: (W^BFJ, 0<<>b). Gjunbtfoe fs gxpgntgj to`gegcft croi tmfs bnnouet. Fe bjjftfoe,W^ support cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe fs gxpgntgj tofenrgbsg fe tmg orjgr oc 7<% jurfeh 0<<2„<>(W.^. Hovgreiget, 0<<0).

Iorg rgngetay, tmg Egtmgrabejs beeouengj ftsfetgetfoe to spgej ¤0.7 `faafoe (bpproxfibtgay

W^$0.60 `faafoe) oe gjunbtfoe fe jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs fe tmg egxt cfvg ygbrs, oc wmfnm 83%wfaa ho to `bsfn gjunbtfoe (Egtmgrabejs, 0<<>b).

Zmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg (CZF), jfsnussgj abtgrfe tmfs nmbptgr, mbs baso bttrbntgj cuejs croiefeg `fabtgrba bhgenfgs. Zmfs, fe bssonfbtfoewftm FJB bnngagrbtfoe cuejs, fs fe tmg orjgr ocW^$0<< ifaafoe cor tmg pgrfoj 0<<>„<7.

Jfccfnuatfgs fe rgnoenfafeh cfhurgs rgportgjto JBN bej cfhurgs puàfsmgj `y bhgenfgs4

JBN rgportfeh coaaows tmg nbagejbr ygbr wmgrgbssoig nouetrfgs rgport to tmgfr owe pbrafbigetscor b cfsnba ygbr.

Ibey nouetrfgs rgport to tmgfr owe pbrafbigetsusfeh b sgntor nabssfcfnbtfoe wmfnm fs eot fjgetfnbato tmg JBN nabssfcfnbtfoe.

Xmgrgbs JBN noipfags jbtb croi baa ebtfoebabhgenfgs, fe soig nouetrfgs fejfvfjuba bhgenfgssuìft sgpbrbtg rgports to tmgfr owehovgreigets.

@ox 3.0. ^tbtfstfns oe bfj to gjunbtfoe4rgportfeh jfccfnuatfgs

JBN nouetrfgs mfhmafhmt b sgt oc proàgis fe rgportfeh tmgfr bfj caows

to JBN, fe pbrtfnuabr4

ôurng4 @bsgj oe rgtures croi gfhmt `fabtgrba bhgenfgs bs pbrt oc tmg survgy noejuntgj cor tmfs rgport.

Jfccfnuatfgs fe nbpturfeh baa gjunbtfoe bfjtmrouhm tmg JBN nojfeh systgi

JBN stbtfstfns rgport iostay noiiftigets, batmouhmjfsùrsgiget cfhurgs brg noesfjgrgj to `g tmg iostrgafbàg `y tmg bhgenfgs.

Gjunbtfoe bfj fs eot nbpturgj `y tmg JBN gjunbtfoenojg wmge ft fs b su`-noipoeget oc iuatf-sgntorprohrbiigs or fs provfjgj tmrouhm otmgr sgntors.

Zmg ”uespgnfcfgj‖ nbtghory mfjgs soig support cortmg `bsfn gjunbtfoe su`-sgntor.

Gjunbtfoe support bej noipoegets provfjgj corEHOs, bs eoe-prodgnt hrbets, bej bs muibeftbrfbe

bfj brg eot nbpturgj fe tmg JBN cfhurgs.



Nmbptgr 3


3. Zmg rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc

`fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj mbs `ggnbanuabtgj croi fecoribtfoe fetmg NP^, bjdustgj cor jbtb hbpbej noipbrgj wftm occfnfba JBNjgvgaopiget stbtfstfns (sggBppgejfx >).

8. Zmg rghfoeba jbtb o`snurg teggjs oc fejfvfjuba nouetrfgswmosg out-oc-snmooa popuabtfobej bjuat faaftgrbny rbtgs iby `rgabtfvgay fesfhefcfnbet fe hao`btgris ùt noestftutg beovgrwmgaifeh proàgi bt tmgebtfoeba agvga. Zmfs, cor gxbipfs tmg nbsg oc tmg Noioros,wmosg :6,832 out-oc-snmooanmfajrge noestftutgbpproxfibtgay mbac oc tmg prfisnmooa-bhg popuabtfoe.

Pghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfjCfhurg 3.7 smows tmg rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc`fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj.3 Zmg mfhmgst proportfoe fsprovfjgj cor su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb (bpproxfibtgay08%), coaaowgj `y Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn(bpproxfibtgay 00%) bej tmg Brb` ^tbtgs(bpproxfibtgay 23%). Zmgsg rghfoes baa cbngjfccfnuatfgs fe iggtfeh tmg Jbkbr hobas `y 0<27 bsrgportgj fe tmg GCB Pgport 0<<0 (WEG^NO,

0<<0`). Otmgr rghfoes, mowgvgr, cbng sfifabrjfccfnuatfgs, ùt rgngfvg cbr agss gjunbtfoe bfj.Zmfs fs pbrtfnuabray tmg nbsg wftm ôutm bej XgstBsfb, wmfnm, jgspftg mbvfeh oeg-tmfrj oc tmgworaj‖s out-oc-snmooa-nmfajrge, rgngfvgj agsstmbe 2<% oc bfj to gjunbtfoe. Iorg bfj tmbe tmfs

wbs rgngfvgj `y Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmgNbrf``gbe, wmgrg tmg snbag oc gjunbtfoebaproàgis fs sfhefcfnbetay agss fetgesg.8

Batmouhm tmg jfstrfùtfoe oc gjunbtfoe bfj nbeeot`g jfsgetbehagj croi `robjgr gnoeoifn bejpoaftfnba noesfjgrbtfoes, iost, fc eot baa, cuejfehbej tgnmefnba bssfstbeng bhgenfgs bnkeowagjhgtmg rfhmt to gjunbtfoe bej fts sfhefcfnbeng cor

gipowgriget bej jgvgaopiget (Zbàg 3.7).Croi tmfs pgrspgntfvg, b jfstrfùtfoe oc bfjrgcagntfeh noipbrbtfvg eggjs ifhmt `g gxpgntgj.Mowgvgr, bs Zbàg 3.3 smows, tmfs fs cbr croi tmgnbsg. Zmg Brb` ^tbtgs, Ngetrba Bsfb, bej AbtfeBigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe baa rgngfvg iorg

<

2<

0<

><

:<

7<

3<

Brb` tbtgs Ngetrba/Gbstgre Guropg

Ngetrba Bsfb Gbst Bsfb/\bnfcfn



ôutm/Xgst Bsfb

û`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb

\ g r n g e t b h g

27.6

:.:0.3

00.0

2<.8

<

6.2

03.=

8.=

2.7 <

02.3

:.3<.6

:8.=

27.=

3.<>.=

2.<

06.=

=.6 =.<

03.<

23.:

8.2

2.6 <.3

2>.7

2.6 2.8

>2.2

:0.>

% oc totba bfj to gjunbtfoe

% oc woraj faaftgrbtgs% oc woraj snmooa-bhg popuabtfoe

% oc woraj out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge

Cfhurg 3.7. Pghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc `fabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe, bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2), bjuat faaftgrbtgs,

snmooa-bhg popuabtfoe bej out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge (0<<<), pgrngetbhg.

Eotg4 Zotba gjunbtfoe bfj jogs eot bjj up to 2<<% `gnbusg oc bfj tmbt nbeeot `g baaonbtgj to oeg rghfoe.

ôurng4 Noipfagj croi NP^ oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b) bej ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs 0 bej 7.

Brb` ^tbtgsNgetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg

Ngetrba BsfbGbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfnAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeôutm bej Xgst Bsfbû`-^bmbrbe BcrfnbWebaaonbtgj:

Xoraj

38.7 8.: 7::.3 0.< 2:.< =.2 8>.720.7 2.6 27<.6 <.: 3.2 20.2 88.8

<.0 <.3 6<.2 2.0 2>.: :<7.8 2::.72=3.: 2:.< 832.> <.: :.< :.2 7:.>>6.> 2.6 >3=.> <.8 3.: 6.: 2=6.<

:20.0 >0.: >2>.3 <.0 2.6 <.= 6.82>3.< ::.< 626.8 2.7 =.8 3.= 0<.6

0=>.3

=30.< 2<:.0 > :>0.7 <.3 7.> :.< >0.6

Zbàg 3.3. Gjunbtfoe bfj `y rghfoe bej ebtfoeba nmbrbntgrfstfns (0<<<„<2)

Bjuatfaaftgrbtgs

(27+)2

Out-oc-snmooanmfajrge2

Gjunbtfoebfj0

Bfj pgrnbpftb>

Bfj pgrsnmooa-bhg

nmfaj>

Bfj pgrfaaftgrbtg>

Bfj pgrout-oc-snmooa

nmfaj>

Eotgs4 Cfhurgs brg rouejgj2. Fe ifaafoes0. Fe noestbet 0<<< W^$ ifaafoes>. Fe noestbet 0<<< W^$:. ”Webaaonbtgj‖ rgcgrs to bfj wmfnm wbs eot nabssfcfgj y rgnfpfget, or wmfnm strbjjagj iorg tmbe oeg GCB rghfoe. ôurng4 Noipfagj croi NP^ oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b) bej ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs 0 bej 7.



B naosgrbebaysfs oc

nouetry jbtbnoecfris tmbt

bfj fs bttrbntgj`y `gttgr-pgrcorifeh

gjunbtfoesystgis.

gjunbtfoe bfj pgr nbpftb, pgr snmooa-bhg nmfaj,pgr faaftgrbtg, bej pgr out-oc-snmooa-nmfaj tmbetmg hao`ba bvgrbhg, wmgrgbs ôutm bej Xgst Bsfbrgngfvgs iunm agss. û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, oe tmgotmgr mbej rgngfvgs iorg tmbe tmg hao`ba

bvgrbhg oe gbnm fejfnbtor, wftm tmg gxngptfoe ocbfj pgr out-oc-snmooa nmfaj.

B naosgr bebaysfs oc nouetry jbtb noecfris tmbtbfj fs bttrbntgj `y `gttgr-pgrcorifeh gjunbtfoe

systgis. Be bebaysfs oc 88 nouetrfgs cor wmfnmtmg egt geroaiget rbtg bej tmg biouet oc`fabtgrba bfj pgr out-oc-snmooa nmfaj brg bvbfabàgsmows tmbt tmg biouet oc bfj pgr out-oc-snmooanmfaj fenrgbsgs wftm tmg agvga oc egt geroaiget

(Cfhurg 3.3). ^fifabray, cor 20< nouetrfgs mbvfehtmgsg jbtb, b posftfvg eoe-afegbr rgabtfoesmfp fsbppbrget `gtwgge aftgrbny rbtgs bej bfj pgrfaaftgrbtg bjuat (Cfhurg 3.8).

y 9 <.==0g <.<>>8x

P0 9 <.08=

2<

><

7<

8<

6<

22<

<2< 0< >< :< 7< 3< 8< =< 6< 2<<

Bjuat aftgrbny rbtg (%)

B f j p g r b j u a t f a a f t g r b t g ( W ^ $ )

Eotg4 Jbtb cor EGP bej out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge brg cor 0<<<. ôurng4 Noipfagj croi NP^ oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b) bej ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 7.

Cfhurg 3.8. Bjuat aftgrbny rbtg bej `fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj pgr bjuat faaftgrbtg

(fe noestbet 0<<< W^$), bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2)

Cfhurg 3.3. EGP fe prfibry gjunbtfoe bej `fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj pgr

out-oc-snmooa nmfaj (fe noestbet 0<<< W^$), bvgrbhg (0<<<„<2)

2<<

><<

7<<

8<<

6<<

22<<

<

2< 0< >< :< 7< 3< 8< =< 6< 2<<

EGP fe prfibry gjunbtfoe (%)

B f j p g r o u t - o c - s n m o o a n m f a j ( W ^ $ )

<.<7:6xy 9 <.608gP0 9 <.:272

Eotg4 Jbtb cor faaftgrbtgs bej bjuat aftgrbny rbtg brg cor 0<<<. ôurng4 Noipfagj croi NP^ oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b) bej ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 0.



Nmbptgr 3


Iuatfabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe

ûpport to gjunbtfoe croi iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs(gxnaujfeh tmg Xoraj @bek bej tmg GN) cgaa ovgrtmg pgrfojs 266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2 (Zbàg 3.8). Zmfs

jgnrgbsg fs gxpabfegj soagay `y tmg jgnafeg fesupport croi tmg rghfoeba jgvgaopiget `beks.ûpport cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe fevoavgs baa gjunbtfoebfj fe tmg nbsg oc WEFNGC, soig =3% cor WEPXBbej :8% cor tmg Guropgbe Noiifssfoe.=

Bs rghbrjs Xoraj @bek cuejfeh cor gjunbtfoe,trgejs fe noengssfoeba cfebeng (FJB) mbvgcoaaowgj b sfifabr pbttgre to tmg @bek‖snoiigrnfba agejfeh (Cfhurg 3.=). Mbvfehrgibfegj rgabtfvgay stbàg tmrouhmout tmg cfrstmbac oc tmg 266<s, òtm tmge `gnbig iorgvbrfbàg, bej mbvg su`sgqugetay `gge fe jgnafeg.

Curtmgriorg, gjunbtfoe mbs baso jgnafegj bs bproportfoe oc totba agejfeh fe rgnget ygbrs, bejtmg FJB gagiget eow noestftutgs oeay mbac oc ftsagvga fe tmg ifj-266<s.

Fe tgris oc fts rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe, mfhm prforftyfs hfvge to su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej to ôutmBsfb fe totba FJB agejfeh, bej cor gjunbtfoe(Cfhurg 3.6). FJB agejfeh to outm Bsfb to soiggxtget nouetgr`babengs tmg noipbrbtfvgay aowgrbaaonbtfoes croi fabtgrba bhgenfgs cor tmbt rghfoe.

Zbàg 3.= suiibrfzgs totba `fabtgrba bejiuatfabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe bej to `bsfngjunbtfoe fe 266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2. Zmg `fabtgrbacaows joifebtg tmg pfnturg. @otm `fabtgrba bej

iuatfabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe jgnrgbsgj `gtwgge266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2. Fe noetrbst, tmgrg wbs bposftfvg jgvgaopiget cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe, wftm bfjfenrgbsfeh `y `gtwgge oeg-cfctm bej oeg-qubrtgruejgr mfhm bej aow bssuiptfoes, rgspgntfvgay.Zmg iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs baaonbtgj bnoipbrbtfvgay mfhmgr proportfoe oc tmgfr totbabfj cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe tmbe jfj tmg `fabtgrbabhgenfgs. Mowgvgr, tmgsg agvgas oc support ocbrouej W^$2.7 `faafoe pgr ygbr rgibfe sibaa

wmge noipbrgj wftm tmg gstfibtgj agvga ocbjjftfoeba bfj oc W^$7.3 `faafoe pgr ygbr eggjgj torgbnm tmg ibdor GCB hobas (WEG^NO, 0<<0`4Nmbptgr :).

Bcrfnbe Jgvgaopiget CuejBsfbe Jgvgaopiget CuejFetgr-Bigrfnbe Jgvgaopiget @bekGuropgbe Noiifssfoe (GN)WEFNGCWEPXBOtmgrs

Zotba iuatfabtgrba

Zotba iuatfabtgrba (gxnaujfeh GN)*

88: :<8 20< :2 27.7 2<.22237 2<80 2<= =: 6.> 8.6

78= :=8 >3 08 3.0 7.3e.b. 3::7 e.b. ><3 e.b. :.8::7 7=3 :> 7> 6.3 6.2><2 >03 236 282 73.0 70.>=2 6> : 8 :.6 8.2

>>:7 6:23 :=2 3=8 2:.: 8.>

>>:7 0682 :=2 >=2 2:.: 20.6

Zotba GjunbtfoeGjunbtfoe

bs % oc totba

266=„66 0<<<„<2 266=„66 0<<<„<2 266=„66 0<<<„<

Zbàg 3.8. Iuatfabtgrba OJB noiiftigets, gxnaujfeh tmg Xoraj @bek,

fe noestbet 0<<< W^$ ifaafoes, bvgrbhg

Eotg4 Cfhurgs brg rouejgj.Zmg JBN jgcabtor cor tmg Weftgj ^tbtgs mbs `gge usgj cor baa iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs gxngpt cor tmg GN.* Zotba iuatfabtgrba (gxnaujfeh GN) pgrifts noipbrfsoe `gtwgge tmg two `fgeefb bs jbtb brg uebvbfabàg cortmg GN cor 266=„66. ôurng4 JBN oe-afeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b), Zb ag 7.

<

7<<

2 <<<

2 7<<

0 <<<

0 7<<

> <<<

> 7<<

266< 2662 2660 266> 266: 2667 2663 2668 266= 2666 0<<< 0<<2 0<<0

FJB F@PJ Zotba

I f a a f o e W ^

$

Cfhurg 3.=. Xoraj @bek agejfeh to gjunbtfoe, noestbet 0<<2 prfngs fe W^$ ifaafoes (266<„0<<0)

Eotg4 Zmg JBN jgcabtor cor tmg Weftgj ^tbtgs mbs `gge usgj to projung noestbet prfngs sgrfgs. ôurng4 mttp4//jgvjbtb.woraj`bek.orh/gjstbts/woraj`bekagejfeh/wàsui_<0.xas

=. Zmg `rgbkjowe cor `bsfngjunbtfoe fs uebvbfabàg cortmg rghfoeba `beks.

http://devdata.worldbank.org/edstats/worldbanklending/wblsum_02.xls

http://devdata.worldbank.org/edstats/worldbanklending/wblsum_02.xls



ûiibry

Zmg hbp `gtwgge rmgtorfn bej rgbafty fe supportcor gjunbtfoe sggis to pgrsfst, batmouhm ft iby

wgaa `g too gbray to sgg stbtgj noiiftigetssfeng Jbkbr rgcagntgj fe JBN rgnorjgj cfhurgs.Bebaysfs oc tmg iost rgnget jbtb smows tmbtovgrbaa support cor gjunbtfoe croi òtmiuatfabtgrba bej `fabtgrba bhgenfgs mbs `ggejgnafefeh fe rgnget ygbrs. Iuatfabtgrba support cor`bsfn gjunbtfoe mbs baso hoeg jowe. Fe noetrbst,support cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe croi `fabtgrbabhgenfgs mbs fenrgbsgj bej fs possfày bt bmfhmgr agvga tmbe tmbt nbpturgj `y tmg JBN jbtb`gnbusg oc rgnorjfeh jgcfnfgenfgs bej baaonbtfoesoutsfjg tmg `bsfn gjunbtfoe su`-sgntor. Ft fs

pbrtfnuabray fiportbet to rgnohefzg tmbt fenrgbsgjbaaonbtfoes tmrouhm tmg su`-sgntor ”uespgnfcfgj‖

iby noipgesbtg cor jgnrgbsgj noetrfùtfoes totmg `bsfn gjunbtfoe su`-sgntor fe nouetrfgs tmbtstroehay support sgntor-wfjg bpprobnmgs.Egvgrtmgagss, gvge tmfs iorg genourbhfeh trgejfe support oc `bsfn gjunbtfoe iust `g uejgrstoojfe tmg noetgxt oc b sibaagr ovgrbaa bfj ùjhgt corgjunbtfoe fe hgegrba. Ft baso rgibfes sibaa fenoipbrfsoe wftm prodgntgj eggjs cor GCB.

Zmg bebaysfs mbs baso smowe b pgrsfstget pbttgreoc rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc Occfnfba JgvgaopigetBssfstbeng bej support cor gjunbtfoe, tbrhgtfeh

Cfhurg 3.6. \grngetbhg rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc F@PJ bej FJB nuiuabtfvg agejfeh totba bej cor gjunbtfoe (266<„0<<0)

<

0<

:<

3<

=<

2<<

FJB totba FJB gjunbtfoe F@PJ totba F@PJ gjunbtfoe

\ g r n g e t b h g

Bcrfnb


Guropg bej Ngetrba Bsfb


Ifjjag Gbst bej Eortm Bcrfnb

ôutm Bsfb:0

27

37>

06

>8

2>07:

>6

2

0=

0>

>>

8

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2

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22

72

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Eotg4 Zmgsg rghfoeba jfvfsfoes coaaow tmg Xoraj @bek nabssfcfnbtfoe wmfnm jogs eot ibtnm gxbntay wftm tmg GCB rghfoes. ôurng4 Xoraj @bek (0<<0c , pp. 2>2„0).

Mfhm Aow Mfhm Aow

@fabtgrba2

Zotba iuatfabtgrba oc wmfnm

FJB0

Guropgbe Noiifssfoe (GN)>

WEG^NO:

Fetgr-Bigrfnbe Jgvgaopiget @bekBsfbe Jgvgaopiget CuejBcrfnbe Jgvgaopiget CuejWEFNGCWEPXBOtmgr iuatfabtgrba

Zotba

:.>6 >.3= <.78 <.78 <.=8 <.=8

2.:6 2.>0 <.8: <.78 <.38 <.7=

<.62 <.72 <.:< <.08 <.00 <.27e.b. <.>2 e.b. e.b. <.2: <.2:<.2< <.20 <.<> <.<> <.<: <.<:<.<: <.<> <.<0 <.<2 <.<2 <.<2<.22 <.<= <.<7 <.<> <.<: <.<><.20 <.<: <.<7 <.<: <.<0 <.<2<.<: <.<7 <.<: <.<: <.<7 <.<7<.28 <.28 <.27 <.27 <.27 <.27<.<< <.<2 <.<< <.<< <.<< <.<<

7.== 7.<< 2.>2 2.27 2.77 2.:7

Gjunbtfoe @bsfn gjunbtfoe

266=„66 0<<<„<2 266=„66 0<<<„<2

Zbàg 3.=. @fabtgrba bej iuatfabtgrba bssfstbeng to gjunbtfoe

fe noestbet 0<<< W^$ `faafoes (266=„66 bej 0<<<„<2)

Eotgs4 Cfhurgs brg rouejgj.2. Oc tmg `fabtgrba gjunbtfoe bfj bnnouetgj cor `y su`-sgntor,

2>% (fe 266=„66) bej 0:% (fe 0<<<„<2) wbs noiifttgj to`bsfn gjunbtfoe (Zbàg 3.>). Ft fs bssuigj tmbt tmgsgproportfoes baso bppafgj to tmg rgibfefeh gjunbtfoe bfj.

0. FJB noiiftigets novgr cfsnba bej eot nbagejbr ygbrs.Zwo gstfibtgs mbvg `gge usgj to nbanuabtg FJB gjunbtfoenoiiftigets baaonbtgj to `bsfn gjunbtfoe4 b mfhmgstfibtg oc ::% bej b aow gstfibtg oc ><% (sgg jbtbprovfjgj fe WEG^NO, 0<<0`, eotg 6, p. 280). Zmg sbig

gstfibtgs mbvg `gge usgj cor tmg Fetgr-BigrfnbeJgvgaopiget @bek, tmg Bsfbe Jgvgaopiget Cuej bej tmgBcrfnbe Jgvgaopiget Cuej.

>. :8.0% oc GN bfj to gjunbtfoe wbs baaonbtgj to `bsfngjunbtfoe fe 0<<<„<2.

:. WEG^NO noiiftigets brg cor cfsnba bej eot nbagejbrygbrs. Ft fs bssuigj tmbt ><% oc tmg WEG^NO gjunbtfoeùjhgt hogs to `bsfn gjunbtfoe.

ôurngs4 Nbanuabtgj croi Zb ags 3.>, bej 3.8; Cfhurg 3.=;WEG^NO (266=b bej 0<<<n).



Nmbptgr 3


6. B pbrtegrsmfp oc tmg Xoraj@bek, WEFNGC bej JCFJ(sgg Xoraj @bek, 0<<>g).

2<. MFS/BFJ^ Fipbnt oeGjunbtfoe Nagbrfehmousg(sgg WEG^NO-FFG\, 0<<>b).

22. Noiioewgbatm^gnrgtbrfbt sgrfgs oehgejgr ibfestrgbifeh(g.h. Noiioewgbatm^gnrgtbrfbt, 0<<>).

pbrtfnuabray su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb bej Gbst Bsfbbej tmg \bnfcfn. ôutm Bsfb rgngfvgs bnoipbrbtfvgay sibaagr proportfoe oc òtm ovgrbaabej gjunbtfoe bfj, batmouhm baaonbtfoes oc FJBcuejfeh cor tmfs rghfoe „ òtm fe hgegrba bej cor

gjunbtfoe „ brg iorg cbvourbàg tmbe `fabtgrbasupport. Xmfag baa tbrhgtgj rghfoes mbvgjfccfnuatfgs fe tgris oc abrhg eui`grs ocout-oc-snmooa popuabtfoes bej bjuat faaftgrbtgs,tmosg nouetrfgs wftm tmg hrgbtgst eggjs fetmgsg tgris jo eot hgegrbaay rgngfvg be bfjbaaonbtfoe tmbt rgcagnts tmgfr nfrnuistbengs.Zmfs fs curtmgr rgcagntgj fe tmg bfj pgr nbpftbjbtb wmfnm suhhgsts tmbt bfj fs bttrbntgj to`gttgr pgrcorifeh systgis.

Bfj, gjunbtfoe bej hgejgr

Nmbptgr : noenaujgj tmbt tmg proiotfoe ochgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe rgqufrgsstroeh agbjgrsmfp croi hovgreigets fe orjgr torgjfstrfùtg rgsourngs wftmfe tmg gjunbtfoesgntor to iggt tmg spgnfcfn eggjs oc hfras. Ft basomfhmafhmtgj tmg eggj cor iorg gccgntfvg iuatf-sgntor pbrtegrsmfps bej tmg jfrgnt gehbhgigetoc woige bej hfras fe tmg prongssgs oc sonfbanmbehg.

Zmg gxtget to wmfnm tmg gxfstfeh noiiftigetsoc tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty brg jfrgntgj

to tmgsg gejs fs eot gbsy to bsngrtbfe. Befetgrrohbtfoe oc OGNJ-JBN prodgnt jbtbwouaj `g b usgcua gxgrnfsg fe tmfs rgspgnt ùtmbs eot `gge possfàg cor tmfs rgport. Mowgvgr,ft fs nagbr tmbt hgejgr gqubafty, fe bej tmrouhmgjunbtfoe, mbs be fenrgbsfehay proifeget pabngfe tmg poafnfgs oc b hooj eui`gr oc cuejfehbhgenfgs. Zmg \brtegrsmfp oe ûstbfebàg^trbtghfgs cor Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe6 fs oeg fejfnbtfoeoc tmfs fetgrgst. WEFNGC noetfeugs to provfjgagbjgrsmfp fetgrebtfoebaay fe proiotfeh hfras‖gjunbtfoe (tmg su`dgnt oc tmg Zmg ^tbtg oc tmgXoraj‖s Nmfajrge 0<<: rgport), bej otmgr

orhbefzbtfoes bej prohrbiigs brg hfvfehfenrgbsgj bttgetfoe to hgejgr fe tmgfr work(g.h. fe tmg Zbsk Corng oe MFS/BFJ^ bej

Gjunbtfoe2< bej bt tmg Noiioewgbatm^gnrgtbrfbt22). @ox 3.> mfhmafhmts tmg tmrust octmg work oe hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe `y soig`fabtgrba bhgenfgs.

B hrowfeh tgnmefnba aftgrbturg pbys bttgetfoe totmg gxtget to wmfnm hgejgr fs `gfeh bjjrgssgj fegjunbtfoe sgntor prodgnts bej prohrbiigs,gspgnfbaay fe \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe ^trbtghy \bpgrs

(\P^\s) bej ^gntor Xfjg Bpprobnmgs (^XBs).Batmouhm ibey hufjgafegs cor tmg jgvgaopiget octmgsg bpprobnmgs strgss tmg ngetrba sfhefcfnbengoc hgejgr gqubafty (g.h. Xoraj @bek, 0<<2`), tmggxtget to wmfnm \P^\s bej ^XBs brguejgrpfeegj `y hooj hgejgr bebaysfs rgibfesuenagbr.

Oeg rgnget stujy oc cour \P^\s noenaujgs tmbttmg twfe rgqufrgigets oc `robj-`bsgj

pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej noesuatbtfoe oe tmg oeg mbej,bej gejorsgiget `y tmg òbrjs oc tmg Xoraj@bek bej tmg FIC oe tmg otmgr, mbvg hfvge rfsgto noetrbjfntfoes fe òtm tmg noetget bej tmgcoriuabtfoe oc \P^\s. Zmfs fs iost gvfjgetfe tmg afiftbtfoes oc tmg noesuatbtfoe prongsswftm nfvfa sonfgty orhbefzbtfoes bej stbkgmoajgrnoiiueftfgs bej fe tmg uejgr-rgprgsgetbtfoeoc woige‖s vofngs. Zmfs wgbkges tmg bebaysfsoc hgejgr pgrspgntfvgs oe povgrty (Xmftgmgbj,0<<>). Bs @ox 3.: fejfnbtgs, tmfs iby `g tmgnbusg, or tmg noesgqugeng, oc noecusfoe bòut

Ibey `fabtgrba bhgenfgs mbvg fssugj poafny stbtgigets oe `bsfn gjunbtfoetmbt rgcagnt tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget bej GCB Hobas. ôig bhgenfgs mbvgovgrbrnmfeh hgejgr poafnfgs (g.h. NFJB, 2666; JCFJ, 0<<<; @IT, 0<<2), wmfnm

fecori tmgfr gjunbtfoe sgntor poafnfgs. Zmus, Nbebjb‖s Bntfoe \abe oe @bsfnGjunbtfoe (NFJB, 0<<0), fe wmfnm tmg gafifebtfoe oc hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fs oegoc tmrgg ibfe hobas, fs b noipoeget oc NFJB‖s ônfba Jgvgaopiget \rforftfgs4

B Crbigwork cor Bntfoe (NFJB, 0<<<).

Iost stbtgigets oe `bsfn gjunbtfoe, tmg GCB hobas bej/or tmg IJHs, nftghgejgr gqubafty bs b ibdor o`dgntfvg. Zmg Egtmgrabejs jonuiget Gjunbtfoe4

B @bsfn Muibe Pfhmt (Egtmgrabejs, 0<<<) mbs bs oeg oc tmrgg hobas”to gafifebtg hgejgr jfspbrfty fe pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe gjunbtfoe bej to proiotggquftbàg hgejgr rgabtfoes fe sonfgty‖. W^BFJ pabngs b spgnfba gipmbsfs febaa `bsfn gjunbtfoe bntfvftfgs oe ”fiprovfeh opportueftfgs cor hfras, woige bejspgnfbaay jfsbjvbetbhgj popuabtfoes‖ (W^BFJ, 0<<>n). Zmg WK Jgpbrtiget corFetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget (JCFJ) mbs ”ibjg hfras‖ gjunbtfoe b ngetrba tgegtoc fts gjunbtfoe work fe afeg wftm bnmfgvfeh tmg IJH hoba oe pbrfty bejgqubafty‖ (JCFJ, 0<<>; JCFJ 0<<2`). Crbeng bej Dbpbe brg òtm hfvfehfenrgbsgj wgfhmt to tmg two IJH gjunbtfoe-rgabtgj hobas (BCJ, 0<<>;DFNB, 0<<>).

Fe support oc tmfs hrowfeh bttgetfoe to hgejgr fe gjunbtfoe, bej cor b iorgspgnfcfn conus oe hfra‖s gjunbtfoe, ibey bhgenfgs brg uejgrtbkfeh work tostrgehtmge tmgfr owe nbpbnfty to noetrfùtg to tmg jgvgaopiget oc ebtfoebapoafnfgs bej prohrbiigs. NFJB‖s Gjunbtfeh Hfras4 B Mbejòok (NFJB, 0<<>),@IT‖s oehofeh work oe hgejgr-ùjhgtfeh bej JCFJ‖s hufjbeng eotgs cor ftsgjunbtfoe bjvfsgrs oe Mow Nbe Gjunbtfoe Bjvfsgrs Mgap to Bnmfgvg tmg\uàfn ^grvfng Bhrggiget (\^B) Hgejgr Gqubafty Zbrhgts (Egw`fhhfeh bejJgr`ysmfrg, 0<<>) brg gxbipags.

ôurng4 @bsgj oe rgtures croi gfhmt `fabtgrba bhgenfgs bs pbrt oc tmg survgy noejuntgj cor tmfsrgport paus pgrsoeba noiiuefnbtfoe.

@ox 3.>. @fabtgrba bhgenfgs4 hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe



mow to bjjrgss woige bs b spgnfcfn hroup, bej,fe ture, `robjgr hgejgr fssugs wftmfe tmggjunbtfoe sgntor.

Bs @ox 3.7 smows, tmg wgbkegss oc hgejgr

bebaysfs fe tmg \P^\s rg-surcbngs fe ebtfoebaIJH rgports, wmfag b survgy oc hgejgr fe GCBEbtfoeba \abes fe Bcrfnb, Bsfb bej Abtfe Bigrfnbrbfsgs sfifabr noengres (Kbeeo, 0<<>).

Aftgrbturg oe ^XBs bej gjunbtfoe fs `robjay occour typgs4 ebtfoeba ioeftorfeh bej gvbaubtfoergports oe gjunbtfoe sgntor prohrbiigs;noipbrbtfvg stujfgs oc ^XBs bnross nouetrfgs;bhgeny bej rgsgbrnm stujfgs oe tmg ignmbefns oc^XBs; bej bebaysfs tmbt conusgs oe tmg gxtget towmfnm ^XBs bjjrgss, or iggt, spgnfcfn hobas ocbnngss, fenausfoe, hgejgr bej qubafty. Be feftfba

rgvfgw oc tmfs aftgrbturg noejuntgj cor tmfs rgportsuhhgsts tmbt b eui`gr oc stujfgs (g.h. Gasoe bejGvgrs, 266=) cfej tmbt afiftgj bttgetfoe fs pbfjto òtm hgejgr outnoigs bej tmg feputs tmbtbccgnt tmgi.

B rgnget noipbrbtfvg stujy oe Hmbeb, Fejfb bejWhbejb noenaujgj tmbt wmfag sgntor prohrbiigsjo mbvg tmg potgetfba to gembeng tmg provfsfoebej qubafty oc hfras‖ gjunbtfoe, bttgetfoe eggjs to`g hfvge to b sgt oc ibdor noestrbfets4

”Gvbporbtfoe‖ oc ebtfoeba poafny bs hgejgr

o`dgntfvgs trbvga jowe tmg ùrgbunrbtfn nmbfe.Cbfaurg to proiotg hgejgr poafny `yjgvgaopiget pbrtegrs cor cgbr oc uejgrifefehaonba ^XB owegrsmfp.Conus oe tmg gxpbesfoe oc hfras‖ geroaiget feprfibry gjunbtfoe (bnngss) bt tmg gxpgesg ocbttgetfoe to hgejgr fssugs fe gjunbtfoeprovfsfoe (qubafty) bej b eghagnt oc afekbhgs to,bej tmg proiotfoe oc, hfras‖ post-prfibrygjunbtfoe.Fesuccfnfget jfbaohug bioehst jgvgaopigetpbrtegrs, bej poor noiiuefnbtfoe wftmfebhgenfgs `gtwgge hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe

spgnfbafsts.Abnk oc bttgetfoe to powgr rgabtfoes fe tmgnouetrfgs noengregj bej to woige‖s rfhmtshroups (^f`òes gt ba., 0<<<).

Fe orjgr to posftfvgay fecaugeng hgejgr gqufty,^XBs eggj to `g nomgrget, bej bhgenfgs eggj tombvg b smbrgj uejgrstbejfeh oc wmbt noestftutgsbe bpproprfbtg hgejgr strbtghy fe gjunbtfoe. Zmgvgry prongss oc prgpbrfeh bej bhrggfeh oe be^XB provfjgs be opportuefty cor tmggstbàfsmiget oc hgejgr ibfestrgbifeh,

B stujy oc \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe ^trbtghy \bpgrs (\P^\s) cor @oafvfb,Ibabwf, tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, bej Vgige couej tmbt”bttgetfoe to hgejgr wbs smonkfehay afiftgj‖ (Xmftgmgbj, 0<<>), b vfgw

supportgj `y soig otmgr stujfgs oc hgejgr fe \P^\s, fenaujfeh `y tmgXoraj @bek (0<<2`). ^trbtghfgs cor bjjrgssfeh hgejgr wgrg octgecrbhigetgj, wftm ”pfgngigba poafnfgs jgbafeh wftm be bspgnt ocwoige‖s jfsbjvbetbhg, eot sgt wftmfe bey wfjgr bebaysfs oc tmg hgejgr`bsgs cor tmgsg jfigesfoes oc vuaegrb`fafty‖ (Xmftgmgbj, 0<<>).Beotmgr stujy eotgj tmbt hfras‖ gjunbtfoe fs gftmgr bjjrgssgj uejgrhgejgr fssugs, or uejgr gjunbtfoe, ùt eot bnross òtm. Zmfs mbsfipafnbtfoes cor tmg trbesabtfoe oc hgejgr strbtghfgs feto gjunbtfoepabeefeh, strbtghfgs bej bntfoes (Xfetgr bej @uregtt, 0<<0). Bej gvgewmge hfras‖ gjunbtfoe fs trgbtgj uejgr hgejgr, or uejgr gjunbtfoe, tmgagvga oc bebaysfs rgibfes vgry hgegrba. Zmus, Nmbj‖s \P^\ stbtgs tmbttmg nouetry wfaa fiprovg bnngss bej gqufty wftmfe gjunbtfoe `y”proiotfeh snmooafeh cor hfras‖ bej ”rgjunfeh rghfoeba bej hgejgr-rgabtgj jfspbrftfgs‖.

\P^\ bebaysfs wmfnm fs cuaay hgejgr-fenausfvg smouaj genoipbssfssugs oc rgprojuntfoe, mousgmoaj strunturgs, bej woige‖safvgafmoojs, fenoigs bej gipaoyiget. Otmgr jfigesfoes brgfiportbet too, fenaujfeh vuaegrb`fafty, powgragssegss, bej ibag-`fbsfe hovgrebeng systgis. Bej gxbifebtfoe oc tmg fipafnbtfoes bej tmgfipbnt oc ebtfoeba ùjhgt prforftfgs bej baaonbtfoes fs gssgetfba cor bnoiprgmgesfvg bebaysfs oc tmg hgejgr jfigesfoes oc povgrty.

Zmg b`sgeng oc souej hgejgr bebaysfs fe \P^\s mbs sfhefcfnbetfipafnbtfoes cor bnmfgvfeh hgejgr gqubafty wftmfe bej tmrouhmgjunbtfoe. Hfvge tmbt hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe gjunbtfoe brg mgbvfayfecaugengj `y sonfo-gnoeoifn noejftfoes, b hgejgrgj povgrty bebaysfsnoetrfùtgs to b iunm nagbrgr uejgrstbejfeh oc hgejgr `bsgjgjunbtfoeba fegqubaftfgs. Bt prgsget, \P^\ strbtghfgs cor hfras‖

gjunbtfoe brg octge conusgj oe suppay sfjg fssugs wftmout rgcgrgengto, or bebaysfs oc, tmg jgibej sfjg noestrbfets tmbt femf`ft hfras‖ cuaapbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooafeh. Zmg cour \P^\s igetfoegj bòvg ibjg eorgcgrgeng to tmg ibtgrfba bspgnts oc wgaa-`gfeh „ sunm bs fenoig,wbhgs bej afvgafmoojs „ bej tmgfr rgagvbeng to woige‖s povgrty, ygttmgsg fssugs mbvg b ibdor fipbnt oe hgejgr pbrfty fe gjunbtfoe.

Zmg abnk oc prforfty bej tbrhgt sgttfeh, bs wgaa bs iorg hgegrbabebaytfn afiftbtfoes, rgcagnt `robjgr proàgis wftm \P^\ jonuigets,oe wmfnm ibey butmors mbvg noiigetgj. Zmgsg fenaujg tmg abnk ocafekbhg `gtwgge prforfty stbtgigets bej rgsourng baaonbtfoes orpabeegj bntfoes. Zmfs cbfaurg iby rgcagnt sgvgrba cbntors4 abnk ocpoaftfnba wfaa to bnt oe hgejgr fegqubaftfgs; b abnk oc nbpbnfty totrbesabtg poafny fetgetfoes feto bntfoes; wgbkegssgs femgrget fe tmg

prongssgs oc jgvgaopfeh \P^\s, wmfnm brg octge tfig-òuej; bej abnkoc noesuatbtfoe to gesurg tmbt woige‖s pgrspgntfvgs oe povgrty brguejgrstooj bej fenorporbtgj feto strbtghy coriuabtfoe.

ôurngs4 Xmftgmgbj (0<<>); Xfetgr bej @uregtt (0<<0); Xoraj @bek (0<<2`).

@ox 3.:. Hgejgr, gjunbtfoe bej \P^\s



Nmbptgr 3


20. Hao`ba Cuej to Cfhmt BFJ^,Zu`grnuaosfs bej Ibabrfb (0<<mttp4//hao`bacuejbti.orh/ovgrvmtia

provfjgj tmbt tmosg fe tmg pbrtegrsmfp mbvg b

noiioe uejgrstbejfeh oc wmbt nbe `g bnmfgvgj.Xmgrg mbrioefzgj jfbaohug fs abnkfeh tmgrg brgfevbrfbày jfccgrfeh jgcfeftfoes oc hgejgr noengptsbej bpprobnmgs to hgejgr gqubafty. Bej wmgrghgejgr prforftfgs brg eot ibtnmgj `y ùjhgtbaaonbtfoes, prohrgss fs curtmgr afiftgj, batmouhm^XBs smouaj provfjg tmg opportuefty touejgrtbkg rgsourng-`bsgj pabeefeh, jrfvge `ypoafny prforftfgs bej outnoigs.

Fetgrebtfoeba feftfbtfvgs

Hao`ba noiiftigets brg hfvfeh rfsg to hao`bafeftfbtfvgs, cuejs bej `robjgr fetgrebtfoebajgvgaopigets cor gembengj bfj caows bej tmgmbrioefzbtfoe oc bfj prongjurgs. Zmg Hao`baCuej to BFJ^, Zu`grnuaosfs bej Ibabrfb20 fs bnbsg fe pofet. Zmg Ioetgrrgy Noesgesus oeCfebenfeh cor Jgvgaopiget (Weftgj Ebtfoes,0<<0`) fs provfjfeh tmg crbigwork cor fetgr-ebtfoeba jfbaohug oe fenrgbsfeh bfj caows wmfagtmg Poig Jgnabrbtfoe oe Mbrioefzbtfoe (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>`) rgcagnts tmg hrowfeh noesgesus oe

tmg eggj to mbrioefzg tmg opgrbtfoeba poafnfgs,

prongjurgs bej prbntfngs oc cuejfeh bhgenfgs.

Zmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg (CZF)

Zmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg (CZF), wmfnm wbsabuenmgj fe Dueg 0<<0, fs noipbrbàg fe ftssnopg bej bi`ftfoe wftm tmgsg hao`ba prodgnts.Jgsfhegj bs b ibdor feftfbtfvg to mgap to bnmfgvgtmg IJH oc Wefvgrsba \rfibry Gjunbtfoe (W\G)`y 0<27, tmg CZF mbs rgbnmgj b nrftfnba pofetfe fts jgvgaopiget. Ft wbs noengfvgj bs b egwfetgrebtfoeba noipbnt, bàg to io`fafzgsfhefcfnbet egw cuejs cor nouetrfgs tmbt mbvg tmg

noiiftiget ùt eot tmg rgsourngs to bnmfgvgW\G, ùt to jbtg CZF mbs ygt to rgngfvgsu`stbetfba bej noenrgtg fetgrebtfoeba supportcor fts bntfvftfgs. Fc ft fs to `gnoig b sfhefcfnbetcorng fe iggtfeh tmg Jbkbr noiiftiget tmbt”eo nouetrfgs sgrfousay noiifttgj to gjunbtfoecor baa wfaa `g tmwbrtgj fe tmgfr bnmfgvgiget octmfs hoba `y b abnk oc rgsourngs‖ (WEG^NO, 0<<<c ),tmge tmg gxpgntbtfoes tmbt mbvg `gge rbfsgj fetmg prongss oc fts jgvgaopiget wfaaeggj to `g igt or rgvfgwgj.

B rgnget ”snbe‖ oc nouetry-agvga Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobasrgports tmrouhm b hgejgr ages wbs noejuntgj `y WEJ\. Zmgrgvfgw oc tmfrtgge nouetry rgports gxbifegj tmg gxtget to wmfnm

hgejgr gqubafty noesfjgrbtfoes wgrg ibfestrgbigj feto rgportfehoe tmg IJHs.

Ngetrba to baa tmg IJHs fs Hoba >, wmfnm fs to ”proiotg hgejgrgqubafty bej gipowgriget oc woige‖. Weafkg tmg otmgr IJHs,Hoba > fs eot spgnfcfn to bey pbrtfnuabr sgntor or fssug, bs hgejgrgqubafty bej woige‖s rfhmts uejgrpfe baa tmg otmgr hobas. Gqubaay,hgejgr gqubafty bej woige‖s rfhmts wfaa eot `g bnmfgvgj wftmoutbnmfgvfeh tmg otmgr IJHs. Zmus, tmg snbe conusgj oe òtmrgportfeh bhbfest Hoba > bs wgaa bs tmg trbnkfeh oc hgejgr hbpsbej fegqubaftfgs bhbfest gbnm oc tmg otmgr IJH tbrhgts.

Zmg stujy noenaujgj tmbt4

Zmg febjgqubny oc hgejgr ibfestrgbifeh fs b cgbturg smbrgj `yrgports frrgspgntfvg oc butmorsmfp. ^gvge oc tmg rgports wgrg

prgpbrgj `y Weftgj Ebtfoes nouetry tgbis, cour `y fejgpgejgetgxpgrt hroups, oeg `y b ebtfoeba hovgreiget bej oeg `y tmghovgreiget bej tmg nouetry tgbi fe pbrtegrsmfp.

Xfjg vbrfbtfoes wgrg couej fe tmg prgsgetbtfoe bej bebaysfs ocjbtb. Zmg rgports sgajoi jrgw tmg afegs `gtwgge nross-nuttfehhgejgr fssugs bej sgntorba poafnfgs fe b sbtfscbntory wby.

Xftm rghbrj to tmg hgejgr bebaysfs oc Hoba 0, ”to gesurg tmbt, `y0<27, nmfajrge gvgrywmgrg, òys bej hfras bafkg, wfaa `g bàg tonoipagtg b cuaa noursg oc prfibry snmooafeh‖, ft wbs couej tmbt

hgejgr fssugs mbj `gge ibfestrgbigj to b ngrtbfe gxtget, possfày`gnbusg hgejgr pbrfty fs gxpafnftay igetfoegj fe tmg hoba. ^gvge octmg tmfrtgge nouetry rgports fjgetfcfgj `rfjhfeh tmg hgejgr hbp fegjunbtfoe bs b ebtfoeba prforfty. Mowgvgr, eot baa rgports provfjgjsgx-jfsbhhrghbtgj jbtb oe geroaiget, rgtgetfoe bej aftgrbny, bejtmrgg rgports ibjg eo igetfoe oc hgejgr fssugs fe gjunbtfoe,rgcgrrfeh to ”nmfajrge‖ bs be uejfccgrgetfbtgj nbtghory.

Zmg rgport rgnoiigejs strgehtmgefeh tmg rgportfeh prongsstmrouhm tmg coaaowfeh igbsurgs4

Noesuatbtfoe bej nbpbnfty4 Fevoavfeh igi`grs oc woige‖shroups bej hgejgr gxpgrts fe noesuatbtfoes bnross hobas, togesurg tmbt hgejgr fssugs brg jfsnussgj bej fetghrbtgj feto baasgntfoes oc tmg cfeba rgport, bej gesurfeh tmbt jrbct rgports brg

rgvfgwgj `y fejgpgejget hgejgr gxpgrts cbifafbr wftm nouetrynoetgxt.

Jbtb noaagntfoe bej bebaysfs4 Hgejgr bwbrgegss trbfefeh corstbtfstfnfbes fevoavgj fe noaabtfeh bej prongssfeh jbtb cor tmgIJH rgports to strgehtmge tmg hgejgr jfigesfoes oc rgportfehoe ibejbtory fejfnbtors. Zmg rgport baso rgnoiigejssupportfeh tmg noaagntfoe oc sgx-jfsbhhrghbtgj jbtb oe kgyfejfnbtors.

ôurng4 Igeoe-^ge (0<<>).

@ox 3.7. Hgejgr bej IJH rgports4 rgsuats oc b ”snbe‖

http://globalfundatm.org/overview

http://globalfundatm.org/overview



2>. Bs gigrhgs croi tmgjfsnussfoe `gaow, fe rgbaftypbrbaaga prongssgs mbvgonnurrgj batmouhm ft wbsrgngetay proposgj tmbtnouetrfgs smouaj eo aoehgrmbvg to jgvgaop sgpbrbtg CZFpabes (@rues, 0<<>).

2:. Zmg `genmibrk nrftgrfbbrg4 (2) Cfebenfeh rgcoris4\uàfn rgvgeugs 2:-2=% ocHJ\; Gjunbtfoe gxpgejfturgs0<% oc rgvgeugs; \rfibrygjunbtfoe gxpgejfturgs 7<% oc

totba gjunbtfoe gxpgejfturgs.(0) Rubafty rgcoris4\upfa/tgbnmgr rbtfo oc :<42;Eoe-sbabry nosts >>% ocrgnurrget gxpgejfturg.(>) Gccfnfgeny rgcoris4 Bvgrbhgtgbnmgr sbabry >.7 tfigs pgrnbpftb HJ\; Pgpgtftfoe oc 2<%.

27. ^feng tmg BistgrjbiNoecgrgeng fe Bprfa 0<<0,pbrtegrs mbvg igt fe @russgasfe Eovgi`gr 0<<0 bej fe\brfs fe Ibrnm 0<<>. Zmgegxt iggtfeh fs snmgjuagj corEovgi`gr 0<<> fe Osao wmgeb sgnoej trbenmg oc nouetryproposbas cor pbrtfnfpbtfoefe tmg Feftfbtfvg brg gxpgntgjto `g rgbjy.

^feng tmg CZFwbs abuenmgj,

gccorts mbvg`gge ibjg `y

cfebenfba bejtgnmefnbabssfstbeng

bhgenfgs bej `ypbrtfnfpbtfehnouetrfgs to

bjmgrg to tmgprfenfpags oc tmg

IoetgrrgyNoesgesus.

Agj `y tmg Xoraj @bek, tmg CZF baso fevoavgs tmgGuropgbe Noiifssfoe (GN), WEG^NO, WEFNGC,tmg iuatfabtgrba jgvgaopiget `beks bej baa tmgibdor `fabtgrba jgvgaopiget bhgenfgs fe ftspabeefeh bej jgvgaopiget. ô cbr, tmgsg bntfvftfgs

mbvg conusgj oe jgcfefeh b Crbigwork cor tmgFeftfbtfvg tmbt novgrs gafhf`fafty nrftgrfb, tmg ebturgoc nouetry proposbas, rgvfgw prongssgs, cfebenfehbej opgrbtfoeba iojbaftfgs, bej hovgrebengstrunturgs. @ut ft mbs eot provgj gbsy to cfebafsgbej rgbnm noesgesus oe tmfs Crbigwork. Zmgrgmbs baso `gge jg`btg bòut tmg fenausfoe bejowegrsmfp oc tmg Feftfbtfvg `y tmg nouetrfgs tmbtmbvg `gge fevftgj to pbrtfnfpbtg bej tmg gxtget towmfnm tmg cuaa GCB bhgejb, fenaujfeh hgejgr, fspbrt oc tmg CZF gejgbvour.

Jgcfeftfoe bej o`dgntfvgs

Zmg CZF wbs gejorsgj `y tmg JgvgaopigetNoiifttgg oc tmg Xoraj @bek bs b ”prongss tmbtwouaj provfjg qufnk bej fenrgigetba tgnmefnbabej cfebenfba support to nouetrfgs tmbt mbvgpoafnfgs ùt brg eot oe trbnk to bttbfe Wefvgrsba\rfibry Noipagtfoe `y 0<27‖ (Xoraj @bekJgvgaopiget Noiifttgg, 0<<>b). Fts prfibrycrbig oc rgcgrgeng fs tmg Ioetgrrgy Noesgesus(Ibrnm 0<<0). Zmfs noiifts hovgreigets bejfetgrebtfoeba cfebenfba bej tgnmefnba bssfstbengbhgenfgs to work tmrouhm egw ”jgvgaopigetpbrtegrsmfps‖ `bsgj oe iutuba bnnouetb`fafty bej

rgspoesf`fafty cor bnmfgvfeh tmg IJHs, fenaujfehW\G `y 0<27. Xftmfe tmg noipbnt, nouetrfgsfipagigetfeh poafny bej festftutfoeba rgcorisbej mbvfeh tmg igbes to `g bnnouetbàg cor tmgfrrgsuats nbe gxpgnt to rgngfvg bjjftfoeba bej`gttgr-no-orjfebtgj gxtgreba bssfstbeng fesupport oc tmgfr jgvgaopiget pabes.

Xftmfe tmfs crbigwork, nouetrfgs wftm b \P^\bej be bhrggj ”nrgjfàg‖ gjunbtfoe sgntor pabebrg gafhfàg to jgvgaop proposbas to dofe tmg CZF.Fe prbntfng, otmgr pabes nbe `g bnkeowagjhgj bsbe Fetgrfi \P^\ bej be gjunbtfoe sgntor pabe

nbe novgr oeay tmg prfibry or `bsfn gjunbtfoesu`-sgntors. Egvgrtmgagss, gvge wmgrg sunmpabes brg bnkeowagjhgj, nouetrfgs mbvg so cbrmbj to jgvgaop sgpbrbtg proposbas cor CZFcuejfeh, batmouhm tmfs fs uejgrstooj to `g bnbtbayst cor support to gjunbtfoe sgntor pabestmrouhm gxfstfeh ignmbefsis, bej eot bs bpbrbaaga prongss wftm fts owe sgpbrbtg cuejfeh.2>

\abes brg gvbaubtgj `y usfeh nrftgrfb croi tmgFejfnbtfvg Crbigwork, jgvgaopgj `y tmg Xoraj@bek. Zmfs provfjgs tbrhgts or `genmibrks tmbt

mbvg `gge jgrfvgj croi be bebaysfs ocgxpgrfgengs oc jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs tmbt mbvggftmgr bttbfegj W\G or ibjg noesfjgrbàgprohrgss towbrjs ft. Zmfs bnmfgvgiget, bnnorjfehto tmg @bek stujy, mbs `gge `bsgj oe b posftfvg

noi`febtfoe oc cbntors rgabtgj to cfebenfbasustbfeb`fafty, sgrvfng jgafvgry bej gxpbesfoe(Xoraj @bek, 0<<0b; @rues gt ba., 0<<>).2:

Mowgvgr, tmg sfiuabtfoe iojga tmbt uejgrpfestmg crbigwork mbs `gge nrftfnfsgj oe hrouejstmbt fesuccfnfget rgnoheftfoe mbs `gge hfvge totmg afiftbtfoes oc poor-qubafty jbtb, tmgueprgjfntb`fafty oc gnoeoifn hrowtm bejuergafbàg popuabtfoe prodgntfoes (Zbkbab, 0<<>;Posg, 0<<>n). Ft mbs baso `gge suhhgstgj tmbt ft fs`bsgj oe ”cafisy gvfjgeng rgabtgj to gxpgrfgengfe tge jfvgrsg ”sunngsscua‖ nouetrfgs, wftm b wfjg

vbrfbtfoe fe tmg fejfnbtors‖ (Posg, 0<<>n).

Ibfe bjvbengs^feng tmg CZF wbs abuenmgj, gccorts mbvg `ggeibjg `y òtm cfebenfba bej tgnmefnba bssfstbengbhgenfgs bej `y pbrtfnfpbtfeh nouetrfgs to bjmgrgto tmg prfenfpags oc tmg Ioetgrrgy Noesgesus.Zmg CZF ^gnrgtbrfbt gstbàfsmgj bt tmg Xoraj@bek, wmfnm fenaujgs stbcc croi otmgr pbrtegrsfe tmg Feftfbtfvg, mbs ioeftorgj tmg jgvgaopigetoc tmg CZF fe tmg afhmt oc fssugs gigrhfeh croipbrtegr nouetrfgs bej bhgenfgs. Bhgeny pbrtegrs

mbvg igt oe sgvgrba onnbsfoes to jfsnusssystgifn fssugs bej to io`fafzg rgsourngs cortmg Feftfbtfvg.27 Zmg beeouengiget oc tmg CZFbntfoe pabe bej feftfba fetgrebtfoeba rgsourngio`fafzbtfoe tmrouhm tmg JgvgaopigetNoiifttgg bej tmg H= mbs `rouhmt mfhm-agvgapoaftfnba bttgetfoe to tmg Feftfbtfvg bej to tmg GCBbhgejb.

Fe tmg cfrst trbenmg oc nouetrfgs tmbt mbvgbppafgj to pbrtfnfpbtg, hovgreigets mbvgjgvgaopgj proposbas cor support croi tmg CZF.Zmgsg mbvg `gge rgvfgwgj `y nouetry-`bsgj

cuejfeh bhgenfgs tbkfeh feto noesfjgrbtfoenostfeh, ebtfoeba nbpbnfty bej bfj b`sorptfoe bejagvgas oc fenrgigetba cfebenfeh rgqufrgj. \oafnybej rgsourng fssugs tmbt mbvg gigrhgj bs brgsuat oc tmgsg prongssgs mbvg `gge `rouhmt totmg fetgrebtfoeba CZF iggtfehs tmrouhm tmg CZF^gnrgtbrfbt. Pgngetay b proposba wbs ibjg tmbtfe tmg cuturg, aonba noesortfb oc cuejfeh bejtgnmefnba bssfstbeng bhgenfgs smouaj bpprovgcuejfeh fe rgspoesg to pabes jgvgaopgj `yhovgreigets bej oeay wmgrg fesuccfnfget cuejswgrg bvbfabàg wouaj tmg smortcbaa `g `rouhmt to



Nmbptgr 3


23. B provfsfoeba bebaysfs ocprforfty nouetrfgs uejgrtbkge `tmg CZF ^gnrgtbrfbt smows tmbtcuejfeh bej tgnmefnba bssfstbebhgenfgs tgej to noetfeug tosupport nouetrfgs cor wmfnmtmgy bargbjy provfjg bssfstbenZmfs agbvgs afttag or eo bttgetfoto soig oc tmg sgagntgj CZFnouetrfgs (cor gxbipag Ba`befbtmg Hbi`fb, Huybeb bejIburftbefb „ Fecoribtfoe croiCZF ^gnrgtbrfbt, 7 Buhust 0<<>

ôig oc tmgbjdustigets totmg CZF`genmibrknrftgrfb mbvgibdor poafnyfipafnbtfoes.

tmg bttgetfoe oc tmg fetgrebtfoeba corui oc tmgCZF (@rues, 0<<>).

Oc tmg gfhmtgge nouetrfgs tmbt feftfbaay bppafgj topbrtfnfpbtg, sgvge wgrg gejorsgj cor cuejfeh fe

Eovgi`gr 0<<0 (@urkfeb Cbso, Hufegb, Huybeb,Moejurbs, Iburftbefb, Efnbrbhub, tmg Efhgr).Zmrgg iorg proposbas wgrg gejorsgj fe Ibrnm0<<> (tmg Hbi`fb, Iozbi`fqug, Vgige). Zmgrgibfefeh gfhmt nouetrfgs brg workfeh oe \P^\sbej sgntor pabes bej sggkfeh nabrfty oe wmbt tmgCZF nbe occgr (Ba`befb, @oafvfb, Gtmfopfb, Hmbeb,Whbejb, Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, Sfgt Ebi,Tbi`fb). Bs tmg sgagntgj nouetrfgs mbvg brgabtfvgay sibaa proportfoe oc tmg woraj‖s out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge, spgnfba bttgetfoe fs baso `gfehpbfj to cfvg mfhm-popuabtfoe nouetrfgs(@behabjgsm, tmg Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn oc tmg

Noeho, Fejfb, Efhgrfb bej \bkfstbe) wmfnmtohgtmgr bnnouet cor bpproxfibtgay mbac oc baaout-oc-snmooa nmfajrge fe tmg woraj. Zmgsgnouetrfgs mbvg `gge sgagntgj cor b prgpbrbtorypmbsg oc fetgrfi nbpbnfty ùfajfeh, bej tmgjgvgaopiget oc sgntor pabes uejgrpfeegj `ybebaytfnba work „ tmg so-nbaagj Bebaytfnba Cbst-Zrbnk. Curtmgriorg, spgnfba gccorts brg `gfehnoesfjgrgj cor nouetrfgs wftm poor smort-tgriprospgnts cor CZF gafhf`fafty ùt hrgbt eggj corsupport, tmg so-nbaagj Aow-fenoig Nouetrfgsuejgr ^trgss (Xoraj @bek Jgvgaopiget

Noiifttgg, 0<<>b). Bjjftfoeba jfsnussfoesnoengre tmg possfàg nrgbtfoe oc b iuatf-pbrtegrcbnfafty to provfjg cagxfàg cuejfeh fe nouetrfgswftm aow jgvgaopiget pbrtegr prgsgeng. Zmgovgrbaa bfi fs to gesurg tmbt baa aow-fenoignouetrfgs cori pbrt oc tmg Feftfbtfvg wftmfe tmgegxt two to tmrgg ygbrs (@rues, 0<<>).23

Zmg cfrst sgvge CZF proposbasZmg `bsfs cor fenausfoe oc tmg cfrst sgvgenouetrfgs wbs nouetry proposbas bssgssgj `ybhgenfgs workfeh fe-nouetry, bnnorjfeh tohufjgafegs jgvgaopgj `y tmg CZF ^gnrgtbrfbt fe

Xbsmfehtoe. Zmgsg fenaujgj tmg sgvge ibdor`genmibrk nrftgrfb, cour `robj brgbs oc noengrefjgetfcfgj fe tmg jgsfhe oc tmg CZF (hbps fe poafny,cfebenfeh, nbpbnfty bej keowagjhg) bej soignoesfjgrbtfoe oc cbntors fjgetfcfgj fe tmg JbkbrCrbigwork cor Bntfoe (gvfjgeng oc nouetryowegrsmfp, fenausfoe oc stbkgmoajgrs fe tmgjgvgaopiget oc tmg proposba, feeovbtfvgbpprobnmgs bej bttgetfoe to ioeftorfeh bejgvbaubtfoe). Cfebaay, tmg possfàg rfsks to tmgfipagigetbtfoe oc tmg proposba, fenaujfeh tmgeggj cor nbpbnfty jgvgaopiget, wgrg mfhmafhmtgj.

Egvgrtmgagss, tmg `genmibrk nrftgrfb wgrg„ bej mbvg rgibfegj „ tmg iost fiportbetnoesfjgrbtfoe (Posg, 0<<>n).

Zmg Fejfnbtfvg Crbigwork Nrftgrfb mbvg `gge

noesfjgrgj fe baa oc tmg tbrhgts sgt `y tmg sgvgegejorsgj nouetrfgs. Zmgrg brg, mowgvgr,vbrfbtfoes bioeh tmg fejfvfjuba nouetrfgs,uejgrafefeh tmg cbnt tmbt nrftgrfb mbvg `ggefetgrprgtgj fe soig nbsgs bs b hufjgafeg, bej feotmgrs bs iorg oc b noejftfoebafty. Cor gxbipag,wmfag fe tmg Efhgr, nfvfa sgrvfng sbabrfgs, fenaujfehtgbnmgrs sbabrfgs, brg rgtbfegj bt =.2 tfigs pgrnbpftb noipbrgj wftm tmg `genmibrk oc >.7.(Zbàg 3.6), fe @urkfeb Cbso, tmg FejfnbtfvgCrbigwork pbrbigtgrs mbvg `gge coaaowgjrbtmgr iorg naosgay. Mowgvgr, tmg bssgssiget octmg @urkfeb Cbso CZF proposba qugstfoes tmg rfhfj

bppafnbtfoe oc tmg `genmibrks òtm `gnbusg octmgfr ebrrow conus oe prfibry gjunbtfoe bej octmgfr jfsrghbrj cor jgibej-sfjg fssugs. Zmgfiportbeng oc bjuat aftgrbny bej eoe-coribagjunbtfoe bs vgmfnags cor bnmfgvfeh W\G bejhgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fs eghagntgj.

ôig oc tmg bjdustigets to tmg `genmibrknrftgrfb mbvg ibdor poafny fipafnbtfoes. Fe tmgnbsg oc tmg Efhgr, tmg CZF tbrhgts brg iorgbi`ftfous tmbe tmosg oc tmg nouetry‖s gevfsbhgjgjunbtfoe sgntor prohrbiig. Zmfs fs `gnbusg,

bnnorjfeh to tmg CZF bssgssiget, oeay tmg CZFproposba mbs tbkge feto bnnouet tmg Efhgr‖snbpbnftfgs cor joigstfn bej gxtgreba rgsourngio`fafzbtfoe. Zmg bjdustiget oc puàfn rgvgeugscroi 6.0% to 2:% oc HJ\ `y 0<27 mbs `gge`bsgj oe b sfiuabtfoe iojga tmbt rgsts oebssuiptfoes noengrefeh tmg bvgrbhg beeuba rbtgoc gnoeoifn hrowtm, b tbx/HJ\ rbtfo, bej spgnfcfnbaaonbtfoes oc tmg ebtfoeba ùjhgt to tmggjunbtfoe sgntor bej to `bsfn gjunbtfoe.Fetgrgstfehay, batmouhm tmg gstfibtgj rgsourngio`fafzbtfoe mbs `gge tgrigj rgbafstfn fe tmgbssgssiget oc tmg proposba, ibnro-gnoeoifn

vuaegrb`fafty fs baso fjgetfcfgj bs b ibdor rfsk tofipagigetbtfoe.

^fifabray, tmg pabeegj bjdustiget oc tgbnmgrsbabrfgs fs noiprgmgesfvg fe tmg nbsgs oc @urkfebCbso bej Moejurbs. Fe Moejurbs, tmg bjdustigetsoc sbabrfgs cor rghuabr tgbnmgrs bej tmg bjoptfoeoc aowgr sbabry agvgas cor egw tgbnmgrs rgst oetmg jgibejfeh bssuiptfoe tmbt tmg hovgreigetwfaa ibebhg to gafifebtg poaftfnba fecaugeng fe tmgmfrfeh oc tgbnmgrs bej to jgaghbtg abòureghotfbtfoes to be getfty outsfjg tmg ifefstry oc



28. Pbfsgj `y tmg rghfoebabjvfsgr oc WEFNGC-ZBNPObt tmg beeuba iggtfeh octmg Noesuatbtfvg Hroupoe Gbray Nmfajmooj Nbrgbej Jgvgaopiget mgaj feXbsmfehtoe J.N. 26„00 Iby0<<>.

gjunbtfoe. Zmg rgjuntfoe oc tgbnmgr‖s sbabrfgs fspotgetfbaay tmg iost noetrovgrsfba fssug fe tmgnoetgxt oc tmg CZF. Zmfs fs faaustrbtgj fe tmg nbsgoc tmg Efhgr bej tmg eoe-CZF nouetry, Nútgj‖Fvofrg (@ox 3.3). Otmgrwfsg, tmg iost fiportbetcbntors to tmrgbtge sunngsscua fipagigetbtfoe feiost oc tmg nouetrfgs brg festftutfoeba bejibebhgiget nbpbnftfgs wmfnm (gxngpt cor tmgnbsg oc Hufegb) brg eot spgnfcfnbaay afekgj fe tmgbssgssigets to tmg fssug oc b`sorptfoe oc egwcuejfeh tmrouhm CZF.

Fe tmg nbsg oc Iburftbefb, tmg jgvgaopiget oc tmgCZF proposba sggis to mbvg agj to b noestruntfvgprongss oc rgbjdustigets oc gxfstfeh tbrhgts fetmg ebtfoeba gjunbtfoe pabe, bej fe Moejurbs, totmg cfrst qubetftbtfvg tbrhgts `gfeh sgt. Fe òtm tmgEfhgr bej Iburftbefb iorg gquftbàg cuejfeh corpoorgr rurba rghfoes bej/or cor jfsbjvbetbhgjhroups fenaujfeh hfras bej jfsbàgj nmfajrgergngfvgs bttgetfoe. Fiprovgiget fe tmg qubaftyoc gjunbtfoe cfhurgs proifegetay fe Moejurbsbej Efnbrbhub wmfag @urkfeb Cbso, Hufegb,Iburftbefb, bej tmg Efhgr baa pabe to bjvbeng

bnngss, geroaiget bej noipagtfoe oc prfibrygjunbtfoe cor hfras `y 0<27.

CZF proposbas brg noesfjgrgj to rgcagnt nouetryowegrsmfp `gnbusg tmgy brg sgt fe tmg noetgxt ocebtfoebaay owegj \P^\s bej gjunbtfoe pabes „be uejgrstbejfeh tmbt mbs `gge qugstfoegj`gnbusg oc tmg stroeh fevoavgiget oc gxtgrebapbrtegrs fe tmg jgvgaopiget oc tmgsg pabes, bejft fs b hgegrba nrftfnfsi oc tmg jgvgaopiget oc CZFproposbas bs wgaa (Posg, 0<<>n). Fe tmg nbsg ocEfnbrbhub, tmg CZF prongss mbs `gge nrftfnfzgj

bs rueefeh pbrbaaga to tmg ebtfoeba gjunbtfoergvfgw pabeefeh prongss bej no-orjfebtgj `yjfccgrget ifefstry occfnfbas,28 nbstfeh jou`t oe tmgjghrgg oc ebtfoeba noesuatbtfoe fevoavgj fe tmgprongss bej oc ebtfoeba owegrsmfp oc tmg projunt.Fe tmg nbsg oc @urkfeb Cbso, oeg EHO o`sgrvgrqugstfoegj tmg CZF bpprobnm bs rgfecornfeh begjunbtfoeba jgvgaopiget prohrbiig tmbt cfrsteggjgj to `g jg`btgj fe tmg nouetry (GjunbtfoeZojby , 0<<>).

@urkfeb Cbso

20.7%

2:-2=%

02%0<%

7=%

7<%

7242

:<42

e/b

8.3/>.3:

>.7

2=%

=%

\uàfn rgvgeug2:-2=% oc HJ\

Gjunbtfoe gxpgejfturg0<% oc rgvgeugs

\rfibry gjun. gxpgejfturg7<% oc totba gjun. gxpgejfturg

\upfa4 tgbnmgr rbtfo :<42

Eoe-sbabry nosts>>% oc rgnurrget gxpgejfturg

Bvgrbhg tgbnmgr sbabry>.7 tfigs pgr nbpftb HJ\

Pgpgtftfoe oc 2<%

>7%

>>.6%

02.0%0>.3%

><%

:<%

0842

0842

2:%

0<%

>.:/0.6>.7/2.=

:.</>.77

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22.7%

23%

27.8%0<%

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7<%

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>.03

0<.>%

7%

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00.=%00%

72.3%

70%

:0420

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=%

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26%

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37%

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>342

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0.3

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07%6

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>.6/=.2

>.6/=.2=

9 :.> (bvgr.)

e/b

0<<2

0<27

Zbàg 3.6. Fejfnbtfvg Crbigwork `genmibrk nrftgrfb bej CZF proposba tbrhgts

cor 0<<2 (`bsg ygbr) bej 0<27

Huybeb

0<<2

0<<72

Hufegb

0<<2

0<27

Moejurbs

0<<2

0<27

Iburftbefb

0<<2

0<27

Efnbrbhub

0<<2

0<27

Zmg Efhgr

0<<2

0<27

Eotgs42. Zmg sgnoej `genmibrk jbtg cor Huybeb fs fe baa festbengs 0<<7, eot 0<27.0. Purba.>. Wr`be.:. 8.3 cor nurrget tgbnmgrs, >.3 cor egw tgbnmgrs.7. >.:-:.< cor gxfstfeh tgbnmgrs, 0.6->.7 cor egw tgbnmgrs, >.7 cor trbfegj tgbnmgrs, 2.= cor uetrbfegj tgbnmgrs.3. 2.6 cor noetrbntubas, >.7 cor cuaa-tfig stbcc.8. 3 cor rghuabr tgbnmgrs, >.8 cor egw tgbnmgrs, >.> cor noiiuefty-mfrgj tgbnmgrs.=. >.6 cor noetrbntubas, =.2 cor nfvfa sgrvbets.6. 2st hrbjg. ôurng4 Fejfvfjuba Nouetry Bssgssigets (www2.woraj bek.orh/mjegtwork/gcb).



Nmbptgr 3


Zmg cfrst sgvge „ cuejfehZmg CZF mbs eot couej ft gbsy to bttrbntsu`stbetfba biouets oc egw cuejfeh qufnkay.@y Buhust 0<<>, W^$0<= ifaafoe mbj `ggenoiifttgj cor tmg cfrst sgvge nouetrfgs cor tmgpgrfoj 0<<>„<7 (Zbàg 3.2<). Zmgsg noiiftigets(bej tmgrg fs soig qugstfoe bs to wmgtmgr tmgybaa rgprgsget egw ioegy) brg fe bjjftfoe to tmggstfibtgj bfj noiiftigets oc W^$>3= ifaafoecor tmg sbig tmrgg-ygbr pgrfoj. Zmgy rgprgsget b73% fenrgbsg fe gxfstfeh agvgas oc bfj to prfibry

gjunbtfoe. Sfgwgj b afttag jfccgrgetay, tmg egwnoiiftigets rgprgsget :=% oc tmg totba oc tmgorfhfeba CZF suìfssfoes `y tmg hovgreigets octmg sgvge nouetrfgs ùt 3:% oc tmg rgvfsgj CZFgstfibtgs ibjg `y cuejfeh bhgenfgs. Bnngptfehtmg vgry jfccgrget nfrnuistbengs oc tmg sgvgenouetrfgs, tmg ovgrbaa CZF cfebenfeh hbp nouaj `gigt fe jfccgrget wbys „ `y be fenrgbsg oc 22% fehovgreiget cuejfeh, >0% fe bhgeny cuejfehrgabtfvg to tmgfr noiiftigets prfor to CZF or b78% fenrgbsg fe nurrget CZF noiiftigets. Orb noi`febtfoe oc tmg tmrgg.

Mowgvgr tmgsg cfhurgs brg fetgrprgtgj, ft fs nagbrtmbt tmgsg suis brg fesfhefcfnbet fe tmg noetgxtoc Ioetgrrgy noiiftigets bej sibaa fe rgabtfoeto tmg bntuba pagjhgs ibjg to `bsfn gjunbtfoejurfeh 0<<0, wmfnm mbvg `gge gstfibtgj bt bòutW^$2.0 `faafoe fe bjjftfoeba beeuba bssfstbeng(WEG^NO, 0<<0`). Curtmgriorg, tmg hbp rgibfessfhefcfnbet rgabtfvg to tmg bhrggj eggjs oc tmgcfrst sgvge nouetrfgs. Zmgrg fs nagbray soig wbyto ho fc tmg CZF fs to `g noengfvgj bs `gfeh fe tmgibfestrgbi oc jgvgaopiget bssfstbeng togjunbtfoe.

Zmg Efhgr fipagigetgj igbsurgs to rgjung tmg tgbnmgrs‖ wbhg`faa fe tmg 266<s bs ft nouaj eot gesurg rghuabr pbyiget. Zmgfebjgqubny oc puàfn rgsourngs agj tmg hovgreiget to pby sbabry

brrgbrs fe tmg cori oc abej. Zmfs nbusgj otmgr proàgis, fepbrtfnuabr tmg gxproprfbtfoe oc abej fe pgrf-ur`be brgbs. Fe 0<<>,tmgrg wgrg vfhorous strfkgs bhbfest tmg orjfebeng (fetrojungjfe 0<<<) tmbt pabeegj tmg rgtfrgiget oc baa nfvfa sgrvbets bctgrtmfrty ygbrs oc sgrvfng or bt tmg bhg oc 77.

Zmgrg fs noetfeugj jfssbtfscbntfoe bòut tmg uergafb`fafty ocpbyigets. Zmg Noecæjærbtfoe Jæionrbtfqug jgs Zrbvbfaagurs juEfhgr (NJZE) trbjg uefoe mbs nbaagj ebtfoeba strfkgs oc baa nfvfasgrvbets oe b rbehg oc fssugs rgabtgj to noejftfoes oc sgrvfng. Zmgfipafnbtfoes oc tmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg noengrefeh jfccgrgetfbapbyiget oc egw tgbnmgrs prgsgets sfhefcfnbet poaftfnba rfsks.

Bs aoeh bs uefoes noetfeug to rgbnt to uepopuabr igbsurgs, tmgstb`fafty oc tmg gjunbtfoe systgi fs dgopbrjfzgj.

Fe Nútg j‖Fvofrg, bustgrfty igbsurgs fetrojungj fe tmg 266<sfenaujgj afiftfeh tgbnmgrs‖ sgrvfng to tmfrty ygbrs, voauetbryrgtfrgiget bej jfccgrgetfbtgj wbhg agvgas. Zgbnmgrs mfrgj `gcorg2662 wouaj kggp tmgfr wbhg agvgas wmfag tmosg mfrgj bctgr 2662wouaj rgngfvg aowgr wbhgs (up to mbac or agss cor soig uefvgrsftytgbnmgrs). Zmfs wbs `bsgj oe tmg mbrioefsbtfoe oc nfvfa sgrvfngsbabrfgs, tgbnmgrs trbjftfoebaay gbrefeh iorg tmbe otmgrhovgreiget workgrs. Zmgsg igbsurgs agj to ibdor jfstur`bengsbej mbvg `gge noetgetfous gvgr sfeng. Zmg hovgreigetb`bejoegj tmfs prbntfng fe 0<<2 bej rgfetrojungj be gbrefehsjfccgrgetfba fe cbvour oc baa tgbnmgrs rgabtfvg to otmgr nfvfa sgrvbets.

ôurngs4 \rotgbu (0<<0); Ojuecb Koubjfo (0<<>); Bcrfkgno (0<<>); Hgonftfgs (0<<2).

@ox 3.3. ^babrfgs bej tgbnmgrs‖ uefoes4 tmg Efhgr bej Nútg j‖Fvofrg

Zbàg 3.2<. Cfebenfeh noiiftigets cor CZF gejorsgj nouetrfgs2

(Buhust 0<<> fe W^$ ifaafoes)

Zotba0<<70<<:0<<>

Eotgs42. Jbtb brg gstfibtgs bej su`dgnt to nmbehg.0. Noiiftigets brg bsgj oe JBN jbtb cor mfstorfnba cfhurgs bej oe fecoribtfoe croi joeors cor 0<<>„<7.

Gstfibtgs jo eot fenaujg MF\N jg`t rgafgc, wmfnm fs fenaujgj fe tmg hovgreiget‖s rgsourng gevgaopg.>. Egw noiiftigets gstfibtgj y CZF ^gnrgtbrfbt. Zmgsg brg provfsfoeba.:. Bjjftfoeba rgsourngs rgqufrgj, rgvfsgj y bhgenfgs ifeus CZF noiiftigets. ôurngs4 @rues (0<<>); Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe (0<<>`).

>77 >88 >67 2208

208 20: 223 >38

:=0 7<2 722 2:6:

2<: 272 28: :0677 200 2:6 >03

70% =2% =3% 83%

7<.0 8:.6 =0.3 0<8.

< 0=.6 :7.2 8:20.0 2< 2< >0.3 =.7 7.7 0<3 3 7 28

2<.7 :.7 < 272 : : 6< > > 37 < < 7> < < >3.7 2< 2< 03.

:.7 :8.: 33.= 22=.

2% 2>% 28% 22%

:% >=% 78% >0%

6% 3>% =2% 78%

Hovgreiget bej cuejfeh bhgenfgs‖ noiiftigets

prfor to tmg CZF

Hovgreiget cfebenfeh cor prfibry gjunbtfoe

Gxfstfeh cuejfeh bhgenfgs‖ noiiftigets(`fabtgrba bej iuatfabtgrba)0

Zotba rgsourngs bvbfabàg cor prfibry gjunbtfoe

CZF proposbas

Bjjftfoeba rgsourngs rgqufrgj „ CZF nouetry

suìfssfoes (B)Bjjftfoeba rgsourngs rgqufrgj „ rgvfsgj `y bhgenfgs (@)

(@) bs b pgrngetbhg oc (B)

CZF noiiftigets>

CrbengEgtmgrabejsHgribey^wgjgeDbpbe@gahfuiNbebjbWeftgj ^tbtgsEorwbyFJB bnngagrbtfoe/potgetfba pfpgafeg

Cfebenfba hbp bctgr CZF (rouejgj):

Cfebenfba hbp bs b pgrngetbhg oc hovgreiget cfebenfeh

Cfebenfba hbp bs b pgrngetbhg oc cuejfeh bhgenfgs‖noiiftigets prfor to tmg CZF

Cfebenfba hbp bs b pgrngetbhg oc nurrget CZFnoiiftigets



2=. Fetgrvfgw wftm BifebD. F`rbmfi, Ebtfoeba GCBNoorjfebtor (GjunbtfoeZojby , 0<<>, p. 3).

Zmg purposg octmg Bebaytfnba

Cbst-Zrbnk fs togebàg nouetrfgs

to qubafcy corCbst-Zrbnkcfebenfeh fe tmgibfestrgbi oc

tmg Feftfbtfvg.

Bebaytfnba Cbst-ZrbnkFe tmgfr agttgrs oc fevftbtfoe to tmg cfvg mfhm-popuabtfoe nouetrfgs, Xoraj @bek nouetryjfrgntors (Dueg 0<<0) fejfnbtgj tmbt tmg purposgoc tmg Bebaytfnba Cbst-Zrbnk fs to gebàg

nouetrfgs to qubafcy cor Cbst-Zrbnk cfebenfeh fetmg ibfestrgbi oc tmg Feftfbtfvg. B tgnmefnba tgbiwouaj work wftm ebtfoeba pgrsoeega to brtfnuabtgstrbtghfgs cor bnngagrbtfeh W\G-rgabtgjoutnoigs bej gesurg tmbt tmg gafhf`fafty nrftgrfbcor pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg ibfestrgbi Feftfbtfvgwouaj `g igt bs sooe bs possfàg. Fe otmgrworjs, cuejfeh cor tmg Bebaytfnba Cbst-Zrbnkwouaj `g nbtbaytfn. Xmfag gxprgssfeh hgegrbafetgrgst, tmg cfvg nouetrfgs mbvg rgqugstgj curtmgrjgtbfas oe wmbt tmgfr pbrtfnfpbtfoe wouaj bntubaayfipay bej wmbt wouaj noestftutg tmg hrbjubtfoenrftgrfb croi tmg Bebaytfnba to tmg ibfestrgbi

Cbst-Zrbnk.

@fabtgrba cuejfeh bhgenfgs sgg tmfs bebaytfnbawork bs b igbes to proiotg `gttgr fe-nouetryno-orjfebtfoe. Cor iost oc tmg CZF nouetrfgs,gxfstfeh \P^\s, Fetgrfi \P^\s or su`-sgntorprfibry gjunbtfoe or `bsfn gjunbtfoe pabeswouaj `g usgj bs tmg `bsfs oe wmfnm tojgtgrifeg tmg stgps eggjgj to ibkg ibxfiuiprohrgss towbrjs tmg W\G hoba. Xork wouaj `guejgrtbkge fe tmrgg fiportbet brgbs wmosgrgabtfvg fiportbeng wouaj jgpgej oe tmg nouetry

noetgxt4

(2) @ufajfeh poafny noesgesus cor rgcoris fe afegwftm tmg Fejfnbtfvg Crbigwork. Zmfs wouajfenaujg gembenfeh nfvfa sonfgty bej prfvbtgsgntor pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg CZF bej noesfjgrfehtmg fipafnbtfoes oc jgngetrbafzgj hovgreigetwftm rgspgnt to, cor gxbipag, \P^\s bejgjunbtfoe sgntor strbtghfgs.

(0) Gebàfeh nouetrfgs to bnngagrbtg prohrgsstowbrjs noipagtfoe oc W\G wftmfe bsustbfebàg cfebenfba crbigwork wftm

nabrfcfnbtfoe oe tmg ovgrbaa cuejfeh hbp, tmgpossfàg eggj cor fenrgbsgj joigstfncfebenfeh bej fiprovgigets oc tmg gccfnfgenybej gccgntfvgegss oc hovgreiget gxpgejfturg.

(>) ^trgehtmgefeh ebtfoeba bej su`-ebtfoebaibebhgiget nbpbnfty bej jbtb.

Fe baa cfvg nbsgs, fesuccfnfget jfsnussfoe sggis tombvg tbkge pabng bòut tmg purposg oc tmgBebaytfnba Cbst-Zrbnk òtm wftm tmg hovgreigetsfe qugstfoe bej wftmfe tmg bhgenfgs, `gtwgge

mgbjqubrtgrs bej tmgfr cfgaj occfngs. Zmfs pgrmbpsgxpabfes tmg jfccgrget rgbntfoes to fts potgetfba feEfhgrfb. Oe tmg oeg mbej, ft mbs `gge noesfjgrgjbe opportuefty cor sgttfeh hufjgafegs bejeghotfbtfeh noejftfoebaftfgs.2= Oe tmg otmgr mbej,

ft mbs `gge b sourng oc crustrbtfoe bioeh soigifefstry occfnfbas `gnbusg ft mbs bppgbrgj bs brgpbnkbhfeh oc tmg gxfstfeh Wefvgrsba @bsfnGjunbtfoe \rohrbiig, supportgj `y tmg Xoraj@bek bej JCFJ, rbtmgr tmbe bs b `bsfs corbjjftfoeba tgnmefnba or cfebenfba support.Bnnorjfeh to oeg bhgeny occfnfba, ”tmg hovgreigetfs dustfcfbày sngptfnba, `gnbusg bebaytfnba fs bgupmgifsi cor eo gxtrb ioegy‖ (BntfoeBfj, 0<<>).

Fe tmg nbsg oc Fejfb, fts Zgetm Cfvg-Vgbr \abe mbsbargbjy `gge bnkeowagjhgj bs tmg `bsfs corgafhf`fafty to tmg ibfestrgbi CZF, agbvfeh

uengrtbfety òtm bòut tmg purposg oc tmgBebaytfnba Cbst-Zrbnk bej mow nouetrfgs iovgcroi tmg prgpbrbtory pmbsg to tmg ibfestrgbiFeftfbtfvg. Fc tmg Bebaytfnba Cbst-Zrbnk fs tbkge upbej oeng tgnmefnba support mbs gesurgj tmbtgafhf`fafty nrftgrfb brg igt, ft bppgbrs afkgay tmbttmg cfebenfba proposbas iby wgaa gxnggj tmgagvgas oc cuejfeh cor tmg cfrst sgt oc nouetrfgs `yb noesfjgrbàg ibrhfe. ô, sgge fe tmg noetgxtoc tmg jfccfnuatfgs oc sgnurfeh bjgqubtg cfebenfehgvge cor tmg cfrst sgvge nouetrfgs, ft sggisjou`tcua tmbt bnngss to tmg Bebaytfnba Cbst-Zrbnk

wouaj gbsfay trbesabtg feto bnngss to bjjftfoebacuejfeh tmrouhm tmg ibfestrgbi Cbst-ZrbnkFeftfbtfvg.

Xbys corwbrjCZF fs pgrngfvgj `y ibey bs b potgetfbaaysfhefcfnbet rgspoesg to Jbkbr. Ft mbs rgngfvgjnoesfjgrbàg fetgrebtfoeba bttgetfoe bejgxpgntbtfoes mbvg `gge rbfsgj fe ibey pbrts octmg woraj. Vgt tmg CZF mbs eot nbpturgj tmgsupport oc ibey bhgenfgs fe b wby wmfnm fsnoiigesurbtg to tmg tbsk.

Zmg ibfe jfccfnuatfgs bppgbr to `g tmg coaaowfeh4Ibey bhgenfgs jo eot bppgbr to `g fe b posftfoeto noiift agvgas oc bjjftfoeba cuejfeh cor `bsfngjunbtfoe noesfstget wftm tmg agvga ocgstfibtgj cuejfeh eggjs cor W\G „ wmgtmgrtmfs fs tmrouhm tmg CZF or eot.Bhgenfgs bppgbr uewfaafeh to baaonbtgsfhefcfnbet agvgas oc `fabtgrba cuejfeh towbrjsbe ueprovge hao`ba feftfbtfvg, bs opposgj tousfeh gxfstfeh `fabtgrba nmbeegas.\rforftfsfeh b su`-sgntor iby noecafnt wftmhgegrba ùjhgt or prohrbiig support tmrouhm



Nmbptgr 3


gjunbtfoe sgntor prohrbiigs. Beotmgr bspgntoc noengre fs tmbt W\G fs oeay oeg pbrt oc tmgGCB Crbigwork cor Bntfoe.Zmgrg fs b pgrngfvgj rfsk tmbt tmg CZF wfaanrgbtg pbrbaaga pabeefeh prongssgs wftmfe

nouetrfgs.ôig bhgenfgs brg noengregj tmbt b egwngetrba ùrgbunrbny iby iovg jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh bwby croi nouetrfgs.Wengrtbfetfgs rgibfe bòut soig oc tmg aohfnbej tmg gvfjgeng uejgrayfeh tmg FejfnbtfvgCrbigwork.Be gipmbsfs oe rbpfj rgsuats mbs agj tonoiiftigets `gfeh ibjg `gcorg tmgCrbigwork cor tmg Feftfbtfvg mbs `gge bhrggj.

Zmgsg fssugs eggj to `g jg`btgj bej rgsoavgj btbe gbray jbtg. Zmg ^gptgi`gr 0<<> iggtfeh oc

FIC/Xoraj @bek Jgvgaopiget Noiifttgg bskgjcor b prohrgss rgport oe cuejfeh bej agssoescroi tmg fipagigetbtfoe oc tmg CZF bt fts egxtiggtfeh (Xoraj @bek Jgvgaopiget Noiifttgg,0<<>n).

Zmg CZF nbe stfaa `gnoig b rgba bej prbntfnbargspoesg to tmg Jbkbr noiiftigets. Fe ftsb`sgeng, fts nrftfns eggj to jgioestrbtg mow bfjcor gjunbtfoe nbe `g io`fafzgj cor nouetrfgs tmbtmbvg tmg poorgst gjunbtfoeba fejfnbtors, tmg agbstrgsourngs bej tmg wgbkgst nbpbnfty, fe b wgaa no-

orjfebtgj ibeegr fe tmg fiigjfbtg cuturg. Zmgjfvgrsfoe oc rgabtfvgay sibaa suis croi `fabtgrbabfj ùjhgts tmrouhm tmg CZF iby smow soigigbsurg oc noiiftiget. @ut tmgy brg, bs ygt, bnoipagtgay febjgqubtg rgspoesg to tmg Jbkbrpagjhg.

\rodgnts, jgnbjgs bej nbipbfhes

Fe bjjftfoe to tmg CZF, b eui`gr oc fetgrebtfoebaprodgnts bej bntfvftfgs brg jgsfhegj to proiotgfetgrebtfoeba support cor `bsfn gjunbtfoe. Zmgsgfenaujg tmg tbsk corngs jgjfnbtgj to gjunbtfoe fe

òtm tmg Ifaageefui \rodgnt bej tmg Hao`baHovgrebeng Feftfbtfvg (@ox 3.8). @otm bntfvftfgsprovfjg sfhefcfnbet opportueftfgs cor tmgfjgetfcfnbtfoe bej proiotfoe oc strbtghfgs tmbtwork wgaa fe iggtfeh tmg nmbaagehg oc tmg IJHsbej tmg GCB hobas, fenaujfeh tmrouhm tmgjfssgifebtfoe oc tmg cfejfehs oc tmfs Pgport.

Weftgj Ebtfoes JgnbjgsFetgrebtfoeba Jgnbjgs, b cgbturg oc WeftgjEbtfoes bntfvfty sfeng 26=7, brg jgsfhegj to jrbwbttgetfoe to fssugs oc hao`ba sfhefcfnbeng bej

Zmg Ifaageefui \rodgnt

Abuenmgj `y tmg ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba oc tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes bej tmg

Bjifefstrbtor oc tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgvgaopiget \rohrbiig, tmg prodgntfs jgsfhegj to rgnoiigej tmg `gst strbtghfgs to iggt tmg IfaageefuiJgvgaopiget Hobas (Weftgj Ebtfoes, 0<<>`). @y Dueg 0<<7, \rocgssor Dgccrgy^bnms, ^pgnfba Bjvfsgr to tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba oeIfaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas, wfaa prgsget tmg cfeba rgnoiigejbtfoes octmg \rodgnt to tmg ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba. Zmg prodgnt conusgs oe opgrbtfoebaprforftfgs, orhbefzfeh tmg igbes oc fipagigetbtfoe bej cfebenfba strunturgs.Zmgrg brg tge tmgig tbsk corngs, oeg oc wmfnm fs oe Gjunbtfoe bej HgejgrGqubafty, agj `y Ebeny @frjsbaa (Ngetgr cor Hao`ba Jgvgaopiget). Zmg ZbskCorng mbs bargbjy stroehay gejorsgj tmg uejgrayfeh noengpts oc GCB, vofngjsupport cor tmg pbrtegrsmfp giòjfgj fe tmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg bejmfhmafhmtgj tmg eggj cor b su`stbetfvg fenrgbsg fe nurrget agvgas oc gxtgrebasupport bej fiprovgiget fe tmg gccgntfvgegss oc tmg ignmbefsis `y wmfnmtmfs fs nmbeegaagj. Zbsk Corng pbpgrs brg bvbfabàg oe tmg prodgnt wg`sftg

(g.h. Agvfeg gt ba., 0<<>). www.ueifaageefuiprodgnt.orh/mtia/bòut.smti

Zmg Hao`ba Hovgrebeng Feftfbtfvg

Zmg Xoraj Gnoeoifn Corui mbs abuenmgj tmfs Feftfbtfvg to ioeftor prohrgssfe tmg hao`ba gccort to fipagiget tmg hobas fe tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes IfaageefuiJgnabrbtfoe (0<<<). Gbnm ygbr tmg Feftfbtfvg wfaa mfhmafhmt tmg hbps `gtwgge tmghobas gejorsgj `y tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty bej tmg gccort tmbt fs `gfehibjg to bnmfgvg tmgi. Ft wfaa provfjg b cbntuba suiibry oc prohrgss, bqubaftbtfvg bssgssiget oc nmbehgs fe tmg agvga oc gccort `y, bej no-opgrbtfoebioeh, hovgreigets, fetgrebtfoeba orhbefzbtfoes, nfvfa sonfgty, bej ùsfegssfe tmg pursuft oc gbnm hoba. Zmfs bssgssiget wfaa tbkg tmg cori oc be ovgrbaarbtfeh oc prohrgss fe gccort bej no-opgrbtfoe jurfeh tmg prgngjfeh ygbr,bnnoipbefgj `y b jfsnussfoe oc tmg sfhefcfnbet jgvgaopigets, feftfbtfvgs, or

proàgis. Oeg oc tmg sgvge hroups fs jgvotgj to gjunbtfoe (Xoraj GnoeoifnCorui, 0<<0). www.wgcorui.orh/

Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe

^gt up fe 2666, tmg Nbipbfhe fs b igi`grsmfp orhbefzbtfoe (efegtgge ebtfoebabej sgvge rghfoeba nobaftfoes, bej tge fetgrebtfoeba egtworks bejorhbefzbtfoes) tmbt proiotgs gjunbtfoe bs b `bsfn muibe rfhmt. Ft io`fafzgspuàfn prgssurg oe hovgreigets bej tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty to cuacfatmgfr proifsgs to provfjg crgg, noipuasory puàfn `bsfn gjunbtfoe cor baapgopag; fe pbrtfnuabr cor nmfajrge, woige bej baa jfsbjvbetbhgj, jgprfvgjsgntfoes oc sonfgty. Ft projungs `rfgcfeh bej posftfoe pbpgrs oe b rghuabr`bsfs (g.h. Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe, 0<<>`).www.nbipbfhecorgjunbtfoe.orh/_mtia/moig/wganoig/crbisgt.smtia

Hao`ba Ibrnm Bhbfest Nmfaj Abòur

Zmg iovgiget `ghbe bs b pmysfnba ibrnm fe 266= bej nuaifebtgj wftm tmgbjoptfoe oc tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Xorst Coris oc Nmfaj Abòur fe 266=. Ftmbs pbrtegrs fe 27< nouetrfgs. Fts ifssfoe fs to io`fafzg woraj-wfjg gccorts toprotgnt bej proiotg tmg rfhmts oc baa nmfajrge, gspgnfbaay tmg rfhmt to rgngfvgb crgg, igbefehcua gjunbtfoe bej to `g crgg croi gnoeoifn gxpaoftbtfoe.mttp4//hao`baibrnm.orh

@ox 3.8. Feftfbtfvgs bej nbipbfhes oc rgagvbeng to GCB

http://globalmarch.org/

http://globalmarch.org/



genourbhg no-opgrbtfoe bej fetgrebtfoeba bntfoe.Zwo egw Jgnbjgs brg oc jfrgnt rgagvbeng to GCB,tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Aftgrbny Jgnbjg 0<<>„20 bejtmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgnbjg oc Gjunbtfoe corûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget 0<<7„2: (@ox 3.=).

Zmg vbaug oc b Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgnbjg fsuejou`tgjay fts potgetfba to rbfsg bwbrgegss bej

conus bntfoe oe b nrftfnba hao`ba fssug. Fe tmg nbsgoc tmg two egw Jgnbjgs, ft mbs `gge ibjg nagbrtmbt tmgrg smouaj `g b stroeh bej wgaa-jgcfegjrgabtfoesmfp wftm tmg GCB Crbigwork cor Bntfoe.Zmg `gegcfts oc tmfs potgetfba bej egngssbrysyegrhy wfaa rgqufrg gccgntfvg no-orjfebtfoe,fetgrebtfoebaay bej ebtfoebaay, fe orjgr to bvofjpbrbaaga pabeefeh, ioeftorfeh bej gvbaubtfoe.Hfvge fts agbjgrsmfp roag fe baa tmrgg brgbs, tmfswfaa `g b noesfjgrbàg nmbaagehg cor WEG^NO.

Nbipbfhefeh cor gjunbtfoeZmg roag oc fetgrebtfoeba eoe-hovgreigetbaorhbefzbtfoes (FEHOs) fe nbipbfhefeh corgjunbtfoe bej `gnoifeh iunm iorg proifegetfe fetgrebtfoeba jfsnoursg wftm hovgreigets bejfetgrebtfoeba bhgenfgs (Nmb`òtt, 0<<>) fs befiportbet nmbrbntgrfstfn oc tmg abst twgety ygbrsbej gspgnfbaay tmg abst jgnbjg. Zmfs rgcagnts

b hrowfeh tgnmefnba procgssfoebafsi fe EHOs,tmg powgr oc tmg Fetgregt, fenrgbsgj puàfnbwbrgegss oc hao`ba fssugs bej tmg wfaafehegssoc hovgreigets to cuej bej support EHOs,fenaujfeh to support tmgfr owe poafny work.

Oeg stujy fjgetfcfgs cfvg ibdor gccgnts oc b ”egwbej uebetfnfpbtgj agbjgrsmfp fe fetgrebtfoeba GCBgccorts‖ `y FEHOs (Iurpmy bej Iuejby, 0<<0)4

B nomgrget bej fejgpgejget egtwork ocebtfoeba bej fetgrebtfoeba EHOs wftm bnoiioe GCB bhgejb.

Zmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Hgegrba Bssgiày pronabfigj tmgAftgrbny Jgnbjg bt fts 73tm sgssfoe fe 0<<2 bej nmbrhgjWEG^NO wftm no-orjfebtfeh bntfvftfgs bt tmg fetgrebtfoeba agvga.

Bnnorjfeh to tmg Fetgrebtfoeba \abe oc Bntfoe cor tmg AftgrbnyJgnbjg (Weftgj Ebtfoes, 0<<0j), tmg Jgnbjg iust `g sgge bsbe fetghrba noipoeget oc Gjunbtfoe cor Baa, hfvge tmbt aftgrbnyfs ”tmg noiioe tmrgbj tmbt rues tmrouhm tmg sfx hobas‖.Nrgbtfeh aftgrbtg gevfroeigets bej sonfgtfgs fs baso gssgetfbacor bnmfgvfeh tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas. Zmg Bntfoe\abe stbtgs tmbt Aftgrbny cor Baa smouaj `g tmg ngetrba conus ocbaa Gjunbtfoe cor Baa pabes bej prohrbiigs bej tmbt work wfaa`g uejgrtbkge wftmfe gxfstfeh Gjunbtfoe cor Baa no-orjfebtfoeignmbefsis. Zmg gxpgntgj outnoigs fenaujg4

^fhefcfnbet prohrgss towbrjs tmg Jbkbr hobas fe tgris ocb rgnohefzbàg fenrgbsg fe tmg b`soautg eui`grs oc tmosgwmo brg aftgrbtg bioeh4 (f) woige; (ff) gxnaujgj hroups

fe nouetrfgs tmbt brg otmgrwfsg noesfjgrgj to mbvg mfhmaftgrbny rbtgs; (fff) rghfoes wftm tmg hrgbtgst eggjs, ebigaysu`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb, ôutm Bsfb bej G6 nouetrfgs.

Bttbfeiget `y baa agbregrs, fenaujfeh nmfajrge fe snmooa, ocb ibstgry agvga oc agbrefeh fe rgbjfeh, wrftfeh, euigrbny,nrftfnba tmfekfeh, posftfvg nftfzgesmfp vbaugs bej otmgr skfaas.

Jyebifn aftgrbtg gevfroeigets, gspgnfbaay fe snmooas bejnoiiueftfgs oc tmg prforfty hroups, so tmbt aftgrbny wfaa `gsustbfegj bej gxpbejgj `gyoej tmg Aftgrbny Jgnbjg.

Fiprovgj qubafty oc afcg (povgrty rgjuntfoe, fenrgbsgjfenoig, fiprovgj mgbatm, hrgbtgr pbrtfnfpbtfoe, nftfzgesmfpbwbrgegss bej hgejgr sgesftfvfty) bioeh tmosg wmo mbvgpbrtfnfpbtgj fe tmg vbrfous gjunbtfoeba prohrbiigs uejgr

Gjunbtfoe cor Baa.

Zmg Jgnbjg oc Gjunbtfoe cor ûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget wbsbjoptgj `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Hgegrba Bssgiày fe Jgngi`gr0<<0, coaaowfeh tmg gejorsgiget bt tmg Xoraj ûiift oe

ûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget (Dombeegsùrh, 0<<0) bej wfaanoiigeng fe 0<<7. WEG^NO mbs `gge bssfhegj to `g agbjbhgeny fe tmg proiotfoe oc tmg jgnbjg bs wgaa bs pabyfeh bsu`stbetfvg roag fe fts fipagigetbtfoe.

Bnnorjfeh to tmg Crbigwork cor b Jrbct FetgrebtfoebaFipagigetbtfoe ^nmgig cor tmg Jgnbjg (WEG^NO, 0<<>n)tmg prfibry hoba wfaa `g to proiotg gjunbtfoe bs b `bsfs corb iorg sustbfebàg muibe sonfgty, `babenfeh muibe bejgnoeoifn wgaa-`gfeh wftm nuaturba trbjftfoes bej rgspgnt cortmg gbrtm‖s ebturba rgsourngs. Zmg Jgnbjg fs jgsfhegj to mgapto fetghrbtg sustbfebàg jgvgaopiget feto gjunbtfoe systgisbt baa agvgas bej to strgehtmge fetgrebtfoeba no-opgrbtfoe cortmg jgvgaopiget bej smbrfeh oc feeovbtfvg poafnfgs,prohrbiigs, bej bntfvftfgs. Baa sfx GCB hobas bej tmgo`dgntfvgs oc tmg Aftgrbny Jgnbjg brg noengfvgj bs fetghrbapbrts oc gjunbtfoe cor sustbfebàg jgvgaopiget. Gqubaaygjunbtfoe cor sustbfebàg jgvgaopiget smouaj `gfenorporbtgj wftmfe GCB bej tmg Aftgrbny Jgnbjg strbtghfgs.Cour ibdor tmrusts brg gevfsbhgj4

\roiotfoe bej fiprovgiget oc `bsfn gjunbtfoe.

Pgorfgetfeh gxfstfeh gjunbtfoe prohrbiigs.

Jgvgaopfeh puàfn uejgrstbejfeh bej bwbrgegssoc sustbfeb`fafty.

Zrbfefeh.

Eotg4 G6 nouetrfgs bnnouet cor 7<% oc tmg woraj‖s popuabtfoe ùt 8<% oc tmgworaj‖s faaftgrbtgs. Zmgy brg @behabjgsm, @rbzfa, Nmfeb, Ghypt, Fejfb, Fejoegsfb,

Igxfno, Efhgrfb bej \bkfstbe. ôurngs4 Weftgj Ebtfoes (0<<0j); WEG^NO (0<<>j).

@ox 3.=. Aftgrbny bej sustbfebàg jgvgaopiget



Nmbptgr 3


WEG^NO mbsb prfibryrgspoesf`faftyto proiotgfetgrebtfoebano-orjfebtfoe

Zmg Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe mbs rbfsgjtmg vfsf`fafty bej stbtus oc `bsfn gjunbtfoebnross tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty.B iorg conusgj bej sustbfegj jfsnussfoebioeh `fabtgrba bhgenfgs, fetgrebtfoeba

orhbefzbtfoes bej H8 nouetrfgs bòut tmgcfebenfeh oc GCB bej fts rgabtfoesmfp to jg`trgafgc.Be fetgrebtfoeba gevfroeiget wmgrg prgssurgfs gxgrtgj cor noenrgtg noiiftigets ocrgsourngs cor GCB.B pabng cor nfvfa sonfgty fe poafny pabeefeh bejioeftorfeh bt ebtfoeba bej fetgrebtfoeba agvgas.

Fe tbntfnba tgris, FEHO egtworks mbvg jgcfegj bhbp `gtwgge fetgrebtfoeba rmgtorfn bej rgbafty,`ypbssgj fetgrebtfoeba gjunbtfoe nmbeegasto ho jfrgntay to tmg mgbjs oc hovgreigets bej

fetgrebtfoeba orhbefzbtfoes, proiotgj hao`babpprobnmgs bòut mow GCB hobas ifhmt `gbnmfgvgj bej pusmgj cor mfhm-agvga jgnabrbtfoesoc fetget (Iurpmy bej Iuejby, 0<<0). Zmfswork fecaugengj tmg jgvgaopiget oc tmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe bej, sfeng tmg XorajGjunbtfoe Corui fe Jbkbr, tmg jgaf`grbtfoesoc H=, tmg Xoraj @bek bej tmg GuropgbeNoiiuefty‖s gjunbtfoe bej jgvgaopigetpoafnfgs. Ft fs b sfhefcfnbet egw corng fe supportoc GCB wmfnm sggks to mgfhmtge b sgesg ocbnnouetb`fafty cor tmg hobas tmbt mbvg `gge sgt

fetgrebtfoebaay.

Zmg Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe (sgg @ox 3.8)fs baso bntfvg fe rbfsfeh puàfn bpprgnfbtfoe oc GCBfssugs. Cor gxbipag, fe Bprfa 0<<>, wftm stroeh`bnkfeh croi tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes, Zmg Xoraj‖s@fhhgst Agssoe wbs orhbefzgj to mfhmafhmt tmgfiportbeng oc gjunbtfoe cor hfras bej woige oetmg tmfrj beefvgrsbry oc tmg Xoraj GjunbtfoeCorui. Iorg tmbe 2 ifaafoe pgopag took pbrtworajwfjg. Fe 0<<:, tmg GCB Bntfoe Xggk wfaaconus oe tmg nmfajrge wmo brg ifssfeh bey kfej ocgjunbtfoe. B ibss ao``y `y nmfajrge cor nmfajrge

fs pabeegj.

^trgehtmgefeh fetgrebtfoebano-orjfebtfoe

Fetgrebtfoeba gccorts to cfej wbys oc workfehtohgtmgr iorg gccgntfvgay uejgrpfe iunm oc tmgnurrget hao`ba fipgtus to gembeng bfj caows,fiprovg tmg usg oc bfj, noaagnt bej bebaysg `gttgrjbtb bej agbre croi rgsgbrnm. Fe tmg noetgxt oc

GCB, WEG^NO mbs b prfibry rgspoesf`fafty toproiotg fetgrebtfoeba no-orjfebtfoe bej fstmgrgcorg tmg ibfe conus oc tmfs sgntfoe.

WEG^NO bej GCB no-orjfebtfoe

Zmg GCB Pgport 0<<0 (WEG^NO, 0<<0`)suhhgstgj tmbt WEG^NO mbj fetgrprgtgj ftsnmbaagehfeh Jbkbr no-orjfebtfoe roag fe brgabtfvgay noesgrvbtfvg ibeegr. Zmfs noetfeugsto `g tmg nbsg.

Bt tmg rgqugst oc tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui, tmgJfrgntor-Hgegrba oc WEG^NO gstbàfsmgj tmgGCB Mfhm-Agvga Hroup. Zmfs iggts beeubaay wftmb igi`grsmfp tmbt fs rg-gstbàfsmgj gbnm ygbr.WEG^NO mbs baso nrgbtgj tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oeGjunbtfoe cor Baa wmfnm mbs igt oe cour

onnbsfoes sfeng Jbkbr.

@otm hroups work to b sgt oc puàfnay stbtgjo`dgntfvgs. Fe pbrtfnuabr, tmg sibaa bej cagxfàgMfhm-Agvga Hroup fs ibejbtgj to sgrvg bs b agvgr cor poaftfnba noiiftiget bej tgnmefnba bejcfebenfba rgsourng io`fafzbtfoe (WEG^NO, 0<<<j).WEG^NO mbs baso jgtgrifegj tmbt tmg Hroupsmouaj `g b vgmfnag cor rgvfgwfeh prohrgsstowbrjs tmg Jbkbr hobas bej cor bssgssfeh tmggxtget to wmfnm fetgrebtfoeba noiiftigets brg`gfeh igt. Zmg GCB Pgport 0<<0 fecaugengj òtm

tmg strunturg bej tmg noetget oc tmg sgnoejiggtfeh oc tmg hroup fe Bùdb, Efhgrfb, fe 0<<0 „b iojga cor tmg egxt iggtfeh fe Egw Jgamf (Fejfb)fe 0<<>.

Mowgvgr, oe nurrget gvfjgeng, ft fs eot nagbr tmbttmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup fs ygt provfeh to `gfecaugetfba fe iggtfeh fts prfibry purposg.Egftmgr tmg noiiuefquæs (@ox 3.6) eor tmgrgports (WEG^NO, 0<<0j; WEG^NO, 0<<>c ) croitmg cfrst two iggtfehs (\brfs, 0<<2 bej Bùdb,0<<0) mbvg mbj bey vfsfàg fetgrebtfoeba fipbnt,gftmgr fe hgegrbtfeh poaftfnba noiiftiget or fe

io`fafzfeh tmg rgsourngs rgqufrgj to bnmfgvgGCB. Zmg hroup mbs mowgvgr, occgrgj b `robjnoiigetbry oe prohrgss bej oe fetgrebtfoebanoiiftigets.

Zmg bppbrget afiftbtfoes oc tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroupbrg eot b cbfaurg oc hooj fetgetfoes. Fejggj, feprfenfpag, tmg Hroup mbs tmg potgetfba to jgafvgr bstroeh igssbhg, uejgrpfeegj `y tmg GCB Hao`baIoeftorfeh Pgport. Mowgvgr, WEG^NO fs cbngjwftm b jfccfnuat noeuejrui. Gvge wftm b stroehigssbhg, tmg Hroup mbs eo fetgrebtfoebaay



rgnohefzgj butmorfty `gyoej fts Jbkbr ibejbtg,eor jogs ft mbvg nagbr afegs oc noiiuefnbtfoewftm tmg wfjgr Weftgj Ebtfoes systgi, gxngpttmrouhm WEG^NO‖s owe hovgrebeng òjfgs.Zmgrgcorg, tmg gxtget to wmfnm tmg hroup‖sproeouengigets brg fecaugetfba fs mfhmayjgpgejget oe tmg qubafty oc fts output, upoeWEG^NO‖s owe gxtgreba poaftfnba rgabtfoesmfps,bej tmg jghrgg to wmfnm igi`grs oc tmg Hroupbrg tmgisgavgs pro-bntfvg fe support oc ftsoutnoigs. Oe tmfs abst pofet, `gnbusg tmg

igi`grsmfp nmbehgs gbnm ygbr, bt agbst fe pbrt,b abrhgay jfccgrget Hroup bssgiàgs to bssgsstmg fipbnt oc tmg prgvfous ygbr‖s noenausfoes bejrgnoiigejbtfoes. Zmfs mbs tmg igrft ocwfjgefeh tmg opportuefty cor jfccgrget nouetrfgs topbrtfnfpbtg fe tmg jfsnussfoes oc tmg Hroup.Mowgvgr, fts wgbkegss fs tmbt sunm bebrrbehgiget fs agss afkgay to sustbfe b stroeh,nrftfnba bej noesfstget vofng fe support oc GCB.

B rgabtgj nmbaagehg fs mow to sgnurg hao`babttgetfoe cor tmg igssbhgs croi tmg Mfhm-Agvga

Hroup. @robj feduentfoes to hovgreigets,rghfoeba òjfgs bej bhgenfgs (sunm bs tmg Bùdbnoiiuefquæ, @ox 3.6) tmbt brg afttag jfccgrgetcroi tmosg gibebtfeh croi otmgr fetgrebtfoebanoecgrgengs oe gjunbtfoe mbvg b afiftgj afcgspbe.

Zmg GCB Xorkfeh Hroup mbs igt oe couronnbsfoes (Zbàg 3.22), fe gbnm nbsg wftm ovgr cfctypbrtfnfpbets. Zmg Hroup mbs `gge jgsnrf`gj bs”be fecoriba ignmbefsi to provfjg tgnmefnbahufjbeng to tmg GCB iovgiget. Ft nrgbtgs bej

sustbfes pbrtegrsmfps, supports rghfoeba bejsu`-rghfoeba egtworks, bej gesurgs afekbhgsbioeh fetgr-bhgeny cabhsmfp prohrbiigs fe tmgcoaaow-up to Jbkbr. Ft jgaf`grbtgs oe kgy fssugsbej rgnoiigejs prforftfgs cor noaagntfvg bntfoeto coaaow up tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui. Ft basoprgpbrgs tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup iggtfeh oe GCB‖(WEG^NO, 0<<>b). Zmfs fs b wgfhmty bhgejb,pbrtfnuabray cor be fecoriba hroup, iggtfeh ovgr bjby bej b mbac wftm oeay pbrtfba noetfeufty bioehfts igi`grsmfp.

Hovgreigets fe tmg ôutm iust gesurg tmbt crgg bejnoipuasory prfibry gjunbtfoe fs b rfhmt rgcagntgj feebtfoeba aghfsabtfoe bej fe prbntfng. Ebtfoeba strbtghfgs tobnmfgvg tmg hobas oc Gjunbtfoe cor Baa iust rgngfvg tmgfr

egngssbry smbrg oc hovgreiget ùjhgts bej `gegcft croibaa possfàg cuejfeh sourngs, fenaujfeh jg`t rgafgc.

^troeh bej noiifttgj bntfoe fs rgqufrgj `y Hovgreigetsto fiprovg tmg stbtus bej workfeh noejftfoes oc tgbnmgrs tobjjrgss tmg betfnfpbtgj smortbhgs sfhebagj `y tmgioeftorfeh rgport. Zmfs betfnfpbtgj smortbhg fs `gfehgxbngr`btgj `y tmg fipbnt oc MFS/BFJ^, noecafnt bejgigrhgenfgs. Zmfs bntfoe fs pbrtfnuabray fiportbet bs youehpgopag brg eo aoehgr bttrbntgj to tmg tgbnmfeh procgssfoe fesoig nouetrfgs.

Pghfoeba bej su`-rghfoeba coruis, stbrtfeh wftm tmg\roygnto Pghfoeba jg Gjunbnfþe pbrb Biærfnb Abtfeb y gaNbrf`g (\PGABN) (Eovgi`gr 0<<0), tmg Noecgrgengs oc tmg

Ifefstgrs oc Gjunbtfoe oc Bcrfnbe Igi`gr ^tbtgs orhbefzgj`y WEG^NO (IFEGJBC) (Jgngi`gr 0<<0) bej rghfoebafeftfbtfvgs sunm bs tmg Egw \brtegrsmfp cor Bcrfnb‖sJgvgaopiget (EG\BJ) bej tmg Corui cor Bcrfnbe XoigeGjunbtfoebafsts (CBXG) tmbt proiotg ôutm-ôutmnoaabòrbtfoe brg fiportbet opportueftfgs cor io`fafzfehpoaftfnba noiiftiget bej rgsourngs cor GCB.

Zmg iggtfeh oc cuejfeh bej tgnmefnba bssfstbeng bhgenfgsfe @russgas (Eovgi`gr 0<<0) occgrs be fiportbetopportuefty cor `fabtgrba bej iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs tono-orjfebtg tmgfr noiiftiget to jgafvgr oe tmg proifsgsibjg bt Jbkbr bej Ioetgrrgy.

Zmg H= iggtfeh fe Gvfbe, Crbeng, fe 0<<> prgsgets b nrftfnbaopportuefty cor tmfs fecaugetfba òjy to noetfeug bej tobnngagrbtg tmg vbaubàg noetrfùtfoe ibjg tmrouhm fts ZbskCorng oe Gjunbtfoe.

Be bjvonbny strbtghy oe GCB iust `g jgsfhegj bejno-orjfebtgj `y bpproprfbtg bhgenfgs, to bjjrgss spgnfcfnbrgbs oc noengre fe jfccgrget nouetrfgs bej rghfoes (corgxbipag hfras' gjunbtfoe `y WEFNGC bej tgbnmgrs'noejftfoes `y WEG^NO).

Gvgry bjvbetbhg smouaj `g tbkge oc tmg noifeh WE AftgrbnyJgnbjg bej tmg proposgj WE Jgnbjg oc Gjunbtfoe corûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget to bjvbeng tmg GCB bhgejb.

Ibxfiui usg iust `g ibjg oc opportueftfgs prgsgetgj `ytmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup, tmg beeuba ioeftorfeh rgport, tmgbeeuba GCB wggk bej mfhm-agvga fetgrebtfoeba gvgets oejgvgaopiget fssugs to uejgrafeg tmg fiportbeng ocgjunbtfoe cor hao`ba jgvgaopiget.

WEG^NO smouaj strgehtmge urhgetay fts nbpbnfty to cuacfafts fetgrebtfoeba no-orjfebtfoe roag.

WEG^NO bej otmgr kgy GCB bhgenfgs iust jgvfsg bejfipagiget b strbtghy to gesurg tmbt su`sgquget Mfhm-Agvga Hroup iggtfehs mbvg mfhmgr-agvga rgprgsgetbtfoewftm stroehgr nbpb`fafty oc io`fafzfeh poaftfnba noiiftigetcor tmg GCB hobas.

Eotg4 Zmg GCB Mfhm-Agvga Hroup cfrst igt fe \brfs 06->< Onto`gr 0<<2(WEG^NO, 0<<0j) bej tmge fe Bùdb, 26-0< Eovgi`gr 0<<0 (WEG^NO, 0<<>c ).

@ox 3.6. Zmg tgxt oc tmg rgnoiigejbtfoes croi tmg GCB Mfhm-Agvga Hroup 0<<0



Nmbptgr 3


Zmg output oc tmgMfhm-Agvga Hrouwouaj `gcoribaayprgsgetgj to tmgWE ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba.

Zbàg 3.22 suhhgsts tmbt fe cuacfaafeh fts vgry `robjroag, tmg GCB Xorkfeh Hroup mbs vbnfaabtgjsoigwmbt `gtwgge b pro-bntfvg tbsk-corngbpprobnm, gxgipafcfgj `y work oe BeFetgrebtfoeba ^trbtghy to \ut tmg Jbkbr

Crbigwork cor Bntfoe oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa fetoOpgrbtfoe (WEG^NO, 0<<0b; WEG^NO, 0<<>b) bejb iorg hgegrba smbrfeh oc gxpgrfgeng. Zmgprojunt oc fts jfsnussfoes oe tgnmefnba fssugs,sunm bs tmg cfebenfeh oc gjunbtfoe, mbs eot bjjgjhrgbtay to tmg su`stbetfvg jg`btg. Hrouprgnoiigejbtfoes brg rgnorjgj fe tmg rgport octmg Xorkfeh Hroup ùt tmgsg brg eot su`dgnt tocoaaow-up or rgport-`bnk jfsnussfoes tmgcoaaowfeh ygbr. Iorgovgr, tmg fjgb tmbt tmgXorkfeh Hroup ifhmt `g fecaugetfba fe tmg jgsfhebej jgvgaopiget oc tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup mbs`gge iojfcfgj, so tmbt sfeng 0<<0, b hroup oc

”smgrpbs‖, wmfnm fs `robjay rgprgsgetbtfvg oc tmgigi`grsmfp oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup, mbs `ggenoevgegj `y WEG^NO to mgap to jgsfhe tmgbhgejb bej possfàg outputs oc tmg Mfhm-AgvgaHroup.

Zmgrg fs nagbray b prfng wortm pbyfeh corgvfjgeng-`bsgj, fetgrebtfoeba noesuatbtfoe,egtworkfeh bej jfbaohug. Zmfs fs b wgaa-gstbàfsmgj WEG^NO cuentfoe bej to b jghrgg ftsustbfes b ngrtbfe ioigetui tmrouhm `gnoifehb cfxturg oe tmg beeuba nbagejbr. Mowgvgr, bs

prgsgetay noestftutgj ft fs jfccfnuat to sgg mowgftmgr oc tmg two hroups nbe jgafvgr oe tmgfrrgspgntfvg ibejbtgs bej ibkg b tbehfàgnoetrfùtfoe to fetgrebtfoeba no-opgrbtfoe. Fc tmfs

dujhgiget fs dustfcfgj, gftmgr tmg ibejbtgs or tmgignmbefsis jgsgrvg rg-gxbifebtfoe. Zmgcoaaowfeh possf`faftfgs ifhmt `g noesfjgrgj4

Zmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup4

Igi`grsmfp4 Zmg Jbkbr ibejbtg oc sibaa bejcagxfàg mbs `gge fetgrprgtgj to rgqufrg b hroupigi`grsmfp oc bpproxfibtgay twgety-cfvg

nouetrfgs, bhgenfgs bej EHOs fevftgj oe b`robjay rgprgsgetbtfvg `bsfs bej pbrtaynmbehfeh gbnm ygbr. Oeg optfoe wouaj `g cortmg Jfrgntor-Hgegrba oc WEG^NO to noevgeg bsibaagr hroup oc mfhm procfag, gx-occfnfoigi`grs, wmosg rgputbtfoe wouaj bttrbnthao`ba bttgetfoe to tmgfr cfejfehs. Zmgy wouaj `gfevftgj to sgrvg cor b ifefiui oc tmrgg ygbrs.

\rojunt4 tmg hroup‖s projunt (b jgnabrbtfoepgrmbps) smouaj `g keowe cor fts fejgpgejgetvofng, vfsfoe, bej proposbas cor bntfoe

uejgrpfeegj `y rfhorous bebaysfs bejrgsgbrnm, suppafgj fe abrhg pbrt `y tmg GCBIoeftorfeh Pgport.

\btmwbys4 Zmg output oc tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup

wouaj `g coribaay prgsgetgj to tmg WeftgjEbtfoes ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba or to b noiifttggoc tmg Hgegrba Bssgiày. Nagbr nmbeegas cortmg hroup‖s cfejfehs to fecaugeng tmg Xoraj@bek, tmg H= bej ibdor rghfoeba coruis wouajeggj to `g fjgetfcfgj.

Jfbaohug4 B egw bpprobnm to cbnfaftbtfeh Hroupjfbaohug fs eggjgj bej to hgegrbtg noaagntfvgrgspoesf`fafty cor fts outnoigs.

Zmg Xorkfeh Hroup4

Be optfoe tmbt fs noesfstget wftm tmgsuhhgstfoes cor tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup fs cor tmgXorkfeh Hroup to `gnoig iunm iorg oc btgnmefnba noiifttgg oc tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup.Ft wouaj ioeftor prohrgss bej bntfoes brfsfehcroi tmg prgvfous ygbr‖s Mfhm-Agvga Hroup. Ftwouaj mgap to prgpbrg cor Mfhm-Agvga Hroupiggtfehs `y bjvfsfeh oe bhgejb, gipmbsgsbej coaaow-up. Ft wouaj mgap jrbctnoiiuefquæs or jgnabrbtfoes bej afbfsg wftmMfhm-Agvga Hroup igi`grs bs egngssbry`gtwgge iggtfehs. Zmg `robj smbrfeh oc

fecoribtfoe, wmfnm fs tmg prfibry cuentfoe octmg nurrget Xorkfeh Hroup, nouaj `g pursugjfe b rbehg oc gxfstfeh WEG^NO noecgrgengsbej coruis.

Ft rgibfes tmg nbsg tmbt WEG^NO fs uejgr-rgsourngj cor tmg roag tmbt fs mbs `gge bskgjto paby. Zmfs fs fenrgbsfehay rgnohefzgj (g.h.@grtrbej, 0<<>). Zmg gxfstfeh GCB no-orjfebtfoenbpbnfty fe WEG^NO nbeeot uejgrtbkg iunmiorg tmbe tmg bjifefstrbtfvg cuentfoe rgqufrgjto orhbefzg tmg iggtfehs oc tmg Hroups. B abrhgrbej iorg tgnmefnbaay jfvgrsg sgnrgtbrfbt fs

eggjgj. Fevoavfeh WEG^NO festftutgs iorgtmorouhmay fe tmg prongss nouaj baso ibkg bjfccgrgeng.

Zmg bòvg bebaysfs suhhgsts tmbt òtm Hroupsmbvg sgttagj feto b pbrtfnuabr wby oc workfeh tmbtnbe `gst `g jgsnrf`gj bs ”noesuatbtfvg brgebs‖(Afttag bej Ifaagr, 0<<<). Fe tmgfr rgvfgw oc ZmgFetgrebtfoeba Noesuatbtfvg Corui oe Gjunbtfoecor Baa (wmfnm opgrbtgj fe tmg 266<s), Afttag bejIfaagr ibjg tmg jfstfentfoe `gtwgge be ”brgeb‖bej b ”pabtcori‖. Zmg corigr fs jgsnrf`gj bs ”b



0<<<72 (C 28 - I >:)

Nouetrfgs 3Pghfoeba orhbefzbtfoes :@fabtgrba bhgenfgs 3Iuatfabtgrba bej rghfoeba

bhgenfgs 3NÔs/EHOs/couejbtfoes =OGNJ

0<<272 (C 0< - I >2)

Nouetrfgs 3Pghfoeba orhbefzbtfoes 3@fabtgrba bhgenfgs 3Iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs 3NÔs/EHOs/couejbtfoes 8

0<<03: (C 03 - I >=)

Nouetrfgs 20Pghfoeba orhbefzbtfoes 7@fabtgrba bhgenfgs 6Iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs 8NÔs/EHOs/couejbtfoes 2<

0<<>7= (C 0< - I >8)

Nouetrfgs 2<Pghfoeba orhbefzbtfoes :@fabtgrba bhgenfgs =Iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs 7NÔs/EHOs/couejbtfoes 22

Zbàg 3.22. Zmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Xorkfeh Hroup

Vgbr/\brtfnfpbtfoe* O`dgntfvgs bej Outnoigs

Zmg GCB Xorkfeh Hroup iggts fe \brfs. Ft mbs fssugj cour rgports.* Eot fenaujfeh o`sgrvgrs. ôurngs4 WEG^NO (0<<<j, 0<<2, 0<<0g, 0<<>g).

ConusB noiioe crbigwork oc keowagjhg bejuejgrstbejfeh oc wmbt fs mbppgefeh fe spgnfcfn

nouetrfgs, rghfoes bej orhbefzbtfoes, fe pbrtfnuabrwmbt mbs mbppgegj sfeng Jbkbr.Zo (b) afek GCB pabes wftm otmgr pabes ebtfoebaay;(`) gxbifeg mow to io`fafzg fetgrebtfoeba supportcor GCB; (n) mow to ioeftor GCB hobas bej tbrhgts.

Pgnoiigejbtfoesû`-hroups to `g gstbàfsmgj oe wmbt noestftutgsb ”hooj‖ pabe, fetghrbtfeh GCB fe wfjgr jgvgaopigetcrbigworks bej nrftgrfb cor ”tbrhgt‖ or ”gafhfàg‖nouetrfgs.WEG^NO to jgvgaop (b) b wg`sftg cor nouetry pabesbej pabeefeh prongssgs; (`) to bnt bs b cbnfaftbtoroc ”truay pbrtfnfpbtory bej fenausfvg‖ prgpbrbtfoe ocpabes.WEG^NO to fevoavg EHOs fe tmg ”Jbkbr prongss‖.Fetgrebtfoeba bhgenfgs smouaj provfjg support cornbpbnfty ùfajfeh bej ioeftorfeh.Zbsk corng to `g sgt up oe cfebenfeh cor GCB.

ConusWrhget bttgetfoe to iggtfeh tmg 0<<0 jgbjafeg cortmg prgpbrbtfoe oc GCB pabes.B noiprgmgesfvg hao`ba GCB strbtghy.GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport.Mfhm-Agvga Hroup.

Pgnoiigejbtfoes\ggr rgvfgw prongssgs oc ebtfoeba GCB pabes smouaj`g put fe pabng `y tmg gej oc 0<<2.B tbsk corng wfaa jrbct b noiprgmgesfvg strbtghy „b cfeba jrbct `y Bprfa 0<<0.”Cabhsmfps‖cor tgbnmgrs, qubafty bej jfsb`faftyproposgj.Ioeftorfeh Pgport smouaj `g bfigj bt baastbkgmoajgrs bej gebàg tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup toibfetbfe tmg fipgtus cor GCB.

Conus\abeefeh bej fipagigetfeh GCB.Cfebenfeh GCB.^trgehtmgefeh pbrtegrsmfps.GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport.Zmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup.

Pgnoiigejbtfoes\abeefeh cor GCB tbkgs pabng fe b eui`gr occrbigworks. \rongssgs iust `g fenausfvg oc baahobas bej nfvfa sonfgty.Nrgbtfvg noiiuefnbtfoe strbtghfgs eggjgj.Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg smouaj `g eghotfbtgj wftmfenouetry noetgxts. Cfebenfeh `gyoej W\G eggjsurhget bttgetfoe.Ioeftorfeh Pgport to provfjg mfhm-agvga tooa.Mfhm-Agvga Hroup wfaa `g gccgntfvg fc ft fs bntfoe-orfgetgj. GCB fetgrebtfoeba strbtghy iby sgrvgbs b tooa fe strunturfeh ebtfoeba bej fetgrebtfoeba

pbrtegrsmfps.

ConusOvgrvfgw bej noiioe uejgrstbejfeh oc ”cabhsmfp‖prohrbiigs.Wpjbtgs oe tmg Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg.Zmfrj Mfhm-Agvga Hroup.GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport.^trgehtmgefeh hao`ba baafbengs.

PgnoiigejbtfoesEot bvbfabàg bt tmg tfig oc wrftfeh (WEG^NO, 0<<>h).

aoosgay-orhbefzgj nobaftfoe, fe wmfnm pbrtfnfpbetsbnt oe tmg `bsfs oc smbrgj bssuiptfoes bòuthgegrba purposg bej jgsfrbàg outnoigs, ùtbrg jrfvge `y jfccgrget fipgrbtfvgs bej gipaoyjfccgrget strbtghfgs.‖ Zmg abttgr fs noengfvgj bs

b ”stbhg, b jfspaby pabng, rbfsgj brgb, poaftfnbaibefcgsto or poaftfnba prohrbiig‖. Xftmfe tmfscrbigwork, tmgy nmbrbntgrfzgj tmg iuatf-pbrty,iuatf-bhgeny Noesuatbtfvg Corui bs be ”brgeb‖,b conba pofet bej tmg syiòa oc tmg smbrgj hao`bavfsfoe bej tmg brgb wftmfe wmfnm tmbt smbrgjvfsfoe mbs `gge kgpt bafvg.

Zmg post-Jbkbr gvfjgeng suhhgsts tmbt WEG^NOmbs sustbfegj tmg fjgb oc ”noesuatbtfvg brgebs‖,fevftfeh pgopag croi jfccgrget noestftugenfgs, oeb `robjay rgprgsgetbtfvg `bsfs, cor be beeubajfbaohug bej gxbifebtfoe oc prohrgss. Zmfs fs

sfifabr to ibey noecgrgeng bntfvftfgs brouej tmgworaj. Ft fs egftmgr tmrgbtgefeh eor fetrusfvg.Egvgrtmgagss fe b woraj tmbt fs mfhmay noipgtftfvgfe tmg bttgetfoe tmbt ft hfvgs to jfccgrget fssugs bejprforftfgs, bej to tmg rgsourngs baaonbtgj to tmgi,b stroeh, wgaa-noorjfebtgj, wgaa-puàfnfzgj”pabtcori‖ cor GCB fs baiost be gssgetfbaprgrgqufsftg cor sunngss. Zmfs fs eot provfjgj `ytmg nurrget ignmbefsis. ^fhefcfnbet nmbehg fsrgqufrgj to hgegrbtg be fipbnt bpproprfbtg totmg snbag oc tmg GCB nmbaagehg, bej to tmgrgspoesf`faftfgs bssfhegj to tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup.

@gttgr jbtb „ `gttgr ioeftorfeh

B noesfstget igssbhg fe egbray baa rgports oeGCB fs tmg nrftfnba fiportbeng oc bnnurbtg bejtfigay jbtb fc gjunbtfoe poafny fs to `g gvfjgeng-`bsgj bej fc tmg ioeftorfeh oc prohrgss bejgvbaubtfoe fs to `g igbefehcua. Zmfs fs oeggxbipag oc b `robjgr fetgrebtfoeba noengre cor`gttgr fejfnbtors oc jgvgaopiget outnoigs. Corgxbipag, work fs uejgrwby to jgvgaop b hao`bacrbigwork to ioeftor tmg poafnfgs bej bntfoesoc jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs bej jgvgaopiget

bhgenfgs cor bnmfgvfeh tmg IJHs (Xoraj @bekJgvgaopiget Noiifttgg, 0<<>b). Zmfs jrbws oeIJH rgports ornmgstrbtgj `y WEJ\, tmg work octmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget \rodgnt (@ox 3.8)bej oc tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes bhgenfgs tmbtnoetrfùtg to tmg ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba‖s rgports oetmg Ioetgrrgy Noesgesus bej tmg IfaageefuiJgnabrbtfoe. Zmg work oc tmg WEG^NO Festftutgcor ^tbtfstfns (WF^) bej tmg cfejfehs oc tmfs rgportmbvg b noetrfùtfoe to ibkg fe support oc tmgsggccorts, fe bjjftfoe to ioeftorfeh prohrgsstowbrjs baa oc tmg GCB hobas.



Nmbptgr 3


Fe tmg gjunbtfoe sgntor, ft rgibfes tmg nbsg tmbtibey nouetrfgs bej fetgrebtfoeba òjfgs brgnoestrbfegj fe tmgfr b`fafty to proiotg wgaa-fecorigj pabeefeh bej prohrbiifeh `y tmgabnk oc bnnurbtg bej noiprgmgesfvg jbtb. Zmfs

proàgi, bs eotgj gasgwmgrg fe tmfs rgport, fspbrtfnuabray bnutg wftm rghbrj to aftgrbny ùtrgibfes b cuejbigetba jfccfnuaty cor gjunbtfoesystgis iorg hgegrbaay. Ft fs baso b kgy fssug fchgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe fs to `g rgbafzgj, bs

tmg abnk oc jfsbhhrghbtgj jbtb rgibfes b sfhefcfnbetproàgi fe jgvgaopfeh hgejgr-bwbrg poafny.

Cor tmfs sftubtfoe to fiprovg, tmgrg fs befejfsputbàg rgqufrgiget to fiprovg tmg

noaagntfoe bej tmg qubafty oc fecoribtfoe. Zmgproàgis oc jofeh tmfs mbvg `gge sgt out `y tmgWF^ (Afgvgsagy, 0<<>), fenaujfeh rgnoheftfoe tmbtwftmout gembengj nbpbnfty fe ibey nouetrfgsoeay afiftgj prohrgss fs possfàg, òtm fe tmg

Ioeftorfeh Gjunbtfoe cor Baa

Zmg GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport fs fssugj beeubaay `yWEG^NO. Ft jgrfvgs fts ibejbtg croi tmg Xoraj GjunbtfoeCorui bej, fe fts cuejfeh, stbccfeh bej jgvgaopiget fs befetgrebtfoeba pbrtegrsmfp `gtwgge bhgenfgs, bej fs cbnfaftbtgj`y WEG^NO. www.uegsno.orh/gjunbtfoe/gcb_rgport

Zmg GCB O`sgrvbtory fe tmg WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns(WF^) fs nmbrhgj wftm noaagntfeh, bebaysfeh bej jfssgifebtfehup-to-jbtg fecoribtfoe oe tmg stbtg oc gjunbtfoe rgqufrgj `ynouetrfgs, rghfoes bej tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty fe orjgr toioeftor prohrgss towbrjs tmg hobas oc GCB. Fts tbsks fenaujgibppfeh tmg eggjs cor stbtfstfnba jbtb fe nouetrfgs bej rghfoes,noejuntfeh trbfefeh worksmops, jgvgaopfeh egw fejfnbtors,mgapfeh nouetrfgs fiprovg tmgfr nbpbnfty to noaagnt bej bebaysgjbtb bej proiotfeh bwbrgegss oc tmg eggj to usg jbtb tofecori poafny-ibkfeh. (WEG^NO-WEG^NO Festftutg cor^tbtfstfns, 0<<>) mttp4//portba.uegsno.orh/ufs/

Ioeftorfeh \rohrgss Zowbrjs tmg IJHs

Gbnm ygbr, tmg ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba oc tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes rgportsoe tmg Fipagigetbtfoe oc tmg Ifaageefui Jgnabrbtfoe. Zmg cfrstsunm rgport wbs fe 0<<0 (Weftgj Ebtfoes, 0<<0b).

Zmg Weftgj Ebtfoes ^tbtfstfns Jfvfsfoe works fe naosgnoaabòrbtfoe wftm Weftgj Ebtfoes bhgenfgs bej cuejs, tmgXoraj @bek, tmg FIC bej OGNJ. Ft no-orjfebtgs jbtb bebaysfsbej ibfetbfes tmg jbtb`bsg noetbfefeh tmg sgrfgs rgabtgj to tmgcorty-gfhmt `bsfn IJH fejfnbtors, bs wgaa bs otmgr `bnkhrouejsgrfgs to gebàg iorg fe-jgptm bebaysfs (sgg, cor gxbipag,Weftgj Ebtfoes, ^tbtfstfns Jfvfsfoe, 0<<0).

Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas nouetry rgports brg no-orjfebtgj `y WEJ\. @y tmg gej oc 0<<: gvgry jgvgaopfehnouetry wfaa mbvg projungj bt agbst oeg IJH rgport (WEJ\,0<<>b). Zwgety-sgvge sunm rgports mbj `gge prgpbrgj `yifj-0<<> (g.h. Hufegb, 0<<>).www.uejp.orh/ijh/nouetry rgports.mtia

Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors

^tbrtfeh fe 2668, bej wftm cuejfeh support croi tmg Xoraj@bek, tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors (XGF) prodgnt mbs `gge b

dofet WF^-OGNJ bntfvfty cor tmg jgvgaopiget oc poafny-rgagvbetgjunbtfoe fejfnbtors croi efegtgge ifjjag-fenoig nouetrfgs(Brhgetfeb, @rbzfa, Nmfag, Nmfeb, Ghypt, Fejfb, Fejoegsfb,Dbibfnb, Dorjbe, Ibabysfb, \brbhuby, \gru, tmg \mfafppfegs, tmgPussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe, ^rf Abekb, Zmbfabej, Zuefsfb, Wruhuby bejTfi`b`wg, rgprgsgetfeh 8<% oc tmg woraj‖s popuabtfoe).Outputs to jbtg fenaujg b noipbrbtfvg jbtbsgt oc gjunbtfoefejfnbtors cor 266=„0<<2, stujfgs oc ebtfoeba gjunbtfoe systgisbej rgports oe Fevgstfeh fe Gjunbtfoe (OGNJ-WEG^NO, 0<<<);Zgbnmgrs cor Zoiorrow‖s nmooas (OGNJ/WEG^NO, 0<<0); bejCfebenfeh Gjunbtfoe „ Fevgstigets bej Pgtures

(OGNJ/WEG^NO, 0<<>).

Fetgrebtfoeba Bfj

Zmg OGNJ (JBN) fssugs be beeuba sgt oc noipbrbtfvg stbtfstfnsbej fecoribtfoe oe fetgrebtfoeba jgvgaopiget (OGNJ-JBN,0<<>`). Zfig-sgrfgs novgr4 voauig, orfhfe bej typgs oc bfj bejotmgr rgsourng caows to ovgr 2=< rgnfpfget nouetrfgs; fejfvfjubabfj bntfvftfgs oe `fabtgrba bej iuatfabtgrba Occfnfba JgvgaopigetBssfstbeng or Occfnfba Bfj noiiftigets `y sgntor typg „fenaujfeh gjunbtfoe, joeors bej rgnfpfgets, wftm tgxtuba bejeuigrfnba fecoribtfoe oe prodgnts; tmg biouet bejnoiposftfoe oc tmg gxtgreba jg`t oc 23= rgnfpfget nouetrfgs;kgy jgvgaopiget fejfnbtors; bfj nmbrts cor JBN igi`grs bejrgnfpfget nouetrfgs/tgrrftorfgs bej rghfoes. www.ognj.orh

Otmgr GCB rgagvbet jbtb`bsgs fenaujg4

W^BFJ‖s Hao`ba Gjunbtfoe Jbtb`bsg wmfnm jrbws oe WEG^NObej mousgmoaj survgy jbtb bej fs bvbfabàg oe-afeg or oeNJ-POI (W^BFJ, 0<<>`) www.ognj.orh

Jbtb noaabtgj cor WEFNGC‖s Zmg ^tbtg oc tmg Xoraj‖s Nmfajrge

(WEFNGC, 0<<0`).

Xoraj @bek jbtb`bsg oe IJHs cor 0<8 nouetry tbàgs novgrfehnouetrfgs wftm b popuabtfoe oc iorg tmbe ><<,<<< (bej corsibaagr nouetrfgs tmbt brg Xoraj @bek igi`grs). Zmgyprgsget tfig-sgrfgs jbtb cor cour oc tmg abst tge ygbrs, bsbvbfabàg. (Xoraj @bek, 0<<>n)

@ox 3.2<. Ioeftorfeh prohrgss towbrjs GCB

http://portal.unesco.org/uis/

http://portal.unesco.org/uis/



Ebtfoebastbtfstfnba

prforftfgssmouaj eot `g

jfstortgj `yfetgrebtfoeba

jgibejs.

noaagntfoe bej usg oc bjifefstrbtfvg jbtb bejmousgmoaj survgys.

Xmfag tmgrg fs b rghuabr bej dustfcfbàg nbaa oeWEG^NO bej tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty to

strgehtmge WF^, tmg snbag bej noipagxfty oc tmgfssug oc fiprovfeh tmg qubafty oc jbtb rgqufrgswgaa-noorjfebtgj fetgrebtfoeba pbrtegrsmfps.@ox 3.2< provfjgs b `rfgc suiibry oc soig oc tmgbntfvftfgs bej prohrbiigs tmbt brg jgsfhegj togembeng no-orjfebtfoe fe support oc ioeftorfehgjunbtfoeba prohrgss, soig oc wmfnm jgrfvg tmgfrbutmorfty croi GCB ibejbtgs bej otmgrs croipbrtfnuabr rghfoeba bej festftutfoeba fetgrgsts bejprohrbiigs. Fe proiotfeh bej strgehtmgefehtmgsg pbrtegrsmfps, WF^ mbs suhhgstgj tmbt cfvgprfenfpags smouaj uejgrpfe tmg noaagntfoe bej no-orjfebtfoe oc fetgrebtfoeba jbtb4

Eo jupafnbtfoe. Noaabòrbtfoe bnross bhgenfgswftm bhrggigets to mbvg dofet jbtb noaagntfoewmgrg cgbsfàg bej to smbrg jbtb rbtmgr tmbenoaagntfeh ft begw.Jbtb noaagntfoe smouaj rgcagnt ebtfoeba eggjs,wftm ebtfoeba stbtfstfnfbes noesuatgj bòut tmgfetgrebtfoeba jbtb`bsg. Ebtfoeba stbtfstfnbaprforftfgs smouaj eot `g jfstortgj `yfetgrebtfoeba jgibejs.Fetgrebtfoeba bhgenfgs smouaj `g tgipgrbtg fewmbt jbtb brg rgqugstgj.

Zmg fjgb oc ”kgy‖ jbtb fs bttrbntfvg. Gqubaay,noengetrbtfoe oe too sibaa b sgt oc jbtb nbeifsagbj.Fetgrebtfoeba jbtb`bsgs smouaj utfafsg gxfstfehsourngs oc jbtb wftmfe nouetrfgs rbtmgr tmbergqufrfeh egw jbtb noaagntfoe. @ufajfeh nbpbnftyfs b nrftfnba pbrt oc baa jbtb strbtghfgs.

Zmgsg bej rgabtgj topfns mbvg `gge tmg su`dgntoc jg`btg ovgr tmg pbst ygbr `gtwgge WF^, tmgXoraj @bek, W^BFJ bej WEFNGC bej wgrgjfsnussgj fecoribaay bt tmg Fetgrebtfoeba XorkfehHroup oe Gjunbtfoe iggtfeh fe Cfeabej fe Dueg

0<<>. Zmgsg noesuatbtfoes buhur wgaa corstroehgr bej iorg nomgrget pbrtegrsmfps ùtrgqufrg iorg cuejfeh.

Fe b jfccgrget ùt rgabtgj noetgxt, OGNJ-JBN fsno-orjfebtfeh tmg noaagntfoe oc gjunbtfoe-rgabtgjbfj jbtb, b topfn fe wmfnm tmfs Pgport mbsnoesfjgrbàg fetgrgst bej wmfnm mbs agj to bcruftcua jfbaohug rgcagntgj gbrafgr fe tmfs nmbptgrbòut wbys oc strgehtmgefeh tmg rgportfeh bejbebaysfs oc bfj to gjunbtfoe.

Cfebaay, `rfgc igetfoe eggjs to `g ibjg oc tmg

hrowfeh eui`gr oc fetgrebtfoeba rgports fssugjgbnm ygbr. Fe 0<<>„<: cour ibdor rgports wfaa `gpuàfsmgj wftm rgagvbeng cor GCB, fenaujfeh tmgGCB Pgport. Zmg Muibe Jgvgaopiget Pgportconusgs oe bnmfgvfeh tmg IfaageefuiJgvgaopiget Hobas, Zmg Xoraj JgvgaopigetPgport oe puàfn sgrvfngs bej Zmg ^tbtg oc tmgXoraj‖s Nmfajrge oe hfras‖ gjunbtfoe (@ox 3.22).Zmfs fs mgbatmy fe mgapfeh to gesurg tmbt GCB fshfvge prforfty bttgetfoe fe fetgrebtfoeba jg`btgbej poafny jfbaohug.

Cabhsmfps4 tmg `gegcfts ocfetgr-bhgeny no-orjfebtfoe

Zmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui fe Jbkbrgipmbsfsgj tmg `gegcfts oc fetgrebtfoeba bejrghfoeba bhgenfgs workfeh tohgtmgr oe ibdornross-nuttfeh tmgigs tmbt mbvg b stroeh `gbrfehoe tmg bnmfgvgiget oc GCB. Courtgge tmgibtfnstujfgs prgpbrgj cor Jbkbr „ tmg projunt ocfetgr-bhgeny no-opgrbtfoe „ smowgj rgabtfoesmfps`gtwgge bnngss, gqufty bej qubafty fe gjunbtfoebej hgejgr, tgnmeoaohy, bfj, noecafnt, MFS/BFJ^,mgbatm bej hovgrebeng. Zmgsg noeegntfoes brg

rgcagntgj fe tmg twgavg strbtghfgs fenaujgj fe tmgJbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe (WEG^NO, 0<<<c ). Febjjftfoe, tmgrg wbs b stroeh bej prbntfnbajgioestrbtfoe oc bhgeny no-opgrbtfoe wftm tmgabuenm `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrbaoc tmg Zge-Vgbr Weftgj Ebtfoes Hfras‖ GjunbtfoeFeftfbtfvg (WEHGF).

Fe tmg fiigjfbtg bctgribtm oc tmg XorajGjunbtfoe Corui, WEG^NO fjgetfcfgj tmgpotgetfba `gegcfts oc rgnohefzfeh, supportfeh bejafekfeh fetgr-bhgeny prohrbiigs bej bntfvftfgs.

GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/:

(WEG^NO)

Muibe Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<>. IfaageefuiJgvgaopiget Hobas4 B Noipbnt Bioeh

Ebtfoes to Gej Muibe \ovgrty (WEJ\, 0<<>`)

Xoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport. Ibkfeh grvfngsXork cor \oor \gopag (Xoraj @bek, 0<<>j)

Zmg ^tbtg oc tmg Xoraj‖s Nmfajrge 0<<:

conusfeh oe hfras‖ gjunbtfoe.(WEFNGC, 0<<>`)

@ox 3.22. Ibdor fetgrebtfoeba rgportsoc rgagvbeng to GCB fe 0<<>„<:



Nmbptgr 3


26. GCB cabhsmfp prohrbiigswgrg su`sgqugetay jgcfegj bsb strunturgj sgt oc bntfvftfgs,nbrrfgj out `y voauetbrypbrtegrs to provfjg b gttgruejgrstbejfeh oc GCB bej tonoetrfùtg to tmg gafifebtfoe ospgnfcfn o`stbnags to tmg Jbkbrhobas tmrouhm tbrhgtgj bejno-orjfebtgj bntfoe(WEG^NO, 0<<0j).

B nagbr strgehtmoc tmg GCBcabhsmfps fs tmbtnross-nuttfeh

bntfvftfgs brghfvge b stbtusbej procfag tmbtifhmt otmgrwfsg`g aost bsfejfvfjuba bhgenyprohrbiigs.

Ft nbig up wftm tmg fjgb oc ”fetgr-bhgeny cabhsmfpprohrbiigs‖26 bs oeg wby oc noesoafjbtfehfetgrebtfoeba no-opgrbtfoe (WEG^NO, 0<<<j). Bttmbt tfig, sfx gxfstfeh feftfbtfvgs wgrg fjgetfcfgj bsjgioestrbtfeh b stroeh fetgr-bhgeny bpprobnm4

CPG^M (Conusfeh Pgsourngs oe Gccgntfvg ^nmooaMgbatm); BFJ^ bej gjunbtfoe; gbray nmfajmooj nbrgbej gjunbtfoe; aftgrbny fe tmg noetgxt oc tmg tmge-proposgj Weftgj Ebtfoes Aftgrbny Jgnbjg;WEHGF; bej gjunbtfoe fe gigrhgeny sftubtfoes(WEG^NO, 0<<<j). WEG^NO baso suhhgstgj tmbtegw fetgr-bhgeny feftfbtfvgs smouaj `ggenourbhgj fe otmgr brgbs sunm bs fenausfvggjunbtfoe, gjunbtfoe bej nmfaj abòur, woigebej gjunbtfoe, egw fecoribtfoe tgnmeoaohfgs,bej gjunbtfoe stbtfstfns. @y tmg tfig tmg GCBXorkfeh Hroup igt fe Duay 0<<> to rgvfgw GCBcabhsmfps, tmgrg wgrg efeg pbrtegrsmfps fe pabng

coaaowfeh tmg feftfbtfoe oc fetgr-bhgeny bntfvftfgsoe ”Zmg Pfhmt to Gjunbtfoe cor \grsoes wftmJfsb`faftfgs4 Zowbrjs Fenausfoe‖, ”Gjunbtfoe corPurba \gopag‖ (GP\), bej ”Zgbnmgrs bej tmgRubafty oc Gjunbtfoe‖. @bsfn fecoribtfoe oe gbnmoc tmgsg efeg cabhsmfps fs provfjgj fe Zbàg 3.20.

B nagbr strgehtm oc tmg GCB cabhsmfps fjgb fs tmbtsfhefcfnbet nross-nuttfeh bntfvftfgs brg hfvge bstbtus bej b procfag tmbt ifhmt otmgrwfsg `g aostbs fejfvfjuba bhgeny prohrbiigs. Zmgy provfjg bconba pofet cor tmg wfjg brrby oc bhgenfgs tmbt brg

bntfvg fe tmg jfccgrget tmgig brgbs bej ft fs nagbrtmbt tmg fjgb mbs, fe ftsgac, hfvge fipgtus to egwpbrtegrsmfps, cor gxbipag, oe jfsb`fafty.

Zmg cabhsmfp prohrbiigs work fe jfccgrget wbys„ croi coriba feftfbtfvgs wftm tfig-òuejo`dgntfvgs to aoosgay-strunturgj fecoribtfoeegtworks. ôig gipmbsfsg bntfvftfgs jgsfhegj tooccgr jfrgnt tgnmefnba support to nouetry-agvgastrbtghfgs bej prohrbiigs, cor gxbipag CPG^M,GP\ bej WEHGF. Otmgrs pabng hrgbtgr gipmbsfsoe bjvonbny, rgsgbrnm bej fecoribtfoe gxnmbehg.Zmfs fs trug, cor gxbipag, oc GNNG bej Gjunbtfoe

fe Gigrhgeny bej Nrfsfs. @ut tmgrg fs eo mbrjbej cbst jfvfjfeh afeg bs gbnm pbrtegrsmfp jgcfegsfts owe noipbrbtfvg bjvbetbhg. Zmfs jfvgrsfty occuentfoe bej bntfvfty fs faaustrbtgj fe @ox 3.20 corb sbipag oc cour oc tmg prohrbiigs4 WEHGF,Jfsb`fafty bej Fenausfoe, MFS/BFJ^ bej Gigrhgenybej Nrfsfs.

Zbàg 3.20. Fetgr-Bhgeny cabhsmfp prohrbiigs

Cabhsmfps Agbj bhgeny Ibfe sourng oc oeafeg fecoribtfoe

MFS/BFJ^ bej Gjunbtfoe

Zmg Feftfbtfvg oe Gbray NmfajmoojNbrg bej Gjunbtfoe (GNNG)

Zmg Pfhmt to Gjunbtfoe cor\grsoes wftm Jfsb`faftfgs4Zowbrjs Fenausfoe

Gjunbtfoe cor Purba pgopag (GP\)

Gjunbtfoe fe ^ftubtfoes ocGigrhgeny bej Nrfsfs

Conusfeh Pgsourngs oe Gccgntfvg^nmooa Mgbatm (CPG^M)

Zgbnmgrs bej tmg Rubafty ocGjunbtfoe

Zmg Zge-Vgbr Weftgj EbtfoesHfras‖ Gjunbtfoe Feftfbtfvg (WEHGF)

Aftgrbny fe tmg Crbigwork oc tmgWeftgj Ebtfoes Aftgrbny Jgnbjg(WEAJ)

WEG^NO‖s Fetgrebtfoeba Festftutg corGjunbtfoeba \abeefeh (FFG\).

Noesuatbtfvg Hroup oe GNNJ (b noesortfui ocWE, fabtgrba bej iuatfabtgrba bhgenfgs,couejbtfoes bej EHOs).

Dofet agbjgrsmfp4 WEG^NO bej tmg Wefvgrsftyoc Osao.

Cooj bej Bhrfnuaturg Orhbefzbtfoe (CBO).

Dofet agbjgrsmfp4 NBPG W^B, tmg Fetgrebtfoeba^bvg tmg Nmfajrge Baafbeng, tmg FetgrebtfoebaPgsnug Noiifttgg, tmg Eorwghfbe PgcuhggNouenfa, WEG^NO, WEMNP, WEFNGC bej tmg

Xoraj @bek.Dofet agbjgrsmfp4 WEG^NO, WEFNGC, XMO,Xoraj @bek, CBO, WEOJN bej sgvgrba EHOs.

Dofet agbjgrsmfp4 FAO, WEG^NO bej GjunbtfoeFetgrebtfoeba.

WEFNGC

WEG^NO

www.uegsno.orh/ffgp(Zmfs provfjgs bnngss to FFG\‖s MFS/BFJ^ Fipbntoe Gjunbtfoe Nagbrfehmousg)

www.gnjhroup.noi

www.uegsno.orh/gjunbtfoe/fenausfvg

www.cbo.orh/sj

www.fegg.orh

www.crgsmsnmooas.orh

Eo wg`sftg

www.uejh.orh

www.uegsno.orh/gjunbtfoe/aftjgnbjg

ôurngs4 WEG^NO (0<<>`) bej ”cabhsmfp‖ sourngs.



Zmg Zge-Vgbr Weftgj Ebtfoes Hfras‖ GjunbtfoeFeftfbtfvg (WEHGF)

WEHGF wbs abuenmgj bt tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui fe0<<< `y tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba. ZmfrtggeWeftgj Ebtfoes bhgenfgs bej `fabtgrba bej eoe-hovgreigetba orhbefzbtfoes work no-opgrbtfvgay to mgaphovgreigets iggt tmgfr noiiftigets to gesurg qubaftygjunbtfoe cor hfras gvgrywmgrg. ^feng fts abuenm, sgvgrbabntfvftfgs mbvg `gge uejgrtbkge fe tmg cfgaj oc bjvonbny,nbpbnfty ùfajfeh bej rgsgbrnm. Oeg nouetry, Ghypt, mbsoccfnfbaay sfhegj b WEHGF noipbnt. Zmfs fs jgsfhegj togesurg tmbt poaftfnba bej rgsourng noiiftigets brgibjg bt tmg mfhmgst agvgas oc hovgreiget to gej hgejgrfegqubafty fe gjunbtfoe bej tmbt Weftgj Ebtfoes bej baaotmgr pbrtegrs support tmg nouetry fe tmg jgvgaopigetoc b nomgrget bej rgbafstfn strbtghy.

Bt tmg gej oc tmg 0<<0, tmg ”07 `y 0<<7‖ Feftfbtfvg wbsabuenmgj `y WEFNGC, agbj bhgeny cor WEHGF. Zmfs bfisto bnngagrbtg prohrgss oe hfra‖s gjunbtfoe fe twgety-cfvgnouetrfgs, to iggt tmg hoba oc hgejgr gqubafty fe prfibrybej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe `y 0<<7. Fe pbrt, ft rgprgsgetsbe bttgipt to ovgrnoig soig oc tmg nmbaagehgs cbngj `ytmg WEHGF pbrtegrsmfp, fenaujfeh tmg eggj to bjopt biorg pro-bntfvg bpprobnm fe supportfeh nouetrfgs wmfnmcbng tmg hrgbtgst nmbaagehgs bej to bssfst tmgi wftmsuccfnfget muibe bej cfebenfba rgsourngs.

Zmg Pfhmt to Gjunbtfoe cor \grsoes wftmJfsb`faftfgs4 Zowbrjs Fenausfoe

Zmfs cabhsmfp prohrbiig wbs abuenmgj fe Bprfa 0<<0.Zmg prongss oc fts jgvgaopiget rgprgsgets b sfhefcfnbet`rgbktmrouhm fe gstbàfsmfeh b noiioe fetgrebtfoebapabtcori `bsgj oe b noengptuba crbigwork to wmfnm b`robj noiiuefty oc bhgenfgs bej orhbefzbtfoes tmbtwork cor tmg jfsbàgj nbe su`snrf`g. @y gxpbejfeh ftsigi`grsmfp tmrouhm tmg cabhsmfp prohrbiig, tmgFetgrebtfoeba Xorkfeh Hroup oe Jfsb`fafty bejJgvgaopiget (FXHJJ), b aoosg baafbeng oc soig twgetybhgenfgs bej EHOs, fenaujfeh WEG^NO, WEFNGC bej tmgXoraj @bek, `gnbig be baafbeng oc hao`ba jfsb`faftyorhbefzbtfoes, Weftgj Ebtfoes bej `fabtgrba bhgenfgs bejjfsb`fafty gxpgrts croi tmg ôutm bej tmg Eortm.Bjoptfeh tmg stbtus oc GCB cabhsmfp mgapgj to trfhhgregw cuejfeh noiiftigets, eotbày croi tmg Xoraj@bek, Cfeabej bej Eorwby. Fejggj, tmg noengpt oc bcabhsmfp wbs sgge bs iorg jyebifn bej bntfoe-orfgetgjtmbt tmg prgvfous ”workfeh hroup‖. Xmfag stfaa bt bpabeefeh stbhg, tmg cabhsmfp mbs stbrtgj to noaabòrbtgoe fenausfvg gjunbtfoe fssugs fe tmg noetgxt oc tmgsgnoej Bsfbe bej \bnfcfn Jgnbjg oc Jfsbàgj \grsoes(0<<>„20) bej tmg OBW Bcrfnbe Jgnbjg oc Jfsbàgj\gopag (0<<<„<6).

MFS/BFJ^ bej Gjunbtfoe

Zmfs feftfbtfvg rgprgsgets tmg work uejgrtbkge `y tmgWEBFJ^ Fetgr-Bhgeny Zbsk Zgbi oe Gjunbtfoe (FBZZ). FeIby 0<<>, tmg tgbi puàfsmgj MFS/BFJ^ bej Gjunbtfoe4

B ^trbtghfn Bpprobnm*. Zmfs rgnohefzgs tmbt tmg GCB bejIJH hobas iby eot `g bnmfgvgj fe ibey nouetrfgs`gnbusg oc MFS/BFJ^, fe ibey nbsgs cor abnk oc bnomgrget gjunbtfoe sgntor strbtghy jgsfhegj to rgspoejto tmg MFS/BFJ^ gpfjgifn. Ft fjgetfcfgs poafnfgs wftm tmgpotgetfba to iftfhbtg tmg fipbnt oc MFS/BFJ^ oefejfvfjubas, gjunbtfoe prongssgs bej systgis bej usggjunbtfoe cor prgvgetfeh MFS fecgntfoe. Xftm cuejfehcroi sgvgrba pbrtegrs, tmg WEBFJ^ FBZZ mbsspgbrmgbjgj be feftfbtfvg to bnngagrbtg tmg gjunbtfoe

sgntor rgspoesg to MFS/BFJ^ fe Bcrfnb. Zmfs nbaas cor biuatf-pbrtegr gccort croi tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes systgi,

`fabtgrba bhgenfgs, nouetrfgs, EHOs, bej tmg prfvbtgsgntor bt tmrgg agvgas4 bjvonbny bt ifefstgrfba agvga toproiotg uejgrstbejfeh bej poaftfnba wfaa, nbpbnfty-ùfajfeh tmrouhm cbnfaftbtfvg sgifebrs bt tmg tgnmefnbaagvga to proiotg uejgrstbejfeh oc cgbsfàg bntfoes bejtgnmefnba bssfstbeng croi rghfoeba tbsk tgbis to mgapifefstrfgs oc gjunbtfoe jgvgaop bej fipagigetprforftfsgj nouetry fipagigetbtfoe pabes. Zmg feftfbtfvgsggks to smbrg gxpgrfgengs bioeh nouetrfgs fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb. Gagvge nouetrfgs mbvg `gge fevoavgjso cbr (@uruejf, Nbigrooe, Noeho, Grftrgb, Gtmfopfb,Hbòe, Kgeyb, Efhgrfb, Whbejb, tmg Weftgj Pgpuàfnoc Zbezbefb bej Tbi`fb).

Gjunbtfoe fe ^ftubtfoes oc Gigrhgeny bej Nrfsfs

Zmfs prohrbiig jrbws bttgetfoe to tmg gjunbtfoebaeggjs oc popuabtfoes bccgntgj `y nrfsgs bej ibe-ibjgor ebturba jfsbstgrs bej proiotgs fiprovgjnoaabòrbtfoe bej gccgntfvgegss fe gjunbtfoe rgspoesgsjurfeh nrfsfs, post-nrfsfs bej gbray rgnoestruntfoe,tmrouhm noiiuefnbtfoe, fecoribtfoe/keowagjhg bejrgsourng smbrfeh, bej bjvonbny. Zmg Fetgr-BhgenyEgtwork cor Gjunbtfoe fe Gigrhgenfgs (FEGG) wbscorigj fe Eovgi`gr 0<<< to sgrvg bs b ibdor vgmfnagcor rgbnmfeh out to gjunbtfoe prbntftfoegrs brouej tmgworaj workfeh fe sftubtfoes oc gigrhgeny bej nrfsfs.^feng fts abuenm, FEGG mbs opgrbtgj bt tmg hao`ba agvga

tmrouhm fts wg`sftg cor smbrfeh oc fecoribtfoe, `gstprbntfngs bej trbfefeh ibtgrfbas. Xmfag ft mbs eoibejbtg to fipagiget prodgnts or no-orjfebtg bhgenfgsjurfeh nrfsgs, ft jogs gebàg egtwork igi`grs to workiorg gccgntfvgay, fenaujfeh tmrouhm trbfefehopportueftfgs bej `y genourbhfeh noaabòrbtfoe. Zmgpbrtegrsmfp eow mbs ovgr 7>< fejfvfjuba igi`grs bej=7 orhbefzbtfoes.

* Be feftfba jrbct wbs projungj `y b WEBFJ^ Fetgr-Bhgeny XorkfehHroup oe MFS/BFJ^, nmooas bej Gjunbtfoe.

ôurngs4 WEG^NO (0<<>h); WEFNGC (0<<>b); WEG^NO-FFG\ (0<<>).

@ox 3.20. Cour cabhsmfp prohrbiigs



Nmbptgr 3


Zmgrg fs bsfhefcfnbethbp `gtwggefetgrebtfoebarmgtorfn bejrgbafty.

Ft rgibfes too gbray to sby wmgtmgr tmg cabhsmfps,fejfvfjubaay bej noaagntfvgay, wfaa bjj sfhefcfnbetvbaug to tmg bnmfgvgiget oc tmg GCB hobas, ovgrbej bòvg gxfstfeh fetgrebtfoeba pbrtegrsmfps febrgbs sunm bs MFS/BFJ^ bej gigrhgenfgs. Zmg

fjgb oc cabhsmfps ngrtbfeay hfvgs b sgesg ocnoaagntfvg gejgbvour bej pbrtegrsmfp fe pursuft ocb noiioe hoba, bej ft occgrs be fetgrebtfoebacrbigwork wftm tmg potgetfba to rgnohefsg bejgxpaoft afekbhgs, cor gxbipag, fe tmg rgabtfoesmfp`gtwgge hfras‖ gjunbtfoe bej MFS/BFJ^. @utuatfibtgay ft fs tmg gxtget to wmfnm tmgprohrbiigs noetrfùtg to tmg bnmfgvgiget ocsfhefcfnbet outnoigs bt b nouetry agvga wmfnm fskgy bej tmfs rgqufrgs b vgry nagbr strbtghy bs tomow tmg fetgrcbng `gtwgge ”cabhsmfps‖ bejebtfoeba gjunbtfoe strbtghfgs bntubaay cuentfoes,gspgnfbaay fc b eui`gr oc tmgsg fetgr-bhgeny

pbrtegrsmfps brg bntfvg fe tmg sbig nouetry.Ebtfoeba bs wgaa bs fetgrebtfoeba no-orjfebtfoe fsrgqufrgj.

Bs WEG^NO fs tmg agbj bhgeny oc two cabhsmfpsbej dofet agbj oc cfvg, ft mbs tmg potgetfba to paby bngetrba roag fe strgehtmgefeh tmg ovgrbaa fipbntoc cabhsmfp prohrbiigs. Zmfs wouaj suhhgst tmgfiportbeng oc gesurfeh b pro-bntfvg no-orjfebtfoeroag fe fts owe pbrtfnfpbtfoe bnross tmg cabhsmfps,`bnkgj `y provfsfoe oc be bpproprfbtg agvga ocrgsourngs bej tmg io`fafsbtfoe oc fts sgntors,

cfgaj occfngs bej festftutgs fe support oc cabhsmfpbntfvfty.

Zmg fssug oc wmgtmgr tmgrg smouaj `g coribano-orjfebtfoe bnross tmg cabhsmfps `y WEG^NO,fenaujfeh b stroeh caow oc fecoribtfoe bòut baa octmg cabhsmfps (wmfnm brg egftmgr wgaa keowe eorwgaa uejgrstooj fetgrebtfoebaay), wbs tmg su`dgntoc soig jfsnussfoe bt tmg courtm iggtfeh oc tmgGCB Xorkfeh Hroup oe GCB (WEG^NO, 0<<>g) ùtstfaa rgibfes abrhgay uergsoavgj. Fc tmgrg fs bjgibej cor WEG^NO to tbkg oe b stroehgr,ngetrba no-orjfebtfeh cuentfoe, tmfs mbs to `g

`babengj bhbfest tmg eggj to rgspgnt tmg jfvgrsftybej cagxf`fafty tmbt fs tmg mbaaibrk oc tmg cabhsmfppbrtegrsmfps. Ft baso mbs rgsourng bej stbccfehfipafnbtfoes cor WEG^NO.

ûiibry

Ft fs nagbr croi tmfs ovgrvfgw oc bfj caows,feftfbtfvgs, nbipbfhes, bej gccorts to fiprovgno-orjfebtfoe tmbt tmgrg fs eo abnk oc

fetgrebtfoeba bntfvfty oe `bsfn gjunbtfoe.Fejggj fc sunngss wgrg to `g dujhgj `y tmgrbehg oc noiiftigets, feftfbtfvgs, prodgntsbej puàfnbtfoes, ft wouaj bppgbr tmbt GCB fsrgngfvfeh tmg bttgetfoe ft rfhmtay jgsgrvgs. @utoc noursg tmbt fs eot tmg `bsfs oe wmfnm to ibkgwgaa-couejgj dujhgigets. Zmrgg ygbrs bctgrJbkbr, tmg fetgrebtfoeba rgspoesg to gebàfehgvgry hfra, òy, woibe bej ibe to gedoy tmgfrrfhmt to b `bsfn gjunbtfoe rgibfes wgaa smort octmgfr eggjs bej tmg noiiftigets tmbt mbvg `ggeibjg. Zmfs fs eot to jgey tmg ngetrba roag ocebtfoeba hovgreigets fe bnmfgvfeh GCB, ùt ft

fs rgnoheftfoe oc tmg sfhefcfnbet hbp `gtwggefetgrebtfoeba rmgtorfn bej rgbafty, rgabtfeh òtm toagvgas oc cuejfeh cor GCB bej to b rgba wfaafehegssto work tohgtmgr fe b wgaa-noorjfebtgj ibeegr.Zmgrg brg ibey poaftfnba bej tgnmefnbanoestrbfets to ibkfeh tmg agbp oc cbftm bejprbntfng rgqufrgj ùt ft fs jfccfnuat to `g optfifstfnueagss tmbt agbp fs ibjg. Bs tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba eotgj fe mfs rgnget rgport totmg WE Hgegrba Bssgiày, ba`gft fe b safhmtayjfccgrget crbig oc rgcgrgeng, ”Igi`gr stbtgs [octmg WEY eggj bt agbst to tbkg b mbrj aook bt tmg

gxfstfeh ”brnmftgnturg‖ oc fetgrebtfoeba festftutfoesbej bsk tmgisgavgs wmgtmgr ft fs bjgqubtg cortmg tbsks wg mbvg `gcorg us‖ (Weftgj Ebtfoes,0<<>b).



Zmg woraj bs b wmoag fs iovfeh naosgr to rgbnmfeh tmg GCB hobasbej tmgrg brg ibey sunngssgs to bnnabfi. Zmgrg mbvg `gge ibdorstrfjgs towbrjs W\G, bs igbsurgj `y egt geroaigets, fe ôutmbej Xgst Bsfb, Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe bej fe soig octmg Brb` ^tbtgs. Zmgrg mbs baso `gge b stroeh hao`ba iovg

towbrjs hrgbtgr hgejgr pbrfty, pbrtfnuabray bt prfibry agvga,wmgrg tmg proportfoe oc hfras to òys geroaagj mbs fiprovgj croi==% to 6:% ovgr tmg pbst jgnbjg. @ut ibey nouetrfgs, jgspftghrgbt gccorts, mbvg ibjg afttag prohrgss. \opuabtfoe hrowtm mbsrgibfegj stroeh bej, pbrtay `gnbusg oc tmfs, tmg eui`gr oc tmgworaj‖s nmfajrge wmo rgibfe out oc snmooa jgnafegj oeayibrhfebaay „ `y bòut >% „ ovgr tmg jgnbjg. Curtmgriorg, tmghgejgr `babeng bt mfhmgr agvgas oc snmooafeh fe tmg poorgrjgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs fs stroehay joifebtgj `y òys bej iunmrgibfes to `g joeg to bnmfgvg hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe fe

iost pbrts oc tmg woraj. Zmfs cfeba nmbptgr conusgs oe cuturgebtfoeba bej fetgrebtfoeba strbtghfgs to bnmfgvg GCB, wftmpbrtfnuabr gipmbsfs oe tmg hgejgr hobas.

Nmbptgr 8

Hgejgrgj strbtghfgs

cor GCB




Hgejgrfegqubafty fe

gjunbtfoegetbfas sgrfous

aossgs corsonfgty.

Rubetftbtfvg bspgntsoc prohrgss

Zmg ovgrrfjfeh nbsg cor bnmfgvfeh gquba bnngssto, bej trgbtiget wftmfe, gjunbtfoe jgrfvgs croi

prfenfpags oc muibe rfhmts, wmfnm brg nagbraygesmrfegj bej bnngptgj fetgrebtfoebaay. Febjjftfoe, mowgvgr, hgejgr fegqubafty fe gjunbtfoegetbfas sgrfous aossgs cor sonfgty. Xmgrg hfrasbej woige brg iorg gjunbtfoebaayjfsbjvbetbhgj tmbe òys bej ige, smfctfeh tmg`babeng towbrjs hfras wfaa, ovgr tmg igjfuitgri, fiprovg gnoeoifn hrowtm, fenrgbsg cbrioutput bej tmg fenoigs oc tmg poorgst, eourfsmnftfzgesmfp, gembeng tmg wgaa-`gfeh oc nmfajrge,rgjung cgrtfafty, bej fiprovg tmg prospgnts corcuturg hgegrbtfoes. Cor b abrhg rbehg oc rgbsoes,rgiovba oc hgejgr hbps fe gjunbtfoe smouaj mbvg

cfrst prforfty fe baa prohrbiigs oc gxpbesfoe bejqubaftbtfvg fiprovgiget.

Zmfs rgport jgioestrbtgs tmg gxtget to wmfnmsunm nmbehgs fe jfrgntfoe brg rgqufrgj. Zmghgejgr hoba cor 0<<7 bfis to bnmfgvg pbrfty feprfibry bej sgnoejbry geroaigets `y tmbt jbtg.Nmbptgr 0 smows tmbt 70 out oc 20= nouetrfgsmbvg bnmfgvgj tmfs hoba, or brg afkgay to jo so `ytmg fetgejgj jbtg. Zmg hoba fs afkgay to `g ifssgj,mowgvgr, `y iorg tmbe mbac oc tmgsg nouetrfgs,oeg-tmfrj oc wmfnm brg fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb.

Zwgety-two oc tmosg nouetrfgs tmbt wfaa ifss tmg0<<7 hoba smouaj `g bàg to bnmfgvg pbrfty `y0<27, ùt cfcty-cour oc tmgi (two-cfctms oc tmg totba)brg ueafkgay, oe prgsget trgejs, to bnmfgvg pbrftygvge `y tmge. Fe iost oc tmgsg nbsgs, sgnoejbrysnmooafeh fs tmg abhhfeh su`sgntor. Zmgsgnouetrfgs brg noengetrbtgj fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb(sfxtgge), bej fe Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn(gagvge), bej tmgy fenaujg Nmfeb bej Fejfb.

Hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe geroaigets brgovgrwmgaifehay fe cbvour oc òys. Fe b sfhefcfnbet

ifeorfty oc nouetrfgs tmgy cbvour hfras „ ibfeay feAbtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe, Guropg bejsoig soutmgre stbtgs fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb.Zmgsg jfspbrftfgs brg usubaay sibaa bej tmgy brgnoengetrbtgj bt sgnoejbry agvga. Mowgvgr, tmgymbvg octge `gge worsgefeh fe rgnget ygbrs, bejtmgy wfaa rgqufrg poafny bttgetfoe fc smfcts `bnktowbrjs pbrfty brg to `g bnmfgvgj.

Zmfs rgport usgs b egw Gjunbtfoe cor BaaJgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF) to provfjg b suiibryigbsurg oc prohrgss towbrjs GCB. Ft fenorporbtgs

proxy igbsurgs cor W\G, hgejgr pbrfty, bjuataftgrbny bej snmooa qubafty. Gbnm oc tmgsggagigets brg hfvge gquba wgfhmt, bej tmg fejgxnbe tmus `g usgj bs b rouhm fejfnbtfoe oc tmg”bvgrbhg‖ gxtget oc ebtfoeba prohrgss towbrjs

cour oc tmg sfx GCB hobas. Eo bttgipt mbs `ggeibjg to prodgnt vbaugs oc tmg fejgx to 0<27,`gnbusg bt prgsget oeay brouej mbac oc baanouetrfgs nbe `g fenaujgj fe ft, owfeh to abnk ocjbtb. Mowgvgr, b nursory fespgntfoe oc nurrgetvbaugs, cor tmosg nouetrfgs rgprgsgetgj, fejfnbtgstmbt b ibdor nmbaagehg gxfsts. Oeay sfxtggenouetrfgs, croi tmg efegty-cour cor wmfnm jbtb brgbvbfabàg, mbvg bnmfgvgj tmg cour hobas, or brgnaosg to jofeh so (mbvfeh be GJF oc <.67 ormfhmgr). Eo nouetry croi ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb(gxngpt Ibajfvgs), su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb or tmgBrb` ^tbtgs fs ygt fe tmbt nbtghory. Curtmgriorg,

iorg tmbe oeg-tmfrj oc tmg nouetrfgs mbvg GJFvbaugs aowgr tmbe <.=<, fejfnbtfeh tmbt tmgy mbvgcbr to ho to rgbnm GCB.

Ft iust `g gipmbsfzgj, mowgvgr, tmbt rbpfjprohrgss towbrjs GCB nbe `g ibjg `y tmgsgnouetrfgs. \abeefeh bej poafny rgcori fs nbpbàgoc `rfehfeh ibey ebtfoes naosgr to bnmfgvfeh GCBovgr tmg egxt jgnbjg, provfjgj tmbt ft fs suppag-igetgj `y stroeh gxtgreba support croi tmg bfjnoiiuefty. Bs rghbrjs tmg hgejgr hobas, gvgecor tmosg nouetrfgs afkgay to cbfa to rgbnm hgejgr

pbrfty bt prfibry bej sgnoejbry agvgas `y 0<<7,poafnfgs brg bvbfabàg to spggj up tmgfr trbesftfoe,bej fe sunm nfrnuistbengs tmgfr aoehgr-tgriprospgnts to 0<27 brg iorg proifsfeh.

Hgejgr-bwbrg strbtghycor gjunbtfoe

Noetgxt ibttgrs

Gccgntfvg poafny jgsfhe o`vfousay rgqufrgs be

uejgrstbejfeh oc tmg gxtget bej ebturg oc tmgproàgis to `g bjjrgssgj. Zmfs rgport smowstmbt hgejgr fegqubafty fs usubaay jggpay rootgj,bej fegqubafty fe gjunbtfoeba pbrtfnfpbtfoe bejoutnoigs rgcagnts `robjgr fegqubaftfgs fe sonfgty.ônfba eoris bej nustois nrgbtg powgrcuafengetfvgs tmbt hufjg pgopag‖s `gmbvfour, bejjgtgrifeg tmg roags tmbt woige bej ige nbembvg fe tmg cbifay bej noiiuefty. ônfba eorisbrg gi`gjjgj fe kfesmfp bej rgafhfous systgistmbt brg mfhmay jfvgrsg bnross „ bej octge wftmfe„ sonfgtfgs. @ut sunm eoris nbe bej jo nmbehg „



Nmbptgr 8

Hgejgrgj strbtghfgs cor

Baa jgvgaopigetjgnfsfoes bejfetgrvgetfoeseggj to `ghgejgr-bwbrg.

fe rgspoesg to gevfroeigetba bej gnoeoifnnmbehg bej to `robjgr poaftfnba bej sonfbajgvgaopigets. Nmbehg nbe rgsuat croi jgaf`grbtgbntfoes oc stbtg or nfvfa sonfgty orhbefzbtfoes,bej croi aghfsabtfvg bej festftutfoeba sonfba

rgcoris. Zmgsg nbe fecaugeng tmg gxpgntbtfoesbej fengetfvgs hovgrefeh muibe `gmbvfour „fenaujfeh tmosg bccgntfeh gjunbtfoebapbrtfnfpbtfoe bej pgrcoribeng.

Jgnfsfoes bòut pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooafeh brgibjg `y cbifafgs. Ft fs mgrg tmbt eotfoes ochgejgr rgabtfoes brg trbesifttgj croi oeghgegrbtfoe to tmg egxt. Zmfs mbppges fipafnftay vfbtmg hgejgr roags tmbt igi`grs oc tmg mousgmoajtmgisgavgs cuacfa, bej gxpafnftay tmrouhm tmghgejgr crbigworks wftmfe wmfnm nmfajrge oc gbnmsgx brg `rouhmt up. Mousgmoajs baaonbtg tfig cor

jfccgrget bntfvftfgs bioeh tmgfr igi`grs, bejtmgy baso baaonbtg rgsourngs „ cor noesuiptfoe,sbvfehs bej fevgstiget, fenaujfeh tmosgbssonfbtgj wftm tmg coribtfoe oc muibe nbpftba „`gtwgge gbnm oc tmgi. Zmgsg baaonbtfoes brgfecaugengj `y tmg `robj sonfba bej festftutfoebacrbigwork oc nustoi bej opportuefty fe wmfnmmousgmoajs brg aonbtgj. @ut nmbehfeh tmg cbntorstmbt bccgnt mousgmoaj noestrbfets, opportueftfgsbej fengetfvgs fs b nrftfnbaay fiportbet igbes ocfecaugenfeh tmgfr jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh.

Poag oc tmg stbtgZmg stbtg‖s roag fe tmfs fs fiportbet fe bt agbsttmrgg prfenfpba wbys4 nrgbtfeh be gebàfehgevfroeiget cor proiotfeh hgejgr gqubafty fegjunbtfoe tmrouhm aghfsabtfvg bej poafny rgcori;fevgstfeh fe rgjfstrfùtfoe, `y tbrhgtfeh rgsourngscor cgibag gjunbtfoe bej fetrojunfeh spgnfbaigbsurgs to rgjung fegquftfgs; bej iftfhbtfehtmg ùrjge oc gxtgreba smonks oe hfras bejwoige, sunm bs tmg gccgnts oc noecafnt, gnoeoifnnrfsfs bej MFS/BFJ^. Batmouhm nmbehgs togjunbtfoe poafny brg nrftfnbaay fiportbet, fe orjgr

to `g sunngsscua, bntfoes to proiotg hgejgrpbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe eggj to `g egstgjwftmfe b wfjgr sgt oc igbsurgs bccgntfeh ibeyotmgr bspgnts oc gnoeoiy bej sonfgty.

Nrgbtfeh be gebàfeh gevfroeiget

Aghfsabtfvg rgcoriIost ebtfoes brg sfhebtorfgs to muibe rfhmtstrgbtfgs tmbt hubrbetgg gquba bnngss togjunbtfoe. Mowgvgr tmfs rgport smows tmbtebtfoeba rgportfeh to trgbty òjfgs fs octge saow

bej fipagigetbtfoe fs pbtnmy. Fe orjgr tofiprovg gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe, b `robj bejsupportfvg ebtfoeba aghba crbigwork fs rgqufrgj.Zmfs smouaj ho `gyoej tmg gstbàfsmiget ocnoipuasory snmooafeh aghfsabtfoe, wmfnm fs octge

fegccgntfvg fe tmg b`sgeng oc iorg `robjay `bsgjrfhmts protgntfoe. Aghba igbsurgs wmfnm gesurgtmbt woige gedoy eoe-jfsnrfifebtfoe bej protgnttmgfr cuejbigetba crggjois brg egngssbry `bsgscor hgejgr gqubafty. Zmg gstbàfsmiget ocpropgrty rfhmts fs b nrunfba gagiget fe sgnurfehgnoeoifn bej sonfba dustfng cor woige. Pgcorisiby baso `g rgqufrgj fe cbifay abw, to fecaugeng`gmbvfour wmgrg tmg fipbnt oc nustois bejsonfba eoris iby otmgrwfsg `g jgnfsfvg. Zmgbhgejb mgrg novgrs bspgnts oc ibrrfbhg rfhmts,noetroa oc propgrty, jfvorng, nustojy bejfemgrftbeng. Zmgsg brg octge jggpay noetrovgrsfba

fssugs bs tmgy bccgnt ibey bspgnts oc tmgrgabtfoesmfp `gtwgge ige bej woige bej tmgfrrgspgntfvg rfhmts ovgr nmfajrge. Mowgvgr, tmgynbe provfjg b jgnfsfvg nouetgrwgfhmt to tmgfecaugeng oc sonfba eoris oe afcg jgnfsfoes „fenaujfeh tmosg wmfnm bccgnt wmgtmgr or eotnmfajrge brg sget to snmooa.

Ibfestrgbifeh hgejgr wftmfe festftutfoes@otm woige‖s bej ige‖s fetgrgsts eggj to `ggxpafnftay noesfjgrgj fe tmg jgsfhe oc baaaghfsabtfoe, poafnfgs bej prohrbiigs. Zmg ovgrbaa

o`dgntfvg oc tmfs kfej oc ”ibfestrgbifeh‖ fs togesurg tmbt woige bej ige `gegcft gqubaay, bejtmbt fegqubafty fs eot pgrpgtubtgj. Ft igbes tmbtbaa jgvgaopiget jgnfsfoes bej fetgrvgetfoes eggjto `g hgejgr bwbrg. Ft nbrrfgs fipafnbtfoes cor tmgstbccfeh, prongjurgs bej nuaturg oc baa festftutfoesbs wgaa bs cor tmg prohrbiigs tmbt tmgy rue. Fetmg pbst, hgejgr fssugs fe bfj jfbaohug bej wftmfebfj bhgenfgs tmgisgavgs mbvg octge `gge vbhugayspgnfcfgj „ too fenoesfstgetay to bnmfgvg soafjrgsuats. Fe ebtfoeba hovgreigets, jgjfnbtgj”hgejgr uefts‖ mbvg octge `gge uejgrstbccgj,uejgrcfebengj bej abnkfeh fe rgba butmorfty.

Fe iost nouetrfgs, b stroeh hgegrba poafny oehgejgr gqubafty fs rgqufrgj bt ebtfoeba agvga.Zmfs nbe fecori prbntfng tmrouhmout tmgbjifefstrbtfoe bej bt sgntorba agvgas. \oafnyjgvgaopiget eggjs sgx-jfsbhhrghbtgj jbtb bejbebaytfnba fecoribtfoe, ibjg gbsfay bvbfabàg.”Nmbipfoes oc nmbehg‖, prgcgrbày bt sgeforagvgas oc tmg ùrgbunrbny, brg eggjgj to ùfajsupport bej provfjg be gxbipag. Ibey cgibagifefstgrs oc gjunbtfoe mbvg provfjgj gxngaagetgxbipags oc wmbt nbe `g joeg. @ut tmgy eggj to



EHOs brghgegrbaay

noiifttgj togesurfeh tmbt

gjunbtfoergbnmgs tmgpoorgst bej

iostjfsbjvbetbhgj

hroups.

`g iorg wfjgay sprgbj wftmfe hovgreigets.Nbpbnfty eggjs to `g ùfat fe hovgreiget bejNÔs to baaow hroups nbipbfhefeh cor hgejgrgqubafty to gehbhg wftm tmg ebtfoeba poafny prongss.

Genourbhfeh EHOsFe iost nouetrfgs fe tmg jgvgaopfeh woraj, eoe-stbtg provfjgrs mbvg mbj b aoehgr gehbhgigetwftm gjunbtfoe sgrvfng provfsfoe tmbe tmg stbtgftsgac. Bs prgssurgs to gxpbej mbvg fenrgbsgj,pbrtfnuabray wmgrg tmg bjdustiget urjge mbs`gge fetgesg, eoe-stbtg provfjgrs mbvg `gnoigbe bttrbntfvg optfoe fe sgvgrba nouetrfgs. Zmfs nbework to tmg bjvbetbhg oc hfras. EHOs nbe `gibdor noetrfùtors bej tmgy brg hgegrbaaynoiifttgj to gesurfeh tmbt gjunbtfoe rgbnmgs tmgpoorgst bej iost jfsbjvbetbhgj hroups. Ibey octmg iost feeovbtfvg gjunbtfoeba gxpgrfigets

wmfnm mbvg conusgj oe hfras‖ geroaigets mbvg`gge uejgrtbkge y EHOs. Pgafhfous provfjgrsbrg baso aoeh-gstbàfsmgj fe ibey pbrts oc tmgworaj, bej mbvg octge `gge rgspoesfàg corgesurfeh be gjunbtfoe cor otmgrwfsg gxnaujgjhroups, fenaujfeh hfras. Mowgvgr, tmgy brg usubaaynoesgrvbtfvg orhbefzbtfoes, tgejfeh to rgfecorng,rbtmgr tmbe uejgrifeg, aonba hgejgr stgrgotypgs.Zmgfr bntfvftfgs iby mgap to bttbfe hgejgr pbrfty fegjunbtfoe, ut tmgy mbvg soigtfigs ibjggqubafty iorg jfstbet. @otm prfvbtg-sgntor bejnoiiuefty snmooas brg baso bntfvg fe ibey

nouetrfgs. Mgrg, tmg nosts oc bttgejbeng brg octgesfhefcfnbet bej tmgfr fipbnt oe hgejgr pbrfty bejgqubafty fe gjunbtfoe fs octge agss posftfvg. Oe`babeng, tmge, EHO bntfvftfgs nbe g b usgcuanoipagiget to stbtg gejgbvours, ùt tmgbntfvftfgs oc otmgr provfjgrs mbvg b agss ngrtbfefipbnt oe gqubafty. \oafnfgs eggj to `g fecorigj`y be bssgssiget oc hgejgr fipbnt, bs rghbrjsòtm tmg bnngss oc hfras to tmgsg coris ocsnmooafeh, bej tmg rgabtfvg qubafty oc jfccgrgetsnmooafeh iojgas.

Fevgstfeh fe rgjfstrfùtfoe

Ibey mousgmoajs cfej ft jfccfnuat to sgej baa tmgfrnmfajrge to snmooa. Zmgfr fenoigs brg too aow tobccorj tmg nosts fevoavgj. Nmbehfeh tmg nosts „fenaujfeh tmg opportuefty nosts „ oc snmooabttgejbeng bej tmgfr fenfjgeng `gtwgge tmgsgxgs fs egngssbry fe tmgsg nfrnuistbengs. Zmfsfs pbrtfnuabray so fe poor noiiueftfgs, bej wmgrgpbrgets nbe gxpgnt to rgngfvg iorg cuturgfenoig croi tmgfr gjunbtgj soes tmbe croisfifabray gjunbtgj jbuhmtgrs. Gqubafzfeh tmg`gegcfts tmbt brfsg croi snmooafeh fs b iorg

cuejbigetba prongss, couejgj upoe bnmfgvfehb sonfgty bej abòur ibrkgt crgg croijfsnrfifebtfoe sunm tmbt tmg opportueftfgs bejbjvbetbhgs cbngj `y baa nmfajrge bt hfvge agvgas ocgjunbtfoe bej bnmfgvgiget brg `robjay gquba.

^nmooa cggsZmg jfrgnt bej fejfrgnt nosts oc snmooafeh tomousgmoajs fenaujg, ùt brg eot afiftgj to, tmgcggs nmbrhgj `y snmooas or hovgreigets corsnmooa bttgejbeng. Bòafsmfeh prfibry-snmooacggs nbe mbvg b ibdor fipbnt oe òostfeh tmggeroaiget oc òtm hfras bej òys. Xmgrg tmgy stfaagxfst bt prfibry agvga „ bs tmgy octge jo fe tmgcori oc nmbrhgs cor òoks, gqufpiget, orpbrtfnfpbtfoe fe sports, fc eot cor tuftfoe „ tmgyeggj to `g rgiovgj.

Zbàg 8.2 smows tmbt prfibry-snmooa cggs brg stfaanmbrhgj fe twgety-sfx oc tmg tmfrty-cour nouetrfgs(gxnaujfeh Ibnbo, Nmfeb) tmbt brg ueafkgay torgbnm tmg hgejgr hoba cor prfibry snmooafeh fe0<<7. Ft nbe baso `g sgge tmbt courtgge oc tmgsg”bt rfsk‖ nouetrfgs, baa oc wmfnm nmbrhg cggs, mbvgegt geroaiget rbtfos oc agss tmbe =<%.

Zmg rgiovba oc snmooa cggs fe tmgsg nouetrfgswouaj pro`bày `g tmg sfehag iost gccgntfvgigbes oc rbfsfeh prfibry geroaigets bejrgjunfeh hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe tmg smort tgri.

Zmfs wouaj, oc noursg, fipay fenrgbsgj nosts totmg stbtg cor gbnm bej gvgry nmfaj geroaagj fesnmooa, bej tmgrg wouaj `g be bjjftfoeba nostfipbnt brfsfeh croi tmg geroaiget fenrgbsgstmgisgavgs. Zmg cgg gagiget oc totba nostsvbrfgs su`stbetfbaay `gtwgge nouetrfgs, bej eojgpgejbàg jbtb brg bvbfabàg oe b noipbrbtfvgfetgrebtfoeba `bsfs. Pouhm gstfibtgs, `bsgj oeebtfoeba stujfgs, suhhgst tmbt cggs „ wmgrg tmgybrg nmbrhgj „ bnnouet cor 7%„27% oc ueft nostsfe typfnba nbsgs. Zmg geroaiget fipbnt wfaa basovbry, jgpgejfeh oe `bsg-ygbr EGP agvgas, ùt,fe soig nbsgs, fts bnnoiiojbtfoe wouaj baoeg

rgqufrg b ibdor fenrgbsg fe puàfn spgejfeh oeprfibry snmooafeh.

Zmg gxpgrfgeng oc b eui`gr oc Bcrfnbe nouetrfgswmgrg cggs mbvg rgngetay `gge bòafsmgjsuhhgsts tmbt, bt agbst wmgrg tmgy rgprgsget bsfhefcfnbet proportfoe oc mousgmoaj snmooafehnosts, ft wouaj `g `gst cor tmgfr rgiovba to `gpmbsgj ovgr b (smort) eui`gr oc ygbrs. Zmgeghbtfvg fipbnt oe snmooa qubafty oc abrhgproportfoebtg fenrgbsgs fe prfibry geroaigets febey oeg ygbr nbe `g su`stbetfba. Egw nabssroois



Nmbptgr 8


mbvg to `g ùfat, tgbnmgrs trbfegj, gqufpigetpurnmbsgj „ baa oc wmfnm tbkg iorg tmbe b cgwioetms to provfjg. Fe tmgfr b`sgeng, tmgfenrgbsgj geroaigets nbusg nabss sfzgs tofenrgbsg, soigtfigs to fesupportbàg agvgas, bej

tmg qubafty oc agbrefeh nbe `g `bjay bccgntgj. Fctmg egngssbry rgsourngs to support tmg gxpbejgjprfibry systgi brg eot cortmnoifeh ft wfaa eot `gaoeh `gcorg geroaigets bhbfe `ghfe to jgnafeg.Gxpgrfgeng smows tmbt gbray nbejfjbtgs corjroppfeh out, fe sunm nfrnuistbengs, wfaa `ghfras. Bnnorjfehay, ft fs nrftfnbaay fiportbet tmbthovgreigets ùjhgt nbrgcuaay cor tmg fenrgbsgjcfebenfba nosts fipafgj `y tmg rgiovba oc cggs,bej pabe cor tmg provfsfoe oc tmg bjjftfoebapmysfnba bej muibe rgsourngs egngssbry touejgrpfe snmooafeh oc be bnngptbàg qubafty,fe tmg noetgxt oc rbpfj gxpbesfoe. \rohrbiigs

oc fetgrebtfoeba no-opgrbtfoe wouaj `g fjgbafestruigets to mgap to `rfjhg tmg rgsourng hbpsfevoavgj fe tmgsg nbsgs.

Igbsurgs to rgjung nmfaj abòur Gafifebtfeh tmg cgg bspgnts oc jfrgnt nosts fs oeayoeg, ba`gft fiportbet, pbrt oc tmg nmbaagehg ocbnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe.Zbnkafeh tmg opportuefty nosts fs gqubaayfiportbet. Zmfs rgport smows tmbt tmg eggj cornmfajrge to work „ tmg sourng oc tmg opportueftynosts oc snmooa bttgejbeng „ fs oeg oc tmg iost

fiportbet nbusgs oc uejgr-geroaiget fe snmooa.Bnnorjfehay, igbsurgs to rgjung or rgiovg tmgeggj cor nmfaj abòur rgprgsget, fe ibeynouetrfgs, be fiportbet igbes oc fenrgbsfehsnmooa geroaigets bioeh òtm hfras bej òys.

Zmg jgsfhe oc poafny to bjjrgss nmfaj abòurjgpgejs oe rgnohefzfeh tmbt iost nmfajrge workwftm or cor tmgfr pbrgets fe gnoeoifgs wmgrgibrkgts brg uejgrjgvgaopgj bej wmgrg tmgaghba bej poaftfnba fecrbstrunturg fs tmfe. @besoe tmg worst coris oc nmfaj abòur brg eggjgjfe baa nouetrfgs, wmgrg gxfstfeh aghfsabtfoe fs

febjgqubtg. Xmgrg sunm work noetfeugs to`g baaowgj, trbjg sbentfoes brg rgqufrgj bttmg fetgrebtfoeba agvga. \rgssurg to bppayfetgrebtfoeba abòur stbejbrjs bej tmgfetrojuntfoe oc ifefiui wbhgs fs eggjgj tonoi`bt tmg fenfjgeng oc nmfaj cbntory workgrs.@ut, fe orjgr to rgjung tmg gxtget oc nmfaj abòurfe mousgmoajs bej oe cbifay cbris, bjjftfoebaigbsurgs brg rgqufrgj.

Bs rghbrjs aoeh-tgri nmbehgs, igbsurgs to rbfsgtmg projuntfvfty bej mgeng tmg wbhgs oc bjuat

abòur wfaa rgjung tmg eggj to jgpgej oe tmgabòur oc nmfajrge. Fe bjjftfoe, bey igbsurgs tmbtrgjung jfsnrfifebtfoe fe gipaoyiget or wbhgsbhbfest woige wfaa, `y rbfsfeh tmg rgture to hfras‖gjunbtfoe, jfsnourbhg nmfaj abòur bioeh hfras.

Xmgrg tmg ibfe nbusg oc nmfaj abòur fs tmgrgtures croi sunm work noipbrgj wftm tmosg

Afkgay to ifss pbrfty fe 0<<7,ùt to bnmfgvg ft `y 0<27

Bahgrfb0 ] 6=.>@gefe2 ] 8<.>**Nbiòjfb0 ] =7.:**Nmbj0 ] 7=.0Noioros0 ] 73.0**Noeho0 ] e.b.Nu`b0 ] 68.>Hmbeb0 ] 7=.0Abo \gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn ] =2.:\brbhuby0 ] 60.2**ûjbe0 ] :6.7**^yrfbe Brb` Pgpuàfn0 ] 63.>**Zoho ] 62.0Whbejb ] e.b.

Bt rfsk oc eot bnmfgvfehpbrfty fe 0<27

@urkfeb Cbso ] >7.7@uruejf ] 7>.8Nútg j‖Fvofrg ] 30.0Jdfòutf ] >0.3**Gstoefb ] 68.3Gtmfopfb ] :3.8Fejfb ] =7.8

Frbq2 ] 60.6

Kyrhyzstbe0 ] =0.7Ibnbo, Nmfeb e.b. e.b. =:.=Ibjbhbsnbr0 ] 38.8Ioehoafb0 ] ==.=

Iozbi`fqug ] 7:.:Efhgr0 ] ><.:\bpub Egw Hufegb2 ] =>.=**^bfet Aunfb ] 66.8^fgrrb Agoeg ] 37.0

ôutm Bcrfnb ] ==.6**^wbzfabej ] 60.=**Zmbfabej ] =7.:**Zurkgy0 ] e.b.

Zotba nouetrfgs(gxnaujfeh Ibnbo, Nmfeb)

03 =

Zbàg 8.2. ^nmooa cggs fe nouetrfgs bt rfsk oc eot bnmfgvfeh

hgejgr pbrfty fe prfibry snmooafeh

\rfibry snmooa cggs nmbrhgj

Hgejgr pbrfty prospgnts

\rfibry EGP

Vgs Eo 0<<<

Eotgs42. Jbtb fe ftbafns brg cor 2666/0<<<.0. Nouetrfgs wftm aghba hubrbetgg oc crgg gjunbtfoe.

** WF^ gstfibtg ôurngs4 Zbàgs 0.07, >.>, bej ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 7.



Igbsurgs togenourbhgfenrgbsgj

pbrtfnfpbtfoe ocwoige fe tmg

abòur ibrkgtwfaa baso

fenrgbsg tmgfrsby fe tmg

mousgmoaj.

croi snmooafeh, fevgstigets fe tmg qubafty ocsnmooafeh wfaa pby occ. Curtmgr, cor hfras to rgbp tmg(pgnuefbry) `gegcfts oc tmgfr gjunbtfoe ovgr tmgaoeh rue, igbsurgs eggj to `g tbkge to rgjungabòur ibrkgt sghigetbtfoe (wmgrg ibags bej

cgibags typfnbaay jo jfccgrget sorts oc work) bs wgaabs wbhg jfsnrfifebtfoe. Pghuabtory igbsurgs tostop sunm prbntfngs brg jfccfnuat to gecorng fe rurbagnoeoifgs. Zmus, sonfba io`fafzbtfoe, gjunbtfoebej tmg orhbefzbtfoe oc woige brg iorg afkgay to`rfeh bòut be gqubafzbtfoe oc tmgsg jfccgrgengstmbe aghfsabtfoe pgr sg. Igbsurgs to genourbhgfenrgbsgj pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc woige fe tmg abòuribrkgt wfaa baso fenrgbsg tmgfr sby fe mousgmoajjgnfsfoe-ibkfeh bej tmgfr noetroa ovgr rgsourngs.Bs sunm, woige bppgbr to spgej iorg rgsourngsoe nmfajrge tmbe jo ige. Zmfs iby `g gxpgntgj tocurtmgr genourbhg tmg gjunbtfoe oc tmg egxt

hgegrbtfoe oc nmfajrge. Zmg egw roag iojgasfipafgj `y tmgsg nmbehgs wouaj baso `g afkgay toagbj to tmg fipbnt oe hfras `gfeh abrhgr tmbe oeòys.

\oafnfgs nbe baso `g jgsfhegj spgnfcfnbaay toprovfjg pbrgets wftm fengetfvgs to sgej tmgfrnmfajrge to snmooa. Cfebenfba fengetfvgs sunm bsnbsm trbescgrs to novgr tmg corhoeg ”wbhg‖ oc tmgnmfaj brg octge rgagvbet gvge wmgrg mousgmoajpovgrty fs eot noipgaafeh. Fe sunm nbsgs, tmgsgtrbescgrs nbe `g ibjg noejftfoeba oe snmooa

bttgejbeng, bs mbs mbppgegj fe b eui`gr ocsunngsscua snmgigs jfsnussgj fe Nmbptgr : oc tmfsrgport. ^nmoabrsmfp prohrbiigs, bej „ uejgrnaosgay ibebhgj nfrnuistbengs „ snmooa cggjfehprohrbiigs nbe òtm provfjg tbrhgtgj support tosgnurg mfhmgr snmooa bttgejbeng oc hfras.

Cfebaay, oeg ibdor proàgi fe bssgssfeh tmgjghrgg to wmfnm poafny nmbehg fs rgqufrgj fs tmbttmg gxtget oc joigstfn nmfaj abòur fs abrhgayuekeowe. @gnbusg iunm oc tmfs work rgibfesmfjjge, b prforfty fs to fenrgbsg tmg bvbfab`fafty ocjbtb bej keowagjhg bòut fts gxtget bej

nmbrbntgrfstfns. Zmfs bspgnt oc nmfaj abòurjgibejs urhget bttgetfoe, bs tmg ebturg bejgxtget oc gxpaoftbtfoe fevoavgj fs jfccfnuat tobssgss bej noi`bt. Zmg vbst ibdorfty oc nmfajrgebccgntgj brg hfras.

Gesurfeh hgejgr-bwbrg nurrfnuabbej snmooa cbnfaftfgs^nmooas smouaj `g pabngs wmgrg hgejgrstgrgotypgs brg uejgrifegj. Mowgvgr, gvgryjbynabssrooi prbntfngs octge rgfecorng trbjftfoebahgejgr jfccgrgengs. Zgbnmgr trbfefeh rbrgay

conusgs oe hgejgr bwbrgegss. Zmus, fjgbs tmbthfras brg agss fetgaafhget bej agss afkgay to jo wgaatmbe òys brg eot uenoiioeay mgaj `y tgbnmgrs.^gxfsi fe tgxtòoks, wftm hfras `gfeh portrbygjoeay fe trbjftfoeba nbrfeh roags, rgibfes noiioe.

ûnm gxpgntbtfoes „ mgaj `y tgbnmgrs bej fipafgj`y tgbnmfeh ibtgrfbas „ noecfri rbtmgr tmbeuejgrifeg tmg stbtus quo. Nurrfnuab eggj to `gbujftgj croi b hgejgr pgrspgntfvg bej, wmgrgegngssbry, rgjgsfhegj fe b hgejgr-bwbrgcbsmfoe. Hgejgr trbfefeh cor tgbnmgrs smouaj `gbe gssgetfba prgrgqufsftg cor tmgfr bppofetiget.Igbsurgs to gesurg b hgejgr `babeng fe tmgtgbnmfeh procgssfoe, bej wftmfe fejfvfjubasnmooas, wfaa mgap to provfjg posftfvg roag iojgascor òtm hfras bej òys.

\brtfnuabray fe tmg poorgst nouetrfgs, nabssrooi

gqufpiget bej snmooa bvbfab`fafty nbe ibkgbttgejbeng iorg jfccfnuat cor hfras. Zmg b`sgeng ocprfvbtg sbeftbry cbnfaftfgs, oc jgsks bej nmbfrs, gvgeoc egbr`y rueefeh wbtgr, baa mgap to jfssubjg hfrascroi bttgejfeh. Zmg jfstbeng croi moig to snmooafs b hrgbtgr `brrfgr cor sbcgty-noesnfous pbrgets.Zmus tmg prgvbageng oc jfstbet snmooas wftm poorcbnfaftfgs brg bjjftfoeba noestrbfets bntfeh torgjung tmg pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc hfras fe snmooa, bejtmgfr pgrcoribeng oeng geroaagj. ^nmooa ibppfeh,bej tmg provfsfoe oc snmooa cbnfaftfgs bejgqufpiget, fe tmg noetgxt oc be bnngptbàg nabss

sfzg, smouaj `g noesnfous oc gxpafnft hgejgrpgrspgntfvgs bej nrftgrfb. B jfccgrget sgt oc`fbsgs bccgnts hfras succgrfeh croi jfsb`fafty. Zmgybppgbr to `g agss rgnohefzgj tmbe tmgfr ibagnouetgrpbrts, tmgy brg agss afkgay to `g provfjgjwftm igjfnba support bej, fe ibey jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs, tmgfr gjunbtfoe fs abrhgay fheorgj.

Zbnkafeh nrfsfs bej smonks

Zmgrg brg fiportbet noetgxtuba cbntors tmbtho `gyoej qugstfoes oc eoris, nustois bejfengetfvgs. Zmgsg cbntors fenaujg tmg gccgnts oc

MFS/BFJ^, oc brigj noecafnt, bej oc b nuaturg ocvfoageng fe snmooas, gbnm oc wmfnm mbs sgrfousfipafnbtfoes cor tmg gjunbtfoe oc hfras bej cortmgfr cuturgs. Zmgy jggpay bccgnt wmgtmgr or eotibey hfras ho to snmooa bt baa bej, fc tmgy jo,wmgtmgr tmgy jrop out gbray or uejgrpgrcoriwmfag bttgejfeh.

MFS/BFJ^Zmg fipbnt oc tmg MFS/BFJ^ pbejgifn bccgntsbjoagsnget hfras iunm iorg tmbe òys4 tmgy mbvgmfhmgr rbtgs oc fecgntfoe bej tmgy mbvg hrgbtgr



Nmbptgr 8


Naosfeh tmghgejgr hbprgqufrgsnoecroetfehsgxuba vfoagengbej mbrbssigetfe snmooas.

nbrg bej work rgspoesf`faftfgs tmbe òys wmgetmgfr cbifafgs brg bccgntgj `y faaegss. Ft fs brgspoesf`fafty oc snmooas to sggk to gipowgragbregrs to afvg sgxubaay rgspoesfàg bej mgbatmyafvgs. Fe tmbt noetgxt, MFS/BFJ^ bej sgxuba bej

rgprojuntfvg mgbatm (^PM) gjunbtfoe smouaj `g bprocgssfoeba su`dgnt brgb fe fts owe rfhmt wftmfetmg nurrfnuaui. Zgbnmgr trbfefeh fe tmgsg skfaas fsb nrftfnba eggj bs ibey tgbnmgrs brg rgauntbet tojgba wftm sgesftfvg bej, fe soig nbsgs, tbòotopfns. Bs pbrt oc sunm support, bnnurbtg bejmfhm-qubafty tgbnmfeh bej agbrefeh ibtgrfbas, bejsystgis oc `bnk-up hufjbeng eggj to `g fe pabng.Nurrfnuaui nmbehgs pgr sg wfaa rgibfe wgbk fetmg b`sgeng oc b cuaay procgssfoebafzgj rgspoesgto fetghrbtfoe oc MFS/BFJ^ feto snmooaprohrbiigs.

NoecafntBrigj noecafnt mbs baso bccgntgj ibey oc tmgpoorgst nouetrfgs ovgr tmg pbst jgnbjg. Ft mbs`gge pbrtfnuabray jfsruptfvg cor tmg gjunbtfoe ochfras, wmo `gnoig iorg vuaegrbàg to sgxubavfoageng bej gxpaoftbtfoe fe sunm nfrnuistbengs.Zmg fenrgbsgj jbehgr igbes tmbt tmgy brg iorgafkgay to `g kgpt bt moig. B ibdorfty oc rgcuhggsbrg woige bej hfras, wmosg rfsks, fc beytmfeh,brg gembengj fe typfnba nfrnuistbengs ocjfspabngiget. Zmfs fs b ibdor proàgi cor wmfnmtmgrg brg gigrhfeh agssoes oc hooj prbntfng, ùt

eo gbsy soautfoes. Zmg hgegrba fssug wbs novgrgjfe soig jgtbfa fe tmg GCB Pgport 0<<0 (WEG^NO,0<<0, pp. 200„3, 278„30). Zmg rgport noenaujgjtmbt soautfoes brg `gst couej wftmfe tmg bccgntgjnoiiueftfgs. Aonbaay gstbàfsmgj snmooa ornoiiuefty gjunbtfoe noiifttggs nbe `g tmgvgmfnag cor orhbefzfeh abòur to grgnt tgiporbrycbnfaftfgs. Zmgy nbe mgap to fjgetfcy bej bppofetgxpgrfgengj tgbnmgrs, sonfba workgrs, prodgntibebhgrs bej supgrvfsors cor prodgnts bej fesnmooas supportgj `y fetgreba or gxtgrebargsourngs. Mowgvgr, hgejgr noesfjgrbtfoes bjjto tmg noipagxftfgs bargbjy cbngj `y iost

noevgetfoeba prohrbiigs oc rgspoesg. Nmfajrgebccgntgj `y nrfsfs bej noecafnt mbvg spgnfba eggjscor hooj tgbnmfeh to mgap tmgi rgùfaj b sgesg ocsgac-gstggi. Zmgy eggj gxtrb giotfoeba support„ pbrtfnuabray wmgrg tmgy mbvg aost naosg cbifayigi`grs. Zmgy eggj opportueftfgs cor sbcgrgnrgbtfoe, wftm tgbnmgrs bej agbjgrs wmo jo eotrgprgsget bjjftfoeba sourngs oc tmrgbt. ûnmnmfajrge eggj nbrg bej support wmfnm ho wgaa`gyoej tmg gxpgntbtfoes oc snmooa pgrsoeegaopgrbtfeh fe iorg ”eoriba‖ noejftfoes. Zmgrg fsusubaay b ibdor eggj cor trbfegj workgrs to mgap

rgspoej to tmg gembengj vuaegrb`fafty oc hfras fetmgsg nfrnuistbengs.

\rgvgetfeh vfoageng fe snmooas^nmooas brg supposgj to `g pabngs oc agbrefeh,

hrowtm bej gipowgriget, ygt tmgy nbe octge `gsftgs oc fetoagrbeng, jfsnrfifebtfoe bej vfoageng,wftm hfras `gfeh jfsproportfoebtgay tmg vfntfis.Naosfeh tmg hgejgr hbp rgqufrgs noecroetfeh tmgsgxuba vfoageng bej mbrbssiget tmbt agbjs touejgrbnmfgvgiget bej mfhm jrop-out rbtgsbioeh hfras. Hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng fe snmooasgxfsts fe baa pbrts oc tmg woraj. Iunm oc tmg iostfeeovbtfvg work to nouetgr ft mbs `gge feftfbtgj `yEHOs, octge fe noeegntfoe wftm MFS/BFJ^gjunbtfoe. Zmfs mbs octge onnurrgj outsfjg tmgcoriba snmooa sgttfeh „ fe pbrt `gnbusgifefstrfgs oc gjunbtfoe mbvg `gge rgauntbet to

bjjrgss tmfs fssug. Xmgrg snmooa butmorftfgs mbvgcbfagj to bnkeowagjhg fts gxfstgeng, ft mbs octgecaourfsmgj bej `gnoig festftutfoebafzgj. Gccortsbrg eggjgj to gipowgr hfras bej woige bej tosgesftfzg ige to tmg eggjs bej rfhmts oc hfras bejwoige. Sfhorous bntfoe fs eggjgj, `rfehfehtohgtmgr stujgets, pbrgets, tgbnmgrs bej snmooabjifefstrbtors, to protgnt hfra pupfas croimbrbssiget, sgxuba bssbuat bej rbpg.

Ebtfoeba strbtghfgs cor GCBZmg roag oc tmg stbtg fs ngetrba fc hooj-qubafty`bsfn gjunbtfoe fs to `gnoig òtm b rfhmt bej brgbafty cor gvgry nftfzge. GCB rgqufrgs gecorngbàgaghfsabtfoe, gquftbàg aoeh-tgri fevgstigets bejwgaa-ibebhgj, tgnmefnbaay souej gjunbtfoestrbtghfgs. Eoe-hovgreigetba bej noiiueftyprovfsfoe bej prfvbtg-sgntor fevgstiget mbvgtmgfr pabng fe gjunbtfoe ùt tmgy nbeeot provfjgb aoeh-tgri su`stftutg cor stbtg bntfoe bejrgspoesf`fafty.

Xmbt ibkgs tmg jfccgrgeng?

Zmgrg fs eo sfehag rgnfpg cor bnmfgvfeh GCB.\bttgres oc povgrty, oc bnngss to gjunbtfoe bej ocgjunbtfoeba qubafty jfccgr georiousay `gtwgge bejwftmfe nouetrfgs. Zmgsg jfccgrget nfrnuistbengsrgqufrg jfvgrsg strbtghfgs tbfaorgj to eggj bejaonba noejftfoes. Sgry sibaa stbtgs (corty-tmrggnouetrfgs mbvg b popuabtfoe oc `gaow 7<<,<<<)brg octge noestrbfegj fe tmg rbehg oc gjunbtfoebaopportueftfgs tmbt tmgy nbe provfjg, agbjfeh tombrj nmofngs bòut ebtfoeba vgrsus fetgrebtfoeba



2. Zmfs fs tmg beeuba bjjftfoebabiouet oc bfj rgqufrgj, bsgstfibtgj `y WEG^NO (0<<0).

Iovgs towbrjsGCB bppgbr

to `g stroehgrfe iorg

jgionrbtfnstbtgs bej fetmosg wftm b

stroehgr

festftutfoeba`bsg.

provfsfoe. Zmosg nouetrfgs noecroetgj `y MFS/BFJ^bej `y noecafnt brg mbvfeh to rgtmfek trbjftfoebabpprobnmgs to tmg provfsfoe oc snmooafeh,eotwftmstbejfeh tmbt tmgfr sonfgtfgs abnk stb`faftybej, bt worst, gvge mopg cor tmgfr cuturg.

Egvgrtmgagss, fe `robj tgris, tmfs rgport suhhgststmbt tmgrg brg soig noiioe cbntors bioeh tmosgnouetrfgs ibkfeh iorg rbpfj prohrgss. Iovgstowbrjs GCB bppgbr to `g stroehgr fe iorgjgionrbtfn stbtgs bej fe tmosg wftm b stroehgrfestftutfoeba `bsg. Gnoeoifn hrowtm supportsprohrgss towbrjs GCB, pbrtfnuabray wmgrgfestftutfoes brg workfeh wgaa. Joigstfngjunbtfoeba gxpgejfturg fs baso couej to supportprohrgss towbrjs GCB fe poorgr bej iorgjgionrbtfn stbtgs. Fe tmgsg noetgxts, gxtrbfevgstiget fs afkgay to mbvg hrgbtgr fipbnt tmbe fe

rfnmgr nouetrfgs, wmgrg bnngss to hooj-qubaftygjunbtfoe fs bargbjy mfhm. Fenrgbsgj bfj basoibkgs b jfccgrgeng fc tmgrg brg gccgntfvgfestftutfoeba strunturgs. Zmgrg brg o`vfousaygxngptfoes to tmgsg hgegrbafzbtfoes. Mowgvgr, tmgysgrvg to gipmbsfzg tmg fiportbeng oc rgcori,fevgstiget bej festftutfoeba jgvgaopiget bsigbes oc sgnurfeh rbpfj prohrgss towbrjs GCB.

Iovgiget towbrjs rgcori

Zbrhgts nbe mgap wftm tmg prongss oc rgcori.

Zmg gvfjgeng fe tmfs rgport suhhgsts b hrowfehnoiiftiget to tmg GCB hobas bej to tmg IJHs,baafgj to b wfaafehegss to uejgrtbkg tmg typgs ocfestftutfoeba rgcori bej tmg fevgstiget jgnfsfoestmbt wfaa `g rgqufrgj ovgr tmg egxt jgnbjg. ôigabrhg nouetrfgs, sunm bs @rbzfa bej Fejfb, mbvgbargbjy fedgntgj urhgeny feto tmgfr jgtgrifebtfoeto rgbnm sfhefcfnbet igjfui-tgri GCB tbrhgts,supportgj `y egw aghfsabtfoe bej poafny nmbehg.Zbrhgts mgap fc tmgy stfiuabtg pabeefeh bttgetfoebej fc, vfb b puàfn prongss, tmgy mgfhmtge tmgbnnouetb`fafty oc hovgreiget.

Fe tmfs noetgxt, tmg pabng oc nfvfa sonfgty fe supportoc gjunbtfoe fs rgngfvfeh iunm iorg bttgetfoetmbe mftmgrto, gvge fe nouetrfgs wmgrg tmgrg mbs`gge afttag trbjftfoe oc puàfn bntfoe or sonfbaiovgigets outsfjg coriba poaftfnba crbigworks.Mowgvgr, fts noetrfùtfoes to tmg brtfnuabtfoe ocpoafny bej prbntfng fe gjunbtfoe brg ifxgj. Zmfsfs pbrtay `gnbusg tmg trbesftfoe croi provfjfehgjunbtfoe tmrouhm eoe-hovgreigetba nmbeegasto sfttfeh bt ebtfoeba bej aonba poafny tbàgs fs eotgbsy, gftmgr cor hovgreiget or NÔs tmgisgavgs.

Hrgbtgr pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej bnnouetb`fafty fegjunbtfoe bej tmg jgngetrbafzbtfoe oc gjunbtfoesgrvfngs brg fenrgbsfehay afekgj. Ft fs gstfibtgjtmbt =<% oc jgvgaopfeh bej trbesftfoe nouetrfgsbrg gxpgrfigetfeh wftm soig cori oc

jgngetrbafzbtfoe. Zmfs tbkgs ibey coris, ùtft noiioeay fevoavgs b smfct fe tmg aonus ocibebhgiget rgspoesf`fafty croi tmg ngetrgtowbrjs snmooas bej otmgr gjunbtfoe festftutfoes.Ft fs eot ygt nagbr wmgtmgr jgngetrbafzbtfoe,fe wmbtgvgr cori, rgsuats fe `gttgr agbrefehoutnoigs. Iorg gvfjgeng bej bebaysfs oc tmfsfssug fs eggjgj.

Pgcgrgeng mbs bargbjy `gge ibjg, gbrafgr fe tmfsnmbptgr, to tmg nrftfnba fiportbeng oc ibkfehgjunbtfoe „ gspgnfbaay prfibry gjunbtfoe „bccorjbàg cor gvgryoeg. B sfhefcfnbet eui`gr oc

hovgreigets mbvg bnngptgj tmbt jfrgnt nmbrhgsbej cggs smouaj eot `g b `brrfgr to gjunbtfoe.Mow tmfs `rgbktmrouhm fs to `g put feto prbntfngrgqufrgs soig jfccfnuat dujhgigets, pbrtfnuabrayfc tmg fiigjfbtg gxpbesfoe oc geroaigets fs eotto prgdujfng `gttgr qubafty. Egvgrtmgagss tmgbnngptbeng tmbt ”crgg‖ gjunbtfoe fs b ngetrbapabek oc hovgreiget poafny fs be gxtrgigayfiportbet noipoeget oc b ebtfoeba GCB strbtghy.

Iggtfeh fetgrebtfoebanoiiftigets

Zmg bfj rgnorj jurfeh tmg 266<s wbs jfsiba, bejbfj to gjunbtfoe rgcagntgj tmg ovgrbaa trgej „cbaafeh `y up to oeg-cfctm fe rgba tgris ovgr tmgpgrfoj 266<„0<<2. Gvge fe vgry rgnget ygbrs tmgtrgej rgibfegj fe pabng, wftm otm `fabtgrba bejiuatfabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe jgnrgbsfeh y bòut27% `gtwgge 266=/66 bej 0<<</<2. Oe tmg otmgrmbej, ft sggis tmbt noiiftigets cor bsfngjunbtfoe ovgr tmg sbig pgrfoj fenrgbsgj ybòut oeg-cfctm, to bòut W^$2.7 `faafoe. Zmfs fs to

`g wganoigj, ùt ft stfaa cbaas cbr smort oc tmg afkgaybjjftfoeba bfj rgqufrgigets cor bsfn gjunbtfoe ocbrouej W^$7.3 `faafoe pgr ygbr eggjgj to rgbnmuefvgrsba geroaiget fe prfibry gjunbtfoe wftmhgejgr pbrfty fe snmooas oc bnngptbàg qubafty.2

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb rgngfvgs dust ovgr oeg-qubrtgr oc `fabtgrba bfj to gjunbtfoe, wmgrgbsôutm bej Xgst Bsfb (mbvfeh oeg-tmfrj oc tmgworaj‖s out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge) rgngfvgs oeaybòut oeg-tgetm oc tmg totba. ^fifabr rghfoebaprforftfgs nmbrbntgrfzg iuatfabtgrba bfj, batmouhm



Nmbptgr 8


Bjoptfeh bhgejgr nrftgrfoefs b vgry gccgntfv

wby oc rgbnmfehtmg poorgstmousgmoajs.

up to oeg-tmfrj oc FJB cuejfeh cor gjunbtfoe hogsto ôutm Bsfb.

Fe hgegrba, gjunbtfoe bfj bppgbrs to `g bttrbntgj`y `gttgr-pgrcorifeh systgis. Be bebaysfs oc

caows to 88 nouetrfgs smows tmbt tmg biouet ocbfj pgr out-oc-snmooa nmfaj fenrgbsgs smbrpay wftmtmg agvga oc egt geroaiget. ^fifabray, cor 20<nouetrfgs, tmosg wftm mfhmgr aftgrbny rbtgs rgngfvgnoesfjgrbày iorg bfj pgr faaftgrbtg bjuat tmbetmosg wftm aowgr aftgrbny, wmgrg tmg prforfty corbfj ouhmt to `g mfhmgr. Zmus, gjunbtfoe bfj fs eotsuccfnfgetay conusgj oe tmg nouetrfgs tmbt eggj ftiost. Ft mbs `gge cbaafeh ovgrbaa, bej tmggccfnfgeny oc baaonbtfoe, tbkfeh b hao`ba vfgw oceggj, fs aow.

Bttbfeiget oc tmg GCB hobas rgqufrgs b

su`stbetfba fenrgbsg fe bfj to `bsfn gjunbtfoe.Mowgvgr, bfj baoeg wfaa `g fesuccfnfget. Fenrgbsgjcfebenfba trbescgrs to nouetrfgs wmfnm mbvg poorpoafnfgs, bej b wgbk festftutfoeba gevfroeiget,brg ueafkgay to pby jfvfjgejs cor GCB. Mfstory basosmows tmbt tmg jfccusg o`dgntfvgs oc bhgenfgs, tmgjfccgrget iojbaftfgs uejgr wmfnm bfj fs provfjgj,bej fts poor no-orjfebtfoe wftmfe jgvgaopfehnouetrfgs, octge uejgrifeg bfj gccgntfvgegss.Zmg rgnget fengptfoe bej jgvgaopiget oc tmgCbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg (CZF), jgsfhegj to mgapbnmfgvg W\G `y 0<27, mbs mfhmafhmtgj tmg

jfccfnuatfgs oc sgnurfeh b iorg gccgntfvg usg ocfetgrebtfoeba rgsourngs, wmgtmgr cfebenfba caowsor tgnmefnba bssfstbeng.

Zmg CZF fs b rgspoesg to tmg sgesg oc urhgenynrgbtgj `y tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui fe 0<<<.@y ifj„0<<>, soig W^$0<8 ifaafoe mbj ggenoiifttgj to tmg CZF. Zmfs fs b vgry iojgstnoetrfùtfoe fe noipbrfsoe wftm tmg beeubabjjftfoeba bfj rgqufrgj cor GCB. Curtmgriorg, ft fseot nagbr wmgtmgr baa tmgsg cuejs rgprgsget egw,bs jfstfent croi rgpbnkbhgj, bfj baaonbtfoes togjunbtfoe. Xmy fs tmfs so? Xmy mbs tmgrg `gge

uewfaafehegss oe tmg pbrt oc iost cuejfeh bhgenfgsto hfvg stroeh support to tmfs hao`ba feftfbtfvg?

Zmg beswgr sggis to jgrfvg pbrtay croi noengrebòut wmgtmgr b iuatfabtgrba feftfbtfvg fs tmg `gstwby oc usfeh snbrng bfj rgsourngs. Jgspftg tmgfrstbtgj support cor tmg CZF, b eui`gr oc fecaugetfba`fabtgrba bhgenfgs sggi to rgtbfe stroeh jou`tsbòut tmg gccgntfvgegss oc spgnfba iuatfabtgrbafeftfbtfvgs, prgcgrrfeh iorg jfrgnt fetgrvgetfoeswftmfe nouetrfgs. ^gnoejay, soig bhgenfgs bskwmgtmgr b sgpbrbtg, su`sgntor feftfbtfvg wfaa `g bt

ojjs wftm prohrbiigs oc oehofeh ùjhgtbrysupport or wftm ^gntor-Xfjg Bpprobnmgs. Fejggj,iunm oc tmg jfsnussfoe to jgvgaop b Crbigworkcor tmg Feftfbtfvg mbs souhmt to gesurg tmbtpbrbaaga pabeefeh prongssgs jo eot gigrhg, so

tmbt bssfstbeng croi tmg CZF nbe nagbray bjjvbaug to gxfstfeh sgntor pabes bej rgcoris. Btmfrj fssug noengres tmg gxtget to wmfnm hao`bafeftfbtfvgs noengetrbtg powgr bej fecaugeng bt tmgfetgrebtfoeba rbtmgr tmbe tmg ebtfoeba agvga. ZmgCZF smouaj `g sgge to work fe support oc ebtfoebapabeefeh bej rgcori, `bnkgj `y be fetgrebtfoebacorui bej rgsourng, wmfnm hgeufegay support tmgprongss.

Zmg CZF mbs rgbnmgj b nrftfnba pofet fe ftsjgvgaopiget. @fabtgrba bhgenfgs eggj to jgnfjgwmgtmgr tmgfr coriba support nbe `g trbesabtgj

feto b sfhefcfnbet noiiftiget oc rgsourngs.Otmgrwfsg tmfs ibdor post-Jbkbr feftfbtfvg fs fejbehgr oc cbfaurg, jbibhfeh trust bejfetgrebtfoeba no-opgrbtfoe iorg hgegrbaay. Fc tmgnurrget CZF iojga fs dujhgj ueworkbàg, tmgqugstfoe bs to mow cuejfeh bhgenfgs proposg tobaaonbtg tmg rgsourngs rgqufrgj cor GCB wfaa eggjto `g urhgetay bjjrgssgj. Zmg mfstorfnba rgnorjstroehay suhhgsts tmbt `fabtgrba feftfbtfvgs wfaa `gfesuccfnfget. Fc tmg CZF wgrg to cbfa, ft wouajpro`bày eggj to `g rgfevgetgj fc tmg gjunbtfoebahobas brg to `g rgbnmgj.

Fe bey nbsg, b ibdor gccort fe fetgrebtfoebano-opgrbtfoe fs eggjgj to support tmg poorgsthroup oc nouetrfgs tmbt brg curtmgst croi GCB.Wsfeh hgejgr bs b agbjfeh gjhg cor tmfs support „fe nouetrfgs nurrgetay wftm aow EGPs bej ibdorhgejgr jfspbrfty fe snmooa geroaigets bejaftgrbny „ wouaj `g b su`stbetfba noetrfùtfoe.Bs tmfs rgport jgioestrbtgs, bjoptfeh b hgejgrnrftgrfoe fs b vgry gccgntfvg wby oc rgbnmfeh tmgpoorgst mousgmoajs. Be fiportbet noipoeget octmfs nouaj `g tmg gafifebtfoe oc snmooa cggs bejotmgr, iorg tbrhgtgj, fetgrvgetfoes.

Ft fs jfccfnuat to sgpbrbtg be bssgssiget oc tmgCZF croi tmg `robjgr fssugs oc no-orjfebtfoe.Zmfs rgport sgpbrbtgay gxbifegs bfj caows,fetgrebtfoeba feftfbtfvgs, bej GCB no-orjfebtfoe,rgcagntfeh tmg rgspoesf`faftfgs oc jfccgrgetfestftutfoes. Fjgbaay, tmgy smouaj `g ueftgj.WEG^NO mbs b ibdor rgspoesf`fafty fe tmfsrgspgnt ùt noetfeugs to cfej ft jfccfnuat togembeng fts eoribtfvg bej rgprgsgetbtfoebacuentfoes fe wbys tmbt wouaj bnmfgvg iorghgeufeg fetgrebtfoeba fecaugeng. Zmg ignmbefsis



festftutgj post-Jbkbr „ tmg Jfrgntor-Hgegrba‖sGCB Mfhm-Agvga Hroup bej tmg Xorkfeh Hroupoe GCB „ provfjg be opportuefty to smbrgfecoribtfoe bej gxpgrfgeng, `ut tmgfr fecaugengoe agvgas oc bfj, gembengj poaftfnba noiiftiget

bej tmg `gttgr usg oc fetgrebtfoeba rgsourngsmbs so cbr `gge afiftgj. ^unm fecaugeng nouaj,mowgvgr, `g hbfegj fc tmgfr o`dgntfvgs bejafekbhgs wftm tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes bej otmgrfetgrebtfoeba festftutfoes wgrg strgehtmgegj.Be gbray rgvfgw oc tmgsg ignmbefsis wouaj`g mgapcua.

Aookfeh corwbrjZmg cuturg jgvgaopiget oc b abrhg eui`gr ocnouetrfgs jgpgejs nrunfbaay upoe GCB `gnoifehbe bnngptgj prforfty bej, wftmfe tmbt, upoe tmghgejgr hobas `gfeh igt. Zmg mbejfnbp to tmg

rgbafsbtfoe oc hgejgr gqubafty fe bej tmrouhmgjunbtfoe fs egftmgr b abnk oc keowagjhg eor ocpoafny optfoes. Zmg ibfe rgqufrgiget fs to `rfehtmg egngssbry poaftfnba noiiftiget, gxpgrtfsgbej rgsourngs tohgtmgr fe orjgr to rgspoej totmg urhgeny bej ngetrbafty oc tmg tbsk. Bs tmfsrgport jgioestrbtgs, tmfs fs mbppgefeh fe soignouetrfgs, `rfehfeh `gegcfts tmbt brg nagbr, bejsoigtfigs rbpfj. Cor tmg fetgrebtfoebanoiiuefty, tmg nmbaagehg rgibfes „ bs feJbkbr „ to rgspoej to tmg snbag bej urhgeny octmg nmbaagehg oc GCB fe b truay noopgrbtfvg wby.

^gnrgtbry Hgegrba Kocf Beebe nmbrbntgrfsgj tmgXoraj Gjunbtfoe Corui bs b tgst cor baa oc uswmo nbaa oursgavgs tmg fetgrebtfoeba noiiuefty…b tgst wg iust pbss. Cour ygbrs abtgr, bsfhefcfnbetay gembengj agvga oc wgaa-tbrhgtgjrgsourngs bej bntfoe brg rgqufrgj to sgnurg bhgeufeg gjunbtfoe cor baa, wmfnm naosgs tmghgejgr hbp fe gjunbtfoe, bej gipowgrs hfras bejwoige tojby, bej ovgr cuturg hgegrbtfoes.



Nmfajrge squggzg `gtwgge tmg trbccfnto hgt oe tmg snmooa `us fe ioesooe.Iui`bf, (@oi`by) Fejfb.

© I b h e u i \

m o

t o s / F b e @ g r r y




Bppgejfngs

Bppgejfx 2Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe bej to hgejgr gqubafty spgnfcfgj`y fetgrebtfoeba trgbtfgs bej jgnabrbtfoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .08=

Bppgejfx 0Zmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Jgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF)bej prospgnts cor hgejgr pbrfty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0=:

Bppgejfx >Ibtnmfeh tmg NP^ bej JBN jbtb`bsgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06>

^tbtfstfnba beegx

Fetrojuntfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06:

^yiòas usgj fe tmg tbàgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06:

Noiposftfoe oc rghfoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06:

Zbàgs

Zbàg 2. Nouetry `bnkhrouej stbtfstfns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .063Zbàg 0. Bjuat bej youtm aftgrbny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .><:Zbàg >. Gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej gjunbtfoe (GNNG) . . . . . . .>20Zbàg :. Bnngss to prfibry gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>0<Zbàg 7. \brtfnfpbtfoe fe prfibry gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>0=Zbàg 3. \rfibry gjunbtfoe4 fetgreba gccfnfgeny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>>3Zbàg 8. \brtfnfpbtfoe fe sgnoejbry bej

post-sgnoejbry eoe-tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>::Zbàg =. \brtfnfpbtfoe fe tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>70Zbàg 6. Zgrtfbry gjunbtfoe4 cfgaj oc stujy (%)

bej cgibag smbrg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>3<Zbàg 2<. Zgbnmfeh stbcc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>3=Zbàg 22. \rfvbtg geroaiget bej gjunbtfoe cfebeng . . . . . . . . . . .>83

Haossbry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>=:

Pgcgrgengs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>==

Bnroeyis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:20

Beegx



Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe bej to hgejgr gqubafty spgnfcfgj `y fetgrebtfoeba trgbtfgs bej jgnabrbtfoes

Noiiftigets

Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebet oeGnoeoifn, onfba bej Nuaturba

Pfhmts (FNG^NP)Bjoptgj „ 2633

Nbig feto corng „ 2683

Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebetoe Nfvfa bej \oaftfnba

Pfhmts (FNN\P)Bjoptgj „ 2633


Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoeoc baa Coris oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe

bhbfest Xoige (NGJBX)Bjoptgj „ 2686

Nbig feto corng „ 26=2

Noevgetfoe oe tmg Pfhmtsoc tmg Nmfaj (NPN)

Bjoptgj „ 26=6Nbig feto corng „ 266<

Brtfnag 0.24 Gbnm ^tbtg\brty … uejgrtbkgs torgspgnt bej to gesurg tobaa fejfvfjubas wftmfe ftstgrrftory bej su`dgnt tofts durfsjfntfoe tmg rfhmtsrgnohefzgj fe tmg prgsgetNovgebet, wftmoutjfstfentfoe oc bey kfej,fenaujfeh hgejgr

Brtfnag 2=4 \brgets rfhmtto provfjgiorba/rgafhfous gjunbtfoecor tmgfr nmfajrge

Brtfnag 24 Zmg tgri”jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest woige‖smbaa igbe bey jfstfentfoe,gxnausfoe or rgstrfntfoe ibjg oetmg `bsfs oc sgx

Brtfnag 2<4 tbtgs \brtfgs smbaagafifebtg jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfestwoige fe tmg cfgaj oc gjunbtfoe`y4 (b) sbig noejftfoes fegjunbtfoe cor woige bej ige;fe baa agvgas bej typgs ocgjunbtfoe

Brtfnag 2<4 tbtgs \brtfgs smbaagafifebtg jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfestwoige fe tmg cfgaj oc gjunbtfoe

`y4 (g) gquba bnngss to noetfeufehgjunbtfoe bej cuentfoeba aftgrbnyprohrbiigs

Brtfnag 2<4 tbtgs \brtfgs smbaagafifebtg jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfestwoige fe tmg cfgaj oc gjunbtfoe`y4 (h) gquba bnngss to sports bejpmysfnba gjunbtfoe

Brtfnag 04 ^tbtgs \brtfgs totmg prgsget Novgebetuejgrtbkg to hubrbetgg tmbttmg rfhmts geuenfbtgj fe tmgprgsget Novgebet wfaa `ggxgrnfsgj wftmoutjfsnrfifebtfoe oc bey kfejbs to rbng, noaour, sgx

Zo bnmfgvg Brtfnag 2>.2,rgnohefzfeh tmg rfhmt ocgvgryoeg to gjunbtfoe,

coaaow tmrouhm oeBrtfnag 2>.0(j)4 Cuejbigetbagjunbtfoe smbaa `ggenourbhgj cor tmosg wmombvg eot noipagtgj prfibrygjunbtfoe

Brtfnag 2>.>4 Pgspgnt af`grtyoc pbrgets to nmoosg tmgfrnmfajrge‖s snmooas otmgrtmbe tmosg nmosge `y puàfnbutmorftfgs (g.h. rgafhfousrgbsoes) / Brtfnag 2>.:

Brtfnag 04 tbtgs \brtfgs smbaargspgnt bej gesurg tmg rfhmts sgtcortm fe tmg prgsget Noevgetfoe togbnm nmfaj wftmfe tmgfr durfsjfntfoewftmout jfsnrfifebtfoe oc bey kfej,fenaujfeh hgejgr

Brtfnag 0=.24 (`) Genourbhg jfccgrgetcoris oc sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe,fenaujfeh vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe (n)Ibkg mfhmgr gjunbtfoe bnngssfàgto baa

Brtfnag 06.04 Af`grty oc fejfvfjubasbej òjfgs to gstbàfsm bej jfrgntgjunbtfoeba festftutfoes

Bppgejfx 2

Noiiftiget tohgejgr gqubafty

Eoe-jfsnrfifebtfoe`bsgj oe sgx

Xoige‖sgipowgriget

Pfhmt to gjunbtfoe bejtmg gafifebtfoe ochgejgr jfsnrfifebtfoebt baa agvgas (prfibry,sgnoejbry bej mfhmgrgjunbtfoe) bej fevonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe

Aftgrbny, noetfeufehgjunbtfoe, eoe-coribagjunbtfoe bej afcgaoeh

agbrefeh

^ports gjunbtfoe

Pfhmts to pbrgetbanmofng bej eoe-stbtgprovfsfoefeh

Hfra nmfajrge,bjoagsngets bejyoueh woige

Pfhmts oc jfsbàgj(nmfajrge) to gjunbtfoe

\rfenfpags

Pfhmts to gjunbtfoe



Beegx

Bppgej

Sfgeeb Jgnabrbtfoebej \rohrbiig oc Bntfoe „

266>

Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgengoe \opuabtfoe

bej Jgvgaopiget (FN\J) „266:

@gfdfeh Jgnabrbtfoebej \abtcori cor Bntfoe „

2667

Xoraj uiiftcor ônfba Jgvgaopiget „

Nopgembhge 2667

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe FF.>34Xoige smouaj `g bàg to cuaaybej gqubaay gedoy muibe rfhmts

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe F.2=4 Baacoris oc hgejgr-jfsnrfifebtfoeiust `g grbjfnbtgj

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe FF.:24Xoige‖s rfhmt to bnngssfàgbej bjgqubtg mgbatm nbrg bejtmg wfjgst rbehg oc cbifaypabeefeh sgrvfngs, bs wgaa bsgquba bnngss to gjunbtfoe bt baaagvgas

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe FF.864Grbjfnbtg faaftgrbny usfehmuibe rfhmts-fecorigj

gjunbtfoe

O`dgntfvg :.>(b)4 Bnmfgvg gqubafty bej gqufty`gtwgge woige bej ige

\rfenfpag 24 Gvgryoeg fs getftagj to baa tmgrfhmts bej crggjois sgt cortm fe tmg WefvgrsbaJgnabrbtfoe oc Muibe Pfhmts, wftmoutjfstfentfoe oc bey kfej, sunm bs rbng, noaour,sgx

\rfenfpag : / O`dgntfvg :.24 Zmg gipowgrigetbej butoeoiy oc woige bej tmg fiprovgiget

oc tmgfr poaftfnba, sonfba, gnoeoifn bej mgbatmstbtus fs b mfhmay fiportbet gej fe ftsgac /O`dgntfvg :.04 Gjunbtfoe fs oeg oc tmg iostfiportbet igbes oc gipowgrfeh woige

\rfenfpag 2< / O`dgntfvg 22.7(b)4 Zo bnmfgvguefvgrsba bnngss to qubafty gjunbtfoe, wftmpbrtfnuabr prforfty `gfeh hfvge to prfibry bejtgnmefnba gjunbtfoe bej do` trbfefeh, tonoi`bt faaftgrbny bej to gafifebtg hgejgrjfspbrftfgs fe bnngss to, rgtgetfoe fe, bejsupport cor, gjunbtfoe / O`dgntfvg 3.> /Bntfoe 3.: / Bntfoe 22.3 / O`dgntfvg :.23(n) /Bntfoe :.2=

O`dgntfvg :.23(n) / Bntfoe :.0<4 Nouetrfgssmouaj jgvgaop be fetghrbtgj bpprobnm to tmgspgnfba eutrftfoeba, hgegrba bej rgprojuntfvgmgbatm, gjunbtfoe bej sonfba eggjs oc hfrasbej youeh woige / O`dgntfvg :.23(n) /O`dgntfvg 3.8(`)

O`dgntfvg 3.06 / Bntfoe 3.><4 Hovgreigets btbaa agvgas smouaj noesfjgr tmg eggjs ocpgrsoes wftm jfsb`faftfgs fe tgris oc gtmfnbabej muibe rfhmts jfigesfoes / Bntfoe 3.>2

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.2, =<(b)4 Bjvbeng hoba ocgquba bnngss to gjunbtfoe `y gafifebtfehjfsnrfifebtfoe oe tmg `bsfs oc hgejgr /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.2, =<(`, n) / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg @.0, =2(`) / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.>,=0(b, n, j, f) / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(d, s) /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.:, 086(b)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.04 Grbjfnbtg faaftgrbnybioeh woige / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.0, =2(b,n, c)4 \roiotg afcg skfaas bej tgnmeoaohfnba

keowagjhg wftm aftgrbny / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg@.>4 Fiprovg woige‖s bnngss to vonbtfoetrbfefeh, snfgeng bej tgnmeoaohy, bejnoetfeufeh gjunbtfoe / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.>,=0(`) / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(r) / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg @.7, =8(n)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:4 Jgvgaop eoe-jfsnrfifebtory gjunbtfoe bej trbfefeh /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(i)4 Hgejgr-sgesftfvg rgnrgbtfoeba bej sports cbnfaftfgs /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.:, 0=<(j)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.:4 Gafifebtgjfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest hfras fe gjunbtfoe, skfaasjgvgaopiget bej trbfefeh / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvgA.:, 086(`) / ^trbtghfn O`dgntfvg @.24 Gesurggquba bnngss to gjunbtfoe / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg @.2, =<(g)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.:4 Gafifebtgjfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest hfras fe gjunbtfoe,skfaas jgvgaopiget bej trbfefeh / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg A.:, 0=<(n)4 Gesurg bnngss tobpproprfbtg gjunbtfoe bej skfaas-trbfefeh corhfra nmfajrge wftm jfsb`faftfgs cor tmgfr cuaapbrtfnfpbtfoe fe afcg

Noiiftiget 74 Xg noiiftoursgavgs to proiotfeh cuaa rgspcor muibe jfhefty bej to bnmfgvgqubafty bej gqufty `gtwgge wobej ige

\rfenfpags bej hobas, 03(o)4Pgnohefzg tmbt gipowgrfeh pgo

pbrtfnuabray woige, to strgehtmtmgfr owe nbpbnftfgs fs b ibfeo`dgntfvg oc jgvgaopiget bej ftsprfenfpba rgsourng

Noiiftiget 3(j)4 Zbkg bppropbej bccfribtfvg stgps to gebàg nmfajrge bej bjoagsngets to bttbej noipagtg snmooa bej to naohgejgr hbp fe prfibry, sgnoejbvonbtfoeba bej mfhmgr gjunbtfoe

Noiiftiget 3(`)4 Gipmbsfzgafcgaoeh agbrefeh … Fe tmfs rghbrwoige bej hfras smouaj `g

noesfjgrgj b prforfty hroup

Noiiftiget 7(c)4 Gstbàfsm poao`dgntfvgs bej hobas tmbt gembetmg gqubafty oc stbtus, wgacbrg bopportuefty oc tmg hfra nmfaj,gspgnfbaay fe rghbrj to mgbatm,eutrftfoe, aftgrbny bej gjunbtfoe



(noetfeugj)

Noiiftigets












Brtfnag 2:.04 Gafifebtgjfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest rurbawoige, gesurg cuaa pbrtfnfpbtfoefe rurba jgvgaopiget /Brtfnag 2:.0(j)

Brtfnag 2<(j)4 Gquba opportueftfgscor snmoabrsmfps bej otmgr stujyhrbets

Brtfnag 2<(m)4 Bnngss to gjunbtfoeoe cbifay mgbatm bej cbifaypabeefeh

Brtfnag 2<(c)4 Pgjung cgibagjrop-out rbtgs

Brtfnag 2:4 Fc noipuasory bejcrgg prfibry gjunbtfoe fs eotbnmfgvgj wftmfe two ygbrs,stbtgs eggj to nrgbtg b pabeoc bntfoe towbrjs tmbt hoba

Brtfnag 2<4 ûpport tocbifafgs, gspgnfbaay tmosgwmo brg rgspoesfàg cornmfajrge‖s nbrg bejgjunbtfoe

Zo bnmfgvg Brtfnag 2>.2,rgnohefzfeh tmg rfhmt ocgvgryoeg to gjunbtfoe,coaaow tmrouhm oeBrtfnag 2>.0(g)4 Jgvgaopigetoc b systgi oc snmooas, wftmcgaaowsmfp systgis bej hoojnoejftfoes cor tgbnmgrs

Brtfnag 0=.24 tbtgs \brtfgsrgnohefzg b nmfaj‖s rfhmt togjunbtfoe4 (b) Ibkg prfibrygjunbtfoe noipuasory bej bvbfabàgcrgg to baa

Brtfnag 06.24 Gjunbtfoe oc tmg nmfajsmbaa `g jfrgntgj to4 (`)jgvgaopiget oc rgspgnt cor muiberfhmts bej cuejbigetba crggjois

Brtfnag 0:.04 Nmfaj‖s eutrftfoe bejmgbatm4 (c) Zo jgvgaop prgvgetfvgmgbatm nbrg, hufjbeng cor pbrgetsbej cbifay pabeefeh gjunbtfoe bejsgrvfngs

Brtfnag 0=.24 (g) Zbkg igbsurgs togenourbhg rghuabr bttgejbeng btsnmooas bej tmg rgjuntfoe oc jrop-out rbtgs

Brtfnag 0=.24 (j) Ibkg gjunbtfoebabej vonbtfoeba fecoribtfoe bejhufjbeng bvbfabàg bej bnngssfàgto baa nmfajrge

Purba woige,fetgrebaay jfspabngjpgrsoes, fiifhrbets,rgcuhggs, bejfejfhgeous pgopags‖

rfhmt to gjunbtfoe

Gnoeoifn igbsurgs4crgg prfibry gjunbtfoebej cfebenfba support

Jgabygj ibrrfbhg bejprghebeny

Muibe rfhmtsgjunbtfoe

^gx gjunbtfoe bejrgprojuntfvg mgbatmfecoribtfoe

Noi`btfeh MFS/BFJ^

Gjunbtfoeba bej otmgrsupport to cbifafgs

\rgvgetfeh jrop-outbej fiprovfehrgtgetfoe

Zgbnmgr support bejtrbfefeh

Gjunbtfoebanouesgaafeh

Igbsurgs to proiotg



Beegx

Bppgej


266>




2667


Nopgembhge 2667

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe F.>>4^tbtgs brg juty-òuej … togesurg tmbt gjunbtfoe fs bfigjbt strgehtmgefeh rgspgnt cormuibe rfhmts bej cuejbigetbacrggjois / \rohrbiig ocBntfoe FF.>3 / \rohrbiig ocBntfoe FF.8=

O`dgntfvg 6.2> / Bntfoe 6.274 Hovgreigets brgurhgj to proiotg tmg fetghrbtfoe oc ifhrbetscroi rurba brgbs feto ur`be brgbs bej tojgvgaop bej fiprovg tmgfr fenoig-gbrefehnbpb`fafty `y cbnfaftbtfeh tmgfr `bsfn gjunbtfoe

bej vonbtfoeba trbfefeh wftm spgnfba bttgetfoeto tmg sftubtfoe oc woige workgrs / O`dgntfvg6.0< / Bntfoe 6.00 / O`dgntfvg 2<.2< / Bntfoe2<.20 / Bntfoe 2<.07

O`dgntfvg :.23(n) / Bntfoe :.024 Hovgreigetssmouaj strfntay gecorng abws to gesurg tmbtibrrfbhg fs getgrgj feto oeay wftm tmg crgg bejcuaa noesget oc tmg fetgejfeh spousgs.Hovgreigets smouaj strfntay gecorng abwsnoengrefeh tmg ifefiui aghba bhg oc noesgetbej tmg ifefiui bhg bt ibrrfbhg / O`dgntfvg3.8 / Bntfoe 3.22 / O`dgntfvg 8.:: (`) / Bntfoe8.:3 / O`dgntfvg =.0< / Bntfoe =.0:

O`dgntfvg 3.8 / Bntfoe 3.274 Voutm smouaj `gbntfvgay fevoavgj fe tmg pabeefeh, fipagige-tbtfoe bej gvbaubtfoe oc jgvgaopiget bntfvftfgstmbt mbvg b jfrgnt fipbnt oe tmgfr jbfay afvgs.Zmfs fs gspgnfbaay fiportbet wftm rgspgnt to …tmg prgvgetfoe oc MFS/BFJ^ bej otmgr sgxubaaytrbesifttgj jfsgbsgs / O`dgntfvg 8.06 / Bntfoe8.>0 / Bntfoe =.>2

O`dgntfvg 7.= / Bntfoe 7.64 Hovgreigets smouajcoriuabtg cbifay-sgesftfvg poafnfgs fe tmg cfgajoc mousfeh, work, mgbatm, sonfba sgnurfty bejgjunbtfoe

O`dgntfvg 22.7(b) … to gafifebtg hgejgrjfspbrftfgs fe bnngss to, rgtgetfoe fe, bejsupport cor, gjunbtfoe / Bntfoe 22.=

O`dgntfvg :.23(n) / Bntfoe :.264 Nouetrfgs iustrgnohefzg tmbt, fe bjjftfoe to gxpbejfehgjunbtfoe cor hfras, tgbnmgrs‖ bttftujgs bejprbntfngs, snmooa nurrfnuab bej cbnfaftfgs iustbaso nmbehg to rgcagnt b noiiftiget togafifebtg baa hgejgr `fbs, wmfag rgnohefzfehtmg spgnfcfn eggjs oc tmg hfra nmfaj / Bntfoe22.07

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(q)4 \roiotggjunbtfoe cor rurba woige wftm bpproprfbtgtgnmeoaohfgs, g.h. rbjfo / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg@.:, =>(e)4 Pfhmt to gjunbtfoe oc fejfhgeouswoige bej hfras / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:,

=>(o)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.24 Gesurg gquba bnngssto gjunbtfoe / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.2, =<(h)4ûpport youeh iotmgrs bej prghebetbjoagsngets fe noetfeufeh tmgfr snmooafeh

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.:, 086(n)4 \roiotgmuibe rfhmts gjunbtfoe fe gjunbtfoebaprohrbiigs bej fenaujg fe muibe rfhmtsgjunbtfoe tmg cbnt tmbt tmg muibe rfhmts ocwoige bej tmg hfra nmfaj brg be febafgebàg,fetghrba bej fejfvfsfàg pbrt oc uefvgrsbamuibe rfhmts

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(k)4 Pgiovg `brrfgrsto sgxuba rgprojuntfvg mgbatm gjunbtfoe fecoriba gjunbtfoe / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg N.0,2<8(b, g) / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.7, 0=2(n, g) /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg N.>, 2<=(k)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(a)4 Fenrgbsg, wftmpbrgetba support, rgprojuntfvg bej sgxubamgbatm gjunbtfoe to MFS/BFJ^ gtn. / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg N.0, 2<8(h) / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg N.>4Wejgrtbkg hgejgr-sgesftfvg feftfbtfvgs tmbtbjjrgss … MFS/BFJ^

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.0, =2(g)4 Cbifayfevoavgiget fe agbrefeh bej aftgrbny / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg @.3, ==(`)4 ûpport iotmgrs tonoetfeug gjunbtfoe tmrouhm nmfaj nbrg

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.2, =<(c)4 Fenrgbsggeroaiget bej rgtgetfoe oc hfras fe gjunbtfoe

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(`)4 Zrbfefeh cortgbnmgrs oe roag bej noetrfùtfoe oc woigebej ige fe cbifay / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:,=>(n)4 Zrbfefeh oe sgac-bwbrgegss cor tgbnmgrsbs `ghfeefeh oc hgejgr-sgesftfvg tgbnmfeh /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(j)4 Cgibag tgbnmgrsmbvg gquba opportueftfgs bej stbtus wftm ibagnoaagbhugs; cgibag tgbnmgrs bttrbnt hfrastujgets / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.:, 086(g, c)

^trbtghfn O`dgntfvg @.24 Gesurg gquba bnngssto gjunbtfoe / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.2, =<(f)4Hgejgr-sgesftfvg procgssfoeba nouesgaafeh bejnbrggr gjunbtfoe



(noetfeugj)

Noiiftigets












Brtfnag 034 Baa pgrsoesbrg gquba `gcorg tmg abwbej brg getftagj wftmoutbey jfsnrfifebtfoe to tmggquba protgntfoe oc tmgabw

Brtfnag 2<(n)4 Gafifebtfoe ocstgrgotypfeh fe gjunbtfoe fenurrfnuaui

Brtfnag > / Brtfnag 7 / Brtfnag 0(b,`, n, c, h) / Brtfnag 27.24 Xoige‖sgqubafty wftm ige `gcorg tmg abw

Brtfnag :.24 Bjopt spgnfbaigbsurgs to gqubafzg woigebej ige, oeng tmfs bnmfgvgj,igbsurgs to `g jfsnoetfeugj

Brtfnag 06.24 Gjunbtfoe oc tmg nmfajsmbaa `g jfrgntgj to4 (j) prgpbrg corrgspoesf`ag afcg fe uejgrstbejfehpgbng, gqubafty oc sgxgs, bejcrfgejsmfp bioeh baa pgopags

Brtfnag 0=.04 nmooa jfsnfpafeg tmbtjogs eot vfoabtg muibe jfhefty

Brtfnag >0.24 Pfhmt oc nmfaj to `gprotgntgj croi gnoeoifngxpaoftbtfoe, fenaujfeh work tmbtifhmt fetgrcgrg wftm gjunbtfoe /Brtfnag >0.0

Hgejgr-bwbrgnurrfnuaui

^nmooa jfsnfpafeg bejnoetroa oc vfoageng

Gjunbtfoe cor pgrsoebajgvgaopiget bej/orwoige‖s cuaapbrtfnfpbtfoe fe sonfgty

Gjunbtfoe to noi`bthgejgr jfsnrfifebtfoebej proiotg jfvgrsfty

\gbng bej noecafntrgsoautfoe

Gquba wbhgs/gipaoyiget

^tbtg support cor tmgbjvbengiget ocwoige bej tmgprovfsfoe oc hgejgrgqubafty `gcorg tmg abw

\oafnfgs, prohrbiigsbej spgnfba igbsurgs(g.h. bccfribtfvg bntfoe)

Fetgrebtfoebanoopgrbtfoe bejebtfoeba bntfoe to

provfjg rgsourngs corgjunbtfoe

Pfhmts tmrouhm gjunbtfoe

^tbtg o`afhbtfoes



Beegx

Bppgej


266>




2667


Nopgembhge 2667

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe FF.864Muibe rfhmts gjunbtfoe smouaj`g fenorporbtgj feto baa coribabej eoe-coriba nurrfnuab

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe F.2=4Hgejgr-`bsgj vfoageng nbe `gnoi`btgj tmrouhm ebtfoebapoafnfgs bej noopgrbtfoe fegjunbtfoe, gnoeoifn bej otmgrsgntors

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe FF.>84 Zmggquba stbtus oc woige bej tmgmuibe rfhmts oc woige smouaj`g fetghrbtgj feto tmgibfestrgbi oc Weftgj Ebtfoessystgi-wfjg bntfvfty

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe FF.=24^tbtgs (to) jgvgaop spgnfcfnprohrbiigs bej strbtghfgs corgesurfeh tmg wfjgst muiberfhmts gjunbtfoe ... tbkfehpbrtfnuabr bnnouet oc tmgmuibe rfhmts eggjs oc woige

\rohrbiig oc Bntfoe F.>:4Hovgreigets, tmg WeftgjEbtfoes bej iuatfabtgrbas brg

genourbhgj to nmbeegargsourngs to support muiberfhmts bwbrgegss tmrouhmgjunbtfoe, trbfefeh, gtn.

O`dgntfvg 22.7(n)4 Zo fetrojung bej fiprovgtmg noetget oc tmg nurrfnuaui so bs toproiotg hrgbtgr rgspoesf`fafty bej bwbrgegssoe tmg fetgrrgabtfoesmfps `gtwgge popuabtfoebej sustbfebàg jgvgaopiget; mgbatm fssugs,

fenaujfeh rgprojuntfvg bej sgxuba mgbatm, bejhgejgr gqufty / O`dgntfvg 22.6 / O`dgntfvg:.23(n) / Bntfoe :.26

O`dgntfvg 8.>3 / Bntfoe 8.>64 Bntfvg bej opgejfsnussfoe oc tmg eggj to protgnt woige,youtm bej nmfajrge croi bey bùsg, fenaujfehsgxuba bùsg, gxpaoftbtfoe, trbccfnkfeh bejvfoageng, iust `g genourbhgj bej supportgj`y gjunbtfoeba prohrbiigs bt òtm ebtfoebabej noiiuefty agvgas

O`dgntfvg :.> / Bntfoe :.:(`)4 \roiotfeh tmgcuacfaiget oc woige‖s potgetfba tmrouhmgjunbtfoe, skfaa jgvgaopiget bej gipaoyiget,hfvfeh pbrbiouet fiportbeng to tmggafifebtfoe oc povgrty, faaftgrbny bej faa mgbatmbioeh woige

O`dgntfvg :.07 / Bntfoe :.03 / Bntfoe :.084^mbrgj roags oc ige bej woige, gspgnfbaaytmrouhm gjunbtfoe oc nmfajrge croi gbrafgstbhgs / Bntfoe :.06 / O`dgntfvg 8.:: / Bntfoe 8.:8

O`dgntfvg 7.0 / Bntfoe 7.> / Bntfoe 7.:4 Xmgecoriuabtfeh sonfo-gnoeoifn jgvgaopigetpoafnfgs, spgnfba noesfjgrbtfoe smouaj `g hfvgeto fenrgbsfeh tmg gbrefeh powgr oc baa bjuatigi`grs oc gnoeoifnbaay jgprfvgj cbifafgs,fenaujfeh tmg gajgray bej woige wmo work fetmg moig

O`dgntfvg :.>(`)4 Gesurg woige‖s cuaapbrtfnfpbtfoe fe ibkfeh poafnfgs bejprohrbiigs fe spmgrgs sunm bs mgbatm,gjunbtfoe, nuaturg, sports, gtn.

O`dgntfvg >.23 / Bntfoe >.284 Fevgstiget femuibe rgsourng jgvgaopiget, fenaujfehgjunbtfoe, skfaas jgvgaopiget gtn. / O`dgntfvg

22.7(b) / Bntfoe 22.8 / O`dgntfvg >.23 / Bntfoe>.2=

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.2, =<(j) / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg @.>, =0(h)4 Hgejgr-sgesftfvg bejhgejgr-rgagvbet nurrfnuaui bej tgbnmfeh feeoe-trbjftfoeba brgbs (g.h. snfgengs) /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(b, h) / ^trbtghfn

o`dgntfvg A.7, 0=2(c)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.84 Grbjfnbtg vfoagengbhbfest tmg hfra nmfaj. ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.8,0=>(b)4 Gafifebtg sgxuba mbrbssiget oc hfras fegjunbtfoeba bej otmgr festftutfoes / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg A.8, 0=>(`)4 \rotgnt hfras croivfoageng fe tmg mousgmoaj wftm gjunbtfoeba,aghfsabtfvg bej otmgr igbsurgs

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.2, =<(m)4 Fiprovg qubaftyoc gjunbtfoe bej gquba opportueftfgs togesurg woige‖s cuaa pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe baaspmgrgs oc afcg / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.>, =0(c) /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(m) / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg A.:, 0=<(`) /

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:4 Jgvgaop eoe-jfsnrfifebtory gjunbtfoe bej trbfefeh /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(f) / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg A.6, 0=7(n)

G.2:<4 Gjunbtfoe to costgr b nuaturg oc pgbngtmbt upmoajs dustfng bej toagrbeng cor baaebtfoes / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg G.:, 2:3(b, j)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.>, =0(k)4 Bnngss toqubafty gjunbtfoe to gembeng gipaoyb`fafty coribrhfebafzgj woige / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.: /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg A.34 Gafifebtg tmggnoeoifn gxpaoftbtfoe oc nmfaj abòur bejprotgnt youeh hfras bt work / ^trbtghfno`dgntfvg A.3, 0=0(b, n.fv)

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:4 Jgvgaop eoe-jfsnrfifebtory gjunbtfoe bej trbfefeh /^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.:, =>(c)4 Fenrgbsg bnngsscor woige to jgnfsfoe-ibkfeh bej poafnyroags

^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg @.74 Baaonbtg succfnfgetrgsourngs cor bej ioeftor tmg fipagigetbtfoeoc gjunbtfoeba rgcoris / ^trbtghfn o`dgntfvg

A.:, 086(j)

Noiiftiget 3(y)4 Fetgesfcy bejnoorjfebtg fetgrebtfoeba supporgjunbtfoe bej mgbatm prohrbii`bsgj oe rgspgnt cor muibe jfhbej conusgj oe tmg protgntfoe owoige bej nmfajrge

Noiiftiget 7(d)4 Coriuabtg orstrgehtmge poafnfgs bej prbntfnggesurg tmbt woige brg gebàgjpbrtfnfpbtg cuaay fe pbfj work begipaoyiget tmrouhm sunm igbbs … gjunbtfoe

Noiiftiget 24 Xg noiiftoursgavgs to nrgbtfeh b … aghbagevfroeiget tmbt wfaa gebàg pgto bnmfgvg sonfba jgvgaopiget /Noiiftiget 2(b) / Noiiftige

Noiiftiget 3 (m)4 Jgvgaop spggjunbtfoeba poafnfgs, wftm hgejgpgrspgntfvg



Bs gxpabfegj fe Nmbptgr 0, fc be Gjunbtfoe cor BaaJgvgaopiget Fejgx fs to igbsurg ovgrbaaprohrgss towbrjs GCB, fts noestftugets smouajfjgbaay rgcagnt baa sfx Jbkbr hobas. Fe prbntfng,mowgvgr, tmfs fs jfccfnuat, sfeng eot baa tmg hobasmbvg b nagbr jgcfeftfoe or tbrhgt. Cor gxbipag,Hoba > „ agbrefeh bej afcg skfaas prohrbiigs „ fseot ygt noejunfvg to qubetftbtfvg igbsurgiget.Cor rbtmgr jfccgrget rgbsoes, gbray nmfajmooj nbrgbej gjunbtfoe (Hoba 2) nbeeot gbsfay `gfenorporbtgj bt prgsget `gnbusg tmg jbtb brgfesuccfnfgetay stbejbrjfzgj bnross nouetrfgs, bejtmgy brg, fe bey nbsg, bvbfabàg cor oeay b sibaa

ifeorfty oc stbtgs. Bnnorjfehay, cor tmg tfig`gfeh, tmg GCB Jgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF) oeayfenorporbtgs fejfnbtors cor tmg cour hobas ocuefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe, bjuat aftgrbny,hgejgr pbrfty bej tmg qubafty oc gjunbtfoe.

Oeg fejfnbtor fs fenaujgj bs b proxy igbsurg corgbnm oc tmgsg cour GJF noipoegets.2 Zmfs fs febnnorjbeng wftm tmg prfenfpag oc noesfjgrfeh gbnmhoba to `g gqubaay fiportbet bej, tmus, oc hfvfehtmg sbig wgfhmt to gbnm oc tmg fejgxnoestftugets. Zmg GJF vbaug cor b pbrtfnuabr

nouetry fs tmg brftmigtfnba igbe oc tmg o`sgrvgjvbaugs cor gbnm oc fts jfccgrget noestftugets. Bsgbnm oc fts noestftugets fs b pgrngetbhg, fts vbaugnbe vbry croi < to 2<<% (or, wmge gxprgssgj bs brbtfo, croi < to 2). Zmg naosgr b nouetry‖s GJFvbaug fs to tmg ibxfiui, tmg egbrgr tmg nouetryfs to tmg hoba bej tmg hrgbtgr tmg gxtget oc ftsGCB bnmfgvgiget.

Zmg coaaowfeh brg tmg GJF noestftugets bejrgabtgj fejfnbtors4

Wefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe4 egt geroaiget

rbtfo fe prfibry gjunbtfoe.

Bjuat aftgrbny 4 aftgrbny rbtg oc tmg bhg hroup27 ygbrs bej ovgr.

Rubafty oc gjunbtfoe4 survfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7oc prfibry gjunbtfoe.

Hgejgr 4 hgejgr-rgabtgj GCB fejgx; tmfs fs tmgsfipag bvgrbhg vbaug oc tmg H\Fs fe prfibrygjunbtfoe, fe sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe bej fe bjuataftgrbny.

:

2. Mowgvgr, bs gxpabfegj`gaow, tmg hgejgr noipoegetoc tmg GJF fs ftsgac b noiposftgfejgx noiprfsfeh igbsurgs ochgejgr pbrfty fe prfibrygjunbtfoe, sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe bej bjuat aftgrbny.

Nmofng oc fejfnbtors bs proxyigbsurgs oc GJF noestftugets

Fe sgagntfeh fejfnbtors, tmg fssug oc jbtbbvbfab`fafty iust `g tbkge feto bnnouet. Oe tmgotmgr mbej, tmfs smouaj eot `g bt tmg gxpgesg octmg rgagvbeng oc tmg fejfnbtor bs b igbsurg octmg fejgx noipoeget. B `babeng `gtwgge tmgsgnoesfjgrbtfoes fs eggjgj. Zmus, bioeh b rbehgoc fejfnbtors wmfnm ifhmt `g usgj to proxy tmgjfccgrget bspgnts oc b hfvge noipoeget sunm bsgjunbtfoeba qubafty, òtm tmg iost rgagvbet bejtmbt cor wmfnm tmg jbtb novgrbhg fs bnngptbàg

smouaj `g nmosge.

Wefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe (W\G)Zmg fejfnbtor sgagntgj cor W\G fs tmg egtgeroaiget rbtfo (EGP), wmfnm rgcagnts tmgpgrngetbhg oc snmooa-bhg nmfajrge wmo brggeroaagj fe snmooa. Zmg vbaug vbrfgs croi <% to2<<%. Be EGP oc 2<<% igbes tmbt baa gafhfàgnmfajrge brg geroaagj fe snmooa. Bjjftfoebaay, fc bnouetry ibfetbfes tmbt agvga ovgr tfig, ft fipafgstmbt baa tmg nmfajrge geroaagj brg baso noipagtfehtmgfr stujfgs.

Bjuat aftgrbny Zmg bjuat aftgrbny rbtg fs usgj bs b proxy toigbsurg prohrgss bhbfest GCB Hoba :. Bsjfsnussgj fe Nmbptgr 0, tmg gxfstfeh jbtb oeaftgrbny brg eot getfrgay sbtfscbntory. Gccorts toprovfjg b egw jbtb sgrfgs wfaa, mowgvgr, tbkgsoig ygbrs to ibtgrfbafsg, bej tmg aftgrbnygstfibtgs usgj brg prgsgetay tmg `gst bvbfabàgoe be fetgrebtfoeba `bsfs. Bs rghbrjs rgagvbeng,ft smouaj `g eotgj tmbt tmg fejfnbtor cor bjuataftgrbny fs b stbtgiget bòut tmg stonk oc muibenbpftba. Bs sunm ft fs saow to nmbehg, bej ft nouaj

`g brhugj tmbt ft fs eot b hooj ”agbjfeh fejfnbtor‖oc prohrgss towbrjs fiprovgiget fe aftgrbnyagvgas oe b ygbr-`y-ygbr `bsfs.

Rubafty oc gjunbtfoeZmgrg fs noesfjgrbàg jg`btg bòut tmg noengptoc qubafty bej mow ft smouaj `g igbsurgj.^gvgrba proxfgs brg hgegrbaay usgj to igbsurgqubafty tmbt brg baa cbr croi sbtfscbntory. Zmgyfenaujg tmg pupfa/tgbnmgr rbtfo „ batmouhm ftsfipbnt oe stujgets‖ pgrcoribeng fs bi`fhuous,bej fts jfstrfùtfoe fs bs fiportbet bs tmg

Zmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Jgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF)bej prospgnts cor hgejgr pbrfty

Bppgejfx 0



Beegx

Bppgej

ebtfoeba bvgrbhg vbaug; tmg rgpgtftfoe rbtg, wmfnmnbe `g b rgbsoebàg proxy oc qubafty ùt poafnfgsoc butoibtfn proiotfoe uejgrifeg fts vbaug bsbe fejfnbtor fe b eui`gr oc nouetrfgs; tmgpgrngetbhg oc trbfegj tgbnmgrs, wmfnm fs

proàgibtfn `gnbusg ebtfoeba jgcfeftfoes vbrynoesfjgrbày bej jbtb bvbfab`fafty fs afiftgj;puàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg vbrfbàgs, wmfnm basosuccgr croi afiftgj jbtb novgrbhg bej provfjgoeay b rouhm proxy oc qubafty; agbrefeh outnoigigbsurgs, wmfnm wouaj noestftutg tmg iostbpproprfbtg proxy oc tmg qubafty oc gjunbtfoe, ùtbhbfe tmg abnk oc noipbrbàg jbtb bnrossnouetrfgs ibkgs tmgfr fenausfoe fipossfàg btprgsget.

Bioeh tmgsg bej otmgr ”nbejfjbtgs‖ cor proxyigbsurgs oc qubafty, tmg survfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7

wbs sgagntgj. Zmfs fs afekgj to W\G bs b rouhmproxy oc noipagtfoe, bej ft mbs iunm mfhmgr jbtbnovgrbhg noipbrgj wftm tmg otmgr nbejfjbtgs.Zmgrg fs b stroeh afek `gtwgge survfvba wftmfe tmgprfibry nynag bej gjunbtfoeba bnmfgvgiget. Zmgsurvfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7 „ octge tbkge bs tmgtmrgsmoaj cor bnqufsftfoe oc aftgrbny „ basonbpturgs bspgnts oc hrbjg rgpgtftfoe, proiotfoepoafny bej gbray jrop-out.

Hgejgr Zmfs courtm GJF noipoeget fs igbsurgj `y b

noiposftg fejgx, tmg hgejgr-rgabtgj GCB fejgx(HGF). Fjgbaay, tmg HGF smouaj rgcagnt tmg wmoagspfrft oc tmg hgejgr-rgabtgj GCB hoba tmbt nbaascor ”gafifebtfeh hgejgr jfspbrftfgs fe prfibry bejsgnoejbry gjunbtfoe `y 0<<7, bej bnmfgvfehhgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe `y 0<27, wftm b conusoe gesurfeh hfras‖ cuaa bej gquba bnngss to bejbnmfgvgiget fe `bsfn gjunbtfoe oc hooj qubafty‖.Zwo su`-hobas brg jfstfehufsmgj4 hgejgr pbrfty(bnmfgvfeh gquba pbrtfnfpbtfoe oc hfras bej òys feprfibry bej sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe) bej hgejgrgqubafty (gesurfeh gjunbtfoeba gqubafty `gtwggeòys bej hfras).

Zmg cfrst su`-hoba fs igbsurgj `y tmg H\F ochross geroaigets bt prfibry bej sgnoejbryagvgas sgpbrbtgay. Igbsurfeh bej ioeftorfeh tmg`robjgr bspgnts oc gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe fsjfccfnuat, bs Nmbptgrs 0 to : jgioestrbtg.Gssgetfbaay, outnoig igbsurgs jfsbhhrghbtgj `ysgx brg eggjgj cor b rbehg oc gjunbtfoeba agvgas.Zmgsg brg eot bvbfabàg oe be fetgrebtfoebaaynoipbrbàg `bsfs. Bs b stgp fe tmbt jfrgntfoe, tmgHGF fenaujgs tmg hgejgr pbrfty oc bjuat aftgrbny.Zmus, ft fs nbanuabtgj bs b sfipag bvgrbhg vbaug oc

Cfhurg B0.2. Nbanuabtfeh tmg trbescorigj H\Fs

Zrbescorigj H\F (I/C)

2.0<

2.2<

2.<<

<.=<<

<.3<<

<.:<<

<.0<<

<

<.6<

H\F (C/I)

H\Fs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe, sgnoejbry gjunbtfoebej bjuat aftgrbny. Cor tmfs rgbsoe, tmg sgnoejbspgnt oc tmg GCB hgejgr hoba fs eot cuaayrgcagntgj fe tmg HGF. Mowgvgr, tmfs fs b prforftybrgb bej b nmbaagehg cor cuturg rgports.

Nbanuabtfeh tmg HGF

Bs fejfnbtgj bòvg, tmg hgejgr-rgabtgj GCB fejgxbssgssgs b nouetry‖s rgabtfvg bnmfgvgiget fehgejgr pbrfty fe pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe prfibry bejsgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, bs wgaa bs hgejgr pbrfty febjuat aftgrbny. Eotg tmbt tmg rbehg cor H\F, wmgegxprgssgj bs tmg cgibag/ibag geroaiget rbtfo oraftgrbny rbtg, nbe gxnggj uefty wmge iorg hfrasbrg geroaagj tmbe òys. Cor purposgs oc tmgfejgx, mowgvgr, fe tmosg nbsgs wmgrg tmg H\F fs

mfhmgr tmbe 2, tmg usuba C/I coriuab mbs `ggefevgrtgj to I/C. Zmfs soavgs ibtmgibtfnbaay tmgproàgi oc tmg fenausfoe oc tmg hgejgr-spgnfcfnGCB fejgx fe GJF (wmgrg baa noipoegets mbvg btmgorgtfnba afift oc 2, or 2<<%), wmfag kggpfeh tmgfejfnbtor‖s nbpbnfty to smow hgejgr jfspbrfty.Cfhurg B0.2 smows mow tmg ”trbescorigj H\F‖ mbs`gge nrgbtgj fe orjgr to mfhmafhmt hgejgrjfspbrftfgs egutrbaay „ wmgtmgr to tmgjfsbjvbetbhg oc cgibags or ibags.



Cfhurg B0.0. Nbanuabtfeh tmg HGF

Cfhurg B0.>. Nbanuabtfeh tmg GJF

3

Zo faaustrbtg tmg nbanuabtfoe wg wfaa usg jbtb cor^outm Bcrfnb fe 0<<<, wmgrg tmg H\Fs fe prfibry,sgnoejbry bej bjuat aftgrbny wgrg <.67, 2.<6 bej<.6= rgspgntfvgay.

Nbanuabtfeh tmg GJF

Oeng tmg hgejgr-rgabtgj GCB fejgx (HGF) mbs`gge nbanuabtgj, jgtgrifefeh tmg GJF fs

strbfhmtcorwbrj. Ft fs tmg brftmigtfnba igbe vbaugoc fts cour noestftugets „ EGP, bjuat aftgrbny rbtg,HGF bej survfvba rbtg to Hrbjg 7. Zmg GJF vbaugvbrfgs croi < to 2. Zmg naosgr to 2, tmg egbrgr bnouetry fs to GCB bnmfgvgiget. B nouetry wftm befejgx oc <.7 iby `g noesfjgrgj bs `gfeh mbacwbytowbrjs fts hobas. Bs b sfipag bvgrbhg tmg GJFiby, oc noursg, mfjg fiportbet vbrfbtfoes`gtwgge fts noestftugets. Fe otmgr worjs, `yhfvfeh tmg sbig wgfhmt to gbnm GCB noestftugetsoig oc tmosg wmfnm brg iorg bjvbengj iby `goutwgfhmgj `y agss-jgvgaopgj oegs, bs smowe fe

HGF 9 (H\F fe prfibry)2>‚

HGF 9 (<.67) + (<.60) + (<.6=) 9 <.672>‚ 2

>‚2

>‚

2>‚+ (trbescorigj H\F fe sgnoejbry)

2>‚+ (H\F fe aftgrbny)

Zrbescorigj H\Fs

2.<<

<.=<<

<.3<<

<.:<<

<.0<<

<

<.67<.60

<.6=<.67

HGF\rfibry

Gjunbtfoe^gnoejbryGjunbtfoe

BjuatAftgrbny

Noestftugets

2.<<

<.=<<

<.3<<

<.:<<

<.0<<

<

<.=6<.=>0

GJF

<.=7

Bjuat aftgrbnyrbtg

<.67

HGF

EGP feprfibry gjunbtfoe

<.3:

^urvfvba rbtgto hrbjg 7

Oeng baa tmrgg H\F vbaugs mbvg `gge noevgrtgjfeto tmg ”trbescorigj‖ H\F (croi < to 2), tmgnoiposftg hgejgr-rgabtgj fejgx fs nbanuabtgj bsb sfipag bvgrbhg oc tmg H\Fs fe prfibrygjunbtfoe, fe sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe, bej fe bjuat

aftgrbny, gbnm `gfeh gqubaay wgfhmtgj.



Beegx

Bppgej

fipay b dujhgiget bòut tmg bnngptb`fafty oc beypbrtfnuabr agvga oc jfspbrfty.

Zmg rgsuats rgportgj fe Zbàg 0.07 mbvg `ggejgrfvgj `y bppayfeh b afegbr gxtrbpoabtfoe oc tmgnmbehg fe H\F bt prfibry bej sgnoejbry agvgas fetmg pgrfoj 266< to 0<<<. Zmfs igtmoj fs sfipag,ùt fs su`dgnt to b eui`gr oc afiftbtfoes. Cfrst, bstmg H\F fs b rbtfo `gtwgge tmg sgpbrbtggeroaiget rbtgs cor hfras bej òys, ft wouaj mbvg`gge `gst to nbanuabtg, bej gxtrbpoabtg, ftsnoestftuget gagigets. Owfeh to tmg fetrojuntfoeoc F^NGJ 2668, mowgvgr, bej to noesgqugetnmbehgs fe tmg jgcfegj agehtm oc gbnm `rbenm ocsnmooafeh ovgr tmg 266<„0<<< jgnbjg, tmfs

@ox B0.2. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, fc baa tmg GCB hobasbrg gqubaay fiportbet, b nouetry wouaj eot mbvgbnmfgvgj GCB fc oeay soig oc fts bspgnts mbj`gge noengetrbtgj upoe. Zmg o`dgntfvg oc bsyetmgtfn fejfnbtor sunm bs tmg GJF fs to fecori

tmg poafny jg`btg oe tmg proifegeng oc baa GCBhobas, bej to mfhmafhmt tmg syegrhy `gtwggetmgi.

Zo faaustrbtg tmg GJF‖s nbanuabtfoe, ôutm Bcrfnb fsbhbfe tbkge bs be gxbipag. Cor tmg rgibfefehGJF noipoegets „ EGP, bjuat aftgrbny rbtg bejsurvfvba rbtg to hrbjg 7 „ vbaugs cor tmfs nouetryfe 0<<< wgrg <.=6, <.=7 bej <.3: rgspgntfvgay.

HGF 9 (EGP)2:‚

HGF 9 (<.=6) + (<.67) + (<.=7) + (<.3:) 9 <.=>02:‚ 2

:‚ 2

:‚2

:‚

2

:‚+ (HGF)

2:‚+ (Bjuat aftgrbny rbtg)

2:‚+ (ûrvfvba to hrbjg 7 rbtg)

Zmfs fs be gxbipag oc b sftubtfoe wmgrg tmg fejgx mfjgs fiportbet vbrfbtfoes`gtwgge fts noestftugets, bs b noesgqugeng oc ue`babengj gjunbtfoe poafnfgs.Noesfjgr tmg coaaowfeh nbsg. Ft fs sfipag ùt gxtrgig, cor faaustrbtfvg

purposgs.

Fe baa tmrgg nouetrfgs „ or fe tmg sbig nouetry bt jfccgrget tfigs „ tmgrg fs bsfx-hrbjg prfibry systgi, tmg popuabtfoe cor gbnm sfehag bhg nomort fs 2<<, baapupfas, gxngpt fe tmg nbsg oc nouetry B, bttgej fe tmg cfrst ygbr oc occfnfbasnmooafeh bej tmgrg fs eo hrbjg rgpgtftfoe. Fe nouetry B tmgrg fs aow fetbkgbej aow pbrtfnfpbtfoe ùt mfhm rgtgetfoe, wftm 2<<% oc tmg fetbkg prohrgssfehto Hrbjg 7. Zmg noetrfùtfoe to tmg proposgj GJF fs <.>= (out oc b possfàg

<.7<) cor tmg two rgagvbet fejfnbtors.Fe nouetry @, bnngss to tmg cfrst hrbjg fs wfjgegj to tmg wmoag popuabtfoe, ùttmgrg fs sfhefcfnbet jrop-out. Zmg sbig eui`gr oc nmfajrge prohrgss to Hrbjg7 bs fe nouetry B, tmouhm tmfs eow rgprgsgets oeay 7<% oc tmg fetbkg. Zmg EGPfs mfhmgr tmbe cor nouetry B, ùt tmg jgnrgbsg fe tmg prohrgssfoe to Hrbjg 7 fsiunm hrgbtgr, so tmg GJF gagiget cor tmgsg two fejfnbtors cbaas to <.06. Zmgnoengptuba uejgrpfeefeh cor tmfs fs tmbt tmg fenrgbsg fe bnngss fe nouetry @ fsoutwgfhmgj `y fts jgnrgbsg fe gjunbtfoeba qubafty suhhgstgj `y tmg rgjungjrgtgetfoe to Hrbjg 7.

Cor b nouetry wftm 2<<% fetbkg to bnmfgvg B‖s GJF gagiget oc <.>=, ft wouajeggj to rgtbfe 8<% oc getrbets to Hrbjg 7 „ sgg nouetry N. Oe tmg otmgr mbej,N iby `g sgge bs `gfeh naosgr to bnmfgvfeh GCB tmbe nouetry B, gspgnfbaay bsfts fenrgbsgj bnngss wouaj `g iorg afkgay to rgbnm tmg poor, gtmefn ifeorftfgs

bej (fc jfsbjvbetbhgj fe prfibry gjunbtfoe) hfras. Vgt eot baa nmfajrge wmombvg bnngss to snmooa brg bàg to noipagtg tmgfr gjunbtfoe `gnbusg oc gbrayjrop-outs, wmfnm hgegrbaay bccgnt tmg poorgst. Fe tmfs sgesg, batmouhm iorgnmfajrge iby `g fevoavgj fe prfibry snmooafeh fe nouetry N, fts gjunbtfoebaqubafty iby wgaa `g aowgr tmbe tmbt oc nouetry B.

ôurng4 GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Zgbi.

@ox B0.2. @babeng `gtwgge bnngss bej prohrgssfoe

Hrbjg \rohrgss

B 2<< 7< 7< 7< 7< 7< 7< 7<% 7<% 2<<% <.>=@ 2<< 2<< =< 8< 3< 7< :< 2<<% 38% 7<% <.06N 2<< 2<< 6< =< 87 8< 37 2<<% =<% 8<% <.>=

Nomort\opuabtfoe 2 0 > : 7 3

EFP(%)

EGP(%)

to H7(%)

GJFgagiget

Jbtb sourngs

Baiost baa tmg jbtb usgj to nbanuabtg tmg GJF cor

òtm 266< bej 0<<< brg jrbwe croi tmg WEG^NOFestftutg cor tbtfstfns (WF^) jbtb`bsg, wftm tmggxngptfoe oc soig survfvba rbtgs to Hrbjg 7, wmfnmwgrg ifssfeh cor soig nouetrfgs. Zmgsg wgrgo`tbfegj croi tmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 0<<< Bssgssiget nouetry rgports. Oeay tmosg nouetrfgswftm b noipagtg sgt oc fejfnbtors rgqufrgj tonbanuabtg tmg GJF brg fenaujgj fe tmfs bebaysfs.Zmfs igbes tmbt oeay efegty-cour nouetrfgs brgnurrgetay fenaujgj, bej tmbt b noiprgmgesfvghao`ba ovgrvfgw bej ioeftorfeh oc prohrgsstowbrjs tmg GCB hobas nbeeot ygt `g hfvge.

Hgejgr pbrfty prospgnts4 igtmojoaohy

Nmbptgr 0, Zbàg 0.07 fejfnbtgs tmg gxtget towmfnm tmg hgejgr hobas wouaj `g bnmfgvgjbrouej tmg woraj `bsgj oe be gxtrbpoabtfoe ocpbst trgejs. Bnmfgvgiget oc tmg hgejgr hoba fsjgcfegj bs mbvfeh b H\F vbaug oc `gtwgge <.68bej 2.<>. Zmfs toagrbeng oc up to >% oc fegqubafty`gtwgge tmg rgportgj geroaiget rbtfos oc òysbej hfras fs to baaow cor igbsurgiget grror fefetgrebtfoeba stbtfstfnba sgrfgs, bej jogs eot



Ftbay\oabejGstoefbPgpuàfn oc Korgb@gabrusIbajfvgsNyprusHuybebIbatbNu`bZrfefjbj bej Zo`bhoBrhgetfebNmfag@uahbrfbZbdfkfstbe

\bebib

@bmrbfeDorjbeIgxfno^biobIburftfusIoehoafbWruhubyIbnbo\gruZmbfabej@gafzgFejoegsfb

Sfgt EbiGnubjorDbibfnbSgegzugabBrigefbNostb PfnbNmfebAg`beoeRbtbr\brbhuby@oafvfbKuwbftWeftgj Brb` GifrbtgsNbpg Sgrjg\mfafppfegs

^wbzfabejZuefsfbEbif`fbBahgrfb^yrfbe Brb` Pgpuàfn@otswbebNoaoi`fbJoifefnbe PgpuàfnFrbe, Fsabifn Pgpuàfn ocTfi`b`wgôutm BcrfnbGhyptOibeAgsotmo

<.66<<.6=6<.6=8<.6=3<.6=><.6=<<.687<.68:<.68<<.633<.63:<.632<.678<.67:<.67>

<.672

<.6:0<.6:2<.6>6<.6>3<.6>7<.6>7<.6>7<.6>2<.60=<.608<.60:<.60>

<.62=<.628<.623<.620<.62<<.6<=<.6<8<.6<0<.6<0<.6<2<.=68<.=6><.==6<.===<.==7

<.==7<.=86<.=88<.=80<.=33<.=3<<.=76<.=76<.=:7<.=>:<.=>:<.=0=<.=<3<.=<:

Pbekfehbnnorjfeh

to agvgaoc GJF Nouetrfgs GJF

EGPfe prfibry

(%)

Bjuataftgrbny rbtg

(%)

Hgejgr-rgabtgjGCB fejgx

(HGF)

ûrvfvbarbtg tohrbjg 7

Zbàg B0.2. GCB Jgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF) bej fts noestftugets (0<<<)

<.66=<.688<.683<.667<.66:<.66<<.6:6<.686<.686<.68><.60:<.668<.===<.6:><.630

<.666

<.676<.6>3<.66:<.636<.6:8<.===<.6<:<.=:=<.666<.=7:<.6=0<.600

<.67:<.66><.6:6<.==<<.360<.622<.608<.=37<.67><.602<.636<.=>2<.=33<.66=<.608

<.60=<.660<.=23<.6=><.63><.=:><.==7<.607<.8>3<.863<.==6<.603<.3:3<.8=:

<.6=:<.668<.66=<.68=<.668<.636<.682<.6=7<.60<<.638<.6=><.63=<.67=<.6=:<.660

<.626

<.=87<.=6=<.620<.6=3<.=:7<.6=:<.683<.6>=<.=66<.677<.6>0<.=3=

<.607<.623<.=36<.607<.6=:<.673<.=70<.=3<<.=20<.6>><.=7:<.=26<.830<.8>=<.6:6

<.863<.82<<.=0<<.338<.8::<.880<.623<.=>8<.83<<.==8<.=70<.77><.828<.=>:

<.6=7<.6==<.6=0<.6==<.6=:<.688<.6=3<.6=><.6=3<.682<.638<.688<.6=><.686<.623

<.636

<.6:3<.670<.633<.632<.67:<.60=<.672<.6:><.6:<<.67=<.637<.67<

<.6>8<.6=2<.673<.6>7<.638<.63><.=38<.627<.636<.636<.6>7<.633<.6:7<.620<.636

<.680<.==><.672<.=33<.=>3<.676<.63=<.600<.6<6<.60<<.6:=<.=:7<.6<><.=77

<.660<.66><.660<.6=7<.673<.6=><.66:<.6:=<.667<.67><.6=0<.6<><.666<.6<6<.6:<

<.626

<.6=6<.688<.==7<.=03<.663<.6:<<.6<=<.66:<.=8:<.6:2<.=27<.672

<.=78<.88=<.==6<.6<=<.66=<.=<0<.6=0<.636<.=87<.8=2<.=><<.678<.6=2<.6<7<.36:

<.=:0<.6>2<.600<.680<.602<.=33<.333<.872<.687<.8>><.3:7<.66<<.676<.8:7

Mfhm GJF

20>:738=62<22202>2:27

23

Igjfui GJF

282=260<02000>0:0703080=

06><>2>0>>>:>7>3>8>=>6:<:2:0:>

:::7:3:8:=:67<72707>7:777378



Beegx

Bppgej

igtmoj provgj eot to `g possfàg. Bnnorjfehay,tmg iorg bpproxfibtg igtmoj oc prodgntfeh tmg

H\F ftsgac mbs `gge usgj.

^gnoejay, tmgrg brg wgaa-keowe pftcbaas fefetgrprgtfeh tmg rgsuats oc pofet-to-pofetprodgntfoes. Fe pbrtfnuabr, tmgy brg uebàg to tbkgbnnouet oc eoe-afegbr rbtgs oc gxpbesfoe ornoetrbntfoe tmbt iby mbvg mgaj `gtwgge tmg twonmosge ygbrs. Mowgvgr, fe tmg b`sgeng oc befetgrebtfoeba sgrfgs oc H\F jbtb cor tmgfetgrvgefeh ygbrs, b iorg sopmfstfnbtgjgxtrbpoabtfoe igtmoj nouaj eot `g usgj.

Fe nbsgs wmgrg tmg gxtrbpoabtgj vbaug oc H\F,nbanuabtgj bs bòvg, cbaas outsfjg tmg rbehg

<.68„2.<> fe 0<<7 or 0<27, tmg nouetry fsnabssfcfgj bs `gfeh bt rfsk oc eot bnmfgvfeh hgejgrpbrfty fe tmosg ygbrs. Zmfs fenaujgs baa tmosgnouetrfgs tmbt iovgj bwby croi tmg hoba ovgrtmg jgnbjg 266<„0<<<. Zmgsg noiprfsg tmfrtggenouetrfgs bt prfibry agvga bej twgety-gfhmtnouetrfgs bt sgnoejbry agvga. Fc tmgy wgrg iovfehbwby croi tmg hoba ovgr tmbt pgrfoj, bey igtmojcor gxtrbpoabtfeh tmg pbst wouaj nagbray fejfnbtgtmbt tmgy wgrg bt rfsk oc eot bnmfgvfeh tmg hoba fetmg cuturg. Oe tmg otmgr mbej, tmfs fipafgs tmbttmgrg brg b eui`gr oc nouetrfgs fe tmg ”bt rfsk‖

Iybeibr^bujf Brb`fbKgeybTbi`fbHubtgibabPwbejbW. P. oc ZbezbefbEfnbrbhubNbiòjfbZohoIoronnoHmbeb@behabjgsmIbjbhbsnbrûjbe

Abo \PJNoiorosFrbqFejfbNútg j‖FvofrgHbi`fb@gefeIburftbefb^geghbaJdfòutfEgpbaGqubtorfba Hufegb@uruejfAf`grfbGrftrgb

Gtmfopfb\bkfstbeNmbjIozbi`fqug@urkfeb CbsoHufegb-@fssbuEfhgr

<.867<.860<.8=7<.888<.8:0<.8:2<.803<.807<.802<.8<6<.8<7<.8<<<.368<.362<.3=6

<.3==<.38=<.382<.37=<.3>><.303<.32=<.32:<.32<<.3<6<.3<8<.3<8<.762<.7=8<.783

<.7:2<.70=<.72=<.72<<.:36<.:30<.:>6

Pbekfehbnnorjfeh

to agvgaoc GJF Nouetrfgs GJF

EGPfe prfibry

(%)

Bjuataftgrbny rbtg

(%)

Hgejgr-rgabtgjGCB fejgx

(HGF)


<.=>0<.786<.3=7<.377<.=:><.68><.:38<.=<8<.=7:<.620<.8=<<.7=0<.==6<.388<.:67

<.=2:<.730<.606<.=78<.300<.3=8<.8<><.3:<<.3>2<.>03<.80:<.828<.7>8<.=>:<.:2<

<.:38<.3<2<.7=0<.7::<.>77<.7>7<.><:

<.=:8<.830<.=0:<.8=0<.3=7<.33=<.87<<.337<.3=<<.782<.:==<.823<.:<<<.337<.788

<.3:=<.776<.>6><.780<.:=3<.>33<.>8:<.:<0<.>8:<.3:3<.:28<.=>0<.:=<<.7>7<.778

<.>62<.:>0<.:03<.::<<.0>6<.>=:<.23<

<.6:6<.=62<.62=<.=33<.==<<.6>0<.=3=<.6::<.800<.32><.870<.=>=<.=7<<.622<.=28

<.876<.=0<<.30<<.8>><.3:8<.83<<.706<.=<><.822<.36=<.338<.827<.83:<.3:3<.8>2

<.33=<.7=<<.707<.30=<.76<<.7:6<.77:

<.770<.6>8<.820<.=<3<.73<<.>62<.=2=<.:=:<.30=<.8>=<.=<<<.33><.3:6<.722<.=3=

<.7>0<.882<.8:<<.:3=<.888<.360<.=33<.320<.80><.838<.300<.23><.7=:<.>>><.3<7

<.3>=<.:68<.7>6<.:08<.362<.>=2<.8:<

Aow GJF

7=763<32303>3:3733383=368<8280

8>8:8783888=86=<=2=0=>=:=7=3=8

===66<62606>6:

Eotg4 Jbtb fe àug fejfnbtg tmbt hgejgr jfspbrftfgs brg bt tmg gxpgesg oc òys bej ige. ôurngs4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs 0, 7, 3 bej 8; Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 0<<< Bssgssiget nouetry rgports.

Zbàg B0.2. (noetfeugj)



Ftbay\oabejGstoefbPgpuàfn oc Korgb

@gabrusIbajfvgsNyprusHuybebIbatbNu`bZrfefjbj bej Zo`bhoBrhgetfebNmfag@uahbrfbZbdfkfstbe\bebib@bmrbfeDorjbeIgxfno

^biobIburftfusIoehoafbWruhubyIbnbo\gruZmbfabej@gafzgFejoegsfbSfgt EbiGnubjorDbibfnbSgegzugabBrigefbNostb Pfnb

NmfebAg`beoeRbtbr\brbhuby@oafvfbKuwbftWeftgj Brb` GifrbtgsNbpg Sgrjg\mfafppfegs^wbzfabejZuefsfbEbif`fbBahgrfb

20>:

738=6

2<22202>2:2723282=26

0<02000>0:0703080=06><>2>0>>>:

>7>3>8>=>6:<:2:0:>:::7:3:8

Nouetrfgs GJF

EGPfe

prfibry(%)

Bjuataftgrbny

rbtg(%)

Hgejgr-rgabtgj

GCB fejgx(HGF)


Zbàg B0.0. Nouetrfgs rbekgj bnnorjfeh to vbaug oc GJF bej noestftugets (0<<<)

:23283

822082:2726>=7

:3><0>2

0:>2=

0206:8:>770

7>2>>6076

0=:682:0

>77203:<0<3<7<>

>:>>2<3220

=02

20

>272:3

082822232=2<:

0=>7>>>2

7:>8

2>00>00<0:>803><>3076

26

:2>=7<0>>6:67776027230:=33

7062

32>>=:

2702208

227226>=>00:

08>2:8>>:2:00607>7:>2<><::0003

32702=28:70>>67>232:7=>:30

=86

20

0>2>7

03:

0:2:>62

>70=>:2228:2

7<>06>83

:>087007:878:<>30

7:

270<:073:60023>=36:=>2>026

^yrfbe Brb` Pgpuàfn@otswbebNoaoi`fbJoifefnbe Pgpuàfn

Frbe, Fsabifn Pgpuàfn ocTfi`b`wgôutm BcrfnbGhyptOibeAgsotmoIybeibr^bujf Brb`fbKgeybTbi`fbHubtgibabPwbejbW. P. oc ZbezbefbEfnbrbhubNbiòjfb

ZohoIoronnoHmbeb@behabjgsmIbjbhbsnbrûjbeAbo \JPNoiorosFrbqFejfbNútg j‖FvofrgHbi`fb@gefeIburftbefb^geghba

JdfòutfEgpbaGqubtorfba Hufegb@uruejfAf`grfbGrftrgbGtmfopfb\bkfstbeNmbjIozbi`fqug@urkfeb CbsoHufegb-@fssbuEfhgr

:=:67<72

707>7:7773787=763<32303>3:3733

383=368<82808>8:8783888=86=<=2

=0=>=:=7=3=8===66<62606>6:

Nouetrfgs GJF

EGPfe

prfibry(%)

Bjuataftgrbny

rbtg(%)

Hgejgr-rgabtgj

GCB fejgx(HGF)


0078:=>8

383:::>3833776=>8>87732=6<3>7:

:233=2:78:==30=:>07086808<888=

6>3=36=37=62=6=<=0=760=86:

7=7>06::

73>::<833<:7:07::8703>37783=3:

8>8=32=33882368:=88086606<=762

8<=::3=<8887===0=>=26>=66:

3=0=0<:=

77:6>833733:>3787<3>76:33<:<8=

==8738377:8<8:36=883=:8>6>82=<

=2=>8680=788=06<6:=3=66062

>>:78032

2=33872<0230=>><3=7>=06272==88

37778>8:=3::=7763>=67=8<:38638

3<8=6:=26>=<83=8=:6<82603:

hroup tmbt wgrg vgry naosg to hoba-bnmfgvgigetfe 0<<<, ùt wmgrg tmgfr pbst rbtgs oc hrowtmwgrg gftmgr eghbtfvg or so fesfhefcfnbet tmbt pbrftywouaj eot `g jgafvgrgj wgrg sunm gxpgrfgeng to`g noetfeugj. Zmg efeg sunm nbsgs brg igetfoegjfe nmbptgr 0.

Fe nbsgs wmgrg b sfipag gxtrbpoabtfoe oc pbstrbtgs oc hrowtm wouaj nbusg tmg hoba to `ggxnggjgj (f.g. wmgrg prgvfous fegqubafty fe cbvour

oc òys wouaj tmus `gnoig be fegqubafty fecbvour oc hfras, or vfng vgrsb), ft fs bssuigj tmbteo ”ovgrsmootfeh‖ wfaa onnur bej tmbt pbrfty wfaa `gibfetbfegj. Fe prbntfng, mowgvgr, ft smouaj `geotgj tmbt tmgrg mbvg `gge b eui`gr ocnouetrfgs wmgrg sunm nrossovgrs mbvg onnurrgj„ pbrtfnuabray bt sgnoejbry agvga „ bej wmgrg bibag `fbs fe geroaigets mbs `gge rgpabngj `y bcgibag `fbs.

ôurngs4 ^tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàgs 0, 7, 3 bej 8; Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 0<<< Bssgssiget nouetry rgports.



Beegx

Bppgej

Zbàg B0.> suiibrfzgs tmg igtmojs usgj fejgbafeh wftm gbnm possfàg pbfrfeh oc vbaugs corH\F bt prfibry bej sgnoejbry agvgas fe 266< bej0<<<. Zbàg B0.: noipbrgs tmg outnoigs oc tmfsigtmojoaohy „ cor prfibry gjunbtfoe „ wftm tmg

outnoigs tmbt wouaj rgsuat fc tmg igtmojoaohyusgj fe tmg GCB Pgport 0<<0 mbj `gge usgj. Zmgnoauies smow tmg 0<<0 qubjrbet crbigworknbtghorfgs, wmfag tmg rows smow tmg nbtghorfgsusgj `y tmg egw igtmojoaohy.

Ft nbe `g sgge tmbt tmgrg fs eo jfccgrgeng `gtwggetmg two igtmojs fe tmg eui`gr oc nouetrfgsnoesfjgrgj to mbvg bargbjy bnmfgvgj pbrfty,`gnbusg gbnm usgs tmg sbig jgcfeftfoe cor hobabnmfgvgiget. Cor baa tmg rgibfefeh nouetrfgs tmgegw igtmojoaohy hfvgs iorg prgnfsfoe bòut tmgafkgafmooj oc jfccgrget nouetrfgs bnmfgvfeh tmg

hobas. Zmgrg brg sfxtgge nouetrfgs fe Rubjrbet F(naosg bej iovfeh towbrjs tmg hoba), baa oc wmfnmwouaj mbvg `gge noesfjgrgj to mbvg mfhmnmbengs oc bnmfgvfeh tmg hoba. Mowgvgr, tmg egwigtmojoaohy smows tmbt efeg oc tmgi brg afkgay

to bnmfgvg ft `y 0<<7 bej cfvg `y 0<27.Bjjftfoebaay, ft baso suhhgsts tmbt two nouetrfgswftm b vgry aow rbtg oc prohrgss wouaj eot `gbàg to rgbnm tmg hoba. Xftm tmg gxngptfoe ocNu`b bej \brbhuby, baa tmg nouetrfgs noesfjgrgj

bt rfsk fe oeg igtmojoaohy brg baso smowe to `gbt rfsk fe tmg otmgr. Cfebaay, soig nouetrfgs tmbttmg qubjrbet crbigwork wouaj mbvg nabssfcfgj bsmbvfeh aow nmbengs oc bnmfgvfeh tmg hoba(Rubjrbet FFF), wouaj bnmfgvg ft bnnorjfeh to tmgprgsget igtmoj (tmrgg oc tmgi `y 0<<7 bej sgvge`y 0<27)

Zmus, tmg rgsuats croi usfeh gbnm oc tmgsgigtmojs brg rgbsoebày noesfstget. Iostjfccgrgengs `gtwgge tmg GCB Pgport 0<<0 bejtmfs rgport fe tmg gxtrbpoabtgj afkgafmooj ocpbrtfnuabr nouetrfgs rgbnmfeh tmg hgejgr hobas

brg nbusgj `y nmbehgs fe jbtb bej, iorgpbrtfnuabray, `y tmg fenorporbtfoe oc sgnoejbry-agvga pbrfty fe tmg trgbtiget oc tmg hgejgr hobacor tmfs rgport.

Nbsg H\F fe 266< H\F fe 0<<<

Iovgiget`gtwgge

266< bej 0<<<Bssuigj vbaug

fe 0<27 Nabssfcfnbtfoe

Nouetrfgs feprfibry

gjunbtfoe

Nouetrfgs fesgnoejbrygjunbtfoe

Zbàg B0.>. Nrftgrfb cor bssgssfeh hgejgr pbrfty prospgnts

Bssuigjvbaug fe 0<<7

F

FF

FFF

FS

S

SF

SFF

SFFF

F]

@gaow <.6=

Bòvg 2.<0

@gaow <.6=

Bòvg 2.<0

Bnmfgvgj

Bnmfgvgj

@gaow <.6=

Bòvg 2.<0

Bnmfgvgj

@gaow <.6=

Bòvg 2.<0

@gaow <.6=

Bòvg 2.<0

Bòvg 2.<0

@gaow <.6=

Bòvg 2.<0

@gaow <.6=

Eot bppafnbàg

Iovfehtowbrjshoba

Iovfehtowbrjshoba

Iovfeh bwbycroi hoba






Sbaug fe 0<<<

\rodgntgj vbaug,or 2 wmgeprodgntfoefs bòvg 2

\rodgntgj vbaug,or 2 wmgeprodgntfoefs `gaow 2

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Bnmfgvgj

Afkgay to bnmfgvg`y 0<<7, or `y 0<27,or bt rfsk oc eotbnmfgvfeh

Afkgay to bnmfgvg `y0<<7, or `y 0<27,or bt rfsk oc eotbnmfgvfeh

Bt rfsk oc eot bnmfgvfeh






=2

>>

2

8

<

2

7

<

<

20=

:>

>3

02

3

20

>

0

7

<

20=

Sbaug fe 0<<<

\rodgntgj vbaug,or 2 wmgeprodgntfoefs bòvg 2

\rodgntgj vbaug,or 2 wmgeprodgntfoefs `gaow 2

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

Sbaug fe 0<<<

ôurng4 GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Zgbi.



Zbàg B0.:. Noipbrfsoe oc igtmojoaohfgs gvbaubtfeh ebtfoeba prospgnts cor bnmfgvfeh hgejgr pbrfty

Bnmfgvgj

Mfhm nmbengsoc bnmfgvfeh

(naosg ut iovfeh

towbrjs)

Bt rfsk oceot bnmfgvfeh

(naosg ut iovfeh

bwby)

Aow nmbeng ocbnmfgvfeh

(cbr ùt iovfeh

towbrjs)

^grfous rfsk oceot bnmfgvfeh

(cbr ut

iovfeh bwby)

Eui`groc

nouetrfgs

Bnmfgvgj

fe 0<<<

Afkgay

to `g bnmfgvgj

fe 0<<7

Afkgayto `g bnmfgvgj

fe 0<27

Bt rfsk oc eot

bnmfgvfeh hoba

`y 0<27

Eui`gr oc

nouetrfgs

=2

20

2:

02

20=

Ba befb, Bustrbafb, Bustrfb, Bzgr`bfdbe,@bmrbfe, @behabjgsm, @br`bjos, @gahfui,@gafzg, @oafvfb, @otswbeb, @uahbrfb,Nbebjb, Nbpg Sgrjg, Nmfag, Nmfeb,Noaoi fb, Nostb Pfnb, Nrobtfb,Nyprus, Nzgnm Pgpu afn, Jgeibrk,Gnubjor, Cfeabej, Crbeng, Hgorhfb,Hgribey, Hrggng, Huybeb, Muehbry,Fngabej, Fejoegsfb, Frgabej, Fsrbga, Ftbay,Dbibfnb, Dbpbe, Dorjbe, Kbzbkmstbe,Kgeyb, Kuwbft, Abtvfb, Aftmubefb, Ibabwf,Ibabysfb, Ibatb, Iburftfus, Igxfno,Iybeibr, Ebif fb, Egtmgrabejs, EgwTgbabej, Efnbrbhub, Eorwby, \bebib,\mfafppfegs, \oabej, \ortuhba, Rbtbr,Pgpu afn oc Korgb, Pgpu afn oc Ioajovb,

Poibefb, Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe, Pwbejb,^biob, ^gr fb bej Ioetgeghro, aovbkfb,âovgefb, pbfe, urfebig, wgjge,^wftzgrabej, Ibngjoefb, Zrfefjbj bejZo`bho, Weftgj Brb Gifrbtgs, WeftgjKfehjoi, Weftgj Pgpu afn oc Zbezbefb,Weftgj tbtgs, Sbeubtu, Sgegzugab,Tfi`b`wg

=2

Eoeg

<

Eoeg

<

Eoeg

<

=2

Eoeg

<

@ruegf Jbrussbabi,Ghypt, Hbi`fb,Fsabifn Pgpuàfn ocFrbe, Agsotmo,Iburftbefb, Oibe,^bujf Brb`fb,Zuefsfb 6

Bahgrfb, Noeho,Hmbeb, ^yrfbe Brb`Pgpuàfn, Whbejb

7

^bfet Aunfb,Zmbfabej

0

23

Eoeg

<

Eoeg

<

Nu`b, \brbhuby

0

Gstoefb,Kyrhyzstbe, Ibnbo,Ibjbhbsnbr,Ioehoafb, \bpubEgw Hufegb, ôutmBcrfnb, ^wbzfabej,Zurkgy

6

22

Eoeg

<

Ioronno, Egpba,^geghba

>

@gefe, Nbiòjfb,Nmbj, Noioros, Abo\gopag's JgionrbtfnPgpuàfn, ûjbe,Zoho

8

@urkfeb Cbso, Nútgj'Fvofrg, Jdfòutf,Gtmfopfb, Fejfb,Iozbi`fqug, Efhgr,^fgrrb Agoeg

=

2=

Eoeg

<

Eoeg

<

Eoeg

<

@uruejf,Frbq

0

0

Hgejgr pbrfty fe prfibry gjunbtfoe (Nurrget jbtb-`bsg wftm GCB Pgport 0<<0 igtmojoaohy)

H g

e j g r p b r f t y f e p r f i b r y g j u n b t f o e ( G C B P g p o r t 0 < < > )

ôurng4 tbtfstfnba beegx, Zbàg 7.



Beegx

Bppgej

bjjfeh fe tmg gjunbtfoe tgnmefnba noopgrbtfoe

wmfnm ft rgports sgpbrbtgay to JBN. Zmfs rgsuats feNP^ novgrbhg cor Dbpbe oc 2<<% fe 0<<< bej =>%fe 0<<2. @y noesgqugeng, tmg ovgrbaa novgrbhg corJBN nouetrfgs wbs 68% fe 0<<< bej =6% fe 0<<2.Batmouhm wmge tmg bjdustiget fs ibjg NP^ bejJBN jbtb`bsgs jo eot pgrcgntay ibtnm, bebvgrbhg oc 6>% cor tmg `fgeefui 0<<<„<2 fsbjgqubtg geouhm to noesfjgr tmg NP^ jbtb`bsgbs b vbaubàg sourng cor bfj bebaysfs.

Zmg NP^ (Nrgjftor Pgportfeh ^ystgi) jbtb`bsg fs

b noiprgmgesfvg afst oc fejfvfjuba trbesbntfoes `yygbr bej `y nouetry. Ft provfjgs iorg jgtbfagjfecoribtfoe tmbe tmg JBN (OGNJ JgvgaopigetBssfstbeng Noiifttgg) jbtb`bsg. Fts prodgnt-`y-prodgnt fecoribtfoe baaows gxpaorbtfoe oc brgbswmgrg JBN provgs to `g rbtmgr rfhfj. Zmfsfenaujgs tmg coaaowfeh4

bebaysfs oc tmg jfccgrget su`sgntors sunm bs”uespgnfcfgj‖ gjunbtfoe;

fjgetfcfnbtfoe oc gjunbtfoe noipoegets wftmfeotmgr sgntors (f.g. igjfnba trbfefeh);

bebaysfs oc tmg rghfoeba jfstrfùtfoe oc `fabtgrbagjunbtfoe bfj.

Zmg NP^ mbs eot `gge usgj fe otmgr ibdorstujfgs oe bfj caows to gjunbtfoe. Zmfs fs `gnbusgft corigray novgrgj oeay b sibaa proportfoe oc tmgbfj fenaujgj fe tmg JBN jbtb`bsg (@getbaa gt ba.,0<<2; WEG^NO, 0<<0). Fe 266<, oeay 0:% oc`fabtgrba gjunbtfoe noiiftigets wgrg fenaujgjfe tmg NP^. Mowgvgr, novgrbhg mbs `ggefenrgbsfeh sfeng tmg `ghfeefeh oc tmg 266<s,

tmgrg`y ibkfeh tmg usg oc NP^ jbtb fenrgbsfehaycgbsfàg. Cor gxbipag, fts novgrbhg biouetgj to=<% oc baa gjunbtfoe bfj fe 0<<< (bs rgportgj `yJBN) bej 88% fe 0<<2 (Zbàg B>.2).

Zmg tbàg baso smows tmbt ibey oc tmgjfccgrgengs `gtwgge tmg NP^ bej JBN jbtb`bsgsbrfsg croi b sibaa eui`gr oc nouetrfgs. ôignouetrfgs wftm vgry sibaa prohrbiigs oc bfj togjunbtfoe bej aow NP^ novgrbhg (g.h. Hrggng)mbvg afttag fipbnt oe tmg cfeba novgrbhg agvgas fetmg NP^ jbtb`bsg, wmgrgbs abrhg provfjgrs, sunmbs Dbpbe bej Crbeng, mbvg b vgry sfhefcfnbet

fipbnt. Zmg aow novgrbhg oc tmgsg two nouetrfgsnbe `g getfrgay gxpabfegj `y tmgfr abnk ocrgportfeh tgnmefnba noopgrbtfoe jbtb to tmg NP^.Fe tmg nbsg oc Dbpbe, tmfs nbe `g rgigjfgj `y

Ibtnmfeh tmg NP^ bej JBN jbtb`bsgs

Bppgejfx >

Zbàg B>.2. NP^ pgrngetbhg novgrbhg oc `fabtgrba

bfj to gjunbtfoe bs rgcagntgj fe JBN jbtb`bsg

NovgrbhgNouetry (NP^ cfhurg/JBN cfhurg)

0<<< 0<<2

Bustrbafb 2<< 2<<Bustrfb 2<< 2<<@gahfui 2<< 2<<Nbebjb 38 76Jgeibrk 2<< 2<<Cfeabej 2<< 2<<Crbeng 8: 88Hgribey 6= 2<<Hrggng < <Frgabej 80 =:Ftbay 2<< 2<<

Dbpbe 2= 0:Auxgiòurh < e.b.Egtmgrabejs 2<< 2<<Egw Tgbabej < <Eorwby 2<< 2<<\ortuhba 66 80^pbfe 2<< 60^wgjge 2<< 6:^wftzgrabej 2<< 2<<Weftgj Kfehjoi 2<< 2<<Weftgj ^tbtgs 2<< 2<<JBN nouetrfgs =< 88

Dbpbe (fenaujfehtgnmefnba noopgrbtfoe) 2<< =>

JBN nouetrfgs (fenaujfehDbpbegsg tgnmefnba noopgrbtfoe) 68 =6

ôurngs4 JBN oeafeg jbtb`bsg, Zbàg 7; bej cor Dbpbe, Zbàg 7b.NP^ oeafeg jbtb`bsg (OGNJ-JBN, 0<<>b).



Fetrojuntfoe

Zmg jbtb oe pupfas, stujgets, tgbnmgrs bejgjunbtfoe gxpgejfturg prgsgetgj fe tmgsg beegx

tbàgs brg `bsgj oe survgy rgsuats rgportgj totmg WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns (WF^) cor tmgsnmooa ygbr 0<<</<2 up uetfa tmg gej oc Iby 0<<>.Jbtb rgngfvgj bctgr tmfs jbtg wfaa `g usgj fe tmgegxt GCB rgport. Zmfs snmooa ygbr fenaujgsnouetrfgs wftm b nbagejbr snmooa ygbr oc 0<<<,bej tmosg wftm b snmooa ygbr strgtnmfeh croi0<<< feto 0<<2. Zmg stbtfstfns rgcgr to baa coribasnmooas, fenaujfeh puàfn bej prfvbtg festftutfoes,`y agvgas oc gjunbtfoe. Zmgy brg suppagigetgj `yjgiohrbpmfn bej gnoeoifn stbtfstfns noaagntgjor projungj `y otmgr fetgrebtfoeba orhbefzbtfoes,fenaujfeh tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgvgaopiget

\rohrbiig, tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes \opuabtfoeJfvfsfoe bej tmg Xoraj @bek.

Iost igi`gr stbtgs rgport tmgfr jbtb to WFûsfeh stbejbrj qugstfoeebfrgs fssugj `y tmgFestftutg. Mowgvgr, cor soig nouetrfgs, gjunbtfoejbtb brg noaagntgj vfb survgys nbrrfgj out uejgrtmg buspfngs oc tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors(XGF) prodgnt cuejgj `y Xoraj @bek, or brgprovfjgj `y tmg Orhbefsbtfoe cor Gnoeoifn No-opgrbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget (OGNJ) or Gurostbt(cor Gbst Guropgbe nouetrfgs tmbt brg pbrt oc tmg

Zrbkbf hroup). Bs be bfj to tmg rgbjgr, syiòasbrg usgj fe tmg tbàgs to jfstfehufsm nouetrfgs fetmgsg two nbtghorfgs croi tmg otmgr igi`grstbtgs4 o cor OGNJ nouetrfgs; w cor XGF nouetrfgs.

Zmg fejfnbtors oe bnngss bej pbrtfnfpbtfoe mbvg`gge nbanuabtgj usfeh tmg popuabtfoe gstfibtgsoc tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes \opuabtfoe Jfvfsfoe wftmfetmg crbigwork oc tmg 0<<< rgvfsfoe. Zmg rgsuatsiby jfccgr croi tmosg puàfsmgj `y fejfvfjubanouetrfgs or `y otmgr orhbefzbtfoes sunm bsOGNJ or fe tmg crbigwork oc prodgnts afkg XGF,`gnbusg oc tmg jfccgrgeng `gtwgge ebtfoeba

popuabtfoe gstfibtgs bej tmosg oc tmg WeftgjEbtfoes.

Gjunbtfoe jbtb rgportgj to WF^ cor iorg rgngetygbrs, fenaujfeh tmg 0<<</<2 jbtb, brg fenoecorifty wftm tmg Fetgrebtfoeba ^tbejbrjNabssfcfnbtfoe oc Gjunbtfoe (F^NGJ) rgvfsgj fe2668. Eotg tmbt tmfs fs eot tmg nbsg wftm tmg266</62 jbtb tmbt brg fe bnnorjbeng wftm tmg

prgvfous F^NGJ (F^NGJ 2683). Noesgqugetay,fejfnbtors cor 266</62 bej 0<<</<2 iby eot `gnoipbrbàg cor soig nouetrfgs, bs eotgj fesoig oc tmg tbàgs.

@otm bntuba bej gstfibtgj jbtb brg prgsgetgjtmrouhmout tmg beegx tbàgs. Cor soig nouetrfgs,2666/0<<< jbtb brg hfvge wmge fecoribtfoe cortmg 0<<</<2 snmooa ygbr wbs eot bvbfabàg. Fe tmbtnbsg, b cooteotg mbs `gge fesgrtgj bej jbtbftbafnfzgj.

Cooteotgs to tmg tbàgs, bej tmg haossbry tmbtcoaaows tmg rgcgrgengs, provfjg bjjftfoeba hufjgsto mgap tmg rgbjgr to fetgrprgt tmg jbtb bejfecoribtfoe.

^yiòas usgj fe tmg tbàgs

* Ebtfoeba gstfibtg

** WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns gstfibtg

… Ifssfeh jbtb

o OGNJ nouetrfgs

w Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors (XGF) prodgntnouetrfgs

„ Ibheftujg efa, or eo nbanuabtfoe

. Nbtghory eot bppafnbàg

./. Jbtb fenaujgj gasgwmgrg uejgr beotmgrnbtghory

Noiposftfoe oc rghfoesXoraj nabssfcfnbtfoe

Nouetrfgs fe trbesftfoe4 Ngetrba bej GbstgreGuropg (ifeus Zurkgy); Ngetrba Bsfb (ifeusIoehoafb).

Jgvgaopgj nouetrfgs4 Eortm Bigrfnb bejXgstgre Guropg; Bustrbafb, Dbpbe bej EgwTgbabej.

^tbtfstfnba beegx



Beegx

Fetrojun

Jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs4 Brb` ^tbtgs; Gbst Bsfbbej tmg \bnfcfn (ifeus Bustrbafb, Dbpbe bejEgw Tgbabej); Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmgNbrf``gbe; ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb; su`-^bmbrbeBcrfnb.

GCB rghfoes

Brb` ^tbtgs (0< nouetrfgs/tgrrftorfgs)Bahgrfb, @bmrbfe, Jdfòutf, Ghypt, Frbq, Dorjbe,Kuwbft, Ag`beoe, Af`ybe Brb` Dbibmfrfyb,Iburftbefb, Ioronno, Oibe, \bagstfefbeButoeoious Zgrrftorfgs, Rbtbr, ^bujf Brb`fb,ûjbe, ^yrfbe Brb` Pgpuàfn, Zuefsfb, WeftgjBrb` Gifrbtgs, Vgige.

Ngetrba bej Gbstgre Guropg (0< nouetrfgs)Ba`befb, @gabrus, @osefb bej Mgrzghovfeb,

@uahbrfb, Nrobtfb, Nzgnm Pgpuàfn, Gstoefb,Muehbry, Abtvfb, Aftmubefb, \oabej, Pgpuàfn ocIoajovb, Poibefb, Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe, ^gr`fbbej Ioetgeghro, âovbkfb, âovgefb, Zmgcorigr Vuhosabv Pgpuàfn oc Ibngjoefb,Zurkgy, Wkrbfeg.

Ngetrba Bsfb (6 nouetrfgs)Brigefb, Bzgr`bfdbe, Hgorhfb, Kbzbkmstbe,Kyrhyzstbe, Ioehoafb, Zbdfkfstbe,Zurkigefstbe, Wz`gkfstbe.

Gbst Bsfb bej tmg \bnfcfn(>> nouetrfgs/tgrrftorfgs)Bustrbafb, @ruegf Jbrussbabi, Nbiòjfb,Nmfeb, Nook Fsabejs, Jgionrbtfn \gopag‖sPgpuàfn oc Korgb, Cgjgrbtgj ^tbtgs ocIfnroegsfb, Cfdf, Fejoegsfb, Dbpbe, Kfrf`btf,Abo \gopag‖s Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn, Ibnbo(Nmfeb), Ibabysfb, Ibrsmbaa Fsabejs, Iybeibr,Eburu, Egw Tgbabej, Efug, \babu, \bpub EgwHufegb, \mfafppfegs, Pgpuàfn oc Korgb, ^biob,^fehbporg, ôaoioe Fsabejs, Zmbfabej,Zfior-Agstg, Zokgabu, Zoehb, Zuvbau, Sbeubtu,Sfgt Ebi.

Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe(:2 nouetrfgs/tgrrftorfgs)Behufaab, Betfhub bej @brùjb, Brhgetfeb,Bru`b, @bmbibs, @br`bjos, @gafzg, @griujb,@oafvfb, @rbzfa, @rftfsm Sfrhfe Fsabejs, NbyibeFsabejs, Nmfag, Noaoi`fb, Nostb Pfnb, Nu`b,Joifefnb, Joifefnbe Pgpuàfn, Gnubjor,Ga ^bavbjor, Hrgebjb, Hubtgibab, Huybeb,

Mbftf, Moejurbs, Dbibfnb, Igxfno, Ioetsgrrbt,Egtmgrabejs Betfaags, Efnbrbhub, \bebib,\brbhuby, \gru, ^bfet Kftts bej Egvfs,^bfet Aunfb, ^bfet Sfenget bej tmg Hrgebjfegs,ûrfebig, Zrfefjbj bej Zo`bho, Zurks bej

Nbfnos Fsabejs, Wruhuby, Sgegzugab.

Eortm Bigrfnb bej Xgstgre Guropg(03 nouetrfgs)Bejorrb, Bustrfb, @gahfui, Nbebjb, Nyprus,Jgeibrk, Cfeabej, Crbeng, Hgribey, Hrggng,Fngabej, Frgabej, Fsrbga, Ftbay, Auxgiòurh,Ibatb, Ioebno, Egtmgrabejs, Eorwby, \ortuhba,^be Ibrfeo, ^pbfe, ^wgjge, ^wftzgrabej,Weftgj Kfehjoi, Weftgj ^tbtgs.

ôutm bej Xgst Bsfb (6 nouetrfgs)Bchmbefstbe, @behabjgsm, @mutbe, Fejfb,

Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe, Ibajfvgs, Egpba,\bkfstbe, ^rf Abekb.

û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb (:7 nouetrfgs)Behoab, @gefe, @otswbeb, @urkfeb Cbso,@uruejf, Nbigrooe, Nbpg Sgrjg, NgetrbaBcrfnbe Pgpuàfn, Nmbj, Noioros, Noeho,Nútg j‖Fvofrg, Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn oc tmgNoeho, Gqubtorfba Hufegb, Grftrgb, Gtmfopfb,Hbòe, Hbi`fb, Hmbeb, Hufegb, Hufegb-@fssbu,Kgeyb, Agsotmo, Af`grfb, Ibjbhbsnbr, Ibabwf,Ibaf, Iburftfus, Iozbi`fqug, Ebif`fb, Efhgr,

Efhgrfb, Pwbejb, ^bo Zoig bej \rfenfpg,^geghba, ^gynmgaags, ^fgrrb Agoeg, ôibafb,ôutm Bcrfnb, ^wbzfabej, Zoho, Whbejb,Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, Tbi`fb,Tfi`b`wg.



Bjuat aftgrbny/faaftgrbny rbtg (gstfibtgj). Eui`gr ocaftgrbtg/faaftgrbtg bjuats, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhgoc tmg totba bjuat popuabtfoe bhgj 27 ygbrs bej bòvg.B pgrsoe fs noesfjgrgj aftgrbtg/faaftgrbtg fc mg/smg

nbe/nbeeot rgbj bej wrftg wftm uejgrstbejfeh bsfipag stbtgiget rgabtgj to mfs/mgr afcg.

Noipuasory gjunbtfoe. Zmg bhg rbehg jurfeh wmfnmnmfajrge bej youeh pgopag brg aghbaay oàfhgj tobttgej snmooa.

Gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej gjunbtfoe (GNNG).\rohrbiigs tmbt, fe bjjftfoe to provfjfeh nmfajrgewftm nbrg, occgr b strunturgj bej purposgcua sgt ocagbrefeh bntfvftfgs gftmgr fe b coriba festftutfoe(prg-prfibry) or bs pbrt oc b eoe-coriba nmfajjgvgaopiget prohrbiig. GNNG prohrbiigs brg

eoribaay jgsfhegj cor nmfajrge bhgj > bej bòvgbej fenaujg orhbefzgj agbrefeh bntfvftfgs tmbt onnupyoe bvgrbhg tmg gqufvbaget oc bt agbst 0 mours pgr jbybej 2<< jbys pgr ygbr.

Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Jgvgaopiget Fejgx (GJF). Zmfsnoiposftg fejgx bfis bt igbsurfeh ovgrbaa prohrgsstowbrjs GCB. Cor tmg tfig `gfeh, tmg GJFfenorporbtgs oeay tmg cour iost qubetfcfbàg GCBhobas „ uefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe (W\G), bjuataftgrbny, hgejgr pbrfty bej tmg qubafty oc gjunbtfoe. Ftsvbaug fs tmg brftmigtfnba igbe oc tmg o`sgrvgj vbaugs

oc cour fejfnbtors igbsurfeh gbnm oc fts jfccgrgetnoestftugets.

Geroaiget. Eui`gr oc pupfas or stujgets geroaagj bt bhfvge agvga oc gjunbtfoe, rghbrjagss oc bhg. ^gg basohross geroaiget rbtfo bej egt geroaiget rbtfo.

Getrbeng bhg (occfnfba). Bhg bt wmfnm pupfas or stujgetswouaj getgr b hfvge prohrbiig or agvga oc gjunbtfoebssuifeh tmgy mbj stbrtgj bt tmg occfnfba getrbengbhg cor tmg aowgst agvga oc gjunbtfoe, mbj stujfgj cuaa-tfig tmrouhmout bej mbj prohrgssgj tmrouhm tmgsystgi wftmout rgpgbtfeh or skfppfeh b hrbjg. Zmg

tmgorgtfnba getrbeng bhg to b hfvge prohrbiig oragvga iby `g vgry jfccgrget croi tmg bntuba or gvgetmg iost noiioe getrbeng bhg.

Cfgajs oc stujy fe tgrtfbry or mfhmgr gjunbtfoe.Hgegrba prohrbiigs4 `bsfn prohrbiigs, aftgrbny bej

euigrbny, pgrsoeba jgvgaopiget.Gjunbtfoe4 tgbnmgr trbfefeh bej gjunbtfoe snfgeng.Muibeftfgs bej Brts4 muibeftfgs, rgafhfoe bej tmgoaohy,

cfeg bej bppafgj brts.

ônfba ^nfgeng, @usfegss bej Abw 4 sonfba bej`gmbvfourba snfgengs, dourebafsi bej fecoribtfoe,ùsfegss bej bjifefstrbtfoe, abw.

^nfgeng4 afcg bej pmysfnba snfgengs, ibtmgibtfns,

stbtfstfns bej noiputgr snfgengs.Gehfeggrfeh, Ibeucbnturfeh bej Noestruntfoe4

gehfeggrfeh bej gehfeggrfeh trbjgs, ibeucbnturfehbej prongssfeh, brnmftgnturg bej ùfajfeh.

Bhrfnuaturg4 bhrfnuaturg, corgstry bej cfsmgry, vgtgrfebry.Mgbatm bej Xgacbrg4 igjfnba snfgengs bej mgbatm-

rgabtgj snfgengs, sonfba sgrvfngs. ^grvfngs4 pgrsoeba sgrvfngs, trbesport sgrvfngs,

gevfroeigetba protgntfoe, sgnurfty sgrvfngs.

Corgfhe stujgets. ^tujgets geroaagj fe be gjunbtfoebaprohrbiig fe b nouetry oc wmfnm tmgy brg eotpgribeget rgsfjgets.

Hgejgr pbrfty fejgx (H\F). Pbtfo oc cgibag-to-ibagvbaug oc b hfvge fejfnbtor. B H\F oc 2 fejfnbtgs pbrfty`gtwgge sgxgs; b H\F tmbt vbrfgs `gtwgge < bej 2igbes b jfspbrfty fe cbvour oc òys; b H\F hrgbtgrtmbe 2 fejfnbtgs b jfspbrfty fe cbvour oc hfras.

Hgejgr-rgabtgj GCB fejgx (HGF). Zmfs noiposftg fejgxigbsurgs rgabtfvg bnmfgvgiget fe hgejgr pbrfty fetotba pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe prfibry bej sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe bs wgaa bs hgejgr pbrfty fe bjuat aftgrbny.Zmg HGF fs nbanuabtgj bs be brftmigtfnba igbe oc tmg

hgejgr pbrfty fejfngs fe prfibry bej sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe bej fe bjuat aftgrbny.

Hrbjg. ^tbhg oc festruntfoe usubaay novgrgj fe oegsnmooa ygbr.

Hross geroaiget rbtfo (HGP). Eui`gr oc pupfasgeroaagj fe b hfvge agvga oc gjunbtfoe, rghbrjagssoc bhg, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg popuabtfoefe tmg rgagvbet occfnfba bhg hroup

Hross fetbkg rbtg (HFP). Eui`gr oc egw getrbets fetocfrst hrbjg oc prfibry gjunbtfoe, rghbrjagss oc bhg,

gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg nmfajrge oc occfnfbagetrbeng bhg to prfibry gjunbtfoe.

Hross joigstfn projunt (HJ\). ûi oc hross vbaugbjjgj `y baa rgsfjget projungrs fe tmg gnoeoiy,fenaujfeh jfstrfùtfvg trbjgs bej trbesport, paus beyprojunt tbxgs bej ifeus bey su`sfjfgs eot fenaujgjfe tmg vbaug oc tmg projunts.

Haossbry



Beegx

Haos

Hross ebtfoeba projunt (HE\). ûi oc hross vbaugbjjgj `y baa rgsfjget projungrs fe tmg gnoeoiy,fenaujfeh jfstrfùtfvg trbjgs bej trbesport, paus beyprojunt tbxgs, ifeus bey su`sfjfgs eot fenaujgj fe

tmg vbaug oc tmg projunts paus egt rgngfpts oc fenoigcroi b`robj. Bs egt rgngfpts croi b`robj iby `gposftfvg or eghbtfvg, ft fs possfàg cor tmg HE\ to `ghrgbtgr or sibaagr tmbe tmg HJ\.

Hross ebtfoeba projunt pgr nbpftb. Hross ebtfoebaprojunt fe nurrget W^ joaabrs jfvfjgj `y tmg totbapopuabtfoe.

MFS prgvbageng rbtg bioeh b hfvge bhg hroup.Gstfibtgj eui`gr oc pgopag oc b hfvge bhg hroupafvfeh wftm MFS/BFJ^ bt tmg gej oc b hfvge ygbr,gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg totba popuabtfoe

oc tmg norrgspoejfeh bhg hroup.

Fecbet iortbafty rbtg. Zmg beeuba eui`gr oc jgbtms ocnmfajrge uejgr oeg ygbr oc bhg pgr 2,<<< afvg `frtms feb hfvge ygbr.

Fetgrebtfoeba ^tbejbrj Nabssfcfnbtfoe oc Gjunbtfoe(F^NGJ). B nabssfcfnbtfoe systgi jgsfhegj bs befestruiget cor bssgiàfeh, noipfafeh bej prgsgetfehnoipbrbàg fejfnbtors bej stbtfstfns oc gjunbtfoeòtm wftmfe fejfvfjuba nouetrfgs bej fetgrebtfoebaay.Zmg systgi, fetrojungj fe 2683, wbs rgvfsgj fe 2668.

Afcg gxpgntbeny bt `frtm. Zmgorgtfnba eui`gr oc ygbrstmbt b nmfaj wfaa afvg fc tmg bhg-spgnfcfn iortbafty rbtgsfe tmg ygbr oc `frtm brg tbkge bs noestbet. Ft fs tmgsui oc tmg survfvba rbtgs `y bhg.

Egt bttgejbeng rbtfo. Eui`gr oc pupfas fe tmg occfnfbabhg hroup cor b hfvge agvga oc gjunbtfoe wmo bttgejsnmooa fe tmbt agvga, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg octmg totba popuabtfoe fe tmbt bhg hroup.

Egt geroaiget rbtfo (EGP). Eui`gr oc pupfas fe tmgoccfnfba bhg hroup cor b hfvge agvga oc gjunbtfoe

geroaagj fe tmbt agvga, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhgoc tmg totba popuabtfoe fe tmbt bhg hroup.

Egt fetbkg rbtg fe prfibry gjunbtfoe (EFP). Eui`groc pupfas bt tmg occfnfba snmooa getrbeng bhg wmo brgegw getrbets to tmg cfrst hrbjg oc prfibry gjunbtfoe,gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg nmfajrge oc occfnfbabjifssfoe bhg to prfibry gjunbtfoe.

Egw getrbets. \upfas getgrfeh prfibry gjunbtfoe cortmg cfrst tfig.

Eui`gr oc nmfajrge orpmbegj `y BFJ^. Gstfibtgj

eui`gr oc nmfajrge bhgj <„2: wmo mbvg aost oeg oròtm pbrgets to BFJ^.

Out-oc-snmooa nmfajrge. Nmfajrge fe tmg occfnfba snmooa-bhg rbehg wmo brg eot geroaagj fe snmooa.

\grngetbhg oc egw getrbets to prfibry gjunbtfoe wftmGNNG gxpgrfgeng. Eui`gr oc egw getrbets toprfibry gjunbtfoe wmo mbvg bttgejgj soig cori ocorhbefzgj GNNG prohrbiigs gqufvbaget to bt agbst0<< mours, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg totbaeui`gr oc egw getrbets to prfibry gjunbtfoe.

\grngetbhg oc rgpgbtgrs. Eui`gr oc pupfas wmo brggeroaagj fe tmg sbig hrbjg (or agvga) bs tmg prgvfousygbr, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg totbageroaiget fe tmg hfvge hrbjg (or agvga) oc gjunbtfoe.

\ost-sgnoejbry eoe-tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe (F^NGJ Agvga :).Fenaujgs prohrbiigs tmbt strbjjag tmg òuejbry`gtwgge uppgr sgnoejbry bej tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe croibe fetgrebtfoeba pofet oc vfgw. Zmgsg prohrbiigs brgoctge eot sfhefcfnbetay iorg bjvbengj tmbeprohrbiigs bt F^NGJ > (uppgr sgnoejbry) ùt tmgysgrvg to `robjge tmg keowagjhg oc pbrtfnfpbets wmo

mbvg bargbjy noipagtgj b prohrbiig bt Agvga >.Zmg stujgets brg usubaay oajgr tmbe tmosg bt tmbtagvga. F^NGJ : prohrbiigs typfnbaay mbvg b jurbtfoeoc `gtwgge sfx ioetms bej two ygbrs.

\rg-prfibry gjunbtfoe (F^NGJ Agvga <). Pgcgrs toprohrbiigs bt tmg feftfba stbhg oc orhbefzgjfestruntfoe, wmfnm brg prfibrfay jgsfhegj to fetrojungvgry youeh nmfajrge, usubaay croi bhg > or so, to bsnmooa-typg gevfroeiget, to provfjg b `rfjhg `gtwggemoig bej snmooa. ûnm prohrbiigs brg vbrfousayrgcgrrgj to bs fecbet gjunbtfoe, eursgry gjunbtfoe,prg-snmooa gjunbtfoe, kfejgrhbrtge, or gbray

nmfajmooj gjunbtfoe. Zmgy brg tmg iorg coribanoipoeget oc gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej gjunbtfoe(sgg GNNG).

\rfibry gjunbtfoe (F^NGJ Agvga 2). ôigtfigs nbaagjgagigetbry gjunbtfoe. Pgcgrs to gjunbtfoebaprohrbiigs eoribaay jgsfhegj oe b ueft or prodgnt`bsfs to hfvg pupfas b souej `bsfn gjunbtfoe fergbjfeh, wrftfeh bej ibtmgibtfns bej be gagigetbryuejgrstbejfeh oc su`dgnts sunm bs mfstory, hgohrbpmy,ebturba snfgeng, sonfba snfgeng, brt bej iusfn. Fe



soig nbsgs rgafhfous festruntfoe fs baso cgbturgj.Zmgsg su`dgnts sgrvg to jgvgaop pupfas‖ b`fafty too`tbfe bej usg fecoribtfoe tmgy eggj bòut tmgfrmoig, noiiuefty, nouetry, gtn.

\rfvbtg geroaiget. Eui`gr oc nmfajrge geroaagj fe befestftutfoe (snmooa or noaaghg) tmbt fs eot opgrbtgj `yb puàfn butmorfty, ùt rbtmgr noetroaagj bej ibebhgjoe gftmgr b procft or eoe-procft `bsfs `y b prfvbtg òjysunm bs b eoe-hovgreigetba orhbefzbtfoe orbssonfbtfoe, rgafhfous òjy, spgnfba fetgrgst hroup,couejbtfoe or ùsfegss getgrprfsg.

\uàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oe prfibry gjunbtfoe bspgrngetbhg oc totba puàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oegjunbtfoe. Zmfs fejfnbtor smows tmg rgabtfvg smbrgoc puàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oe prfibry gjunbtfoewftmfe ovgrbaa puàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oe

gjunbtfoe.

\uàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oe prfibry gjunbtfoe pgrsnmooa pupfa (ueft nost). Igbsurgs tmg bvgrbhg nostoc b pupfa fe prfibry gjunbtfoe.

\uàfn nurrget gxpgejfturg oe prfibry gjunbtfoe pgrsnmooa pupfa bs pgrngetbhg oc pgr nbpftb HE\.Igbsurgs tmg bvgrbhg nost oc b pupfa fe prfibrygjunbtfoe fe rgabtfoe to tmg nouetry‖s pgr nbpftb HE\.Fe otmgr worjs, tmg pgr nbpftb smbrg oc prfibrygjunbtfoe ueft nost fe HE\.

\uàfn gxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe. Zotba puàfn cfebengjgvotgj to gjunbtfoe `y aonba, rghfoeba bej ebtfoebahovgreigets, fenaujfeh iuefnfpbaftfgs. Mousgmoajnoetrfùtfoes brg eoribaay gxnaujgj. \uàfngxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe fenaujgs òtm nbpftba bejnurrget gxpgejfturg. Nbpftba (puàfn) gxpgejfturgfenaujgs gxpgejfturg cor noestruntfoe, rgeovbtfoe bejibdor rgpbfrs oc ùfajfehs bej tmg purnmbsg oc mgbvygqufpiget or vgmfnags. Nurrget (puàfn) gxpgejfturgfenaujgs gxpgejfturg cor hoojs bej sgrvfngsnoesuigj wftmfe tmg nurrget ygbr bej wmfnm wouajmbvg to `g rgegwgj fc tmgrg wgrg b eggj cor

proaoehbtfoe tmg coaaowfeh ygbr. Ft fenaujgsgxpgejfturg oe stbcc sbabrfgs bej `gegcfts; noetrbntgjor purnmbsgj sgrvfngs; otmgr rgsourngs fenaujfehòoks bej tgbnmfeh ibtgrfbas; wgacbrg sgrvfngs; bejotmgr nurrget gxpgejfturg sunm bs curefturg bejgqufpiget, ifeor rgpbfrs, cuga, tgagnoiiuefnbtfoes,trbvga, fesurbeng bej rgets.

\uàfn gxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe bs pgrngetbhg oc HE\.Zotba puàfn gxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe bt gvgry agvgaoc bjifefstrbtfoe bnnorjfeh to tmg noestftutfoe oc tmgnouetry, f.g. ngetrba, rghfoeba bej aonba butmorftfgs,gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg oc HE\.

\uàfn gxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe bs pgrngetbhg oc totbahovgreiget gxpgejfturg. Zotba puàfn gxpgejfturg oegjunbtfoe bt gvgry agvga oc bjifefstrbtfoe bnnorjfehto tmg noestftutfoe oc tmg nouetry, f.g. ngetrba, rghfoebabej aonba butmorftfgs, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhg octotba hovgreiget gxpgejfturg oe baa sgntors(fenaujfeh mgbatm, gjunbtfoe, sonfba sgrvfngs, gtn.).

\upfa. Pgcgrs to b youeh pgrsoe wmo fs geroaagj fe begjunbtfoeba prohrbiig. Cor tmg purposgs oc tmfsrgport, ”pupfa‖ rgcgrs to b nmfaj geroaagj fe prfibrysnmooa, wmgrgbs nmfajrge or bjuats geroaagj bt iorg

bjvbengj agvgas brg rgcgrrgj to bs stujgets.

\upfa/tgbnmgr (\/Z) rbtfo. Bvgrbhg eui`gr oc pupfas pgrtgbnmgr bt tmg agvga oc gjunbtfoe spgnfcfgj fe b hfvgesnmooa ygbr. Xmge jbtb brg bvbfabàg tmg nbanuabtfoeoc tmg pupfa/tgbnmgr rbtfo fs `bsgj oe tgbnmgrs bejpupfas gxprgssgj fe cuaa-tfig gqufvbaget.

\urnmbsfeh powgr pbrfty (\\\). Zmg rbtg oc nurrgenynoevgrsfoe feto W^ joaabrs tmbt gafifebtgs tmgjfccgrgengs fe prfng agvgas bioeh nouetrfgs. Zmus,wmge gxpgejfturg oe HE\ cor jfccgrget nouetrfgs fs

noevgrtgj feto b noiioe nurrgeny `y igbes oc tmg\\\ ft fs, fe gccgnt, gxprgssgj bt tmg sbig sgt ocfetgrebtfoeba prfngs so tmbt noipbrfsoes `gtwggenouetrfgs rgcagnt oeay jfccgrgengs fe tmg voauig ochoojs bej sgrvfngs purnmbsgj. Fe otmgr worjs, bhfvge sui oc ioegy, wmge noevgrtgj feto W^ joaabrsbt tmg \\\ rbtg (\\\$), wfaa ùy tmg sbig `bskgt ochoojs bej sgrvfngs fe baa nouetrfgs.

Pgpgtftfoe rbtg `y hrbjg. \roportfoe oc pupfas geroaagjfe b hfvge hrbjg fe b hfvge snmooa ygbr wmo stujy fetmg sbig hrbjg tmg coaaowfeh snmooa ygbr.

^nmooa afcg gxpgntbeny. Eui`gr oc ygbrs b nmfaj fsgxpgntgj to rgibfe bt snmooa or uefvgrsfty, fenaujfehygbrs spget oe rgpgtftfoe. Ft fs tmg sui oc tmg bhg-spgnfcfn geroaiget rbtfos cor prfibry, sgnoejbry,post-sgnoejbry, eoe-tgrtfbry bej tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe.



Beegx

Haos

^nmooa-bhg popuabtfoe. \opuabtfoe oc tmg bhg hroupwmfnm occfnfbaay norrgspoejs to tmg rgagvbet agvga ocgjunbtfoe, wmgtmgr or eot geroaagj fe snmooa.

^gnoejbry gjunbtfoe. Fenaujgs two agvgas4 aowgr

sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe (F^NGJ Agvga 0), hgegrbaayjgsfhegj to noetfeug tmg `bsfn prohrbiigs oc tmgprfibry agvga. Zgbnmfeh bt aowgr sgnoejbry agvga fstypfnbaay iorg su`dgnt-conusgj, rgqufrfeh iorgspgnfbafzgj tgbnmgrs cor gbnm su`dgnt brgb. Zmg gejoc tmfs agvga octge nofenfjgs wftm tmg gej ocnoipuasory gjunbtfoe. Wppgr sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe(F^NGJ Agvga >) fs tmg cfeba stbhg oc sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe fe iost nouetrfgs. Bt tmfs agvga, festruntfoefs octge orhbefzgj iorg baoeh su`dgnt afegs tmbe btF^NGJ Agvga 0 bej tgbnmgrs typfnbaay eggj to mbvg bmfhmgr or iorg su`dgnt-spgnfcfn qubafcfnbtfoe tmbe btF^NGJ Agvga 0.

ûrvfvba rbtg. \grngetbhg oc b nomort oc pupfas wmogeroaagj fe tmg cfrst hrbjg oc be gjunbtfoe nynag fe bhfvge snmooa ygbr bej wmo rgbnm b hfvge hrbjg gftmgrwftm or wftmout rgpgbtfeh b hrbjg.

Zgbnmgr or tgbnmfeh stbcc. Eui`gr oc pgrsoesgipaoygj cuaa tfig or pbrt tfig fe be occfnfba nbpbnftycor tmg purposg oc hufjfeh bej jfrgntfeh tmg agbrefehgxpgrfgeng oc pupfas bej stujgets, frrgspgntfvg octmgfr qubafcfnbtfoes or tmg jgafvgry ignmbefsi, f.g.wmgtmgr cbng-to-cbng bej/or bt b jfstbeng. Zmfs

jgcfeftfoe gxnaujgs gjunbtfoeba pgrsoeega wmo mbvgeo bntfvg tgbnmfeh jutfgs (g.h. mgbjibstgrs,mgbjifstrgssgs or prfenfpbas wmo jo eot tgbnm) orwmo work onnbsfoebaay or fe b voauetbry nbpbnfty fegjunbtfoeba festftutfoes, sunm bs pbrgets.

Zgbnmgrs‖ sbabrfgs bs b pgrngetbhg oc puàfn nurrgetgxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe. Zmg smbrg oc tgbnmgrs‖sbabrfgs bej otmgr rgiuegrbtfoe fe tmg totba puàfnnurrget gxpgejfturg oe gjunbtfoe.

Zgnmefnba bej vonbtfoeba gjunbtfoe. Jgsfhegj ibfeayto prgpbrg pupfas cor jfrgnt getry feto b pbrtfnuabr

onnupbtfoe or trbjg (or nabss oc onnupbtfoes ortrbjgs). ûnngsscua noipagtfoe oc sunm prohrbiigseoribaay agbjs to b abòur-ibrkgt rgagvbetvonbtfoeba qubafcfnbtfoe rgnohefzgj `y tmg noipgtgetbutmorftfgs fe tmg nouetry fe wmfnm ft fs o`tbfegj(ifefstry oc gjunbtfoe, gipaoygrs‖ bssonfbtfoes, gtn.).

Zgrtfbry or mfhmgr gjunbtfoe. Fenaujgs two stbhgs4 tmgcfrst stbhg oc tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe, F^NGJ Agvga 7,fenaujgs prohrbiigs wftm be gjunbtfoeba noetgetiorg bjvbengj tmbe tmosg occgrgj bt F^NGJ Agvgas >bej :. Zmfs cfrst stbhg oc tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe fs

noiposgj oc F^NGJ Agvga 7B, wmfnm fenaujgs abrhgaytmgorgtfnbaay-`bsgj prohrbiigs fetgejgj to provfjgsuccfnfget qubafcfnbtfoes cor hbfefeh getry to bjvbengjrgsgbrnm prohrbiigs bej procgssfoes wftm mfhmskfaas rgqufrgigets; bej F^NGJ 7@, wmfnm fenaujgsprohrbiigs hgegrbaay iorgprbntfnba/tgnmefnba/onnupbtfoebaay spgnfcfn tmbe F^NGJ7B. Zmg sgnoej stbhg oc tgrtfbry gjunbtfoe, F^NGJAgvga 3, fs rgsgrvgj cor tgrtfbry prohrbiigs agbjfehto tmg bwbrj oc be bjvbengj rgsgbrnm qubafcfnbtfoe.Zmg prohrbiigs brg jgvotgj to bjvbengj stujy bejorfhfeba rgsgbrnm.

Zotba jg`t sgrvfng. ûi oc prfenfpba rgpbyigets bejfetgrgst bntubaay pbfj fe corgfhe nurrgeny, hoojs orsgrvfngs oe aoeh-tgri jg`t, or fetgrgst pbfj fe smort-tgri jg`t, bs wgaa bs rgpbyigets (rgpurnmbsgs bejnmbrhgs) to tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Ioegtbry Cuej (FIC).

Zotba cgrtfafty rbtg or bvgrbhg eui`gr oc nmfajrge pgrwoibe. Zmgorgtfnba eui`gr oc `frtms to b woibejurfeh mgr nmfaj-`gbrfeh ygbrs, tbkfeh tmg hfvgeygbr‖s bhg-spgnfcfn `frtm rbtgs bs noestbet. Ft fs tmgsui oc tmg bhg-spgnfcfn `frtm rbtgs cor baa woige ocnmfaj`gbrfeh bhg (27„:6).

Zrbfegj tgbnmgr. Zgbnmgr wmo mbs rgngfvgj tmgifefiui orhbefzgj tgbnmgr trbfefeh (prg-sgrvfngor fe sgrvfng) eoribaay rgqufrgj cor tgbnmfeh bt tmgrgagvbet agvga fe b hfvge nouetry.

Zrbesftfoe rbtg to sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe. Eui`gr ocpupfas bjifttgj to tmg cfrst hrbjg oc sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe fe b hfvge ygbr, gxprgssgj bs b pgrngetbhgoc tmg eui`gr oc pupfas geroaagj fe tmg cfeba hrbjg ocprfibry gjunbtfoe fe tmg prgvfous ygbr.

Voutm aftgrbny/faaftgrbny rbtg (gstfibtgj). Zmg eui`gr oc

aftgrbtg/faaftgrbtg youeh bjuats bhgj 27„0:, gxprgssgjbs b pgrngetbhg oc tmg totba popuabtfoe bhgj 27„0:.B pgrsoe fs noesfjgrgj aftgrbtg/faaftgrbtg fc mg/smgnbe/nbeeot rgbj bej wrftg wftm uejgrstbejfeh bsfipag stbtgiget rgabtgj to mfs/mgr afcg.



Bù-Hmbfjb, J.; Kabsge, ^. 0<<0. Zmg nosts oc ifssfeh tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hoba oe hgejgr gqufty.Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Ifigo.)

BntfoeBfj. 0<<>. Cbst Zrbnk or @bnk Zrbnk? Zmg Gjunbtfoe Cbst Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg4 Ibkg or @rgbk cor tmg Ioetgrrgy Noesgesus . Aoejoe, BntfoeBfj.

Bjbis, J. 0<<0. Gjunbtfoe bej Ebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget4 \rforftfgs, \oafnfgs bej \abeefeh. Moeh Koeh, Bsfbe Jgvgaopiget

@bek/Noipbrbtfvg Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg, Wefvgrsfty oc Moeh Koeh. (Gjunbtfoe fe Jgvgaopfeh Bsfb ^grfgs, Soa. 2.)

BGJ/^BPBFF \rodgnt. 0<<0. Eouvgbu rúag jgs OEH jbes a‖æjunbtfoe jg `bsg ge Hufeæg. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.(Wepuàfsmgj.)

BCJ. 0<<>. ûrvgy oc `fabtgrba bhgenfgs noejuntgj cor tmg GCB Pgport 0<<>/: .

Bcrfnbegws . 0<<>. Zgbnmgrs‖ aow iorbag rgsuats fe poor gxbifebtfoe rgsuats. Bcrfnbegws , Ebfro`f, Cg`rubry 0<<>.

Bcrfkgno. 0<<0. Ag Efhgr ænmbehg sgs jgttgs noetrg jgs tgrrgs . mttp4//bcrfkgno.noi/brtfnags/bcrfkgno-320-0.pmp

Bhefmotrf, ^. 0<<<. ^gx Pbtfo \bttgres fe tmg Fejfbe \opuabtfoe4 B Crgsm Gxpaorbtfoe. Egw Jgamf, ^bhg \uàfnbtfoes.

Bmigj, B. W.; jga Efeeo, N. 0<<0. Zmg Cooj cor Gjunbtfoe \rohrbi fe @behabjgsm4 Be Gvbaubtfoe oc fts Fipbnt oeGjunbtfoeba Bttbfeiget bej Cooj ^gnurfty . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Fetgrebtfoeba Cooj \oafny Pgsgbrnm Festftutg.(CNEJ Jfsnussfoe \bpgr Eo. 2>=.) mttp4//www.fcprf.orh/jfvs/cnej/jp/pbpgrs/cnejp2>=.pjc

Bagssfg, P.; @bkgr, \.; @auejgaa, P.; Mgbjy, N.; Ighmfr, N. 2660. Zmg workfeh `gmbvfour oc youeh pgopag fe rurbaNútg j‖Fvofrg. Zmg Xoraj @bek Gnoeoifn Pgvfgw , Soa. 3, Eo. 2, pp. 2>6„77.

Bigrfnbe Bssonfbtfoe oc Wefvgrsfty Xoige. 2660. Mow ^nmooas ^mortnmbehg Hfras4 B ^tujy oc Ibdor Cfejfehs oe Hfras bej Gjunbtfoe. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., BBWX.

Bejgrsoe-Agvftt, K.; @aonm, I.; ôuibræ, B. 266:. Fesfjg Nabssroois fe Hufegb4 Hfras‖ Gxpgrfgengs . Xbsmfehtoe,J.N., Xoraj @bek.

Bejvfh, D. 2666. Norruptfoe fe tmg Corigr W^^P Nouetrfgs bej Fetgrebtfoeba Ofa @usfegss fe Bzgr`bfdbe . Osao,Eorwghfbe Festftutg oc Fetgrebtfoeba Bccbfrs. (Pgport Eo. 07>.)

Breot, I.; Kgbtfeh, B.; Ibrsmbaa, M. 0<<>. Hgejgr, gjunbtfoe bej nftfzgesmfp. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Breot, I.; Jbvfj, I.; Xgfegr, H. 2666. Naosfeh tmg Hgejgr Hbp4 \ostwbr Gjunbtfoe bej ônfba Nmbehg . Nbi`rfjhg,\oafty \rgss.

Breot, I.; Hrby, D.; Dbigs, I.; Pujjunk, D. 266=. B Pgvfgw oc Pgnget Pgsgbrnm oe Hgejgr bej Gjunbtfoeba \grcoribeng .Aoejoe, Zmg ^tbtfoegry Occfng. (WK Occfng cor ^tbejbrjs fe Gjunbtfoe, Pgsgbrnm ^grfgs.)

Breot, I.; \mfpps, B. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe fe tmg WK. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

BWNN. Cortmnoifeh. Dofet gvbaubtfoe oc gxtgreba support to `bsfn gjunbtfoe fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs4 \mbsg Zwo. Soauig 34 Cfeba Pgport. Aonba soautfoes to hao`ba nmbaagehgs „ towbrjs gccgntfvg pbrtegrsmfps fe `bsfn gjunbtfoe.ûìfssfoe to tmg Gvbaubtfoe Ibebhgiget Hroup, Bssonfbtfoe oc Wefvgrsftfgs bej Noaaghgs oc Nbebjb. (Ifigo.)

Btsmbe, A. 2668. Jfsb`fafty bej hgejgr bt b nross-robjs4 b \bagstfefbe pgrspgntfvg. Fe4 A. Bù-Mb`f` (gj.), Hgejgr bej Jfsb`fafty, Xoige‖s Gxpgrfgengs fe tmg Ifjjag Gbst ., pp. 7>„6. Oxcorj, Oxcbi \u afsmfeh.

Bvbaos, @. 0<<>. Hgejgr pbrfty bej gqubafty fe Nmfag4 b nbsg stujy. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Bvotrf, P.; Owusu-Jbrko, A.; Ghmbe, M.; Onbesgy, ^. 0<<<. Hgejgr bej \rfibry ^nmooafeh fe Hmbeb . @rfhmtoe, WK,Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. >8.)

Bvrftzgr, A. 0<<<. ônfgjbjg nfvfa, gspbèo pôàfno gt pujgr aonba4 uib beâafsg jo Orèbigeto pbrtfnfpbtfvo gi @gaoMorfzoetg g \orto Baghrg. (Ifigo.)

@bnmibee, ^. 266=. Nmfajrge bt work. Noiigetbry. ^be Dosg Igrnury Egws , 23 Duay.

@bm-abayb, F. 0<<>. Fipagigetfeh GCB4 Agssoes gigrhfeh croi tmg jgvgaopiget oc b nfvfa sonfgty nbpbnfty ùfajfehprohrbi fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

@bfagy, @. 0<<>. Hgejgr-sgesftfvg gjunbtfoeba poafny bej prbntfng4 tmg nbsg oc Dbibfnb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCBHao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: tmrouhm tmg WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe, Hgegvb.

@babhopbabe, ^.; û`rbmibefbe, P. 0<<>. Jbaft bej Bjfvbsf nmfajrge fe snmooas4 soig prgafifebry rgsgbrnm tmgigsbej cfejfehs. FJ^ @uaagtfe, Soa. >:, Eo. 2.

Pgcgrgengs

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http://www.ifpri.org/divs/fcnd/dp/papers/fcndp138.pdf

http://www.ifpri.org/divs/fcnd/dp/papers/fcndp138.pdf

http://afrikeco.com/articles/afrikeco-612-2.php



Beegx

Pgcgrg

@bi`grh, F. 0<<2. Æjunbtfoe gt jæionrbtfsbtfoe ge Bcrfqug ju ûj4 ag eouvgbu systíig æjunbtfc uefqug gtjængetrbafsæ cbng ì ab rgprojuntfoe jgs feæhbaftæs. Butrgpbrt4 Jgs ænoags pour ag ûj , Eo. 28. \brfs, Festftut jgPgnmgrnmg pour ag Jævgaoppgiget.

@behabjgsm Ebtfoeba Noiifssfoe cor WEG^NO. 0<<0. Ebtfoeba Gjunbtfoe \oafny (EG\) 0<<< . Nftgj fe Dbpbe @bek corFetgrebtfoeba Noopgrbtfoe ^gntor ^tujy, @behabjgsm Gjunbtfoe ^gntor Ovgrvfgw „ GCB E\B FF , Ibrnm 0<<0, p. >0.

@br`gr, I. 0<<>. Jgafvgrbàg hobas bej strbtghfn nmbaagehgs „ b vfgw croi Gehabej oe rgnoengptubafsfeh puàfngjunbtfoe. Fe4 ^nmooafeh cor Zoiorrow. Egtworks oc Feeovbtfoe „ Zowbrjs Egw Iojgas cor Ibebhfeh ^nmooas bej ^ystgis . \brfs, OGNJ.

@bregtt, X. ^. 2663. Afvgs fe tmg `babeng4 Bhg-08 `gegcft-nost bebaysfs oc tmg Mfhm/^nopg \grry \rgsnmooa \rohrbi.Vpsfabetf, Ifnmfhbe, Mfhm/^nopg \rgss.

@brry, @. 0<<>. \brtgebrfbt gt rgecorngiget jg ab pbrtfnfpbtfoe jgs OEH/O^N ì ab ifsg ge oguvrg jg a‖G\Z ge Hufeæg.Wepuàfsmgj pbpgr prgsgetgj bt tmg abuenmfeh oc tmg EHO/NÔ Nbpbnfty @ufajfeh \rohrbi fe Noebkry, Hufegb.

@brtm, G. 0<<0. \gbng bs Jfsbppofetiget. Zmg Pgfetghrbtfoe oc Cgibag ôajfgrs fe \ost-Noecafnt ônfgtfgs4 B Noipbrbtfvg ^tujy croi Bcrfnb . Osao, Fetgrebtfoeba \gbng Pgsgbrnm Festftutg.

@bsu, K. 2666. Nmfaj abòr4 nbusg, noesgqugeng, bej nurg, wftm rgibrks oe fetgrebtfoeba abòr stbejbrjs.Doureba oc Gnoeoifn Aftgrbturg , Soa. >8, Eo. >, pp. 2<=>„226. tbecorj, Nbafc., tbecorj Wefvgrsfty.

@bsu, K. 0<<2. Hgejgr bej sby4 be fetrbmousgmoaj iojga oc mousgmoaj `gmbvfor. Ftmbnb, E.V., Noregaa Wefvgrsfty \rgss.(Ngetgr cor Bebaytfnba Gnoeoifns workfeh pbpgr.)

@bujfeo, N. 0<<>. Nbsg stujy4 Crbeng. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

@bugr, D. 0<<2. Jgiohrbpmfn nmbehg, jgvgaopiget, bej tmg gnoeoifn stbtus oc woige fe Gbst Bsfb. Fe4 B. Ibsoe (gj.),\opuabtfoe Nmbehg bej Gnoeoifn Jgvgaopiget fe Gbst Bsfb. Nmbaagehgs Igt, Opportueftfgs ^gfzgj , pp. >76„=:.^tbecorj, Nbafc., ^tbecorj Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

@gnkgr, H. ^. 2637. B tmgory oc tmg baaonbtfoe oc tfig. Gnoeoifn Doureba , Soa. 87, Eo. 066, pp. :6>„728.

@gmribe, D. P.; Costgr, B.; Posgezwgfh, I. P. 2668. Xoige‖s snmooafeh, moig tgbnmfeh bej gnoeoifn hrowtm.Doureba oc \oaftfnba Gnoeoiy , Soa. 2<8, Eo. :, pp. 3>0„82:.

@geegaa, \. 0<<>. Zmg fipbnt oc tmg BFJ^ gpfjgifn oe snmooafeh fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor tmg@fgeefba Iggtfeh oc tmg Bssonfbtfoe cor tmg Jgvgaopiget oc Gjunbtfoe fe Bcrfnb. Iburftfus, Jgngi`gr 0<<>.

@getbaa, N.; \gbrt, G.; Nbrr-Mfaa, P.; Nox, B. 0<<2. Cuejfeh Bhgeny Noetrfùtfoes to Gjunbtfoe cor Baa . \brfs, WEG^NO.(Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 0<<< Bssgssiget. Zmgibtfn ^tujfgs.)mttp4//uegsjon.uegsno.orh/fibhgs/<<20/<<20>:/20>:=7g.pjc

@grebrj vbe Aggr Couejbtfoe. 0<<<. \brgets bej GNJ \rohrbis . Zmg Mbhug, @grebrj vbe Aggr Couejbtfoe.(Gbray Nmfajmooj Ibttgrs, Eo. 67.)

‚. 0<<0. Coaaowfeh Cootstgps4 GNJ Zrbngr ^tujfgs . Zmg Mbhug, @grebrj vbe Aggr Couejbtfoe.(Gbray Nmfajmooj Ibttgrs Eo. 2<<.)

@grtrbej, J. 0<<>. Bnmfgvfeh tmg Wefvgrsba \rfibry Gjunbtfoe Hoba oc tmg Ifaageefui Jgnabrbtfoe4 egw nmbaagehgscor jgvgaopiget noopgrbtfoe. Hgegvb, Weftgj Ebtfoes Dofet Fespgntfoe Weft. (Jrbct rgport.)

@mbaotrb, ^. 0<<<. Fs nmfaj work egngssbry? Gnoeoigtrfn ônfgty Xoraj Noehrgss 0<<<, Ibenmgstgr.(Xorkfeh \bpgrs fe Gnoeoifns Eo. <7<<.)

‚. 0<<2. Fevgstfhbtfeh sgpbrb`fafty oc pbrget bej nmfaj abòur suppay. \bpgr prgsgetgj bt BGB/B^^B Iggtfehs,Xbsmfehtoe J.N., Dbeubry 0<<>. Wefvgrsfty oc @rfstoa, WK, Jgpbrtiget oc Gnoeoifns, (Ifigo.)

@mbaotrb, ^.; Bttcfgaj, N. 266=. Fetrbmousgmoaj rgsourng baaonbtfoe fe rurba \bkfstbe4 b sgifpbrbigtrfn bebaysfs.Doureba oc Bppafgj Gnoeoigtrfns , Soa. 2>, Eo. 7, pp. :3>„=<.

@mbaotrb, ^.; Mgbjy, N. 0<<<. Nmfaj abòur4 tmgory bej gvfjgeng. Aoejoe, ûetory bej Zoyotb Fetgrebtfoeba Ngetrg corGnoeoifns bej Pgabtgj Jfsnfpafegs/Aoejoe ^nmooa oc Gnoeoifns. (Jgvgaopiget Gnoeoifns Jfsnussfoe \bpgr ^grfgsEo. 0:.)

‚. 0<<2. Nmfaj bntfvftfgs fe ôutm Bsfb bej û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb. Fe4 \. Abwrgeng bej N. Zmfrtag (gjs.), Bcrfnb bej Bsfb feNoipbrbtfvg Jgvgaopiget . Aoejoe, \bahrbvg/Ibnifaabe.

@mbaotrb, ^.; Zzbeebtos, T. 0<<0. Nmfaj abòur4 wmbt mbvg wg agbret? Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (ônfba \rotgntfoejfsnussfoe pbpgr.)

@mbaotrb, ^. 0<<>. Nmfaj abòur fe Bsfb bej Bcrfnb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

@mbt, \. E. I. 0<<0. Pgturefeh b cbvour4 rgnfpronfty gtwgge cgibag gjunbtfoe bej cgrtfafty fe Fejfb. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget , Soa. ><, Eo. 2<, pp. 2862„2=<>.

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001234/123485e.pdf





@mbtkba, ^. 2668. Bejmrb \rbjgsm4 tmg hrgbt `gtrbyba. Zmg vofng oc pgopag bwbkgefeh. 2 Bprfa.

@mutbe. 0<<0. Efetm Cfvg-Vgbr \abe (0<<0„0<<8). Zmfipmu, \abeefeh Noiifssfoe, Hovgreiget oc tmg Kfehjoi oc @mutbe.

@frjsbaa, E.; Orfvga, C. 2663. Jgibej cor prfibry snmooafeh fe rurba Ibaf4 smouaj usgr cggs `g fenrgbsgj?Gjunbtfoe Gnoeoifns , Soa. :, Eo. >, pp. 086„63.

@abyb, N.; Jg`br`fgux, G.; Pu`f, ^. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej vfoageng fe snmooas. Brg hfras vfntfis or bhrgssors?Guropgbe O`sgrvbtory oc vfoageng fe snmooas. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

@aooi, J.; Xfaafbisoe, D. 266=. Jgiohrbpmfn trbesftfoe bej gnoeoifn ifrbnags fe gigrhfeh Bsfb. Xoraj @bek Gnoeoifn Pgvfgw , Soa. 20, Fssug >, pp. :26„77.

@IT. 0<<2. Koezgpt cñr Córjgrueh jgr hagfnm`grgnmtfhtge. @gtgfafhueh voe Crbvge uej Ibjjge biGetwfnkauehssprozgss, Hagfnmgrgnmtfhuehskoezgpt . @oee, @uejgsifefstgrfui cñr wfrtsnmbctafnmg Tusbiigebr`gftuej Getwfnkaueh.

@omibe, I. D.; Pgmh, X. 2668. Jgaf`grbtfvg Jgionrbny . Nbi`rfjhg, Ibss., IFZ \rgss.

@oozgr, I.; ûrf, Z. 0<<2. Nmfaj abòur bej snmooafeh jgnfsfoes fe Hmbeb. Egw Mbvge, Noee., Jgpbrtiget oc Gnoeoifns,Vbag Wefvgrsfty. (Ifigo.)

@oyag, ^. gt ba. 0<<0. Pgbnmfeh tmg \oor. Zmg ”Nosts‖ oc ^gejfeh Nmfajrge to ^nmooa. B ^fx Nouetry Noipbrbtfvg ^tujy.Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget.

@PBN. 0<<0. Beeuba Pgport . Jmbkb, @behabjgsm Purba Bjvbengiget Noiifttgg. mttp4//www.`rbn.egt/@PBN_Beeuba_Pgport_0<<0.pjc@rbiagy, D.; vbe Krbbygeoorj, N.; Gakfes, D. 266<. Wejgrstbejfeh Voueh Xoige wftm

Jfsb`faftfgs . Ruggesabej, Bustrbafb, Crgj bej Gagbeor ^nmoegaa ^pgnfba Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg, Wefvgrsfty oc Ruggesabej.

@rby, I. 2663. Nouetfeh tmg Cuaa Nost4 \brgetba bej Noiiuefty Cfebenfeh oc Gjunbtfoe fe Gbst Bsfb . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N.,Xoraj @bek. (Jfrgntfoes fe Jgvgaopiget.)

@rby, I.; Iukuejbe, I. S. 0<<>. Ibebhgiget bej hovgrebeng cor gjunbtfoe cor baa4 fs jgngetrbafsbtfoe rgbaay tmgbeswgr? @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

@rbzfa. 266=. Noestftutfoe 26==. Noestftutfoeba tgxt oc 7 Onto`gr 26== wftm batgrbtfoes fetrojungj `y NoestftutfoebaBigejigets Eos. 2/60 to 2=/6= bej y tmg Pgvfsfoe Noestftutfoeba Bigejigets Eos. 2/6: to 3/6:. @rbsfafb,Cgjgrbtfvg Pgpuàfn oc @rbzfa.

@rbzfa/FAO/NFEZGPCOP. 0<<>. Ebtfoeba Feftfbtfvgs Noengrefeh Purba Gjunbtfoe bej Zrbfefeh „ @rbzfa . Hovgreiget oc

@rbzfa, Ifefstry oc Corgfhe Pgabtfoes/Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur Orhbefzbtfoe/Fetgr-Bigrfnbe Pgsgbrnm bejJonuigetbtfoe Ngetrg oe Sonbtfoeba Zrbfefeh (NFEZGPCOP).mttp4//www.aohos-egt.egt/fao/27<_ bsg/ge/topfn_e/t06_`rb.mti

@rgjgeùrh, K.; ômgp, I.; ôibey, O. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe fe Nbiòjfb4 mfstorfnba rgvfgw oc trgejs bej tmgwby corwbrj. \meoi \gem, Nbiòjfb. (Ifigo.)

@rowe, J.; Jgbrjorcc, B.; ^tgre, P. I. 0<<>. Zmg gccgnts oc iuatfebtfoeba projuntfoe oe wbhgs bej workfeh noejftfoesfe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs. Pgsgbrnm ^gifebr fe Fetgrebtfoeba Gnoeoifns, >< Buhust 0<<0. Bee Bròr, Ifnm.,Wefvgrsfty oc Ifnmfhbe, ^nmooa oc \uàfn \oafny. (Jfsnussfoe \bpgr Eo. :=>.)

@rues, @. 0<<>. Zmg GCB Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg4 gxpgrfgeng to jbtg bej egxt stgps. \rgsgetbtfoe `y GCB CZF ^gnrgtbrfbt,Courtm Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa, \brfs, 00„0> Duay 0<<>.

@rues, @.; Ifehbt, B.; Pbkotoibabab, P. 0<<>. B Nmbeng cor Gvgry Nmfaj. Bnmfgvfeh Wefvgrsba \rfibry Gjunbtfoe `y 0<27 .Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

@uewbrgg, ^. 2666. Hgejgr fegqubafty4 tmg Iburftfbe gxpgrfgeng. Fe4 N. Mgwbrj bej ^. @uewbrgg (gjs.), Hgejgr,

Gjunbtfoe, bej Jgvgaopiget4 @gyoej Bnngss to Gipowgriget . Aoejoe/Egw Vork, Tgj @ooks.Nbnnfo-@bvb, ^. e.j. @oasb-Gsnoab (snmooa ùrsbry prohrbi)4 b \uàfn \oafny oe Ifefiui Fenoig bej Gjunbtfoe. \þafs

[Pgsgbrnm, Coribtfoe bej ônfba \oafnfgs Noesuatbeny FestftutgY. (FJPN Nbebjb \oafny @rfgc, 6 Buhust 0<<>.)mttp4//www.fjrn.nb/abnro/coro/sgifebrfo/nbnnfb_p`.mtia

Nbhbtby, E., Ozagr, ^. 2667. Cgifefzbtfoe oc tmg abòur corng4 Zmg gccgnts oc aoeh-tgri jgvgaopiget bej strunturbabjdustiget. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget , Soa. 0>, Eo. 22, pp. 2==>„6:.

Nbfe, I. 26=:. Oe woige‖s stbtus, cbifay strunturg bej cgrtfafty fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor tmgXoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport 26=: . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

Nbigrooe. 0<<2. Pbpport ebtfoeba sur ag jævgaoppgiget jg a‖æjunbtfoe. \br ag Ifefstírg jg a‖Gjunbtfoe Ebtfoebag .Vbouejæ, Noiifssfoe Ebtfoebag jg ab Pæpuàfqug ju Nbigroue pour a‖WEG^NO.

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Beegx

Pgcgrg

NBI\G/Gjunbtfoe Xbtnm. 2666. Mopg Eot Noipabngeny4 ^tbtg oc \rfibry Gjunbtfoe fe @behabjgsm 2666. Jmbkb,Zmg Wefvgrsfty \rgss Afiftgj.

Nbebhbrbdbm, ^.; Nouaoi`g, M. 2668. Gipaoyiget, abòr ibrkgts, bej povgrty fe Hmbeb4 b stujy oc nmbehgs jurfehgnoeoifn jgnafeg bej rgnovgry. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Xorkfeh \bpgrs „ Abòr bej Gipaoyiget,Abòr Ibrkgt \oafnfgs bej Festftutfoes „ Eo. 2=:7.)

Nbrjoso, P. 0<<2. @ufajfeh pbrtegrsmfps cor sonfba jgvgaopiget4 @rbzfa‖s Noiuefjbjg ôafjârfb. Mbrvbrj Pgvfgw oc AbtfeBigrfnb , ^prfeh 0<<0. mttp4//www.cbs.mbrvbrj.gju/~jrnabs/puàfnbtfoes/rgvfstb/Soauetggrfeh/noiuefjbg.mtia

Nbreoy, I.; Nbstgaas, I. 2663. ûstbfebàg cagxf`fafty4 prospgntfvg stujy oe work, cbifay bej sonfgty fe tmg fecoribtfoebhg. @grkgagy, Nbafc., Wefvgrsfty oc Nbafcorefb. (Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 22.)

Nbrr-Mfaa, P.; Kwgkb, B. E.; Pusfi`f, I.; Nmgehgagag, P. 2662. Zmg Cuentfoefeh bej Gccgnts oc tmg Zbezbefbe Aftgrbny \rohrbiig . \brfs, WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh. (FFG\ Pgsgbrnm Pgport.)

Nbrroe, H.; Iwfrfb, K.; Pfhmb, H. 26=6. Zmg Cuentfoefeh bej Gccgnts oc tmg Kgeyb Aftgrbny \rohrbiig . \brfs, WEG^NOFetgrebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh. (FFG\ Pgsgbrnm Pgport.)

Nbrvbamo, F. 0<<<. Mousgmoaj fenoig bs b jgtgrifebet oc nmfaj abòur bej snmooa geroaiget fe @rbzfa4 gvfjgeng croib sonfba sgnurfty rgcori. Nmbptgr oc \m.J. tmgsfs, Ibssbnmusgtts Festftutg oc Zgnmeoaohy. (Ifigo.)

Nbsbssus, D.; Nusbto, .; Crogiga, D. G.; \babcox, D. N. 0<<0. Cfrst Fetgrebtfoeba Noipbrbtfvg ^tujy oc Abehubhg,Ibtmgibtfns bej Bssonfbtgj Cbntors cor ^tujgets fe tmg Zmfrj bej Courtm Hrbjg oc \rfibry ^nmooa. ^gnoej Pgport .^betfbho, OPGBAN/WEG^NO.

Nbsg, B.; \bxsoe, N.; Bàgfjfehgr, D. 0<<0. Zmg Gjunbtfoe oc Bcrfnbe Orpmbes . \rfengtoe, E.D., \rfengtoe Wefvgrsfty,Ngetgr cor Mgbatm bej Xgaa`gfeh Pgsgbrnm \rohrbi fe Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs.

Nbstgaas, I. 2668. Zmg Fecoribtfoe Bhg4 Gnoeoiy, ônfgty bej Nuaturg . Soa. FF4 Zmg \owgr oc Fjgetfty . Ibajge,Ibss./Oxcorj, @abnkwgaa \uàfsmgrs.

NNEHO. 0<<>. ûiibry oc Pgnoiigejbtfoes croi tmg NNEHO/GCB . Beeuba Iggtfeh, \orto Baghrg, @rbzfa,26„0> Dbeubry 0<<>.

NGJBX. 2686. Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc baa Coris oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest Xoige. Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes.

‚. 2663. Feftfba bej ^gnoej \grfojfn Pgports uejgr tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest Xoige. @gafzg Nouetry Pgport. Egw Vork, WE Jfvfsfoe cor tmg Bjvbengiget oc Xoige. (NGJBX/N/@AT/2„0.)

‚. 2668. Noenaujfeh O`sgrvbtfoes oc tmg Noiifttgg oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest Xoige . Egw Vork,WE Jfvfsfoe cor tmg Bjvbengiget oc Xoige. (B/70/>= Pgv. 2.)

‚. 2666. Zmfrj \grfojfn Pgport uejgr tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest Xoige . NmfagNouetry Pgport. Egw Vork, WE Jfvfsfoe cor tmg Bjvbengiget oc Xoige. (NGJBX/N/NMF/>.)

‚. 0<<<. Feftfba Pgport uejgr tmg Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest Xoige . @uruejf NouetryPgport. Egw Vork, WE Jfvfsfoe cor tmg Bjvbengiget oc Xoige. (NGJBX/N/@JF/2.)

Næu Poajbo, I. jo. 0<<>. ^trbtghfgs to proiotg hooj prbntfng bej feeovbtfoe fe snmooas „ tmg \ortuhugsg nbsg. Fe4 Egtworks oc Feeovbtfoe. Zowbrjs Egw Iojgas cor Ibebhfeh ^nmooas bej ^ystgis . \brfs, OGNJ.

Nmb`òtt, N. 0<<>. Noestruntfeh Gjunbtfoe cor Jgvgaopiget. Fetgrebtfoeba Orhbefsbtfoes bej Gjunbtfoe cor Baa.Egw Vork/Aoejoe, Poutagjhg/Cbaigr.

Nmbj. 0<<0. \abe j‖Bntfoe Ebtfoeba jg a‖Gjunbtfoe pour Zous (\BE/G\Z) ì a‖be 0<27 „ \brtfg F4 jfbheostfn gt strbtghfgs .E‖Jdbiæeb, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

Nmbpibe, J.; Bjbis, J. 0<<0. Zmg Rubafty oc Gjunbtfoe4 Jfigesfoes bej ^trbtghfgs . Gjunbtfoe fe Jgvgaopfeh Bsfb , Soa. 7. Moeh Koeh, Bsfbe Jgvgaopiget @bek/Noipbrbtfvg Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg, Wefvgrsfty oc Moeh Koeh.

Nmbrafgr, D. G.; \fgrrbrj, D. C. 0<<2. ^ystíigs jængetrbafsæs jbes a‖æjunbtfoe sæeæhbabfsg, ùrkfeb æ gt ibafgeeg.Butrgpbrt 4 Jgs ænoags pour ag ûj , Eo. 28. \brfs, Festftutg jg Pgnmgrnmg pour ag Jævgaoppgiget.

Nmbrigs, D. 266=. Fecoriba sgntor, povgrty bej hgejgr4 b rgvfgw oc gipfrfnba gvfjgeng. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor tmgXoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<2. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

Nmfsmoai, A.; InKfeegy, N. 0<<>. Pgcoris, feeovbtfoes bej bpprobnmgs usgj to work wftm tgbnmgrs to usg tmgi bsnmbehg bhgets bej cbnfaftbtors oc hgejgr gqubafty fe jfccgrget nouetrfgs4 strgehtms bej afiftbtfoes. @bnkhrouejpbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Nmoqugt, I.; Agjoux, ^. 266:. Bjoagsngets4 gequätg ebtfoebag . \brfs, Æjftfoes FE^GPI.

Nmowjmury, B.; ^bifr, B.; Nmoujmury, P. 0<<0. Geroaiget bt prfibry agvga4 hgejgr jfccgrgeng jfsbppgbrs fe @behabjgsm.Fetgrebtfoeba Doureba oc Gjunbtfoeba Jgvgaopiget , Soa. 00, Eo. 0, pp. 262„0<>.

http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~drclas/publications/revista/Volunteering/comunidae.html

http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~drclas/publications/revista/Volunteering/comunidae.html



Nmowjmury, I.; Nmoujmury, P.; Ebtm, ^. 2666. Mopg eot Noipabngeny 4 ^tbtg oc \rfibry Gjunbtfoe fe @behabjgsm .Jmbkb, Sgjbis \uàfsmgrs.

NFJB. 2666. NFJB‖s \oafny oe Hgejgr Gqubafty . Muaa, Rug`gn, Nbebjfbe Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bhgeny.mttp4//www.bnjf-nfjb.hn.nb/nfjb_fej.esc/6n6n0<8`<j`7b=n3=707372n<<7j 7b7/3c<j2b2:22:3630==7073806<<33<jg7/$CFAG/BZZOGSZK/HGEJGP-G.pjc

‚. 0<<<. ônfba Jgvgaopiget \rforftfgs4 B Crbigwork cor Bntfoe. Muaa, Rug`gn, Nbebjfbe Fetgrebtfoeba JgvgaopigetBhgeny.

‚. 0<<0. Bntfoe \abe oe @bsfn Gjunbtfoe. Muaa, Rug`gn, Nbebjfbe Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bhgeny.

‚. 0<<>. Gjunbtfeh Hfras4 B Mbejòok . Muaa, Rug`gn, Nbebjfbe Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bhgeny.

Nfheo, B.; Posbtf, C. 0<<0. Nmfaj abòur, gjunbtfoe bej eutrftfoe fe rurba Fejfb. \bnfcfn Gnoeoifn Pgvfgw , Soa. 8, Eo. 2,pp. 37„=>.

Nabrkg, H. 266=. Eoe-hovgreigetba orhbefsbtfoes (EHOs) bej poaftfns fe tmg jgvgaopfeh woraj. \oaftfnba tujfgs , Soa. :3, Eo. 2, pp. >3„70.

Nobaftfoe to ^top tmg Wsg oc Nmfaj ôajfgrs. 0<<<. Hfras wftm Hues4 Be Bhgejb oe Nmfaj ôajfgrs cor ”@gfdfeh paus Cfvg‖ .mttp4//www.nmfaj-soajfgrs.orh/ns/nmfajsoajfgrs.esc/>8b>3jb366b::`>g=<073`0:<<:7`88 /><`c>3<7c2<><32`=<073`02<<:3c=7`?OpgeJonuiget

Nonmrbeg, ^. 2686. Cgrtfafty bej Gjunbtfoe4 Xmbt Jo Xg Pgbaay Keow? @batfiorg, Ij., Domes Mopkfes Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

Nonkùre, D. 0<<2b . Nmfaj abòur vgrsus gjunbtfoe4 povgrty noestrbfets or fenoig opportueftfgs? Ruæ`gn, WefvgrsftæAbvba, Ngetrg jg Pgnmgrnmg ge Ænoeoifg gt Cfebeng Bppafquægs.

‚. 0<<2` . Fenoig noetrfùtfoes oc nmfaj work fe rurba Gtmfopfb. Ruæ`gn, Wefvgrsftæ Abvba, Ngetrg jg Pgnmgrnmg geÆnoeoifg gt Cfebeng Bppafquægs.

‚. 0<<0. Fenoig noetrfùtfoes oc nmfaj work fe rurba Gtmfopfb. Oxcorj, Ngetrg cor tmg ^tujy oc Bcrfnbe Gnoeoifgs bejEuccfgaj Noaaghg. (Xorkfeh \bpgr 282, X\^/0<<0-20.)

Nomge, D. 2668. \rongjurg bej su`stbeng fe jgaf`grbtfvg jgionrbny. Fe4 I. D. @omibe bej X. Pgmh (gjs.), Jgaf`grbtfvg Jgionrbny . Nbi`rfjhg, Ibss., IFZ \rgss.

Nomge, D.; Pohgrs, D. 2667. Bssonfbtfoes bej Jgionrbny. Aoejoe/Egw Vork, Sgrso \rgss.

Noabrjye, J. (gj.). 0<<0. Afcgaoeh Agbrefeh4 Xmfnm Xbys Corwbrj ? 0ej gje. Wtrgnmt, Agiib \uàfsmgrs. 0=0 pp.

Noanaouhm, N.; Ba-^bibrrbf, ^.; Posg, \.; Zgiòe, I. 0<<>. Bnmfgvfeh ^nmooafeh cor Baa fe Bcrfnb4 Nosts, Noiiftiget bej Hgejgr . Bajgrsmot, WK, Bsmhbtg.

Noiioewgbatm gnrgtbrfbt. 0<<>. Hgejgr, \ovgrty bej tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas . Aoejoe, Noiioewgbatm^gnrgtbrfbt.

Noejy, B. 266=. Fiprovfeh tmg qubafty oc tgbnmfeh bej agbrefeh tmrouhm noiiuefty pbrtfnfpbtfoe4 Bnmfgvgigets,afiftbtfoes bej rfsks. Gbray agssoes croi tmg ^nmooa Fiprovgiget Cuej fe Hmbeb. Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget corFetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget. (JCFJ ônfba Jgvgaopiget Jfvfsfoe Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 0.)

Noeegaa, P. X. 2663. Zgbnmfeh tmg òys4 egw rgsgbrnm oe ibsnuafefty bej hgejgr strbtghfgs cor snmooas. Zgbnmgrs Noaaghg Pgnorj , Soa. 6=, Eo. 0, pp. 0<3„>7.

Noesuatbtfvg Hroup oe GNNJ. 266>. ^ftg Sfsft4 Fejfb „ Fetghrbtgj Nmfaj Jgvgaopiget ^grvfngs (FNJ^) . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N.,Xoraj @bek. www.gnjhroup.noi

Nooi`g, N. 0<<2. MFS/BFJ^ bej Zrbuib Bioeh Agbregrs4 ^gxuba Sfoageng bej Jgprfvbtfoe fe ôutm Bcrfnb . MbrbrgNaustgr Occfng, WEG^NO MFS/BFJ^ bej Gjunbtfoe \rohrbiig.

Nooi`g, N.; Kgaay, D. 0<<2. Gjunbtfoe bs b Sgmfnag cor Noi`btfeh MFS/BFJ^ . Mbrbrg Naustgr Occfng, WEG^NO MFS/BFJ^ bejGjunbtfoe \rohrbiig.

Norrbags, D. 2666. Zmg \oaftfns oc Gjunbtfoe Pgcori4 @oastgrfeh tmg ûppay bej Jgibej4 Ovgrnoifeh Festftutfoeba @aonks .Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Gjunbtfoe Pgcori bej Ibebhgiget \uàfnbtfoe ^grfgs, Soa. FF. Eo. 2.)

NPN. 26=6. Noevgetfoe oe tmg Pfhmts oc tmg Nmfaj. Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes.

Nrook, P.; ^turab ^vgrrfssoe, B. 2666. Zo wmbt gxtget nbe jgngetrbafsgj coris oc hovgreiget gembeng tmg jgvgaopigetoc pro-poor poafnfgs bej fiprovg povgrty baagvfbtfoe outnoigs. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor Xoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<</<2. Aoejoe/Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget/Xoraj @bek.

Nussþ, P. 0<<>. A‖fipbnt jgs poaftfqugs jg snoabrfsbtfoe jgs cfaags4 Iburftbefg, Zuefsfg, Fejg, @behabjgsm gt ^æeæhba . \brfs,WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh.

http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/9c9c207b0db5a8c68525651c005db5a5/

http://www.child-soldiers.org/cs/childsoldiers.nsf/37a36da699a44b3e80256b240045b77b/

http://www.child-soldiers.org/cs/childsoldiers.nsf/37a36da699a44b3e80256b240045b77b/

http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/9c9c207b0db5a8c68525651c005db5a5/



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Jghbzoe-Domesoe, P. 0<<0. Xmbt mbppgegj to tmg nmfajrge? Fe4 @grebrj Sbe Aggr Couejbtfoe, Coaaowfeh Cootstgps4 GNJ Zrbngr ^tujfgs . (Gbray Nmfajmooj Ibttgrs Eo. 2<<.)

Jgmgdfb, P.; Hbttf, P. 0<<0. Nmfaj abòr4 tmg roag oc fenoig vbrfb`fafty bej bnngss to nrgjft bnross nouetrfgs. Nbi`rfjhg,Ibss., Ebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gnoeoifn Pgsgbrnm. (E@GP Xorkfeh \bpgr ^grfgs Eo. 6<2=.)

Jgegs, N. B. 0<<>. @oasb-Gsnoab4 rgjgcfefeh povgrty bej jgvgaopiget fe @rbzfa. Fetgrebtfoeba Gjunbtfoe Doureba , Soa. :,

Eo. 0, pp. 2>8„:8.Jgeh, A. @. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe fe soutmgre ûjbe4 wbr, stbtus bej nmbaagehgs oc bnmfgvfeh Gjunbtfoe Cor Baa hobas.

@bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Jgeibrk. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa . Nopgembhge, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe. mttp4//geh.uvi.jk/

Jgssy, ^.; Sgenbtbnmgaaui, J. 0<<>. Gxpabfefeh nross-nouetry jfccgrgengs fe poafny rgspoesg to nmfaj abòur. NbebjfbeDoureba oc Gnoeoifns , Soa. >3, Eo. 2, p. 2.

Jg Zgiigribe, G. 0<<2. Bòkg Hfras. Nmfajrge B`juntgj fe Eortmgre Whbejb . Kbipbab, Whbejb. Couetbfe \uàfnbtfoes.

JgZrby, J. 26=>. Nmfajrge‖s work bntfvftfgs fe Ibabysfb. \opuabtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget Pgvfgw , Soa. 6, Eo. >, pp. :>8„77.

Jgutsnm, P. 266=. Jogs nmfaj nbrg pby? Abòur corng pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej gbrefehs gccgnts oc bnngss to nmfaj nbrg fe tmgcbvgabs oc Pfo jg Dbegfro. (Wepuàfsmgj.)

Jg Srgygr, \. 266:. Ab jgibejg j‖æjunbtfoe4 jætgrifebets ænoeoifqugs. Bcrfqug Noetgiporbfeg , Eo. 280, pp. 60„2<8.

JCFJ. 0<<<. \ovgrty Gafifebtfoe bej tmg Gipowgriget oc Xoige. Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget cor FetgrebtfoebaJgvgaopiget.

‚. 0<<2b . Nmfajrge Out oc ^nmooa . Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget.

‚. 0<<2` . Zmg Nmbaagehg oc Wefvgrsba \rfibry Gjunbtfoe. Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget.

‚. 0<<>. JCFJ‖s ûpport cor GCB ^feng Jbkbr . mttp4//30.2=6.:0.72/JCFJstbhg/\u`s/cfags/gjun_gcb.pjc

Jfbheg, I. 2666. ^yetmgsfs oc \rodgnt Gvbaubtfoe Pgvfgws . @bsfn Gjunbtfoe bej Afvgafmooj Opportueftfgs cor Faaftgrbtgbej ^gifaftgrbtg Voueh Bjuats „ @GAOF^VB „ gspgnfbaay youeh woige fe nouetrfgs wftm aow rbtgs oc geroaiget feprfibry snmooas. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Muibe Jgvgaopiget, Bcrfnb Pghfoe.)

Jfhmg, B. 2667. Jgnoestruntfeh aftgrbny prfigrs. Gnoeoifn bej \oaftfnba Xggkay (Fejfb), 2 Duay , pp. 2776„32.

Joaabr, J.; Hbttf, P. 2666. Hgejgr fegqubafty, fenoig bej hrowtm4 brg hooj tfigs hooj cor woige? Xbsmfehtoe, J.N.,Xoraj @bek. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport oe Hgejgr bej Jgvgaopiget. Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 2.)

Joeegaay, D. 0<<>. MFS rbtg iby `g jgnafefeh fe Bcrfnb? Zmg @ostoe Hao`g , 22 Iby.Jouibto, G. B. 2667. Zmg bi`fhufty oc smbrf‖b bej tmg poaftfns oc ”rfhmts‖ fe ^bujf Brb`fb. Fe4 I. Bckmbif (gj.), Cbftm

bej Crggjoi4 Xoige‖s Muibe Pfhmts fe tmg Iusafi Xoraj . Aoejoe, F. @. Zburus.

Jrízg, D.; Kfehjoe, H. H. 2666. ^nmooa pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe rurba Fejfb. ûetory bej Zoyotb Fetgrebtfoeba Ngetrg corGnoeoifns bej Pgabtgj Jfsnfpafegs. Aoejoe, Aoejoe ^nmooa oc Gnoeoifns. (Jgvgaopiget Gnoeoifns Jfsnussfoe\bpgr ^grfgs Eo. 2=.)

‚. 0<<2. ^nmooa pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe rurba Fejfb. Pgvfgw oc Jgvgaopiget Gnoeoifns , Soa. 7, Eo. 2, pp. 2„0:.

Juenbe, H. D., @rooks-Huee, D.; Dgbe Vgueh, X.; îftm, D. P. 266=. Mow iunm jogs nmfajmooj povgrty bccgnt tmg afcgnmbengs oc nmfajrge? Bigrfnbe ônfoaohfnba Pgvfgw , Soa. 3>, pp. :<„0>.

JXEPO. e.j. B rgsgbrnm rgport oe tmg gjunbtfoe stbtus oc nmfajrge wftm jfsb`faftfgs fe Whbejb. B nbsg oc Fhbejbjfstrfnt. Jfsbàgj Xoige Egtwork bej Pgsourng Orhbefzbtfoe. Kbipbab. (Ifigo.)

Jysoe, Z. 0<<0. Oe tmg Cuturg oc Muibe Cgrtfafty fe Fejfb . Weftgj Ebtfoes Gxpgrt Hroup oe Noipagtfeh tmg Cgrtfafty

Zrbesftfoe, 22„2: Ibrnm 0<<0. Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes \opuabtfoe Jfvfsfoe.Jysoe, Z.; Ioorg, I. 26=>. Oe kfesmfp strunturgs, cgibag butoeoiy bej jgiohrbpmfn `gmbvfour fe Fejfb. \opuabtfoe

bej Jgvgaopiget Pgvfgw , Soa. 6, Eo. 2, pp. >7-3<.

GNABN. 0<<0. ônfba \beorbib oc Abtfe Bigrfnb . 0<<2„0<<0. ^betfbho, GNABN.

Zmg Gnoeoifst . 266<. Zmg Gnoeoifst @ook oc Sftba Xoraj ^tbtfstfns . Aoejoe, Mutnmfesoe @usfegss.

Gjioejs, G. 0<<>. Mousgmoaj Noiposftfoe bej tmg Pgspoesg oc Nmfaj Abòr ûppay to \rojunt Ibrkgt Fetghrbtfoe4 Gvfjgeng croi Sfgt Ebi. Jgpbrtiget oc Gnoeoifns, Jbrtioutm Noaaghg/Ebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gnoeoifn Pgsgbrnm.mttp4//www.jbrtioutm.gju/~ggjioejs/sf`s.pjc

Gjunbtfoe Zojby . 0<<>. Egwsagttgr oc tmg WEG^NO Gjunbtfoe ^gntor, Eo. 3 (Duay„^gptgi`gr). \brfs, WEG^NO.

Ghypt. 0<<>. Jrbct F4 Zmg Ebtfoeba \abe cor Gjunbtfoe cor Baa (0<<0/0<<>„0<27/0<23) . Nbfro, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

http://eng.uvm.dk/

http://62.189.42.51/DFIDstage/Pubs/files/educ_efa.pdf

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~eedmonds/sibs.pdf




http://62.189.42.51/DFIDstage/Pubs/files/educ_efa.pdf

http://eng.uvm.dk/



Ga-@usmrb, D.; Ga-Kbrf , B.; Mbjdfpbtgrbs, B. 0<<0. Hgejgr-^gesftfvg \rohrbiig Jgsfhe bej \abeefeh fe Noecafnt-Bccgntgj ^ftubtfoes . Aoejoe, Bhgeny cor No-opgrbtfoe bej Pgsgbrnm fe Jgvgaopiget (BNOPJ).

Gasoe, J. 0<<0. Hgejgr dustfng, muibe rfhmts bej ego-af`grba gnoeoifn poafnfgs. Fe4 I. Ioayegux bej ^. Pbzbvf, Hgejgr Dustfng, Jgvgaopiget bej Pfhmts . Oxcorj, Oxcorj Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

Gasoe, J.; Gvgrs, @. 266=. ^gntor \rohrbiig ûpport4 tmg Mgbatm ^gntor. B Hgejgr Bwbrg Bebaysfs . Pgport cor tmg

JBN/XFJ Zbsk Corng oe Hgejgr Hufjgafegs cor \rohrbiig Bfj bej Otmgr Coris oc Gnoeoifn \oafny PgabtgjBssfstbeng.

Gifeh Voueh, I. 0<<0. Gbray Nmfajmooj Jgvgaopiget4 B ^tgppfeh ^toeg to ûnngss fe ^nmooa bej Afcgaoeh Agbrefeh .Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Muibe Jgvgaopiget Egtwork Gjunbtfoe Hroup.

Gtmfopfb. 0<<0. Gjunbtfoe ^gntor Jgvgaopiget \rohrbiig FF (G^J\„FF) 0<<0/0<<>„0<<:/0<<7. \rohrbi Bntfoe \abe(\B\). Pgvfsgj Jrbct. Bjjfs B`b`b, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

Guropgbe Nouenfa. 0<<>. Nouenfa Noenausfoes oe Pgcgrgeng Agvgas oc Guropgbe Bvgrbhg \grcoribeng fe Gjunbtfoe bejZrbfefeh (@genmibrks), 7 bej 3 Iby 0<<>. @russgas, Guropgbe Nouenfa.

Gvbes, D. 2668. Jfbheosfs bej soautfoes4 gccorts to bjjrgss trbesftfoes bej afekbhgs fe jfvgrsg nouetrfgs. Fe4Noorjfebtors‖ Eotgòok , Soa. 02, pp. 00„><. Zmg Mbhug, @grebrj vbe Aggr Couejbtfoe.

Gvbes, \.; Jgaunb, I. 0<<>. Jfsb`faftfgs bej hgejgr fe prfibry gjunbtfoe. \brfs, OGNJ/Ngetrg j‖Ætujgs gt jg PgnmgrnmgsFetgrebtfoebags. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

CBXG. 266:. ^nmooa Jropout bej Bjoagsnget \rghebeny . B Pgport oe tmg Ifefstgrfba Noesuatbtfoe mgaj fe Iburftfus,^gptgi`gr 266:. Ebfro`f, Corui cor Bcrfnbe Xoige Gjunbtfoebafsts.

‚. 0<<>. Ibfestrgbifeh Hgejgr feto Gjunbtfoe cor Baa (GCB) Ebtfoeba Bntfoe \abes (EB\^) . Ebfro`f, Corui cor BcrfnbeXoige Gjunbtfoebafsts.

Cfhugrob, I. 0<<<. Ibkfeh sgesg oc ibag gxpgrfgeng4 tmg nbsg oc bnbjgifn uejgrbnmfgvgiget fe tmg Gehafsm-spgbkfehNbrf``gbe. FJ^ @uaagtfe, Soa. >2, Eo. 0, pp. 3=„8:.

Cfaigr, J. 0<<2. Gjunbtfoeba Bttbfeiget bej Geroaiget \rocfags4 B Pgsourng ”@ook‖. @bsgj oe be Bebaysfs oc Jgiohrbpmfn bej Mgbatm ûrvgy Jbtb . Xoraj @bek, Jgvgaopiget Pgsgbrnm Hroup.mttp4//www.woraj`bek.orh/rgsgbrnm/prodgnts/gjbttbfe/gjòok.mti (noetfeubaay upjbtgj)

Cfekgamor, J.; Jzfu`b-Agtmgribe, D. 266:. Nmfajrge bs vfntfis oc vfoageng4 B ebtfoeba survgy. \gjfbtrfns , Soa. 6:, Eo. :,pp. 28>„=>.

Cfeabej. 0<<0. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa „ Cfeefsm Ebtfoeba Bntfoe \abe . Mgasfekf, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

Cfskg, G. @. 2663. Jgngetrbafzbtfoe oc Gjunbtfoe4 \oaftfns bej Noesgesus . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.Cagfsnmibe, D. 0<<>. Gjunbtfeh hfras, noi`btfeh MFS/BFJ^. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Coa`rg, E. 266:. Xmo Zbkgs Nbrg oc tmg Kfjs? Hgejgr bej tmg ^trunturgs oc Noestrbfet . Aoejoe/Egw Vork, Poutagjhg.

Crbesibe, D. 0<<>. Hgejgr fe gjunbtfoe4 \bkfstbe nbsg stujy. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Crbesibe, D.; Pgewfnk, F., Bjf` Xbm`b Xbm`y, V. 0<<>. Nbe hgejgr pbrfty agbj to hgejgr gqufty? „ @behabjgsm nouetryprocfag. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Crosnma, I.; Pousso, M.; Pu`fe, G. 0<<2. Eotmfeh to jo bctgr snmooa4 iorg oc be fssug cor hfras. Fe4 M. Pousso bejI. Xgmigygr (gjs.), Jouàg Dgopbrjy4 Bjjrgssfeh Hgejgr Gqufty fe ^pgnfba Gjunbtfoe. Ba`bey, E.V., ^WEV \rgss.

Hbabsso, G. 2666. Fetrb-mousgmoaj baaonbtfoe bej nmfaj abòr fe Fejoegsfb. @ostoe Noaaghg, WK. (Ifigo.)

Hbaa, \.; Gnkrobj, D.; ^tbecfgaj, D. J. 26=3. Gvbaubtfoe oc tmg \A:=< Zftag FF \rohrbi fe tmg Joifefnbe Pgpuàfn. Cfeba jrbctrgport. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.

Hgonftfgs. 0<<2. Ag ÊGE igt cfe ì ab pbrojfg jg eæhonfbtfoes. mttp4//www.hgonftfgs.noi/batgrefhgr/mtia/0:6sege.mti

Hgrtagr, \.; Hagwwg, \. 266<. Zmg wfaafehegss to pby cor gjunbtfoe cor jbuhmtgrs fe noetrbst to soes4 gvfjgeng croirurba \gru. Doureba oc \uàfn Gnoeoifns , Soa. :0, Eo. >, pp. 072„87.

Hfssga`rgtnm, O. 2663. ^tbtfstfqugs snoabfrgs ju Ibaf, pgrspgntfvg mfstorfqug 263>„266: . @bibko, Ibaf, OP^ZOI Ngetrg(Festftut Crbeèbfs jg ab Pgnmgrnmg ^nfgetfcfqug pour ag Jævgaoppgiget ge Noopærbtfoe). >2< pp.

Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe. 0<<>b . B Cbfr Nmbeng4 Bttbfefeh Hgejgr Gqubafty fe @bsfn Gjunbtfoe `y 0<<7 . @russgas,Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe.mttp4//www.nbipbfhecorgjunbtfoe.orh/_mtia/bntfoewggk/joweaobjs/BCbfrNmbengCuaaPgport.pjc

‚. 0<<>` . Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Cbst Zrbnk. Zmg eo-prohrgss rgport. @russgas, Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe.(@rfgcfeh pbpgr, 22 ^gptgi`gr 0<<>.)

http://www.worldbank.org/research/projects/edattain/edbook.htm

http://www.geocities.com/alterniger/html/249snen.htm


http://www.campaignforeducation.org/_html/actionweek/downloads/AFairChanceFullReport.pdf

http://www.campaignforeducation.org/_html/actionweek/downloads/AFairChanceFullReport.pdf


http://www.worldbank.org/research/projects/edattain/edbook.htm



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Hao`ba Mgbatm Cuej. mttp4//www.hao`bacuejbti.orh/ovgrvfgw.mtia

Hao`ba FJ\ \rodgnt. 0<<>. Hao`ba Ovgrvfgw oc Fetgreba Jfspabngiget `y tmg Gej oc 0<<0 . Noipfabtfoe oc upjbtgj hao`babej rghfoeba suiibrfgs puàfsmgj `y tmg Hao`ba FJ\ \rodgnt, Cg`rubry 0<<>. www.fjpprodgnt.orh

Hao`ba Ibrnm Bhbfest Nmfaj Abòur. www.hao`baibrnm.orh

Hao`ba Iovgiget cor Nmfajrge. mttp4//www.hicn.orh/ge/fejgx_mtia

Hogtz, B-I. 266=. Ibfestrgbifeh hgejgr gqufty to ebtfoeba jgvgaopiget pabeefeh. Fe4 N. Ifaagr bej ^. Pbzbvf (gjs.),Ifssfoebrfgs bej Ibejbrfes4 Cgifefst Gehbhgiget wftm Jgvgaopiget Festftutfoes. Aoejoe, FetgrigjfbtgZgnmeoaohy Jgvgaopiget Hroup.

‚. 0<<>. Xoige‖s gjunbtfoe bej poaftfnba pbrtfnfpbtfoe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Horjoe, Z.; Moaabej, D.; Abmgaib, G. 0<<<. Ibkfeh ^pbngs4 Nftfzgesmfp bej Jfccgrgeng fe ^nmooas . Aoejoe, Ibnifaabe.

Houdoe, B.; InEby, K. Cortmnoifeh. \rodgntfeh tmg gjunbtfoeba noiposftfoe oc tmg popuabtfoe oc Fejfb4 ^gagntgjstbtg-agvga pgrspgntfvgs. Bppafgj \opuabtfoe bej \oafny. Opge Ifej Dourebas, Bunkabej.

Hovfejb, P. 0<<>. Jyebifns oc jgngetrbafzgj ibebhgiget fe prfibry gjunbtfoe4 poafny bej prbntfng fe Pbdbstmbebej Ibjmyb \rbjgsm. Fe4 P. Hovfejb bej P. Jfwbe (gjs.), Noiiuefty \brtfnfpbtfoe bej Gipowgriget fe \rfibry Gjunbtfoe, pp.0<>„>7. Egw Jgamf/Zmousbej Obks/Aoejoe, ^bhg \uàfnbtfoes.

Hrgge, B. 2666. Gjunbtfoe bej hao`bafsbtfoe fe Guropg bej Bsfb4 noevgrhget bej jfvgrhget trgejs. Doureba oc Gjunbtfoeba \oafny , Soa. 2:, Eo. 2, pp. 77„80.

Hrghsoe, ^.; Tb`b, @.; Muetgr, ^.-N. 0<<0. Zmg Fipbnt oc MFS 2 oe Cgrtfafty fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb4 Nbusgs bej Noesgqugengs . Weftgj Ebtfoes Gxpgrt Hroup oe Noipagtfeh tmg Cgrtfafty Zrbesftfoe, 22„2: Ibrnm 0<<0. Egw Vork,Weftgj Ebtfoes \opuabtfoe Jfvfsfoe.

Hrong, E. 2668. Xoige wftm jfsb`faftfgs fe tmg jgvgaopfeh woraj. Doureba oc Jfsb`fafty \oafny ^tujfgs , Soa. =, Eo. 2&0,pp. 28=„60.

‚. 2666. Be Ovgrvfgw oc Voueh \gopag Afvfeh wftm Jfsb`faftfgs4 Zmgfr Eggjs bej tmgfr Pfhmts . Egw Vork, WEFNGC.

Hrootbgrt, N. 2666. Nmfaj Abòr fe Nútg j‖Fvofrg. Fe4 N. Hrootbgrt bej M. B. \btrfeos (gjs.), Zmg \oafny Bebaysfs oc Nmfaj Abòr , pp. 0>„30. Egw Vork, ^t Ibrtfes \rgss.

HZT. 2666. ûpport to @bsfn Gjunbtfoe fe Jgvgaopfeh Nouetrfgs . Gsnmòre, Hgsgaasnmbct cñr ZgnmefsnmgTusbiigebr`gft.

‚. 0<<2b . \rohrbiig oc Bntfoe 0<274 \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe „ b Hao`ba Zbsk . Gsnmòre, Hgsgaasnmbct cñr ZgnmefsnmgTusbiigebr`gft.

‚. 0<<2` . Zmg Brt oc Agbrefeh4 Afcg ^kfaas cor tmg Nmfajrge oc tmg Xoraj . Gsnmòre, Hgsgaasnmbct cñr ZgnmefsnmgTusbiigebr`gft.

Hufibrbgs jg Nbstro, I. G. 0<<0b . @rbzfafbe Ebtfoeba Gjunbtfoe \abe, Bnngagrbtfeh Bntfoe Zowbrjs Gjunbtfoe cor Baa .Festftuto Ebnfoeba jg Gstujos g \gsqufsbs Gjunbnfoebfs (FEG\).

‚. 0<<0` . Gvbaubtfoe4 Be Gjunbtfoeba Pgcori ^trbtghy fe @rbzfa. @rbsfafb, Festftuto Ebnfoeba jg Gstujos g \gsqufsbsGjunbnfoebfs (FEG\).

Hufegb. 0<<>. Pbpport ebtfoeba sur ags prohrís ræbafsæs jbes ab ifsg ge Şuvrg jg ab Jænabrbtfoe ju Ifaaæebfrg .Noebkry, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc Hufegb. mttp4//www.uejp.orh/crgenm/ijh/ijhhufegb.jon

Huptb, I. N.; Koi Moi. 26=:. Gvbaubtfoe oc \.A. :=< Zftag FF ^nmooa Cggjfeh \rohrbi fe Fejfb . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N./EgwJgamf, W^BFJ.

Hustbcssoe-Xrfhmt, G.; \yeg, M. M. 0<<0. Hgejgr jfigesfoes oc nmfaj abòur bej strggt nmfajrge fe @rbzfa. Xbsmfehtoe,J.N., Xoraj @bek. (\oafny Pgsgbrnm Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 0=68.)

Huzibe, ^. A.; Agtgejrg Iorbags, B. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe fe Nostb Pfnb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Mb`gribes, D. 2668. Jfrgfto g jgionrbnfb4 getrg cbtfnfjbjg g vbafjbjg. Zgipo @rbsfagfro, (Pfo jg Dbegfro), Soas. F, FF.

Mbftf. 2668. Ebtfoeba \abe oc Gjunbtfoe bej Zrbfefeh, \EGC (2668„0<<8). \ort-bu-\rfeng, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfnoc Mbftf.

Mbabsz, H. 0<<>. \uàfn ibebhgiget rgcori bej tmg rghuabtfoe oc gjunbtfoe systgis. Fe4 Egtworks oc Feeovbtfoe.Zowbrjs Egw Iojgas cor Ibebhfeh ^nmooas bej ^ystgis . \brfs, OGNJ.

Mbaabk, D.; \ofssoe, I. 0<<2. Gtmfns bej Norruptfoe fe Gjunbtfoe. Pgsuats croi tmg Gxpgrt Xorksmop mgaj bt tmgFetgrebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh, \brfs, 0=„06 Eovgi`gr 0<<2. \brfs, WEG^NO-FFG\.

http://www.globalfundatm.org/overview.html

http://www.gmfc.org/en/index_html

http://www.undp.org/french/mdg/mdgguinea.doc

http://www.undp.org/french/mdg/mdgguinea.doc

http://www.gmfc.org/en/index_html

http://www.globalfundatm.org/overview.html



Mbiibr`grh, Z. 2666. Pgport oc tmg ^pgnfba Pgprgsgetbtfvg oc tmg ^gnrgtbry Hgegrba cor Muibe Pfhmts fe Nbiòjfb.(G/NE.:/2666/2<2.)

Mbegibee, W. 0<<>b . Jbtb nbsgs Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe rgabtgj to tmg Jbkbr Hoba :. Mbiùrh, WEG^NOFestftutg cor Gjunbtfoe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

‚. 0<<>` . ^fhefcfnbet Jgvgaopigets bej Zrgejs fe Aftgrbny bej @bsfn Gjunbtfoe cor Voutm bej Bjuats . Mbiùrh,

WEG^NO Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoe.Mbrhrgbvgs, B; Afg`gribee, B.; Cuaabe, I.; Mopkfes, J. (gjs.). 266=. Fetgrebtfoeba Mbejòok oc Gjunbtfoeba Nmbehg .

Jorjrgnmt, Kauwgr Bnbjgifn \rgss.

Mbstfehs, G. 2667. Bssuiptfoe, Gxpgntbtfoe bej Jfsnrfifebtfoe4 Hgejgr Fssugs cor Hfras wftm Jfsb`faftfgs . Hgejgr Gqufty,B Crbigwork cor Bustrbafbe ^nmooas. Mo`brt, Zbsibefb Jgpbrtiget oc Gjunbtfoe, Gqufty ^tbejbrjs @rbenm.mttp4//www.gjunbtfoe.tbs.hov.bu/gquftystbejbrjs/hgejgr/crbigwrk/bssuiptfoe.mti

Mbywbrj, N. (gj.). 0<<>. Hgejgr Jfccgrgengs bt \u`grty . Nbi`rfjhg, Nbi`rfjhg Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

Mgbjy, N. 0<<>. Xmbt fs tmg gccgnt oc nmfaj abòur oe agbrefeh bnmfgvgiget? gvfjgeng croi Hmbeb. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget , Soa. >2, Eo. 0, pp. >=7„6=.

Mgbtgr, J. 266<. Nftfzgesmfp4 b Nfvfn Fjgba fe Xgstgre Mfstory, \oaftfns bej Gjunbtfoe. Aoejoe, Aoehibe.

Mgnkibe, D. D. 2666. \oafnfgs to costgr muibe nbpftba. Nbi`rfjhg, Ibss., Ebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gnoeoifn Pgsgbrnm.(E@GP Xorkfeh \bpgr ^grfgs Eo. 80==.)

Mgrz, @.; û``brbo, K.; Mb`f`, I.; Pbegy, A. 2662. Agttfeh hfras agbre4 proifsfeh bpprobnmgs fe prfibry bej sgnoejbrygjunbtfoe. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Jfsnussfoe \bpgrs Eo. 2>>.)

Mgwbrj, N. 2666. Fetrojuntfoe4 tmg egw jfsnoursgs oc hgejgr, gjunbtfoe bej jgvgaopiget. Fe4 N. Mgwbrj bej ^.@uewbrgg (gjs.), Hgejgr, Gjunbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget4 @gyoej Bnngss to Gipowgriget . Aoejoe, Tgj @ooks.

Mfezge, M. 26=8. Orba Aftgrbturg bej Bjuat Gjunbtfoe. Hfvfeh bej Zbkfeh4 Fevoavgj fe ^fgrrb Agoebe Bjuat Gjunbtfoe .Crggtowe, Wefvgrsfty oc ^fgrrb Agoeg.

Mfrsnm, J. 0<<>. Zmg ibebhgiget oc agbrefeh, snmooas bej systgis. Fe4 Egtworks oc Feeovbtfoe. Zowbrjs Egw Iojgas cor Ibebhfeh ^nmooas bej ^ystgis . \brfs, OGNJ.

Mfrst, \. 266:. Bssonfbtfvg Jgionrbny. Egw Coris oc Gnoeoifns bej ônfba Hovgrebeng . Bimgrst, Ibss., Wefvgrsfty oc Ibssbnmusgtts \rgss.

Mojjfeott, D.; Bajgribe, M.; Mbjjbj, A. 2668. Zgstfeh Noipgtfeh Iojgas bej Fetrbmousgmoaj Baaonbtfoe. Fe4 A. Mbjjbjgt ba. (gjs.), Fetrbmousgmoaj Pgsourng Baaonbtfoe fe Jgvgaopfeh Nouetrfgs4 Iojgas, Igtmojs bej \oafny , pp. 206„:2.

@batfiorg, Ij., Dome Mopkfes Wefvgrsfty \rgssMoejurbs. 0<<0. Moejurbs Gjunbtfoe cor Baa \abe cor 0<<>„0<27, GCB-CZF . Zghunfhbapb, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc

Moejurbs.

Mopkfes, J.; Agvfe, @. 0<<<. Hovgreiget poafny bej snmooa jgvgaopiget. ^nmooa Agbjgrsmfp bej Ibebhgiget , Soa. 0<,Eo. 2, pp. 27„><.

Muibe Pfhmts fe Nmfeb. 0<<0. ^muttfeh Out tmg \oorgst, Jfsnrfifebtfoe Bhbfest tmg Iost Jfsbjvbetbhgj Ifhrbet Nmfajrge fe Nfty ^nmooas. Egw Vork, Muibe Pfhmts fe Nmfeb.

Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm. 0<<2b . ^nbrgj bt ^nmooa4 ^gxuba Sfoageng Bhbfest Hfras fe ôutm Bcrfnbe ^nmooas . Egw Vork,Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm.

‚. 0<<2` . Xoraj Pgport 0<<2. Egw Vork, Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm.

‚. 0<<>. ûccgrfeh fe ^fageng4 Zmg Afeks `gtwgge Muibe Pfhmts Bùsgs bej MFS Zrbesifssfoe to Hfras fe Tbi`fb .Egw Vork, Muibe Pfhmts Xbtnm.

Mutibnmgr, X., Nonmrbeg, J.; @ottbef, E. (gjs.) 0<<2. Fe \ursuft oc Gqufty fe Gjunbtfoe. Wsfeh Fetgrebtfoeba Fejfnbtors to Noipbrg Gqufty \oafnfgs . @ostoe, Kauwgr Bnbjgifn \uàfsmgrs.

Myjg, K. 0<<>. Gxpbejfeh gjunbtfoeba opportueftfgs bt prfibry agvga4 brg noiiuefty snmooas tmg beswgr? Ebfro`f,0<<>. (Ifigo.)

Fngabej. 0<<0. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Noiifttgg Pgport . Pgykdbvfk, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe, Nuaturg bej ^nfgeng.

FNPN. 0<<2. Xoige Cbnfeh Xbr4 FNPN ^tujy oe tmg Fipbnt oc Brigj Noecafnt oe Xoige . Hgegvb, FetgrebtfoebaNoiifttgg oc tmg Pgj Nross. (Pgc. <86=.)

FJ02. Noiiuefnbtfeh Jgvgaopiget Pgsgbrnm. ôutm Bcrfnb, Wefvgrsfty oc tmg Xgstgre Nbpg.mttp4//www.fj02.orh/Gjunbtfoe/GhvgJrgygr.mtia

FC\PF. 0<<2. Cooj cor Gjunbtfoe4 Cggjfeh Ifejs Pgjungs \ovgrty . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Fetgrebtfoeba Cooj \oafny PgsgbrnmFestftutg. (Fssug @rfgc Eo. :.) www.fcprf.orh/pu`s/pu`s.mti#`rfgcs

http://www.education.tas.gov.au/equitystandards/gender/framewrk/assumption.htm

http://www.id21.org/Education/EgveDreyer.html

http://www.id21.org/Education/EgveDreyer.html

http://www.education.tas.gov.au/equitystandards/gender/framewrk/assumption.htm



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Fabmf, E. 2666. Zmg Fetrb-Mousgmoaj Baaonbtfoe oc Zfig bej Zbsks4 Xmbt Mbvg Xg Agbregj croi tmg Gipfrfnba Aftgrbturg? Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

FAO. 2663b . Gnoeoifnbaay Bntfvg \opuabtfoe 267<„0<2<. Hgegvb, Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur Orhbefzbtfoe.

‚. 2663` . ûiibry Pgsuats oc Nmfaj Abòur ûrvgy fe \bkfstbe. Hgegvb, Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur Orhbefzbtfoe. FAO. 266=.Zmg 266=/66 Nmfaj Abòur Pgport Kgeyb . Hgegvb, Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur Orhbefzbtfoe.

‚. 0<<0b . B Cuturg Xftmout Nmfaj Abòur4 Hao`ba Pgport uejgr tmg Coaaow-up to tmg FAO Jgnabrbtfoe oe Cuejbigetba \rfenfpags bej Pfhmts bt Xork, 0<<0 . Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur Noecgrgeng, 6<tm ^gssfoe 0<<0, Pgport F (@). Hgegvb,Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur Orhbefzbtfoe.

‚. 0<<0` . Kgy Fejfnbtors oc tmg Abòur Ibrkgt 0<<2„0<<0 . Hgegvb, Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur Orhbefzbtfoe.

Fejfb. 0<<0. Gfhmty-sfxtm Bigejiget Bnt to tmg Fejfbe Noestftutfoe, Brtfnag 02B. Egw Jgamf, Hovgreiget oc tmgPgpuàfn oc Fejfb.

‚. 0<<>b . Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 Ebtfoeba \abe oc Bntfoe. Egw Jgamf, Ifefstry oc Muibe Pgsourng Jgvgaopiget,Jgpbrtiget oc Gagigetbry Gjunbtfoe bej Aftgrbny.

‚. 0<<>` . ^tbtus pbpgr oe cgibag gjunbtfoe fe Fejfb. Egw Jgamf, Ifefstry oc Muibe Pgsourng Jgvgaopiget.@bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

FEIWDGPG^. 0<<0. \roygnto iudgrgs y efebs noe jfsnbpbnfjbj. @oagtfe Cgjgrba . Igxfno, Ga Festftuto Ebnfoeba jg absIudgrgs. mttp4//www.feiudgrgs.ho .ix/òagtfegs/òagtfecgjgrba220<<0/fecorigjgbntfvfjbjgs.pmp

Fstbeng, F.; Ko`bybsmf, I. 0<<>. Fetrojuntfoe to4 Egtworks oc Feeovbtfoe. Zowbrjs Egw Iojgas cor Ibebhfeh ^nmooas bej ^ystgis . \brfs, OGNJ.

Dbcbrgy, ^.; Abmfrf, ^. 0<<0. Xfaa trbjg sbentfoes rgjung nmfaj abòr? Zmg roag oc nrgjft ibrkgts. Doureba oc Jgvgaopiget Gnoeoifns , Soa. 3=, pp. 2>8„73.

Dbfe, ^. 0<<>. Hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe4 noiiuefty-`bsgj feftfbtfvgs fe Fejfb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Dbifsoe, J.; Abu, A. 26=0. Cbrigr Gjunbtfoe bej Cbrigr Gccfnfgeny . @batfiorg, Ij., Domes Mopkfes Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

Dbejmybab, K. 0<<>. Gipowgrfeh gjunbtfoe4 tmg Ibmfab ^bibkmyb gxpgrfgeng. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Dgccgry, \.; Dgccgry, P.; Dgccgry, N. 0<<>. Zmg iotmgr‖s abp bej tmg nfvfafsfeh ifssfoe4 Ibjrbsbm gjunbtfoe bej rurbaIusafi hfras fe wgstgre Wttbr \rbjgsm. Wefvgrsfty oc Gjfeùrhm, WK. (Ifigo.)

Dgccgry, P. 2660. \oaftfns, Xoige bej Xgaa @gfeh4 Mow Kgrbab @gnbig b ”Iojga‖? Aoejoe, Ibnifaabe \rgss.

Dgccgry, P.; @bsu, B. I. 2663. ^nmooafeh bs noetrbngptfoe? Fe4 P. Dgccgry bej B. I. @bsu (gjs.), Hfras‖ ^nmooafeh, Xoige‖s Butoeoiy bej Cgrtfafty Nmbehg fe ôutm Bsfb . Egw Jgamf, bhg \uàfnbtfoes. >>6 pp.

Dgccgry, P.; Dgccgry, \. 266=. ^favgr ùaagt or pbssfeh cbeny? Hfras‖ snmooafeh bej popuabtfoe poafny. Fe4 N. Dbnksoe bej P.\gbrsoe (gjs.), Cgifefst Sfsfoes oc Jgvgaopiget4 Hgejgr Bebaysfs bej \oafny . Aoejoe/Egw Vork, Poutagjhg.

Dgwkgs, P.; Agvfe, D.; \gee-Kgkbeb, A. 0<<0. Pfsk cbntors cor joigstfn vfoageng4 cfejfehs croi b ôutm Bcrfnbe nross-stujy. ônfba ^nfgeng bej Igjfnfeg , Soa. 77, Eo. 6, pp. 23<>„28.

DFNB. 0<<0. Bpprobnmgs cor ^ystgibtfn \abeefeh bej Jgvgaopiget \rodgnts „ @bsfn Gjunbtfoe. Zokyo, DbpbeFetgrebtfoeba Noopgrbtfoe Bhgeny.mttp4//www.dfnb.ho.dp/gehafsm/puàfnbtfoe/stujyrgport/topfnba/spj/pjc/corgworj.pjc

‚. 0<<>. ûrvgy oc `fabtgrba bhgenfgs noejuntgj cor tmg GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Dfigegz, G. 26=8. \rfnfeh \oafny fe tmg ônfba ^gntor4 Nost Pgnovgry cor Gjunbtfoe bej Mgbatm fe Jgvgaopfeh Nouetrfgs .@batfiorg, Ij., Domes Mopkfes Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

Dombessoe, V. 0<<<. Nmbfr‖s Noenausfoes oc tmg OGNJ Noecgrgeng oe ^nmooafeh cor Zoiorrow, 2„> Eovgi`gr 0<<<,Pottgrjbi.

Doaay, P. 0<<0. Hao`ba hobas „ tmg WE gxpgrfgeng. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor WEJ\ Muibe Jgvgaopiget Pgport .

Duegdb, E. 0<<>. Noestftutfoeba Bigejiget to Ibkg Gjunbtfoe b Cuejbigetba Pfhmt4 Fssugs cor b Coaaow Wp Aghfsabtfoe.Egw Jgamf, Ebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh bej Bjifefstrbtfoe.

Kb`ggr, E. 266:. Pgvgrsgj Pgbaftfgs4 Hgejgr Mfgrbrnmfgs fe Jgvgaopiget Zmouhmt . Aoejoe, Sgrso \rgss.

‚. 2663. Hgejgr, jgiohrbpmfn trbesftfoe bej tmg gnoeoifns oc cbifay sfzg. \opuabtfoe \oafny cor b muibe-ngetrgjjgvgaopiget. (Onnbsfoeba \bpgr Eo. 8.) Hgegvb, WEPF^J.

‚. 0<<<. Zmg \owgr to Nmoosg4 @behabjgsmf Xoige bej Abòur Ibrkgt Jgnfsfoes fe Aoejoe bej Jmbkb . Aoejoe, Sgrso \rgss.

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http://www.jica.go.jp/english/publication/studyreport/topical/spd/pdf/foreword.pdf

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‚. 0<<2. Jgprfvbtfoe, jfsnrfifebtfoe bej jgafvgry4 noipgtfeh gxpabebtfoes cor nmfaj abòur bej gjunbtfoeba cbfaurg feôutm Bsfb. @rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 2>7.)

‚. 0<<>b . Hgejgr fegqubafty fe gjunbtfoeba outnoigs4 b mousgmoaj pgrspgntfvg. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

‚. 0<<>` . Ibfestrgbifeh hgejgr gqubafty bej povgrty grbjfnbtfoe fe tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas . Ottbwb,

Noiioewgbatm gnrgtbrfbt/FJPN/NFJB.Kbòræ, F.; \faoe, I. 0<<>. Jfspbrftæs fetrb-ur`bfegs ge ibtfírg jg snoabrfsbtfoe4 ag nbs jg Oubhbjouhou. @bnkhrouej

pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Kbjyoib, C.; Iwbawgedg, J.; Eyfrgejb, J. 2666. B Pgport oe Coribtfvg Bssgssiget ^tujy oc Hgejgr Fssugs fe \rfibry Gjunbtfoe fe Ibabwf . Joibsf, Ibabwf Festftutg oc Gjunbtfoe.

Kbjzbifrb, G.; Nmf`wbeb, I. 0<<<. Hgejgr bej \rfibry ^nmooafeh fe Ibabwf . @rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget^tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. :<.)

Kbjzbifrb, G.; Ejbabib, I. 2668. \rfibry Noiiuefty ^nmooas \rodgnt. @bsgafeg stujy cor ôutmgre Pghfoe4 Noesoafjbtgj Cfeba Pgport . Afaoehwg, WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget \rfibry Noiiuefty ^nmooas\rodgnt.

Kbhftnf`bsf, N.; @gkibe, ^.; Hoksga, B. 2667. B iuatfpurposg iojga oc eoecoriba gjunbtfoe4 Zmg Iotmgr-NmfajGjunbtfoe \rohrbiig. Fe4 Noorjfebtors‖ Eotgòok , Eo. 28. Zmg Mbhug, @grebrj vbe Aggr Couejbtfoe

Kbkuru Iumwgzf, J. 0<<>. Hgejgr ^gesftfvg Gjunbtfoe \oafny bej \rbntfng4 Whbejb Nbsg ^tujy.Kbipbab, Ibkgrgrg Wefvgrsfty. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: tmrouhm tmg WEG^NOFetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe, Hgegvb.

Kbibafnm, P.; \oabnmgk, ^. 26=0. Jfsnrfifebtfoe4 cbnt or cfntfoe? Be gxbifebtfoe usfeh be batgrebtfvg bpprobnm.ôutmgre Gnoeoifn Doureba , Eo. :6, pp. :7<„32.

Kbifa Mbiouj B`jga Xgjouj. 0<<>. ^tujy oe tmg sftubtfoe oc gjunbtfoe fe Iburftbefb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCBHao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Kbejfyotf, J. 2667. Pgcagntfoes oe tmg poaftfns oc hgejgr fe Iusafi sonfgtfgs4 croi Ebfro`f to @gfdfeh. Fe4 I. Bckmbif(gj.), Cbftm bej Crggjoi4 Xoige‖s Muibe Pfhmts fe tmg Iusafi Xoraj , pp. 26„>0. ^yrbnusg, E.V., ^yrbnusgWefvgrsfty \rgss.

Kbeeo, K. 0<<>. Pgvfgw bej bssgssiget oc hgejgr rgspoesfvgegss fe ebtfoeba GCB pabes. \bpgr cor tmg FetgrebtfoebaXorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe, Mgasfekf, Cfeabej, Dueg 0<<>. \brfs, WEG^NO Jfvfsfoe oc @bsfn Gjunbtfoe.

Kbsgetg, J. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe fe Whbejb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Kbsoejg-Eh‖beju, .; Ebifaoaf Nmfabab, X.; Fiutowbeb-Kbtukuab, E. 0<<<. Hgejgr bej \rfibry ^nmooafeh fe Tbi`fb .@rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. >6.)

Kbtg`, K. 0<<>. Zmg gxpbesfoe oc bnngss to gjunbtfoe bej tmg jgiohrbpmy oc Bahgrfb4 ovgrvfgw bej prospgnts.\brfs, Festftut Ebtfoeba j‖Ætujgs Jæiohrbpmfqugs. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Kgaay, I. 0<<>. ôig rgbntfoes to ”Zmg fipbnt oc tmg BFJ^ gpfjgifn oe snmooafeh fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb‖ (@geegaa,0<<>). @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor tmg @fgeefba Iggtfeh oc tmg Bssonfbtfoe cor tmg Jgvgaopiget oc Gjunbtfoe fe Bcrfnb,Iburftfus, Jgngi`gr 0<<>.

Kgewby, D.; Xfaafs, ^.; wftm @abnkiorg, D.; Pgeefg, A. 266=. Beswgrfeh @bnk4 Hfras, @oys bej Cgifefsi fe ^nmooa .Aoejoe/Egw Vork, Poutagjhg.

Kfi, D.-F., Abu, D. A. 266:. Zmg sourngs oc gnoeoifn hrowtm oc tmg Gbst Bsfbe egway fejustrfbafzgj nouetrfgs. Doureba oc tmg Dbpbegsg bej Fetgrebtfoeba Gnoeoifgs , Soa. =, Eo. > ( gptgi`gr), pp. 0>7„82.

Kfeh, G. I.; Mfaa, I. B. (gjs.). 266>. Xoige‖s Gjunbtfoe fe Jgvgaopfeh Nouetrfgs4 @brrfgrs, @gegcfts bej \oafnfgs .

@batfiorg, Ij., Domes Mopkfes Wefvgrsfty \rgss.Kfrk, D. 0<<>. Xoige fe noetgxts oc nrfsfs4 hgejgr bej noecafnt. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport

0<<>/: .

Kabsge, ^. 0<<0. Jogs hgejgr fegqubafty rgjung hrowtm bej jgvgaopiget? Gvfjgeng croi nross-nouetry rghrgssfoes.Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (\oafny Pgsgbrnm Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 8.)

Korfetus, I.; Brbto, K. (gjs.). 0<<0. @gttgr \brgetfeh Feftfbtfvgs . @ujbpgst, Ebtfoeba Festftutg cor Cbifay bej ônfba\abeefeh.

Kuaabr, I.; Igeoe, ^. 2668. Feeovbtfvg bpprobnmgs to gbray nmfajmooj gjunbtfoe fe Fejfb. @grebrj vbe Aggr CouejbtfoeEgwsagttgr (Zmg Mbhug), Eo. =3.

Ab‖af, I. 2666. Kmbtbif Bz Nmgm Ifhuybj? [Xmbt fs Kmbtbif Zbakfeh Bòut?Y Zgmrbe, Gkmabs \uàfnbtfoes.



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Abehg, I.-C. 0<<>b . Hgejgr fegqubafty bej gjunbtfoe fe Ibaf. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

‚. 0<<>` . Hgejgr fegqubafty bej gjunbtfoe fe Zoho. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Abuhao, D. 0<<2. Gehbhfeh wftm bjuats. Zmg nbsg cor fenrgbsgj support cor bjuat `bsfn gjunbtfoe fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb.Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Bcrfnb Pghfoeba Muibe Jgvgaopiget Xorkfeh \bpgr ^grfgs.)

Abvy, S. 2660. Fevgstiget fe muibe nbpftba4 snmooafeh suppay noestrbfets fe rurba Hmbeb. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj@bek. (Afvfeh ^tbejbrjs Igbsurgiget ^tujy, Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 6>.)

Abxibfbm, B. gt ba. 2666. Fipbnt oc ifj-jby igba prohrbiig oe gjunbtfoeba bej eutrftfoeba stbtus oc snmooa nmfajrgefe Kbrebtbkb. Fejfbe \gjfbtrfns , Eo. >3, pp. 2002„=.

Agbnm, C.; Jueeg, I.; Muipmrgys, ^. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej vfoageng fe snmooas. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Agg, X. 0<<0. Gqufty bej Bnngss to Gjunbtfoe4 Zmgigs, Zgesfoes, bej \oafnfgs . Moeh Koeh, Bsfbe Jgvgaopiget@bek/Noipbrbtfvg Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg, Wefvgrsfty oc Moeh Koeh.

Agvfeg, P. gt ba, 0<<>. Bnmfgvfeh uefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoe `y 0<27. @bnkhrouej pbpgr oc tmg Zbsk Corng oeGjunbtfoe bej Hgejgr Gqubafty. Ifaageefui \rodgnt. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Ngetrg cor Hao`ba Jgvgaopiget.

Agvfehgr, @. 26=3. ^nmooa Cggjfeh \rohrbis fe Jgvgaopfeh Nouetrfgs4 Be Bebaysfs Oc Bntuba bej \otgetfba Fipbnt .Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.

Agvfsoe, J.; Iog, K. 266=. Mousgmoaj work bs b jgtgrrget to snmooafeh4 be bebaysfs oc bjoagsnget hfras fe \gru. Doureba oc Jgvgaopfeh Brgbs , Soa. >0, Eo. >, pp. >>6„73.

Agwfs, ^. 0<<>. Eotgs cor b prgss `rfgcfeh bt tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes, = Dbeubry 0<<>. ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba‖s ^pgnfba Gevoy corMFS/BFJ^ fe Bcrfnb. Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes.

Afgvgsagy, J. 0<<>. Fiprovfeh tmg qubafty oc jbtb cor ioeftorfeh GCB bej IJHs. \bpgr cor tmg Fetgrebtfoeba XorkfehHroup oe Gjunbtfoe, Mgasfekf, Cfeabej, Dueg 0<<>. Ioetrgba, WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns.

Afee, G.; Pousso, M. 0<<2. ^toppfeh sgxuba mbrbssiget fe snmooas. Fe4 M. Pousso bej I. Xgmigygr (gjs.), Jouàg Dgopbrjy4 Bjjrgssfeh Hgejgr Fssugs fe ^pgnfba Gjunbtfoe. Ba`bey, E.V., ^WEV \rgss.

Afttag, B.; Ifaagr, G. 0<<<. Zmg Fetgrebtfoeba Noesuatbtfvg Corui oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 266<„0<<<4 Be Gvbaubtfoe. Pgportto tmg GCB Corui ^tggrfeh Noiifttgg. \brfs, WEG^NO.

Aaoyj, N.; Igtg, N.; ^btmbr, T. 0<<0. Zmg gccgnt oc hgejgr jfccgrgengs fe prfibry snmooa bnngss, typg, bej qubafty oe tmgjgnfsfoe to geroa fe rurba \bkfstbe. Fsabib`bj, \opuabtfoe Nouenfa. Egw Vork4 Zmg \opuabtfoe Nouenfa. (\oafny

Jfvfsfoe Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 23:.)Aojf, A. M. 0<<>. @rbzfa bej tmg gjunbtfoe cor baa poafny. \bpgr prgsgetgj bt tmg Courtm Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup

oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa, 00„0> Duay 0<<>, \brfs.

Aovgaa, N.; Cbtgib, K., 26=6. Zmg @PBN Eoe-Coriba \rfibry Gjunbtfoe \rohrbiig fe @behabjgsm. Egw Vork, WEFNGC.

Ibbrfcb Ef Wcuehuo. 0<<2. Nost ^mbrfeh4 B Nbsg ^tujy oc Gjunbtfoe fe Kfafibedbro. Brusmb, Ibbrfcb Ef Wcuehuo.

‚. 0<<>. B Coaaow Wp to tmg 0<<< ^tujy. Nost-^mbrfeh4 B Nbsg ^tujy oc Gjunbtfoe fe Kfafibebro. Brusmb, Ibbrfcb EfWcuehuo.

Ibng, D. 0<<0. ^nrf`gs bej butmors fe bjuat aftgrbny. Fe4 Zmg Hfvg bej Zbkg oc Xrftfeh4 ^nrf`gs, Aftgrbny bej Gvgry Jby Afcg . Agfngstgr, EFBNG.

Ibnmga, H. 2663. Fipbnt oc Brigj Noecafnt oe Nmfajrge. www.uefngc.orh/hrbnb/woige.mti

‚. 0<<0. Noecafnt Cugas MFS/BFJ^ Nrfsfs . mttp4//www.Fpsegws.egt/mfvbfjs/sgntfoe2_0.smtia

Ibnkgezfg, W. 0<<>. Duefor sgnoejbry snmooas fe Kfrf`btf. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .Ibheo, N.; ^faovb, F.; Xrfhmt, ^.; wftm Jgigey, G. 0<<0. O\GE IFEJ^4 Opportueftfgs cor hgejgr gqufty fe gjunbtfoe fe

Ngetrba/ôutm Gbstgre Guropg bej tmg corigr ôvfgt Wefoe. @ujbpgst, Opge ônfgty Festftutg. (Ifigo.)

Ibmba, B.; ^rfvbstbvb, S.; ^bebe, J. 0<<<. Jgngetrbafsbtfoe bej puàfn sgntor jgafvgry oc mgbatm bej gjunbtfoe sgrvfngs4tmg Fejfbe gxpgrfgeng. @oee, Tgetrui cñr Getwfnkauehscorsnmueh. (Jfsnussfoe pbpgr oe Jgvgaopiget \oafny.)

Ibmgr, K.; Afeh, M. D. 0<<>. Bnmfgvfeh GCB fe Nmfeb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Ibmabsg, ^. 2668. Zmg Nbrggrs oc Xoige Zgbnmgrs uejgr Bpbrtmgfj . Mbrbrg, ^B\G^ @ooks.

Ibmiooj, E. 2668. Zrgejs, fssugs bej poafnfgs fe gjunbtfoe4 b nbsg stujy oc \bkfstbe. Fsabib`bj, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget Gnoeoifns. (Wepuàfsmgj.)

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Ibmiuj, ^. 0<<>. Cgibag sgnoejbry snmooa stfpgej prohrbiig fe @behabjgsm4 b nrftfnba bssgssiget. @bnkhrouejpbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Ibabwf. 0<<0. \rfibry Nurrfnuaui bej Bssgssiget Pgvfgw (\NBP) Pgport . Joibsf, Ibabwf Festftutg oc Gjunbtfoe,^nfgeng bej Zgnmeoaohy.

Ibauwb-@bejb, J. 0<<>. Hgejgr sgesftfvg gjunbtfoeba poafny bej prbntfng4 tmg nbsg oc Ibabwf. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor

GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: tmrouhm tmg WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe, Hgegvb.Ibrtfefn, ^. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoeba prohrgss bej proàgis fe Hubtgibab, Moejurbs bej Igxfno. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB

Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Ibsoe, B. J.; Kmbejkgr, ^. P. 2663. Igbsurfeh tmg opportuefty nosts oc nmfajrge‖s tfig fe b jgvgaopfeh nouetry4fipafnbtfoes cor gjunbtfoe sgntor bebaysfs bej fetgrvgetfoes. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Muibe NbpftbaJgvgaopiget Xorkfeh \bpgrs Eo. 80.)

Ibssg, A. E.; @bregtt, ^. 0<<0. B @gegcft Nost Bebaysfs oc tmg B`gngjbrfbe Gbray Nmfajmooj Fetgrvgetfoe . Egw @rueswfnk,E.D., Ebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gbray Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm.

Iburftbefb. 0<<0. Ebtfoeba Pgport oe tmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg (GCB-CZF) . Eoubknmott, Ifefstry oc Ebtfoeba Gjunbtfoe/Ifefstry oc Gnoeoifn Bccbfrs bej Jgvgaopiget.

InNoeebe, F.; Wppbrj, ^. 0<<2. Nmfajrge, Eot ôajfgrs. Hufjgafegs cor Xorkfeh wftm Nmfaj ôajfgrs bej NmfajrgeBssonfbtgj wftm Cfhmtfeh Corngs . Aoejoe, ^bvg tmg Nmfajrge WK.

InHfee, E. 0<<2. Fetgrebtfoeba bej Ebtfoeba Zrgejs fe Aonba Hovgrebeng oc Gjunbtfoe. \brfs, WEG^NO. (Gjunbtfoe^tujfgs bej Jonuigets Eo. 8<.)

InHfee, E.; Xgasm, Z. 2666. Jgngetrbafzbtfoe oc Gjunbtfoe4 Xmy, Xmge, Xmbt bej Mow. \brfs, WEG^NO FetgrebtfoebaFestftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh. (Cuejbigetbas oc Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh Eo. 3:.)

InEby, K. 0<<>. Xoige‖s nmbehfeh roags fe tmg noetgxt oc tmg jgiohrbpmfn trbesftfoe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCBHao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

InKby, ^.; Ibzurbeb, J. 0<<0. Hfras fe Ifaftbrfgs, \brbifaftbrfgs, bej Brigj Opposftfoe Hroups . Ottbwb, Hovgreiget oc Nbebjb. www.wbrbccgntgjnmfajrge.hn.nb/hfras-ge.bsp

Igmotrb, ^. 0<<2. Bnngss to `bsfn sgrvfngs bej jgionrbtfn jgngetrbafsbtfoe4 be gabòrbtfoe oc ^ge‖s nbpb`faftybpprobnm. Nbi`rfjhg Wefvgrsfty Noecgrgeng oe ”Dustfng bej \ovgrty4 Gxbifefeh ^ge‖s Nbpb`fafty Bpprobnm‖.

Igmrbe, H. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe fe Frbe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Igfr, W. 0<<2. Fiprovfeh snmooa cggjfeh fe Fejfb. Fe4 I. J. Bstmbeb bej \. Igjrbeo (gjs.), Zowbrjs Muehgr-Crgg Fejfb „

Bhgejb bej Fipgrbtfvgs . Egw Jgamf, Xoraj Cooj \rohrbiig.Igeoe, S. 266=. \opuabr prfengs4 kfehsmfp bej sonfba nmbehg fe Zrbvbenorg bej Nonmfe, 2=8<„26><. Wefvgrsfty oc

Oxcorj, WK. (Wepuàfsmgj \m.J. tmgsfs.)

Igeoe-^ge, K. 0<<>. Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas Pgports4 B Rufnk Aook Zmrouhm b Hgejgr Ages . Egw Vork, @J\WEJ\.

Imaoyf, I.; Ibpcuio, O. 266=. Fipbnt oc Cbifay \abeefeh oe Xoige‖s \brtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg Jgvgaopiget \rongss .ûiibry oc b rgport prgpbrgj cor tmg Xoige‖s ^tujfgs \rodgnt, Cbifay Mgbatm Fetgrebtfoeba. Mbrbrg, Wefvgrsfty oc Tfi`b`wg. mttp4//www.cmf.orh/ge/wsp/wscfeba/pcjs/zfi2s.pjc

Ifnmbgaowb, K. 0<<0. Biæaforgr ab qubaftæ jg a‖æjunbtfoe ge Bcrfqug su`-sbmbrfgeeg4 Rugaqugs ræsuatbts ju \rohrbiig j‖Bebaysg jgs ^ystíigs Æjunbtfcs jg ab NOECGIGE. mttp4//www.u-òurhoheg.cr/HWCEW/bcrfqug/jons/jon_ifnmbg.pjc

‚. 0<<>. Rugaqugs igsurgs gccfnbngs pour bigaforgr ab qubaftæ jg a‖æjunbtfoe4 bebaysg bpprocoejfg jgs joeeggs ju\B^GN . Mbiùrh, Festftut j‖Gnoeoifg Fetgrebtfoebag.

IFG. 2663. Pgport oc tmg Ebtfoeba ^gnoejbry ^nmooa Nurrfnuaui Pgvfgw ^yiposfui, Nbpftba Motga, Afaoehwg. IbabwfIfefstry oc Gjunbtfoe/Ibabwf Festftutg oc Gjunbtfoe.

Ifaagr, @. 26=2. Zmg Gejbehgrgj ^gx4 Eghagnt oc Cgibag Nmfajrge fe Purba Eortm Fejfb . Ftmbnb, E.V., Noregaa Wefvgrsfty\rgss.

‚. 26=7. \rgebtba bej postebtba sgx-sgagntfoe fe Fejfb4 tmg pbtrfbrnmba noetgxt, gtmfnba qugstfoes, bej puàfn poafny.Obkabej, Nbafc., Xoraj Festftutg oe Jfsb`fafty. (Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 2<8.)

Ifaagr, G. 0<<<. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa fe tmg Nbrf``gbe fe tmg 26<<s4 Pgtrospgnt bej \rospgnt . \brfs, WEG^NO.

Ifaagr-Hrbejvbux, V.; Vojgr, K. 0<<0. B aftgrbturg rgvfgw oc noiiuefty snmooas fe Bcrfnb. ûpport cor Bebaysfs bejPgsgbrnm fe Bcrfnb (^BPB) \rodgnt. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N./Nbi`rfjhg, W^BFJ/Wefvgrsfty oc Nbi`rfjhg. (Ifigo.)

Ifefstírg Crbeèbfs jg a‖Æjunbtfoe Ebtfoebag. 0<<0. A‖ætbt jg a‖ænoag, 0<<2„0<<0. \brfs, Jfrgntfoe jg a‖Ævbaubtfoe gt jg ab\rospgntfvg (JG\).

http://www.fhi.org/en/wsp/wsfinal/pfds/zim1s.pdf

http://www.ubourgogne.fr/GUFNU/afrique/docs/doc_michae.pdf




http://www.fhi.org/en/wsp/wsfinal/pfds/zim1s.pdf



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Iftnmgaa, N. 0<<>. Xmgrg brg tmg youtm? Nrgbtfeh youtm bntfoe spbngs cor nouetgrfeh hgejgr fegqubafty fe gjunbtfoe.@bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Ioaaoy, @. 0<<0. Noiiuefty iotmgrs. Fe4 Coaaowfeh Cootstgps4 GNJ Zrbngr ^tujfgs . @grebrj vbe Aggr Couejbtfoe, ZmgMbhug. (Gbray Nmfajmooj Ibttgrs Eo. 2<<.)

Ioayegux, I.; Pbzbvf, ^. 0<<0. Fetrojuntfoe. Fe4 I. Ioayegux bej ^. Pbzbvf (gjs.), Hgejgr Dustfng, Jgvgaopiget bej

Pfhmts . Oxcorj, Oxcorj Wefvgrsfty \rgss.Ioehb, E. 0<<<. Keowfeh Mgr Pfhmts4 Nbsg ^tujy croi Fejfb . Iui`bf, B^\@BG. (@gyoej Aftgrbny Nbsg ^tujfgs, Bsfb bej

tmg ôutm \bnfcfn ^grfgs.)

Iossg, J. 0<<2. \gopag‖s keowagjhg, pbrtfnfpbtfoe bej pbtroebhg4 opgrbtfoes bej rgprgsgetbtfoes fe rurbajgvgaopiget. Fe4 @. Nookg bej W. Kotmbrf, \brtfnfpbtfoe4 Zmg Egw Zyrbeey? Aoejoe4 Tgj \rgss.

Iouatoe, D. gt ba., 0<<2. \brbjfhi Aost? Zmg Fipagigetbtfoe oc @bsfn Gjunbtfoe Pgcoris fe û`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb.^J \uàfnbtfoe ^grfgs. Occfng oc ûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget @urgbu cor Bcrfnb. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.(Zgnmefnba \bpgr Eo. 2<6.)

Iozbi`fqug. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg (GCB-CZF). Ibputo, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

Iuaafs, F.; Ibrtfe, I.; Cfgrros, G.; Hoaj`grh, B.; ^tgreagr, ^. 0<<<. FGB‖s Zmfrj Fetgrebtfoeba Ibtmgibtfns bej ^nfgeng ^tujy (ZFI^^). Hgejgr Jfccgrgengs fe Bnmfgvgiget . @ostoe, Ibss., @ostoe Noaaghg, ZFI^^ Fetgrebtfoeba ^tujy Ngetgr.

Iuaafs, F. S. ^.; Ibrtfe, I. O.; Hoezbags, G. D.; Kgeegjy, B. I. 0<<>. \FPA^ 0<<2 Fetgrebtfoeba Pgport4 FGB‖s ^tujy oc

Aftgrbny Bnmfgvgiget fe \rfibry ^nmooas . Nmgsteut Mfaa, Ibss., @ostoe Noaaghg.Iurpmy, A. 0<<>. Jogs fenrgbsfeh bnngss igbe jgnrgbsfeh qubafty? Be bssgssiget oc Whbejb‖s prohrgss towbrjs

rgbnmfeh tmg GCB Hobas. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Iurpmy, A.; Iuejy, K. 0<<0. B rgvfgw oc fetgrebtfoeba eoe-hovgreigetba GCB nbipbfhes 266=„0<<0. @bnkhrouejpbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<0 .

Iygrs, P. 266>. Zowbrj b Cbfr ^tbrt cor Nmfajrge4 \rohrbiifeh cor Gbray Nmfajmooj Nbrg bej Jgvgaopiget fe tmg Jgvgaopfeh Xoraj . \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 2667. Zmg Zwgavg Xmo ûrvfvg4 ^trgehtmgefeh \rohrbis oc Gbray Nmfajmooj Jgvgaopiget fe tmg Zmfrj Xoraj . Vpsfabetf,Ifnmfhbe, Mfhm/^nopg \rgss.

‚. 2668. Pgiovfeh robjàonks to sunngss. trbesftfoes bej afekbhgs `gtwgge moig, prgsnmooa, bej prfibry snmooa. Fe4Noorjfebtors‖ Eotgòok , Soa. 02, pp. 2„02. Zmg Mbhug, @grebrj vbe Aggr Couejbtfoe.

‚. 0<<2. Gbray Nmfajmooj Nbrg bej Jgvgaopiget . \brfs, WEG^NO. (Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 0<<< Bssgssiget. Zmgibtfn

^tujfgs.)Ebnm I`bnk, N. 0<<2. Ab jængetrbafsbtfoe ge Bcrfqug4 gedgux gt pgrspgntfvgs. Bcrfqug noetgiporbfeg, a‖Gtbt ge Bcrfqug4

getrg ag hao`ba gt ag aonba , Eo. 2666 (Duay„^gptgi`gr). \brfs, Ab Jonuigetbtfoe Crbeèbfsg.

Ebhbtb, K. 0<<>. Hgejgr bej jfsb`fafty fe tmg Brb` rghfoe4 Zmg nmbaagehgs fe tmg egw ifaageefui. Bsfb \bnfcfn Jfsb`fafty Pgmb`faftbtfoe Doureba , Soa. 2:, Eo. 2, pp. 2<„28.

Ebrbybe, J. 2668. Sofng oc tmg \oor „ \ovgrty bej ônfba Nbpftba fe Zbezbefb. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. Nftgj feWeftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, 0<<2` , Gjunbtfoe ^gntor Nouetry Pgport (Zbezbefb). Cfeba Pgport. Jbr gs ^babbi,Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe bej Nuaturg.

Ebrojowskf, I.; Eorgs, I. 0<<0. ^gbrnmfeh cor ”Egoaf`grba‖ Gjunbtfoe \oafnfgs. B Noipbrbtfvg Bebaysfs oc Brhgetfeb bej Nmfag. @ugeos Bfrgs, Cuejbnfþe Ho`fgreo y ônfgjbj. (^grfg Jonuigetos jg Zrb`bdo. Jonuigeto 80.)

Ebtfoeba Nouenfa oc Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm bej Zrbfefeh. 266>. Fipbnt oc GNG oe Pgtgetfoe fe \rfibry Hrbjgs . Egw Jgamf,ENGPZ.

Ebwbef, J. 0<<0. Poag bej noetrfùtfoe oc eoe-hovgreigetba orhbefzbtfoes fe `bsfn gjunbtfoe. Fe4 P. Hovfejb (gj.),Fejfb Gjunbtfoe Pgport4 B \rocfag oc @bsfn Gjunbtfoe. Egw Jgamf, Ebtfoeba Festftutg oc Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh bejBjifefstrbtfoe/WEG^NO/Oxcorj Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

Egtmgrabejs. 0<<<. Gjunbtfoe4 b @bsfn Muibe Pfhmt . Jgvgaopiget noopgrbtfoe bej `bsfn gjunbtfoe4 poafny, prbntfngbej fipagigetbtfoe. Zmg Mbhug, Ifefstry oc Corgfhe Bccbfrs.

‚. 0<<2. Crbigwork cor Fespgntfoe oc ^gnoejbry ^nmooas . Twoaag, Fespgntorbtg oc Gjunbtfoe.

‚. 0<<0. Jgngetrbafsbtfoe bej Aonba Hovgrebeng4 Croi tmg \grspgntfvg oc \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe. Zmg Mbhug, Ifefstry oc Corgfhe Bccbfrs, Muibe Pfhmts, Muibeftbrfbe Bfj bej \gbng @ufajfeh Jgpbrtiget, Hooj Hovgrebeng bej \gbng@ufajfeh Jfvfsfoe (JIS/SH).

‚. 0<<>b . Jutnm Hovgreiget to spgej 0.7 `faafoe guros oe gjunbtfoe. \rgss Pgagbsg, 02 ^gptgi`gr 0<<>. Zmg Mbhug,Ifefstry oc Corgfhe Bccbfrs.



‚. 0<<>` . ^nmooas bej hovgrebeng fe tmg Egtmgrabejs „ rgnget nmbehg bej corwbrj-aookfeh poafny tmfekfeh. Fe4Egtworks oc Feeovbtfoe. Zowbrjs Egw Iojgas cor Ibebhfeh ^nmooas bej ^ystgis . Zmg Mbhug/\brfs, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe, Nuaturg bej ^nfgeng/OGNJ.

Egw`fhhfeh, B.; Jgr`ysmfrg, M. 0<<>. Mow Nbe Gjunbtfoe Bjvfsgrs Mgap to Bnmfgvg tmg \uàfn ^grvfng Bhrggiget (\^B) Hgejgr Gqubafty Zbrhgts . Hufjbeng eotgs cor gjunbtfoe bjvfsgrs. Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget cor FetgrebtfoebaJgvgaopiget.

Efgmbus, F. 0<<<. Zowbrjs b ju`fous af`grbtfoe4 ibsnuafefty, sgxubafty bej powgr fe ôutm Bcrfnbe aowvgaj snmooas,267>„2666. Doureba oc ôutmgre Bcrfnbe ^tujfgs , Eo. 03, p. >.

Efgasge, M. 266=. Nmfaj abòur bej snmooa bttgejbeng. two dofet jgnfsfoes. Çrmus, Jgeibrk, Ngetrg cor Abòur Ibrkgtbej ônfba Pgsgbrnm. (Xorkfeh \bpgr ^grfgs 266=-27.)

Efhgr. 0<<0b . Beeubfrg stbtfstfqug 0<<2„0<<0 . Efbigy, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc tmg Efhgr, Jfrgntfoe jgs Ætujgsgt jg ab \rohrbiibtfoe.

‚. 0<<0` . \rohrbiig jængeeba jg jævgaoppgiget jg a‖æjunbtfoe, \JJG (0<<0„0<20). Efbigy, Hovgreiget oc tmgPgpuàfn oc tmg Efhgr.

‚. 0<<>. Iojíag j‖ævbaubtfoe jg ab proposftfoe rgabtfvg ì a‖bnnæaærbtfoe jg a‖bfjg ge cbvgur jg a‖æjunbtfoe pour tous .Efbigy, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc tmg Efhgr.

Eorjfn Nouenfa. 0<<>. Zmg Jbkbr O`dgntfvgs bej tmg Eorjfn Bpprobnm. Nopgembhge, Eorjfn Nouenfa.

Eorwby. 0<<0. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa „ Ebtfoeba Bntfoe \abe cor Eorwby . Osao, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe bej Pgsgbrnm.Ezfibejg, @. 0<<0. Bjjrgss to tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe Jgngetrbafsbtfoe bej Jgionrbny fe Gjunbtfoe4

Bcrfnbe Gxpgrfgengs bej Noipbrbtfvg Bebaysfs, Dueg 0<<0. Dombeegsùrh, Ebtfoeba Jgpbrtiget oc Gjunbtfoe.

Oùrb, B. 0<<2. …Keowfeh tmg \ge … Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe fe tmg ôutmgre \brt oc ûjbe . Ebfro`f, WEFNGC/OA^.

Ojouecb Koubjfo, B. 0<<>. Ag jæcf jg a‖Æjunbtfoe pour Zous ge Nútg j‖Fvofrg. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

OGNJ. 2663. Ibkfeh Afcgaoeh Agbrefeh b Pgbafty cor Baa . Noiiuefquæ oc tmg Iggtfeh oc tmg Gjunbtfoe Noiifttgg btIfefstgrfba Agvga, 28 Dbeubry 2663. \brfs, OGNJ.

‚. 2666. Zmgibtfn Pgvfgw oc tmg Zrbesftfoe croi Feftfba Gjunbtfoe to Xorkfeh Afcg, ^wgjge. \brfs, OGNJ.

‚. 0<<<. Croi Feftfba Gjunbtfoe to Xorkfeh Afcg4 Ibkfeh Zrbesftfoes Xork . \brfs, OGNJ.

‚. 0<<2b . Gjunbtfoe bt b Habeng . \brfs, OGNJ.

‚. 0<<2` . Fevgstfeh fe Noipgtgengs cor Baa . Noiiuefquæ oc tmg Iggtfeh oc OGNJ Gjunbtfoe Ifefstgrs, >„: Bprfa 0<<2.\brfs, OGNJ.

‚. 0<<0b . Jgcfeftfoe bej ^gagntfoe oc Noipgtgengs (Jg^gNo)4 tmgorgtfnba bej noengptuba couejbtfoes. \brfs, OGNJ.(^trbtghy pbpgr.)

‚. 0<<0` . Gjunbtfoe bt b Habeng . \brfs, OGNJ.

OGNJ-JBN. 0<<>b . Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget ^tbtfstfns (FJ^) . NJ-POI, 0<<> gje. \brfs, OGNJ. Oe-afeg jbtb`bsg4mttp4//www.ognj.orh/jbtbognj/7</28/7<>8802.mti

‚. 0<<>` . Poig Jgnabrbtfoe oe Mbrioefzbtfoe. \brfs, OGNJ.

OGNJ/^tbtfstfns Nbebjb. 0<<<. Aftgrbny fe t mg Fecoribtfoe Bhg4 Cfeba Pgport oc tmg F etgrebtfoeba Bjuat Aftgrbny ûrvgy .\brfs/Ottbwb, OGNJ/^tbtfstfns Nbebjb. mttp4//www.ebaj.nb/eas/fbas/fetrojun.mti

OGNJ/WEG^NO. 0<<<. Fevgstfeh fe Gjunbtfoe4 Bebaysfs oc tmg 2666 Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors. \brfs, OGNJ/WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<0. Zgbnmgrs cor Zoiorrow‖s ^nmooas. Be Bebaysfs oc tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors 0<<2. \brfs, OGNJ/WEG^NO.‚. 0<<>. Cfebenfeh Gjunbtfoe „Fevgstigets bej Pgtures. Bebaysfs oc tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors . 0<<0 gj. \brfs,

OGNJ/WEG^NO.

Oibe. 0<<2. Ebtfoeba Pgport oe tmg Jgvgaopiget oc Gjunbtfoe fe tmg ûatbebtg oc Oibe. Iusnbt, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

O‖Egfaa, D. 26=7. Zmg trgej fe tmg ibag„cgibag wbhg hbp fe tmg Weftgj ^tbtgs. Doureba oc Abòr Gnoeoifns , Soa. >,Eo. 2, \brt 0, pp. 62„223.

Orhbefzbtfoe oc Bcrfnbe Wefty. 266<. Bcrfnbe Nmbrtgr oe tmg Pfhmts bej Xgacbrg oc tmg Nmfaj. (OBW Jon.NB@/AGH/0:.6/:6.)

Oxgembi, D. 0<<>. Pgvfgw oc Xoraj @bek Opgrbtfoes fe ûpport oc Bjuat @bsfn Gjunbtfoe wftm Aftgrbny fe Fejoegsfb,Hmbeb, @behabjgsm, ^geghba, bej Nútg j‖Fvofrg 2688„0<<0. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek Muibe JgvgaopigetGjunbtfoe Egtwork.

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/50/17/5037721.htm

http://www.nald.ca/nls/ials/introduc.htm



http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/50/17/5037721.htm



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Oxgembi, D.; Bokf, B. 0<<2. Fenaujfeh tmg 6<< ifaafoe+. \bpgr prgpbrgj cor tmg Gjunbtfoe ^gntor @obrj oc tmg Xoraj@bek. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

Oxgembi, D.; Jfbaao, B.; Kbtbmofrg, B.; \gtkovb-Iwbehf, B.; ^baa, O. 0<<0. ^kfaas bej aftgrbny trbfefeh cor `gttgrafvgafmoojs. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek. (Bcrfnb Pghfoeba Muibe Jgvgaopiget Xorkfeh \bpgr ^grfgs.)

Oxcbi WK. 2666. Gjunbtfoe fe Noecafnt . www.oxcbi.orh.uk/poafny/hgejgr/66eov/2266noec.mti

\bkfstbe. 0<<0. ^gnoej Jrbct4 Ebtfoeba \abe oc Bntfoe oe Gjunbtfoe Cor Baa (0<<2„0<27) . Fsabib`bj, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

\barfwbab, P. 0<<>. Gxpbejfeh jfigesfoes oc jowry fe noetgiporbry Fejfb4 be ovgrvfgw. Fe4 Zmg Gxpbejfeh Jfigesfoes oc Jowry fe Noetgiporbry Fejfb . Egw Jgamf, Baa Fejfb Jgionrbtfn Xoige‖s Bssonfbtfoe.

\brgdb Abrb, N. 0<<>. Zmg hgejgr trbesvgrsba fe @oafvfb‖s gjunbtfoe poafny bej prbntfng. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCBHao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: tmrouhm tmg WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe, Hgegvb.

\btmibrk Bssonfbtgs. 0<<2. Gvbaubtfvg ^tujy oe ônfo-Gnoeoifn Fipbnt oc tmg Cgibag ^gnoejbry Gjunbtfoe ^tfpgej \rodgnt fe @behabjgsm, Cfeba Pgport . Soa. F. Jmbkb, \btmibrk Bssonfbtgs.

\@O, Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe; Weftgj Ebtfoes. 2666. Muibe Jgvgaopiget Pgport oc tmg Fsabifn Pgpuàfn oc Frbe, 2666 .Zgmrbe, \abe bej @ujhgt Orhbefzbtfoe/Weftgj Ebtfoes.

\gbrsoe, P. 2666. Hgejgr bej gnoeoifn rfhmts. Fe4 Sfsfàg Mbejs . Hgegvb, WEPF^J. (Ifigo.)

\gbshooj, Z.; @gejgrb, ^.; B`rbmbis, E.; Kfsbehb, I. 2668. Hgejgr bej \rfibry ^nmooafeh fe Zbezbefb . @rfhmtoe, WK,Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. >>.)

\grgz O`rghoe, I. 0<<>. B stgp corwbrj ùt stfaa b aoeh wby to ho . @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

\grsagy, H. D.; Joyag, D. D. 0<<2. @fotgnmeoaohy cor jgvgaopfeh-nouetry bhrfnuaturg4 proàgis bej opportueftfgs. Fe4 \. \festrup-Bejgrsge bej Pbdua \bejyb-Aornm (gjs.), Zmg Wecfefsmgj Bhgejb4 \grspgntfvgs oe Ovgrnoifeh Muehgr,\ovgrty bej Gevfroeigetba Jghrbjbtfoe. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Fetgrebtfoeba Cooj \oafny Pgsgbrnm Festftutg.

\mfafppfegs. 0<<>. GCB 0<<< Bssgssiget bej 0<<> GCB Sfsfoefeh Gxgrnfsg. Jrbct oc \mfafppfeg GCB pabe. Ibefab,Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc tmg \mfafppfegs. (Ifigo.)

\faoe, I. 0<<>. Costgr nbrg bej snmooafeh fe Xgst Bcrfnb4 tmg stbtg oc keowagjhg. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

\oeh, ^. 2666. Hgejgr fegqubafty fe gjunbtfoe bttbfeiget fe pgefesuabr Ibabysfb. Fe4 N. Mgwbrj bej ^. @uewbrgg(gjs.), Hgejgr, Gjunbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget , pp. 277„8<. Aoejoe, Tgj @ooks.

\oujyba, P. 0<<<. Batgrebtfvg ibsnuafeftfgs fe ôutm Bsfb4 be gxpaorbtfoe tmrouhm cfais cor snmooas. FJ^ @uaagtfe, Soa. >2, Eo. 0, pp. 87„=.

\rodgnt \aouhmsmbrgs. 0<<0. Brigj Noecafnts Pgport 0<<0. Oetbrfo, Nbebjb.www.paouhmsmbrgs.nb/noetget/BNP/BNP<</BNP<0-Fetrojuntfoe.mtia

\rotgbu, A. 0<<0. \bssfoes snoabfrgs ge Nútg j‖Fvofrg4 ænoag, ætbt gt sonfætæ . \brfs, Kbrtmbab.

\ruj‖moiig, P. 0<<>. Cfsnba jgngetrbafsbtfoe fe Bcrfnb4 b crbigwork cor noesfjgrfeh rgcori. \uàfn Bjifefstrbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget , Eo. 0>. \uàfsmgj oe-afeg `y Xfagy Fetgrsnfgeng. mttp4//www.fetgrsnfgeng.wfagy.noi

\ryor, D.; Bipfbm, D. 0<<>. Wejgrstbejfehs oc Gjunbtfoe fe be Bcrfnbe Sfaabhg4 Zmg Fipbnt oc Fecoribtfoe bej Noiiuefnbtfoe Zgnmeoaohfgs . Pgport oe JCFJ Pgsgbrnm \rodgnt. Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget cor FetgrebtfoebaJgvgaopiget.

\sbnmbropouaos, H. 2668. Nmfaj abòr vgrsus gjunbtfoeba bttbfeiget4 ôig gvfjgeng croi Abtfe Bigrfnb. Doureba oc \opuabtfoe Gnoeoifns , Eo. 2<, pp. >88„=3.

\sbnmbropouaos, H.; \btrfeos, M. 0<<0. Pgtures to fevgstiget fe gjunbtfoe4 b curtmgr upjbtg. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N.,Xoraj @bek. (\oafny Pgsgbrnm Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 0==2.)

Rufsui`feh, B. 2663. Ibag-cgibag jfccgrgengs fe bhrfnuaturba projuntfvfty4 igtmojoaohfnba fssugs bej gipfrfnbagvfjgeng. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget , Soa. 0:, Eo. 2<, pp. 2786„67.

Pbcf, I.; Nmowjmury, B. I. P. 0<<<. Muibe rfhmts bej rgafhfous `bnkabsm4 tmg gxpgrfgeng oc b @behabjgsmf EHO.Jgvgaopiget fe \rbntfng , Soa. 2<, Eo. 2, pp. 26„><.

Pbfeb, S. 0<<0. Jgngetrbafsbtfoe oc gjunbtfoe. Fe4 P. Hovfejb (gj.), Fejfb Gjunbtfoe Pgport4 B \rocfag oc @bsfn Gjunbtfoe.Egw Jgamf, Ebtfoeba Festftutg oc Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh bej Bjifefstrbtfoe/WEG^NO/Oxcorj Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

Pbibnmbejrbe, S. 0<<>. Hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe (Fejfb) „ prohrgss fe tmg abst jgnbjg. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCBHao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

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Pbigy, N. Z.; Nbip`gaa, C. B.; @urnmfeba, I.; kfeegr, I. A.; Hbrjegr, J. I.; Pbigy, ^. A. 0<<<. \grsfstget gccgnts oc gbrayfetgrvgetfoe oe mfhm-rfsk nmfajrge bej tmgfr iotmgrs. Bppafgj Jgvgaopigetba ^nfgeng , Soa. :, pp. 0„2:.

Pbedbe, \. 2666. Be gnoeoifn bebaysfs oc nmfaj abòr. Bppafgj Gnoeoifns Agttgrs , Soa. 3:, pp. 66„2<7. Novgetry, WK,Xbrwfnk Wefvgrsfty

Pbvbaafoe, I.; Xojoe, R. 266=. Gvbaubtfeh b tbrhgtgj sonfba prohrbi wmge pabngiget fs jgngetrbafzgj. Xbsmfehtoe,

J.N., Xoraj @bek. (\oafny Pgsgbrnm Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 26:7.)Pby, P. 0<<<. Nmfaj abòr, nmfaj snmooafeh, bej tmgfr fetgrbntfoe wftm bjuat abòr4 gipfrfnba gvfjgeng cor \gru bej

\bkfstbe. Xoraj @bek Gnoeoifn Pgvfgw , Soa. 2:, Eo. 0, pp. >:8„38.

Pbyb, P.; Ibùehb, P. (gjs.). 0<<0. Zrbnkfeh NÔ pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg GCB Nouetry \rongss4 \mfafppfegs. GCB PgsgbrnmZgbi „ Ibefab, Gjunbtfoe Egtwork/Bsfbe ôutm \bnfcfn @urgbu oc Bjuat Gjunbtfoe. (Ifigo.)

Pbzbvf, ^. 0<<>. Xoige‖s nmbehfeh roags fe tmg noetgxt oc gnoeoifn rgcori bej hao`bafzbtfoe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr corGCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Pbzoe, I. \. Z. 0<<>. Nfvfa ônfgty bej ^pbngs cor \brtfnfpbtfoe fe GCB \rongssgs. Agssoes croi Bsfb bej tmg ôutm\bnfcfn. @oi`by, Bsfbe ôutm \bnfcfn @urgbu oc Bjuat Gjunbtfoe.

Pgpuàfn oc Ioajovb. 266:. Noestftutfoe oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc Ioajovb . Nmfsfebu, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc Ioajovb.

‚. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 ^trbtghy Crbigwork . Nmfsfebu, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc Ioajovb.

Pfjjgaa, B. 0<<>. Zmg fetrojuntfoe oc crgg prfibry gjunbtfoe fe su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Po`fesoe-\bet, B. 0<<>. Ovgrvfgw oc agbrefeh prohrbis cor aftgrbny bej iorg hgegrba afcg/vonbtfoeba skfaas cor woige.@bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Pohgrs, B.; Ibjjox, N.; Ifaafnbe, D.; Egwgaa Doegs, K.; \bpge, W.; Po`fesoe-\bet, B. 2666. Pg-jgcfefeh \ost-Aftgrbny fe b Nmbehfeh Xoraj . Aoejoe, WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget. (Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm ^grfgs Eo. 06.)

Poigo, A. 0<<>. Zmg roag oc gxtgreba bssfstbeng fe supportfeh jgngetrbafsbtfoe rgcori. \uàfn Bjifefstrbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget , Eo. 0>, pp. =6„63. \u afsmgj oe-afeg y Xfagy Fetgrsnfgeng. mttp4//www.fetgrsnfgeng.wfagy.noi

Posg, \. 2667. Cgibag gjunbtfoe bej bjdustiget prohrbis4 b nross nouetry stbtfstfnba bebaysfs. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget , Soa. 0>, Eo. 22, pp. 26>2„:6.

‚. 0<<>b . Nbe hgejgr gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe `g bttbfegj? Gvfjgeng croi Gtmfopfb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

‚. 0<<>` . Noiiueftfgs, hgejgr bej gjunbtfoe4 Gvfjgeng croi su`-^bmbrbe Bcrfnb. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

‚. 0<<>n . Zrbnkfeh prohrgss oc tmg Cbst Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg4 B rgvfgw oc tmg CZF bej fejfnbtfvg crbigwork cor gjunbtfoergcori. Jrbct rgport cor BntfoeBfj oe `gmbac oc tmg Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe.

Posg, \.; Ba-^bibrrbf, ^. 0<<2. Mousgmoaj noestrbfets oe snmooafeh `y hgejgr4 gipfrfnba gvfjgeng croi Gtmfopfb.Noipbrbtfvg Gjunbtfoe Pgvfgw , Soa. :7, Eo. 2.

Posg, \.; Vosgpm, H.; @grfmue, B.; Eurgsu, Z. 2668. Hgejgr bej \rfibry ^nmooafeh fe Gtmfopfb . @rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. >2.)

Pousso, M. 0<<2. ^troeh \rouj ^fstgrs. Hfras bej Voueh Xoige wftm Jfsb`faftfgs . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Ngetgr cor Xoige‖s\oafny tujfgs.

‚. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 b hgejgr bej jfsb`fafty pgrspgntfvg. N^X, jfsb`faftfgs ueafiftgj cor tmg Xoraj @bek.@bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Poy, I.; Kmbe, I. A. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa fe Fejfb4 Hofeh Wp tmg Jowe ^tbfrnbsg? @oi`by, Bsfbe bej ôutm \bnfcfn@urgbu oc Bjuat Gjunbtfoe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Pussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 Pussfb‖s Ebtfoeba Crbigwork cor Bntfoe. Iosnow, Hovgreiget oc tmgPussfbe Cgjgrbtfoe.

Pynmge, J. ^; ^bahbefk, A. M. (gjs.). 0<<2. Jgcfefeh bej ^gagntfeh Kgy Noipgtgengs . Hogttfehge, Mochrgvg & Mu`gr\uàfsmgrs.

^BNIGR. 0<<0. Nross-Ebtfoeba Noipbrfsoes . Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb, IFEGJBC.

^BJN. 2666. Hgejgr Gqubafty fe Gjunbtfoe. ôutmgre Bcrfnbe Jgvgaopiget Noiiuefty Hgejgr Ioeftor. www.sbrjn.egt

^bfto, I. 266=. Hgejgr Sgrsus ônfo-Gnoeoifn ^tbtus bej ^nmooa Aonbtfoe Jfccgrgengs fe Hrbjg 3 Pgbjfeh Aftgrbny feCfvg Bcrfnbe Nouetrfgs . \brfs, WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh.





Beegx

Pgcgrg

^babif, E.; Kpbighbe, H. 0<<0. @gefe. Fe4 B Zrbesebtfoeba Sfgw oc @bsfn Gjunbtfoe4 Fssugs oc Bnngss, Rubafty bej Noiiuefty \brtfnfpbtfoe fe Xgst bej Ngetrba Bcrfnb . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.

^behbræ, ^.; Zouekbrb, B.; Zbehbrb, J.; Bssætou Kæïtb, E. 0<<<. Hgerg gt cræqugetbtfoe snoabfrg bu prgifgr nynag jg a‖gesgfhegiget coejbigetba bu Ibaf . @rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. :2.)

^btmbr, T.; Nbstgrafeg, D. 266=. Zmg oesgt oc cgrtfafty trbesftfoe fe \bkfstbe. Egw Vork, \opuabtfoe Nouenfa. (\oafny

Pgsgbrnm Jfvfsfoe Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 220.)^btmbr, T. B.; Aaoyj, N. @. 266:. Xmo hgts prfibry snmooafeh fe \bkfstbe4 fegqubaftfgs bioeh bej wftmfe cbifafgs.

Zmg \bkfstbe Jgvgaopiget Pgvfgw , Soa. >0, Eo. 0, pp. 2<>„>:.

^bujf Brb`fb. 0<<2. Jgvgaopiget oc Gjunbtfoe. B Ebtfoeba Pgport bòut Gjunbtfoe fe tmg Kfehjoi oc ^bujf Brb`fb,0<<2. Pfybjm, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe.

^bvbeæ, A. 266:. Ag noecfbhg jgs gecbets ì \fkfeg. Fe4 V. Nmbr`ft bej ^. Ejfbyg (gjs.), Ab popuabtfoe ju ^æeæhba ,pp. 208„:0. \brfs, Jfrgntfoe jg ab \rævfsfoe gt jg ab ^tbtfstfqug, Ngetrg j‖Ætujgs gt jg Pgnmgrnmgs sur ags\opuabtfoes Bcrfnbfegs gt Bsfbtfqugs. 32= pp.

^bvg tmg Nmfajrge. 0<<>. Pfhmts oc pbssbhg4 mbricua nuaturba prbntfngs bej nmfajrge‖s rfhmts. Aoejoe, Fetgrebtfoeba^bvg tmg Nmfajrge Baafbeng. (Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. 07.)

^bvg tmg Nmfajrge WK. 0<<<. Xbr @rouhmt us Mgrg4 \rotgntfeh Nmfajrge Jfspabngj Xftmfe tmgfr Owe Nouetrfgs `y Noecafnt4 ûiibry . Aoejoe, ^bvg tmg Nmfajrge WK.

^bygj, V. 0<<>. Jgngetrbafsbtfoe bej \roiotfoe oc Gjunbtfoeba Gqufty4 Fenoipbtfàg @gjcgaaows? @rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutgoc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (FJ^02 Gjunbtfoe.)

^nmbttbe, S.; Brbudo, F.; Nfcugetgs, I. 0<<0. Jgaf`grbtfvg corb bej jgionrbtfsbtfoe oc sonfba poafnfgs fe @rbzfa. FJ^ @uaagtfe, Soa. >>, Eo. 0.

^nmuatz, Z. \. 2667. Fevgstiget fe tmg snmooafeh bej mgbatm oc woige bej ige. Fe4 Z. \. ^nmuatz (gj.), Fevgstiget feXoige‖s Muibe Nbpftba , pp. 27„7<. Nmfnbho, Faa., Wefoe oc Nmfnbho \rgss.

‚. 2668. Zmg jgibej cor nmfajrge fe aow fenoig nouetrfgs. Fe4 I. P. Posgezwgfh bej O. ^tbrk (gjs.), Mbejòok oc \opuabtfoe bej Cbifay Gnoeoifns . Bistgrjbi, Eortm-Moaabej \rgss.

‚. 0<<0. Xmy hovgreigets smouaj fevgst iorg to gjunbtg hfras. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget , Soa. ><, Eo. 0, pp. 0<8„07.

^gga, B. 0<<>. \rohrgss oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa (GCB) fe Abo \JP. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

^ghufeo, ^. 2668. Hgejgr wbhg, fegqubafty bej gxport-agj hrowtm fe ôutm Korgb. Doureba oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs ,

Eo. >:, pp. 2<0„>0.^ge, B. 266<. Hgejgr bej noopgrbtfvg noecafnts. Fe4 F. Zfekgr (gj.), \grsfstget Fegqubaftfgs , pp. 267„00>. Oxcorj, Oxcorj

Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

^gwgaa, Z.; Nmbvgeegs, @.; Iorhbe, ^. 0<<>. Iojgas cor trbescoribtfoe oc Dbibfnbe snmooas4 b stujy oc ibsnuafeftfgs,gjunbtfoe bej nfvfa sonfgty. Wefvgrsfty oc Aggjs, WK. (Ifigo.)

^mbmggj, C. 2667. Egtworkfeh cor nmbehg4 tmg roag oc woige‖s hroups fe feftfbtfeh jfbaohug oe woige‖s fssugs.Fe4 I. Bckmbif (gj)., Cbftm bej Crggjoi4 Xoige‖s Muibe Pfhmts fe tmg Iusafi Xoraj . Aoejoe, F. @. Zburus.

^moejmbeg, . 0<<2. Fe ^gbrnm oc b Jrgbi. Cfejfehs oc coribtfvg rgsgbrnm oe tmg Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe Feftfbtfvg fe@behabjgsm. Bsfbtfn ônfba cor WEJ\ bej WEFNGC.

^f`òes, I. 2666. Croi XFJ to HBJ4 gxpgrfgengs oc gjunbtfoe fe Egpba. Fe4 N. Mgwbrj bej ^. @uewbrgg (gjs.), Hgejgr,Gjunbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget4 @gyoej Bnngss to Gipowgriget . Aoejoe, Tgj @ooks.

^f`òes, I.; ^wbicfgaj, J.; \ouasge, M.; Hfhhbrj, B.; Eortoe, B.; ^gga, B. 0<<<. Ibfestrgbifeh Hgejgr tmrouhm ^gntor

Xfjg Bpprobnmgs fe Gjunbtfoe. ^yetmgsfs Pgport, stujy nbrrfgj out cor JCFJ, OJF bej Nbi`rfjhg Gjunbtfoenoesuatbets. mttp4//www.ojf.orh.uk/ppph/puàfnbtfoes/pbpgrs_rgports/jcfj/nouetrfgs/fjfb<>.pjc

^fjb. 0<<2. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 B Muibe Pfhmt bej b @bsfn Eggj . \oafny cor ^fjb‖s Jgvgaopiget Noopgrbtfoe fe tmg Gjunbtfoe ^gntor . ^tonkmoai, ^wgjfsm Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bhgeny.

^favb, ^. 0<<>. Eoe-pbrbigtrfn bebaysfs. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

^fenabfr, I. 0<<2. Gjunbtfoe fe gigrhgenfgs. Fe4 D. Nrfsp, N. Zbaòt bej J. Nfpoaaoeg, (gjs.), Agbrefeh cor b Cuturg4 Pgcuhgg Gjunbtfoe fe Jgvgaopfeh Nouetrfgs , pp. 2„=>. Hgegvb, WEMNP.

^F\PF Vgbròok. 0<<>. Bribigets, Jfsbribiget bej Fetgrebtfoeba ^gnurfty . Oxcorj, Oxcorj Wefvgrsfty \rgss.

^koucfbs, G. 266>. Abòr ibrkgt opportueftfgs bej fetrbcbifay tfig baaonbtfoe fe rurba mousgmoajs fe ôutm Bsfb.Doureba oc Jgvgaopiget Gnoeoifns , Soa. :<, Eo. 0, pp. 088„>2<.

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http://www.odi.org.uk/pppg/publications/papers_reports/dfid/countries/idia03.pdf



âobeg, \. 26=7. Jfsnrfifebtfoe fe tmg abòur ibrkgt. Fe4 J. Nbrafeg, N. \fssbrfjgs, X. ^fg`grt bej \. D. âobeg (gjs.),ûrvgys fe Gnoeoifns4 Abòur Gnoeoifns. Aoejoe, Aoehibe.

îftm, A.; Mbjjbj, A. 2666. Gxpabfefeh nmfaj ibaeutrftfoe fe jgvgaopfeh nouetrfgs4 b nross-nouetry bebaysfs.Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Fetgrebtfoeba Cooj \oafny Pgsgbrnm Festftutg, Cooj Noesuiptfoe bej Eutrftfoe Jfvfsfoe.(Jfsnussfoe \bpgr Eo. 3<.)

ô`sgy, J. 266:. Sfoageng bej Bùsg fe tmg Afvgs oc \gopag wftm Jfsb`faftfgs. Zmg Gej oc ^faget Bnngptbeng? @batfiorg,Ij., \bua M. @rookgs.

ôutm Bcrfnb. 2663. Noestftutfoe oc tmg Pgpu afn oc ôutm Bcrfnb 2663. Bnt 2<= oc 2663, bjoptgj oe = Iby bejbigejgj oe 22 Onto`gr `y tmg Noestftutfoeba Bssgiày. \rgtorfb, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc ôutm Bcrfnb.

ôw, B. 266:. Gequätg sur ab snoabrfsbtfoe jgs cfaags ge ifafgu rurba4 rbpport jg syetmísg . Noebkry, Ifefstírg jga‖Gesgfhegiget \ræ-Wefvgrsftbfrg gt jg ab Coribtfoe \rocgssfoeegaag.

^tbejfeh, H. 26=6. Hao`ba cgifefzbtfoe tmrouhm cagxfàg abòr. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget , Soa. 28, Eo. 8, pp. 2<88„67.

^tgfe, E. 2667. ^gxuba mbrbssiget fe snmooa4 tmg puàfn pgrcoribeng oc hgejgrgj vfoageng. Mbrvbrj Gjunbtfoeba Pgvfgw , Soa. 37, Eo. 0, pp. 2:7„32.

^trfnkabej, P.; Juvvury, E. 0<<>. Hgejgr Gqufty bej \gbngùfajfeh. Croi Pmgtorfn to Pgbafty4 Cfejfeh tmg Xby.Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Fetgrebtfoeba Ngetgr cor Pgsgbrnm oe Xoige.

^troiqufst, E. 2668. Aftgrbny cor Nftfzgesmfp4 Hgejgr bej Hrbssroots Jyebifns fe @rbzfa . Ba`bey, E.V., ^WEV \rgss.

‚. 2666. Zmg fipbnt oc strunturba bjdustiget prohrbiigs fe Bcrfnb bej Abtfe Bigrfnb. Fe4 N. Mgwbrj bej ^. @uewbrgg(gjs.), Hgejgr, Gjunbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget4 @gyoej Bnngss to Gipowgriget . Aoejoe, Tgj @ooks.

û`rbmibefbe, P. 0<<>. Gqubafty fe gjunbtfoe4 jgcfeftfoes bej igbsurgigets. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

ûzukf, F. Cortmnoifeh. \brgetba pbrtfnfpbtfoe fe snmooa hovgrebeng fe Whbejb4 wmo fs rgspoesfàg cor gjunbtfehnmfajrge? @rfhmtoe, WK, Wefvgrsfty oc ûssgx.

^wbfesoe, E.; @gejgrb, ^.; Horjoe, P.; Kbjzbifrb, G. 266=. \roiotfeh Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe fe Bcrfnb. Zmg Jgsfhe bej Fipagigetbtfoe oc \oafny Fetgrvgetfoes . Aoejoe, WK Hovgreiget Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget.(Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm grfgs Eo. 07.)

^wbrtz, A. 0<<0. Cgrtfafty trbesftfoe fe ôutm Bcrfnb bej fts fipafnbtfoes oe tmg cour ibdor popuabtfoe hroups. \bpgrprgsgetgj bt tmg noecgrgeng oe Cgrtfafty bej tmg Nurrget ôutm Bcrfnbe Fssugs oc \ovgrty, MFS/BFJ^ bej Voutm.\rgtorfb, Muibe ^nfgengs Pgsgbrnm Nouenfa, Jgpbrtiget oc ônfba Jgvgaopiget, 0: Onto`gr 0<<0.

^wgjge. 0<<0. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa „ Ebtfoeba Bntfoe \abe cor ^wgjge . ^tonkmoai, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe bej ^nfgeng.Zbkbab, Z. 0<<>. Bebaysfs oc tmg Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg . Mgasfekf, Hovgreiget oc tmg Pgpuàfn oc Cfeabej,

Ifefstry oc Corgfhe Bccbfrs.

Zgfxgfrb, B.; Baigfjb ^favb, N.; Jbhefeo, G. 0<<0. Nfvfa ônfgty fe @rbzfa. Zmg @rbzfafbe Pgport oe Nfvfa ônfgty . Aoejoe,Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. mttp4//www.fjs.bn.uk/fjs/nfvson/jons/`rbzfawmoag.jon

Zgiòe, I.; Ba-^bibrrbf, ^. 2666. Xmo hgts prfibry snmooafeh bej wmy? Gvfjgeng oc hgejgr fegqubaftfgs wftmfecbifafgs fe Hufegb. @rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (Xorkfeh \bpgr Eo. =7.)

Zgiòe, I.; Jfbaao, F.; @brry, J.; @brry, B. 2668. Hgejgr bej prfibry snmooafeh fe Hufegb. @rfhmtoe, WK, Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. >0.)

Zfgtdge, K. 2666. Noiiuefty ^nmooas fe Ibaf4 B Noipbrbtfvg Nost ^tujy . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.

‚. 0<<<. Iuatfsgntorba ûpport oc @bsfn bej Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ. (^BHG Zgnmefnba Pgport Eo. 0.)

Zfabk, D. @. H. 2668. Agssoes croi nost-rgnovgry fe gjunbtfoe. Fe4 N. Noanaouhm (gj.), Ibrkgtfzfeh Gjunbtfoe bej Mgbatmfe Jgvgaopfeh Nouetrfgs4 Ifrbnag or Ifrbhg? , pp. 3>„=6. Oxcorj, Nabrgejoe \rgss.

Zojbro, I.; Cbpomuejb, G. 26==. Cbifay strunturg bej jgibej cor nmfajrge fe soutmgre Efhgrfb. \opuabtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget Pgvfgw , Eo. 2:, pp. 782„6:.

Zoibsgvskf, K. 0<<2. Muibe rfhmts fe gjunbtfoe bs b prgrgqufsftg cor muibe rfhmts gjunbtfoe. Pfhmt to Gjunbtfoe\rfigrs , Eo. :, :8 pp. Auej, Pboua Xbaage grh Festftutg/^wgjfsm Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bhgeny.

‚. 0<<>. ^nmooa cggs bs mfejrbeng to uefvgrsbafzfeh prfibry gjunbtfoe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: .

Zorrgs, P. I. 0<<>. Afcgaoeh Agbrefeh. B Egw Ioigetui bej b Egw Opportuefty cor Bjuat @bsfn Agbrefeh bej Gjunbtfoe (B@AG) fe tmg ôutm. ^tonkmoai, ^wgjfsm Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bhgeny.

Zowesgej, D.; Ioisge, D. (gjs.). 26=8. Hgohrbpmy oc Hgejgr fe tmg Zmfrj Xoraj . Ba`bey, E.V., ^tbtg Wefvgrsfty oc Egw Vork \rgss.

http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/civsoc/docs/brazilwhole.doc

http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/civsoc/docs/brazilwhole.doc



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Zrbesftfoeba Hovgreiget oc Gtmfopfb. 266:b . Gjunbtfoe bej Zrbfefeh \oafny . Bjjfs B`b`b, ZHG.

‚. 266:` . Ebtfoeba \oafny oe Gtmfopfbe Xoige, Bjjfs B`b`b, ZHG.

‚. 266:n . \opuabtfoe \oafny , Bjjfs B`b`b, ZHG.

Zuiusmb`g, D.; @brbsb, N.; Iumbehuzf, C.; Otfi-Ebpg, D. 0<<<. Hgejgr bej \rfibry ^nmooafeh fe Whbejb . @rfhmtoe, WK,Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs. (Pgsgbrnm Pgport Eo. :0.)

Whbejb. 0<<>. Ifj-Zgri Pgvfgw oc tmg Gjunbtfoe ^trbtghfn Fevgstiget \abe (G^F\) fe Whbejb. Kbipbab, Ifj-ZgriPgvfgw GCB Pgport Zgbi.

WK Hovgreiget. 0<<<. @oys‖ Bnmfgvgiget fe ^gnoejbry ^nmooas. Vgs Mg Nbe „ ^nmooas Xmgrg @oys Xrftg Xgaa . Aoejoe,Jgpbrtiget cor Gjunbtfoe bej ^kfaas.

WK Ebtfoeba Noiifssfoe cor WEG^NO. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 Weftgj Kfehjoi \grspgntfvgs. Aoejoe, EbtfoebaNoiifssfoe cor WEG^NO.

WEBFJ^. 0<<0. Pgport oe tmg Hao`ba MFS/BFJ^ Gpfjgifn 0<<0 . Hgegvb, WEBFJ^.

WEBFJ^/XMO. 0<<0. Bfjs Gpfjgifn Wpjbtg 0<<0 . Hgegvb, WEBFJ^/XMO.

WEJG^B. 2666. 2666 Xoraj ûrvgy oe tmg Poag oc Xoige fe Jgvgaopiget4 Hao`bafzbtfoe, Hgejgr bej Xork . Egw Vork,Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgpbrtiget oc Gnoeoifn bej ônfba Bccbfrs.

WEJ\. 0<<0b . Muibe Jgvgaopiget Fejfnbtors . Egw Vork, WEJ\. mttp4//mjr.uejp.orh/rgports/hao`ba/0<<0/ge/fejfnbtor/

‚. 0<<0` . Muibe Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<04 Jggpgefeh Jgionrbny fe b Crbhigetgj Xoraj. Egw Vork, WEJ\.

‚. 0<<>b . Nouetry Pgports . mttp4//www.uejp.orh/ijh/nouetryrgports.mtia

‚. 0<<>` . Muibe Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<>. Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas4 B Noipbnt Bioeh Ebtfoes to Gej Muibe \ovgrty . Egw Vork, WEJ\.

WEJ\/WEG^NO. 2683. Zmg Gxpgrfigetba Xoraj Aftgrbny \rohrbiig . \brfs, WEG^NO \rgss.

WEG^NO. mttp4//www0.uegsno.orh/

‚. 263<. Noecgrgeng oc Ifefstgrs oc Gjunbtfoe fe Bsfb4 Cfeba Pgport . Kbrbnmf/\brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 2632. Noecgrgeng oc Bcrfnbe ^tbtgs oe tmg Jgvgaopiget oc Gjunbtfoe fe Bcrfnb. Cfeba Pgport . Bjjfs B`b`b/\brfs,WEG^NO.

‚. 2630. Noecgrgeng oe Gjunbtfoe bej Gnoeoifn bej ônfba Jgvgaopiget. ^betfbho, Nmfag. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 26=7. Cgibag \brtfnfpbtfoe fe Mfhmgr Gjunbtfoe. Geroaiget Zrgejs, 2687„26=0 . \brfs, WEG^NO Occfng oc ^tbtfstfns.‚. 2667b . Igtmojoaohy Wsgj fe tmg 266: Gstfibtfoe bej \rodgntfoe oc Bjuat Faaftgrbny . \brfs, WEG^NO Jfvfsfoe oc

^tbtfstfns. (^tbtfstfnba Fssugs Eo. 2=.) Bvbfabàg oe WF^ wg`sftg. uegsnostbt.uegsno.orh

‚. 2667` . ^gnoejbry Zgnmefnba bej Sonbtfoeba Gjunbtfoe4 Cgibag \brtfnfpbtfoe fe tmg Sbrfous Cfgajs oc ^tujy, 26=< bej 2660 . \brfs, WEG^NO Jfvfsfoe oc ^tbtfstfns. (^tbtfstfnba Fssugs Eo. 28.)

‚. 2663. Agbrefeh4 Zmg Zrgbsurg Xftmfe. Pgport to WEG^NO `y tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Noiifssfoe oe Gjunbtfoe cor tmgZwgety-cfrst Ngetury, nmbfrgj `y Dbqugs Jgaors. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 2668. Fetgrebtfoeba ^tbejbrj Nabssfcfnbtfoe oc Gjunbtfoe, F^NGJ . \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 266=b . Bpprovgj \rohrbiig bej @ujhgt cor 266=„2666, 06 N/7. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 266=` . Gjunbtfoe cor Baa. Zmg Vgbr 0<<< Bssgssiget4 Zgnmefnba Hufjgafegs . \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 2666. WEG^NO ^tbtfstfnba Vgbròok 2666 . \brfs/Abembi, Ij., WEG^NO \uàfsmfeh/@grebe \rgss.

‚. 0<<<b . Bpprovgj \rohrbiig bej @ujhgt cor 0<<<-0<<2,>< N/7. \brfs, WEG^NO.‚. 0<<<` . @ufajfeh b \brtegrsmfp cor Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe. Zmg WE ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba‖s Bjjrgss to tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe

Corui, Jbkbr (^geghba), Bprfa 0<<<. Cfeba Pgport.

‚. 0<<<n . Nouetry Hufjgafegs oe tmg \rgpbrbtfoe oc Ebtfoeba GCB \abes oc Bntfoe. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<<j . Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 Feftfbtfvgs, Fssugs bej ^trbtghfgs . Pgport oc tmg Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oeGjunbtfoe cor Baa, 00„0: Eovgi`gr 0<<<. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<<g . Gjunbtfoe cor Baa, ^tbtus bej Zrgejs. Bssgssfeh Agbrefeh Bnmfgvgiget . \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<<c . Zmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe, Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 Iggtfeh Our Noaagntfvg Noiiftigets . Xoraj GjunbtfoeCorui, Jbkbr, ^geghba, 03„0= Bprfa 0<<<. \brfs, WEG^NO.

http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/en/indicator/

http://www.undp.org/mdg/countryreports.html

http://www2.unesco.org/

http://www2.unesco.org/

http://www.undp.org/mdg/countryreports.html

http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/en/indicator/



‚. 0<<<h . Zmg GCB 0<<< Bssgssiget4 Nouetry Pgport4 Bzgr`bfdbe.mttp4//www0.uegsno.orh/wgc/nouetryrgports/bzgr`bfdbe/noetgets.mtia

‚. 0<<2. Cfeba Pgport oc tmg ^gnoej Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa. 2<„20 ^gptgi`gr 0<<2.\brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<0b . Be Fetgrebtfoeba ^trbtghy to \ut tmg Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa feto Opgrbtfoe .

\brfs, WEG^NO.‚. 0<<0` . GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<0. Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 Fs tmg Xoraj oe Zrbnk? \brfs, WEG^NO.

mttp4//portba.uegsno.orh/gjunbtfoe/gv.pmp?WPA_FJ92>3<>&WPA_JO9JO_ZO\FN&WPA_^GNZFOE90<2

‚. 0<<0n . A‖ævbaubtfoe jg a‖æjunbtfoe pour tous ì a‖be 0<<<. Pbpport jg pbys . Efhgr Pgport.

‚. 0<<0j . Pgport oc tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 0<<2 . Cfrst Iggtfeh, \brfs, 06„>< Onto`gr 0<<2. \brfs,WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<0g . Pgport oc tmg Zmfrj Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa . 00„0> Duay 0<<0. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<0c . Zmg Nmbaagehg oc Pgbnmfeh Hgejgr \brfty fe @bsfn Gjunbtfoe. B ^tbtfstfnba Pgvfgw, 266<„266= . \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<>b . B eotg oe tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oe GCB (XHGCB). @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor tmg Courtm Iggtfeh oc tmg XorkfehHroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa, 00„0> Duay 0<<>, \brfs.

‚. 0<<>` . GCB cabhsmfps4 iuatf-pbrtegr support ignmbefsis to fipagiget Jbkbr Crbigwork cor Bntfoe. @bnkhrouejpbpgr cor tmg Courtm Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa, 00„0> Duay, \brfs.

‚. 0<<>n. Crbigwork cor b Jrbct Fetgrebtfoeba Fipagigetbtfoe nmgig. Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgnbjg oc Gjunbtfoe corûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget (Dbeubry 0<<7„Jgngi`gr 0<2:). \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<>j . Fipagigetbtfoe oc tmg Fetghrbtgj Gbray Nmfajmooj \oafny fe ^geghba . \brfs, WEG^NO. (Gbray Nmfajmooj bejCbifay \oafny ^grfgs Eo. 0.)

‚. 0<<>g . Pgport oc tmg Courtm Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa . 00„0> Duay 0<<>. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<>c. Pgport oc tmg Mfhm-Agvga Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa 0<<0 . ^gnoej Iggtfeh, Bùdb, Efhgrfb, 26„0< Eovgi`gr0<<0. \brfs, WEG^NO.

‚. 0<<>h . Zmg Pfhmt to Gjunbtfoe cor \grsoes wftm Jfsb`faftfgs4 Zowbrjs Fenausfoe. www.uegsno.orh/gjunbtfoe/fenausfvg

WEG^NO-@PGJB. 0<<0. IFEGJBC SFFF. ^tbtfstfnba Jonuiget4 Wefvgrsba \rfibry Gjunbtfoe, Hoba cor Baa . Jbkbr,WEG^NO-@PGJB.

WEG^NO/NNEHO. 0<<2. Noaagntfvg Noesuatbtfoe oc EHO^ cor Gjunbtfoe cor Baa4 Xmbt fs tmg Noaagntfvg Noesuatbtfoe oc

EHOs oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa? WEG^NO/NNEHO.mttp4//www.uegsno.orh/gjunbtfoe/gcb/pbrtegrsmfp/feco_smggt_nneho.pjc

WEG^NO-F@G. 2666. Xoraj Jbtb oe Gjunbtfoe. 0ej gje. Hgegvb, WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe.

‚. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe bej rgafhfoe. \rospgnts , Soa. >>, Eo. 0. Hgegvb, WEG NO Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe.

WEG^NO-FFG\. 0<<>. MFS/BFJ^ Fipbnt oe Gjunbtfoe Nagbrfehmousg. \brfs, WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba Festftutg corGjunbtfoeba \abeefeh. www.ffgp.toioyg.noi

WEG^NO/FAO. 0<<0. ^tbtfstfnba \rocfag oc tmg Zgbnmfeh \rocgssfoe. \brfs/Hgegvb, WEG^NO/FAO.

WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns. mttp4//www.ufs.uegsno.orh

‚. 0<<<. Xorksmop qugstfoeebfrgs oe tmg jurbtfoe oc ^nmooafeh, \brfs. Ioetrgba, WEG^NO-WF^.

‚. 0<<>. Noipagtfoes. Ioetrgba, WEG^NO-WF^. (Ifigo.)

WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfns/OGNJ. 0<<2. Zgbnmgrs cor Zoiorrow‖s ^nmooas. Bebaysfs oc tmg Xoraj GjunbtfoeFejfnbtors . Ioetrgba/\brfs, WEG^NO-WF^/OGNJ.

‚. 0<<>b . Cfebenfeh Gjunbtfoe. Fevgstigets bej Pgtures. Bebaysfs oc tmg Xoraj Gjunbtfoe Fejfnbtors . 0<<0 gjftfoe.Ioetrgba/\brfs, WEG^NO-WF^/OGNJ.

‚. 0<<>` . Aftgrbny ^kfaas cor tmg Xoraj oc Zoiorrow „ Curtmgr Pgsuats croi \F^B 0<<< . Ioetrgba/\brfs, WEG^NO-WF^/OGNJ.

WEG^NO/WEFNGC. 0<<<. Xftm Bcrfnb cor Bcrfnb Zowbrjs Rubafty Gjunbtfoe cor Baa. 2666 IAB \rodgnt . \rgtorfb, Muibe^nfgengs Pgsgbrnm Nouenfa.

‚. 0<<>. Ioeftorfeh Agbrefeh Bnmfgvgiget (IAB FF) \rodgnt Jbtb`bsg . \brfs, WEG^NO/WEFNGC.

WEMNP. 0<<0. Xg nbe‖t bccorj to fheorg sgnoejbry gjunbtfoe cor rgcuhggs, sby gxpgrts. WEMNP egws story,^gptgi`gr 0<<0. www.uemnr.orh

http://www2.unesco.org/wef/countryreports/azerbaijan/contents.html





http://portal.unesco.org/education/ev.php?URL_ID=13603&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201

http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/partnership/info_sheet_ccngo.pdf

http://www.uis.unesco.org/

http://www.uis.unesco.org/

http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/partnership/info_sheet_ccngo.pdf

http://portal.unesco.org/education/ev.php?URL_ID=13603&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201




Beegx

Pgcgrg

WEFNGC. 266:. Zoo Oaj cor Zoys, Zoo Voueh cor Iotmgrmooj . Egw Vork, WEFNGC.

‚. 2663. Zmg ^tbtg oc tmg Xoraj‖s Nmfajrge 2663 . mttp4//www.uefngc.orh/sown63pk/sgxvfoa.mti

‚. 0<<<. Iuatfpag Fejfnbtor Naustgr ûrvgy (IFN^0) . mttp4//www.nmfajfeco.orh/IFN^0/Hd66><3k.mti

‚. 0<<2b . Gbray ibrrfbhg. Feeongetf Jfhgst , Eo. 8. Caorgeng, WEFNGC Feeongetf Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg.

‚. 0<<2` . ûrvgy oc \rfibry ^nmooas fe ôibafb 0<<</0<<2. Ebfro`f, WEFNGC ôibafb ûpport Ngetgr.‚. 0<<0b . ônfba Ioeftor 0<<0. IOEGG \rodgnt. NGG/NF^/@batfns . Caorgeng, WEFNGC Feeongetf Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg.

‚. 0<<0` . Zmg ^tbtg oc tmg Xoraj‖s Nmfajrge 0<<> . Egw Vork, WEFNGC.

‚. 0<<>b . Zmg Bcrfnbe Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe Feftfbtfvg . mttp4//www.uefngc.orh/

‚. 0<<>` . Zmg ^tbtg oc tmg Xoraj‖s Nmfajrge 0<<: . Egw Vork, WEFNGC.

WEFCGI. 0<<<. \rohrgss oc tmg Xoraj‖s Xoige 0<<< . Egw Vork, WEFCGI.

‚. 0<<0. \rohrgss oc tmg Xoraj‖s Xoige 0<<04 Hgejgr Gqubafty bej tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas . Egw Vork,WEFCGI.

Weftgj Ebtfoes. 26:=. Wefvgrsba Jgnabrbtfoe oc Muibe Pfhmts . Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes.

‚. 0<<<. Zmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Ifaageefui Jgnabrbtfoe. Pgsoautfoe (77/0) bjoptgj `y tmg Hgegrba Bssgi ay, = ^gptgi`gr0<<<. Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes.

‚. 0<<2b . Hgegrba Bssgiày Pgsoautfoe B/73/>03, 3 ^gptgi`gr 0<<2.

‚. 0<<2` . Xoraj \opuabtfoe \rospgnts4 Zmg 0<<< Pgvfsfoe. Soa. 04 Zmg ^gx bej Bhg Jfstrfùtfoe oc tmg Xoraj \opuabtfoe.Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes.

‚. 0<<0b . Fipagigetbtfoe oc tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Ifaageefui Jgnabrbtfoe. Pgport oc tmg ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba, WeftgjEbtfoes Hgegrba Bssgiày, cfcty-sgvgetm sgssfoe. Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes. (B/78/27<.)

‚. 0<<0` . Outnoig oc tmg Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe Cfebenfeh cor Jgvgaopiget. Pgport oc tmg ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba,Weftgj Ebtfoes Hgegrba Bssgiày, cfcty-sgvgetm sgssfoe. Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes. (B/78/>::.)

‚. 0<<0n . Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgnbjg oc Gjunbtfoe cor ûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget. Hgegrba Bssgiày Pgsoautfoe B/78/07:.Egw Vork, Weftgj Ebtfoes.

‚. 0<<0j . Weftgj Ebtfoes Aftgrbny Jgnbjg4 Gjunbtfoe cor Baa. Fetgrebtfoeba \abe oc Bntfoe . Hgegrba Bssgiày Pgsoautfoe73/223. Pgport oc tmg ^gnrgtbry Hgegrba. (B/78/27<.)

‚. 0<<>b . Fipagigetbtfoe oc tmg Weftgj Ebtfoes Ifaageefui Jgnabrbtfoe. Pgport oc tmg ^gnrgtbry-Hgegrba. Egw Vork,Weftgj Ebtfoes.

‚. 0<<>` . Ifaageefui \rodgnt . mttp4//www.ueifaageefuiprodgnt.orh/mtia/b out.smti

Weftgj Ebtfoes Occfng cor tmg No-orjfebtfoe oc Muibeftbrfbe Bccbfrs. 0<<>. Kgeyb‖s Nmbaagehg oc provfjfeh Crgg \rfibry Gjunbtfoe. ”Bcrfnb-Gehafsm‖ ^grvfng, Ebfro`f WE FPFE Muibeftbrfbe Fecoribtfoe Weft.

Weftgj Ebtfoes \opuabtfoe Jfvfsfoe. 0<<0. Xoraj \opuabtfoe \rospgnts4 Zmg 0<<0 Pgvfsfoe \opuabtfoe Jbtb`bsg .mttp4//gsb.ue.orh/uepp/sourngs.mtia

Weftgj Ebtfoes ^tbtfstfns Jfvfsfoe. 0<<0. Weftgj Ebtfoes Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas Jbtb bej Zrgejs 0<<0 . Pgportoc tmg Fetgr-Bhgeny Gxpgrt Hroup oe IJH Fejfnbtors. Egw Vork, WE Jgpbrtiget oc Gnoeoifn bej ônfba Bccbfrs.

Weftgj Pgpuàfn oc Zbezbefb. 0<<2b . Gjunbtfoe ^gntor Nouetry Pgport (Zbezbefb). Cfeba Pgport. Jbr gs ^babbi, Ifefstryoc Gjunbtfoe bej Nuaturg.

‚. 0<<2` . Gjunbtfoe ^gntor Jgvgaopiget \rohrbiig. \rfibry Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget \abe (0<<0„0<<3), Jbr gs

^babbi, @bsfn Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget Noiifttgg (@GJN).‚. 0<<>. Zmg ^gnoej \rohrgss Pgport 0<<2/<0 oe CZF . Jbr gs ^babbi, Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe bej Nuaturg.

Wefvgrsfty Jghrgg Xoige Bssonfbtfoe. 0<<0. Hfras‖ gjunbtfoe fe Zbdfk Pgpuàfn4 gxpgrfgeng, proàgis bej soautfoe.Wefvgrsfty Jghrgg Xoige Bssonfbtfoe. (Ifigo.)

W^BFJ. 266:. Zmg jgibej cor prfibry snmooafeh fe rurba Gtmfopfb. B rgsgbrnm stujy. Bjjfs B`b`b, W^BFJ. (Ifigo.)

‚. 0<<0. Ovgrvfgw oc tmg ^tbtus oc Hgejgr Gqufty . @behabjgsm Gjunbtfoe ^gntor Pgvfgw Pgport 0. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N.,W^BFJ, @bsfn Gjunbtfoe bej \oafny ûpport (@G\^ 0).

‚. 0<<>b . Gjunbtfoe, Wefvgrsftfgs bej Zrbfefeh . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.www.usbfj.hov/our_work/gjunbtfoe_bej_uefvgrsftfgs

‚. 0<<>` . Hao`ba Gjunbtfoe Jbtb`bsg „ oe-afeg vgrsfoe. mttp4//qgsj`.njfg.orh/hgj/fejgx.mtia

http://www.unicef.org/sowc96pk/sexviol.htm

http://www.childinfo.org/MICS2/Gj99306k.htm

http://www.unicef.org/

http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/html/about.shtm

http://esa.un.org/unpp/sources.html

http://qesdb.cdie.org/ged/index.html

http://qesdb.cdie.org/ged/index.html

http://esa.un.org/unpp/sources.html

http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/html/about.shtm

http://www.unicef.org/

http://www.childinfo.org/MICS2/Gj99306k.htm

http://www.unicef.org/sowc96pk/sexviol.htm



‚. 0<<>n . Ifaageefui Nmbaagehg Bnnouet . INB upjbtg Eo. >, 0> Duay 0<<>. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ.

W.^. Jgpbrtiget oc Gjunbtfoe. 0<<0b . Gagigetbry bej ^gnoejbry Gjunbtfoe Bnt, bigejgj oe = Dbeubry 0<<0.Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W.^. Jgpbrtiget oc Gjunbtfoe

‚. 0<<0` . Eo Nmfaj Agct @gmfej Bnt, = Dbeubry 0<<0. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W.^. Jgpbrtiget oc Gjunbtfoe.

W.^. Hovgreiget. 0<<0. Ifaageefui Nmbaagehg Bnnouet . B prgsfjgetfba feftfbtfvg, INB `ronmurg. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W.^.Hovgreiget.

Sbe jgr Hbbh, D.; Zbe, D. \. 266=. Zmg @gegcfts oc Gbray Nmfaj Jgvgaopiget \rohrbis4 Be Gnoeoifn Bebaysfs . Xbsmfehtoe,J.N., Xoraj @bek.

Sbejgriggrsnm, N. 0<<<. Ags gecbets noecfæs bu ^geghba. \brfs, Festftut j‖Ætujgs \oaftfqugs. 7<0 pp., beegxgs.(Gnoeoifn jgiohrbpmfns tmgsfs, ifigo.)

Sgabsno, G. 0<<>. Ibppfeh prohrgss oe gesurfeh hgejgr gqufty fe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa. Fs Nbiòjfb oe trbnk? @bnkhrouejpbpgr cor GCB Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: tmrouhm tmg WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe, Hgegvb.

Sfgt Ebi. 0<<>. Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget ^trbtghy 0<<2„0<2<. Mbeof, ônfbafst Pgpuàfn oc Sfgt Ebi.

Sfgtebi \ovgrty Zbsk Corng. 0<<0. \rovfjfeh qubafty gjunbtfoe cor baa. \bpgr prgpbrgj `y b tgbi agj `y ^. \bssfehmbi(WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget). Mbeof, Sfgt Ebi \ovgrty Zbsk Corng.

Sfsbybe Corui. 2668. Nmfaj joigstfn workgrs fe tmg \mfafppfegs. Ibefab, Sfsbybe Corui. (Ifigo.)

Xbrwfnk, J.; Pgfigrs, C. 2667. Mopg or Jgspbfr? Agbrefeh fe \bkfstbe‖s \rfibry ^nmooas . Xgstport, Noee., \rgbhgr.Xbtnmafst. 0<<0. @uruejf4 Pgport . Egw Vork, Xbtnmafst oe Nmfajrge bej Brigj Noecafnt, Xoige‖s Noiifssfoe cor

Pgcuhgg Xoige bej Nmfajrge. mttp4//www.wbtnmafst.orh/rgports/ùruejf.rgport.pmp

‚. 0<<>. Zmg Fipbnt oc Brigj Noecafnt oe Nmfajrge fe tmg Jgionrbtfn Pgpuàfn oc Noeho (JPN). Egw Vork, Xbtnmafst oeNmfajrge bej Brigj Noecafnt, Xoige‖s Noiifssfoe cor Pgcuhgg Xoige bej Nmfajrge.mttp4//www.wbtnmafst.orh/rgports/jr_noeho.rgport.pmp

XNGCB. 266<. Xoraj Jgnabrbtfoe oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa bej Crbigwork cor Bntfoe to Iggt @bsfn Agbrefeh Eggjs . Fetgr-Bhgeny Noiifssfoe (WEJ\, WEG^NO, WEFNGC, Xoraj @bek) cor tmg Xoraj Noecgrgeng oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa. EgwVork, WEFNGC.

XGJO. 266=. Ibppfeh \rohrgss . XGJO rgport bssgssfeh tmg fipagigetbtfoe oc tmg @gfdfeh \abtcori cor Bntfoeifjwby to tmg ygbr 0<<<. Egw Vork, Xoige‖s Gevfroeiget bej Jgvgaopiget Orhbefzbtfoe.mttp4//www.wgjo.orh/ioeftor/cfejfehs.jon

Xgfr, ^. 0<<<. Noengbagj prgcgrgengs4 pbrgetba bttftujgs to gjunbtfoe bej geroaiget nmofng fe rurba Gtmfopfb. Oxcorj,Ngetrg cor tmg ^tujy oc Bcrfnbe Gnoeoifgs. (Xorkfeh \bpgr ^grfgs Eo. 0<<<-2.)

Xmftg, M. 0<<0. Wsfeh tmg Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas bs b `bsfs cor bhgeny agvga pgrcoribeng igbsurgiget.\bpgr cor tmg WK Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget, `bsgj oe b `bnkhrouej pbpgr cor tmg Ebtfoeba BujftOccfng.

Xmftgmgbj, B. 26=2. ”F‖i muehry, Iui‖4 tmg poaftfns oc joigstfn ùjhgtfeh. Fe4 K. Voueh, N. Xoakowftz bej P.InNuaabhm (gjs.), Ibrrfbhg bej tmg Ibrkgt4 Xoige‖s ûòrjfebtfoe fe Fetgrebtfoeba \grspgntfvg , pp. ==-222.Aoejoe, N^G @ooks.

‚. 0<<>. Cbfafeh Xoige, ûstbfefeh \ovgrty4 Hgejgr fe \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe ^trbtghy \bpgrs . Aoejoe, WK Hgejgr bejJgvgaopiget Egtwork.

Xmftgmgbj, B.; Kb`ggr, E. 0<<<. Afvfeh wftm uengrtbfety4 hgejgr; afvgafmoojs bej pro-poor hrowtm. @rfhmtoe, WK,Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget tujfgs. (Jfsnussfoe \bpgr Eo. 2>:.)

XMO. 2666. \rgss Pgagbsg XMO/3=, 20 Ibrnm 2666, Fetgrebtfoeba Jby oc Jfsbàgj \grsoes.

Xfasoe, J. 0<<>. Muibe rfhmts4 proiotfeh hgejgr gqubafty fe bej tmrouhm gjunbtfoe. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor GCBHao`ba Ioeftorfeh Pgport 0<<>/: tmrouhm tmg WEG^NO Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe, Hgegvb.

Xfetgr, N.; @uregtt, E. 0<<0. Bjvbenfeh Hgejgr Gqufty fe Gjunbtfoe4 B Nrftfnba IJH. Nabrfcyfeh tmg Poag bej Gccgntfvgegss oc \P^\s . B \owgr\ofet prgsgetbtfoe cor JCFJ.

Xoac, D. gt ba. 2668. \abeefeh cor Noiiuefty \brtfnfpbtfoe fe Gjunbtfoe. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., W^BFJ Occfng oc ûstbfebàgJgvgaopiget.

Xooj, K.; Dgwkgs, P. 2668. Sfoageng, rbpg bej sgxuba nogrnfoe4 gvgryjby aovg fe b ôutm Bcrfnbe towesmfp.Fe4 Hgejgr bej Jgvgaopiget , Soa. 7, pp. :2„3. Oxcorj, Oxcbi \uàfsmfeh.

Xork, P. 0<<0. Ovgrvfgw oc jgngetrbafsbtfoe worajwfjg4 b stgppfeh stoeg to fiprovgj hovgrebeng bej muibejgvgaopiget. \bpgr cor tmg 0ej Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe Jgngetrbafsbtfoe4 Cgjgrbafsi4 Zmg Cuturg oc Jgngetrbafsfeh ^tbtgs. 07„08 Duay 0<<0. Ibefab, WEJ\.

http://www.watchlist.org/reports/burundi.report.php

http://www.watchlist.org/reports/dr_congo.report.php

http://www.wedo.org/monitor/findings.doc

http://www.wedo.org/monitor/findings.doc

http://www.watchlist.org/reports/dr_congo.report.php

http://www.watchlist.org/reports/burundi.report.php



Beegx

Pgcgrg

Xoraj @bek. Fejfvfjuba Nouetry Bssgssigets . mttp4www2.woraj`bek.orh/mjegtwork/gcb

‚. 2660. \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe Mbejòok bej Opgrbtfoeba Jfrgntfvgs . Xbsmfehtoe J.N., Xoraj @bek.

‚. 266=. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget Fejfnbtors 266= . Xoraj @bek, Xbsmfehtoe JN.

‚. 0<<<. Xoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<</0<<24 Bttbnkfeh \ovgrty. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<2b . Gehgejgrfeh Jgvgaopiget tmrouhm Hgejgr Gqubafty fe Pfhmts, Pgsourngs, bej Sofng . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N./Oxcorj,Xoraj @bek/Oxcorj Wefvgrsfty \rgss. (\oafny Pgsgbrnm Pgport.)

‚. 0<<2` . Hgejgr fe tmg \P^\s4 B ^tonktbkfeh . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe bej GnoeoifnIbebhgiget Egtwork, Hgejgr bej Jgvgaopiget Hroup.

‚. 0<<2n . \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe trbtghy ourngòok . Nmbptgr 2<4 Hgejgr. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<0b . Bnmfgvfeh Gjunbtfoe cor Baa `y 0<274 ^fiuabtfoe Pgsuats cor :8 Aow-Fenoig Nouetrfgs . Muibe JgvgaopigetEgtwork. Bcrfnb Pghfoe Jgpbrtiget. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<0` . Gjunbtfoe bej MFS/BFJ^, B Xfejow oc Mopg . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N, Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<0n . Egws Pgagbsg Eo. 0<<0/>:3/ABN. @rbzfa. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N, Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<0j . \ovgrty fe @behabjgsm4 @ufajfeh oe \rohrgss . ôutm Bsfb Pghfoe, Xoraj @bek Jmbkb Occfng, \ovgrtyPgjuntfoe bej Gnoeoifn Ibebhgiget ^gntor Weft.mttp4//aewg`2=.woraj`bek.orh/ao+wg`+sftgs/`behabjgsm+wg .esc/@behabjgsm?OpgeEbvfhbtor

‚. 0<<0g . Wsgr cggs fe prfibry gjunbtfoe. Jrbct cor rgvfgw. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek, Cg`rubry 0<<0. (Ifigo.)

‚. 0<<0c . Xoraj @bek Beeuba Pgport 0<<0 . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<0h . Xoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<>4 ûstbfebàg Jgvgaopiget fe b Jyebifn Xoraj . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj@bek.

‚. 0<<>b . Dorjbe4 Gjunbtfoe Pgcori cor Keowagjhg . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<>` . Igbsurfeh Jgvgaopiget Outnoigs fe Aow Fenoig Nouetrfgs . Noecgrgeng oe Fiprovfeh ^tbtfstfns corIgbsurfeh Jgvgaopiget Outnoigs, :„7 Dueg 0<<>. Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<>n . Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget Hobas jbtb`bsg. mttp4//www.jgvgaopigethobas.orh/Jbtb.mti

‚. 0<<>j . Xoraj Jgvgaopiget Pgport 0<<:4 Ibkfeh ^grvfngs Xork cor \oor \gopag . Oxcorj/Egw Vork, Oxcorj Wefvgrsfty\rgss.

‚. 0<<>g . www.hfrasgjunbtfoe

Xoraj @bek Jgvgaopiget Noiifttgg. 0<<>b . Bnngagrbtfeh \rohrgss Zowbrjs Gjunbtfoe cor Baa . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj@bek.

‚. 0<<>` . Jgvgaopiget Noiifttgg Noiiuefquæ, 00 ^gptgi`gr 0<<>. Ju`bf, Weftgj Brb` Gifrbtgs. FIC/Xoraj @bek.

‚. 0<<>n. Hao`ba Ioeftorfeh oc \oafnfgs bej Bntfoes cor bnmfgvfeh tmg IJHs bej Pgabtgj Outnoigs, FipagigetbtfoePgport . Xbsmfehtoe, J.N., Xoraj @bek/FIC. (JN0<<>-<<2>.)

Xoraj Gnoeoifn Corui. 0<<0. Hao`ba Hovgrebeng Feftfbtfvg4 \rodgnt Jgsnrfptfoe. mttp4//www.wgcorui.orh/

Xoraj Cooj \rohrbiig. 2666. Gebàfeh Jgvgaopiget . \oafny Fssugs, Bhgejb Ftgi :. Gxgnutfvg @obrj Beeuba ^gssfoe,Poig, 28„0< Iby 2666. Poig, Xoraj Cooj \rohrbiig.

‚. 0<<<. Hfras oe tmg Croetafeg4 Zbkg-Moig Pbtfoes cor Hfras‖ Gjunbtfoe . Poig, Xoraj Cooj \rohrbiig.

Xrfhmt, N. 0<<>. Wejgrstbejfeh WEHGF bs be GCB cabhsmfp, fssugs oc agbjgrsmfp bej no-orjfebtfoe fe hfras‖ gjunbtfoe.@bnkhrouej pbpgr cor tmg Courtm Iggtfeh oc tmg Xorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa, 00„0> Duay 0<<>, \brfs.

Vgacfhe, X. 0<<>. Gtmfopfb rgport. @bnkhrouej pbpgr cor B Cbfr Nmbeng4 Bttbfefeh Hgejgr Gqubafty fe @bsfn Gjunbtfoe `y 0<<7 . @russgas, Hao`ba Nbipbfhe cor Gjunbtfoe.

http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/lo+web+sites/bangladesh+web.nsf/Bangladesh?OpenNavigator

http://www.developmentgoals.org/Data.htm

http://www.weforum.org/

http://www.weforum.org/

http://www.developmentgoals.org/Data.htm

http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/lo+web+sites/bangladesh+web.nsf/Bangladesh?OpenNavigator



B@AG Bjuat @bsfn Agbrefeh bej GjunbtfoeBNOPJ Bhgeny cor No-opgrbtfoe bej Pgsgbrnm fe Jgvgaopiget

BJ@ (NGPN) Bsfbe Jgvgaopiget @bek (Noipbrbtfvg Gjunbtfoe Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg)BGJ Bnbjgiy cor Gjunbtfoeba Jgvgaopiget

BGJ- BPB Bnbjgiy cor Gjunbtfoeba Jgvgaopiget „ upport cor Bebaysfs bej Pgsgbrnm fe Bcrfnb

BENGCB Bcrfnbe Egtwork Nbipbfhe oe Gjunbtfoe cor Baa@J\ @urgbu oc Jgvgaopiget \oafny (WEJ\)@GJN @bsfn Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget Noiifttgg

@GHFE @bsfn Gjunbtfoe cor Hrowtm Feftfbtfvg@G\^ @bsfn Gjunbtfoe bej \oafny upport@IT Ifefstry cor Gnoeoifn No-opgrbtfoe bej Jgvgaopiget (Hgribey)

@PBN @behabjgsm Purba Bjvbengiget Noiifttgg@PGJB @urgbu ræhfoeba jg a‖WEG^NO pour a‖æjunbtfoe ge Bcrfqug [WEG^NO Pghfoeba Occfng cor

Gjunbtfoe fe BcrfnbY

NBI\G Nbipbfhe cor \opuabr Gjunbtfoe (@behabjgsm)NNMJI Noaaghg oc Noiiuefty Mgbatm Jgvgaopiget bej Ibebhgiget (\mfafppfegs)NNEHO Noaagntfvg Noesuatbtfoe oc Eoe-Hovgreigetba Orhbefzbtfoes

NJE Nbebjfbe joaabr

NJZE Noecæjærbtfoe jæionrbtfqug jgs trbvbfaagurs ju Efhgr [Efhgr Jgionrbtfn Xorkgrs‖NoecgjgrbtfoeY

NGJBX Noevgetfoe oe tmg Gafifebtfoe oc baa Coris oc Jfsnrfifebtfoe bhbfest XoigeNGEBCOJ Ngetrg bcrfnbfe jg coribtfoe pour ag jævgaoppgiget [Bcrfnbe Ngetrg cor Jgvgaopiget

ZrbfefehYNGPF Ngetrg cor Gjunbtfoeba Pgsgbrnm bej Feeovbtfoe (OGNJ)NFJB Nbebjfbe Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bhgeny

NO@GZ Noipagigetbry @bsfn Gjunbtfoe fe ZbezbefbNOCGH Noorjfebtfoe jgs OEH cæifefegs jg Hufeæg [Cgjgrbtfoe oc Hufegbe Xoige‖s EHOsY

NOCFEZGB Noecærgeng Fetgrebtfoebag sur a‖æjunbtfoe jgs Bjuatgs [Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe BjuatGjunbtfoeY

NOECGIGE Noecærgeng jgs Ifefstrgs jg a‖Gjunbtfoe jgs \bys Bybet ag Crbeèbfs ge \brtbhg[Noecgrgeng oc Ifefstgrs oc Gjunbtfoe oc Crgenm-^pgbkfeh NouetrfgsY

N\J Ngetrg cor \oafny Jfbaohug Zbsk Corng (\bkfstbe)NPN Noevgetfoe oe tmg Pfhmts oc tmg NmfajNP^ Nrgjftor Pgportfeh ystgiN^O Nfvfa sonfgty orhbefzbtfoe

N^SP Ngetrg cor tmg ^tujy oc Sfoageng bej PgnoenfafbtfoeN^X Noiifssfoe oe tmg ^tbtus oc XoigeNWN Noiftæ jg Wefjbj Nbipgsfeb [Noiifttgg oc \gbsbet WeftyY (Hubtgibab)JBN Jgvgaopiget Bfj Noiifttgg (OGNJ)

JJPP Jfsbribiget, Jgio fafzbtfoe, Pgmb`faftbtfoe bej Pgfetghrbtfoe prohrbiigsJg^gNo Jgcfeftfoe bej ^gagntfoe oc Noipgtgenfgs

JcG^ Jgpbrtiget cor Gjunbtfoe bej ^kfaas (WK)JCFJ Jgpbrtiget cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget (WK)

JM^ Jgiohrbpmfn bej mgbatm survgyJXEPO Jfsb`agj Xoige Egtwork bej Pgsourngs OrhbefzbtfoeG6 Efeg mfhm-popuabtfoe nouetrfgs (@behabjgsm, @rbzfa, Nmfeb, Ghypt, Fejfb, Fejoegsfb, Igxfno,

Efhgrfb, \bkfstbe)GN Guropgbe Noiifssfoe

GNNJ Gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej jgvgaopigetGNNG Gbray nmfajmooj nbrg bej gjunbtfoeGNAB Weftgj Ebtfoes Gnoeoifn Noiifssfoe cor Abtfe Bigrfnb

GNABN Weftgj Ebtfoes Gnoeoifn Noiifssfoe cor Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeGJF Gjunbtfoe cor Baa Jgvgaopiget FejgxGCB Gjunbtfoe cor BaaG\2 Gjunbtfoe prfibfrg 2 (\rfibry Gjunbtfoe 2)

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Bnroe

GRO Gssgetfba qubafty-orfgetgj gjunbtfoeGPJ Gnoeoifns bej Pgsgbrnm JgpbrtigetGP\ Gjunbtfoe cor Purba \gopagG^F\ Gjunbtfoe ^trbtghfn Fevgstiget \abe

G^^\ Gjunbtfoe gntor upport \rohrbiig

G^ZGGI Gccgntfvg ^nmooas tmrouhm Gembengj IbebhgigetCBO Cooj bej Bhrfnuaturg Orhbefzbtfoe (WE)CBXG Corui cor Bcrfnbe Xoige GjunbtfoebafstsCNEJ Cooj Noesuiptfoe bej Eutrftfoe Jfvfsfoe

CGH/CBXG Corui jgs æjunbtrfngs jg Hufeæg/ Corui cor Bcrfnbe Xoige Gjunbtfoebafsts[Hufegbe Xoige Zgbnmgrs‖ CoruiY

CCG Cooj cor GjunbtfoeCHI Cgibag hgeftba iutfabtfoe

CHPI Cuejb Hbrbetfb jg Pgejb Ifefib [Ifefiui Fenoig Bssurbeng \rohrbiigYCOPNG Corui cor Nmfajnbrg bej Nrínmg ^grvfngs

CPG^M Conusfeh Pgsourngs oe Gccgntfvg ^nmooa MgbatmCZF Cbst-Zrbnk Feftfbtfvg

CWEJGC Cuej cor \rfibry Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget bej Ibfetgebeng bej Gembengiget oc tmg

Zgbnmfeh \rocgssfoeH8 Hroup oc sgvge nouetrfgs (Nbebjb, Crbeng, Hgribey, Ftbay, Dbpbe, Weftgj Kfehjoi bej

Weftgj ^tbtgs) bej rgprgsgetbtfvgs croi tmg Guropgbe Wefoe wmo iggt to jfsnuss gnoeoifnbej corgfhe poafnfgs.

H= Hroup oc gfhmt nouetrfgs (Nbebjb, Crbeng, Hgribey, Ftbay, Dbpbe, Pussfb, Weftgj Kfehjoibej Weftgj ^tbtgs) bej rgprgsgetbtfvgs croi tmg Guropgbe Wefoe wmo iggt to jfsnussgnoeoifn bej corgfhe poafnfgs

HBN Hgejgr-bpproprfbtg nurrfnuauiHBJ Hgejgr bej JgvgaopigetHJ\ Hross joigstfn projuntHGF Hgejgr-rgabtgj GCB fejgx

HGI Hgejgr gipowgriget igbsurgHGP Hross geroaiget rbtg

HFP Hross fetbkg rbtgHIN Hao`ba Iovgiget cor NmfajrgeHE\ Hross ebtfoeba projuntHOP Hovgreiget oc PbdbstmbeH\F Hgejgr pbrfty fejgxHZT Hgsgaasnmbct cñr Zgnmefsnmg Tusbiigebr`gft [Hgribe Bhgeny cor Zgnmefnba NoopgrbtfoeYMJF Muibe Jgvgaopiget Fejgx (WEJ\)

MFG^ Mousgmoaj fenoig bej gxpgejfturg survgyMF\N Mfhmay Fejg`tgj \oor Nouetrfgs

MFS/BFJ^ Muibe Fiiueojgcfnfgeny Sfrus/Bnqufrgj Fiiueg Jgcfnfgeny yejroigM\F Muibe \ovgrty Fejgx

M^N Mfhm-snmooa ngrtfcfnbtgFBA^ Fetgrebtfoeba Bjuat Aftgrbny tujyFBZZ Fetgr-Bhgeny Zbsk ZgbiF@G Fetgrebtfoeba @urgbu oc Gjunbtfoe (WEG^NO)

F@PJ Fetgrebtfoeba @bek cor Pgnoestruntfoe bej JgvgaopigetFNN\P Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebet oe Nfvfa bej \oaftfnba Pfhmts

FNJ^ Fetghrbtgj Nmfaj Jgvgaopiget grvfngFNG^NP Fetgrebtfoeba Novgebet oe Gnoeoifn, ^onfba bej Nuaturba Pfhmts

FN\J Fetgrebtfoeba Noecgrgeng oe \opuabtfoe bej JgvgaopigetFNPN Fetgrebtfoeba Noiifttgg cor tmg Pgj Nross

FNZ Fecoribtfoe bej noiiuefnbtfoe tgnmeoaohfgsFJB Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Bssonfbtfoe (Xoraj @bek)

FJ\s Fetgrebaay jfspabngj pgrsoes



FJPN Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Pgsgbrnm Ngetrg (Nbebjb)FJ^ Festftutg oc Jgvgaopiget ^tujfgs (WK)FGB Fetgrebtfoeba Bssonfbtfoe cor tmg Gvbaubtfoe oc Gjunbtfoeba Bnmfgvgiget

FCBJ Fetgrebtfoeba Cuej cor Bhrfnuaturba JgvgaopigetFC\PF Fetgrebtfoeba Cooj \oafny Pgsgbrnm Festftutg

FFG\ Fetgrebtfoeba Festftutg cor Gjunbtfoeba \abeefeh (WEG^NO)FFT/JSS Festftut cñr Fetgrebtfoebag Tusbiigebr gft jgs Jgutsnmge Soaksmonmsnmua-Sgr`bejgs[Festftutg cor Fetgrebtfoeba Noopgrbtfoe oc tmg Hgribe Bjuat Gjunbtfoe BssonfbtfoeY

FAO Fetgrebtfoeba Abòur OrhbefzbtfoeFAO/NFEZGPCOP Fetgr-Bigrfnbe Pgsgbrnm bej Jonuigetbtfoe Ngetrg oe Sonbtfoeba Zrbfefeh (FAO)

FIC Fetgrebtfoeba Ioegtbry CuejFEGG Fetgr-Bhgeny Egtwork oe Gjunbtfoe fe GigrhgenfgsFEG\ Festftuto Ebnfoeba jg Gstujos g \gsqufsbs Gjunbnfoebfs [Ebtfoeba Festftutg cor

Gjunbtfoeba ^tujfgs bej PgsgbrnmY (@rbzfa)FEHO Fetgrebtfoeba eoe-hovgreigetba orhbefzbtfoeFRGB Fiprovfeh tmg Rubafty oc Gjunbtfoe cor BaaFPJ Festftut jg rgnmgrnmg pour ag jævgaoppgiget (gx-OP^ZOI) [Pgsgbrnm Festftutg cor

JgvgaopigetY (Crbeng)

F^NGJ Fetgrebtfoeba ^tbejbrj Nabssfcfnbtfoe oc GjunbtfoeFXHJJ Fetgrebtfoeba Xorkfeh Hroup oe Jfsb`fafty bej JgvgaopigetFXHG Fetgrebtfoeba Xorkfeh Hroup oe Gjunbtfoe

DMW/NN\ Domes Mopkfes Wefvgrsfty Ngetgr cor Noiiuefnbtfoe \rohrbiigs (W^)DFNB Dbpbe Fetgrebtfoeba Noopgrbtfoe Bhgeny

DONB^ Dorebjbs Noiiueftbrfbs jg Noevgrsbnfþe so`rg Bcgntfvfjbj y gxubafjbj[Noiiuefty Jbys oc Noevgrsbtfoe bòut Giotfoeba bej ^gxuba AfcgY (Nmfag)

KB\G Kbipunmgbe Bntfoe cor \rfibry GjunbtfoeABN Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbe

ABI\ Aftgrbny Bssgssiget bej Ioeftorfeh \rohrbiigAP Aftgrbny rbtg

A^HFs Aonba sgac-hovgreiget festftutfoesAÎ^ Afvfeh stbejbrj igbsurgiget survgys

AZZG Af`grbtfoe Zfhgrs oc Zbifa Ggabi (^rf Abekb)IBPH Iuatfpag Bntfoe Pgsgbrnm Hroup (Fejfb)IJHs Ifaageefui Jgvgaopiget HobasIFN^ Iuatfpag Fejfnbtor Naustgr urvgy

IFG Ibabwf Festftutg oc GjunbtfoeIFEGJBC Noecgrgengs oc tmg ifefstgrs oc gjunbtfoe oc Bcrfnbe igi`gr stbtgs, orhbefzgj `y WEG^NO

IAB Ioeftorfeh Agbrefeh BnmfgvgigetIOSB Iovfigeto jg Bacb`gtfzbèîo jg Bjuatos [Bjuat Aftgrbny \rohrbiigY (@rbzfa)

IOSB\-^\ Iovfigeto jg Bacb gtfzbèbo jg Dovges g Bjuatos jb Nfjbjg jg ^îo \buao[Aftgrbny Iovgiget cor Voueh \gopag bej Bjuats fe ^îo \buaoY

IVXO Ibgejgago Vb Xbebwbkg Orhbefzbtfoe (Kgeyb)EBCPG Ebtfoeba Baafbeng oe tmg Cuejbigetba Pfhmt to Gjunbtfoe

ENGCB Ebtfoeba Nouenfa oe Gjunbtfoe Cor BaaEJ\G^ Ebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget \rohrbi cor tmg Gjunbtfoe ^gntorEGJNB\ Eoe-noevgetfoeba Gegrhy Jgvgaopiget Norporbtfoe oc Bejmrb \rbjgsm (Fejfb)

EG\BJ Egw \brtegrsmfp cor Bcrfnb‖s JgvgaopigetEGP Egt geroaiget rbtfo

ECG-IF^ Eoe-Coriba Gjunbtfoe Ibebhgiget Fecoribtfoe ystgiECM^ Ebtfoeba cbifay mgbatm survgysEC\G Eoe-coriba prfibry gjunbtfoeEHF^ Efhgrfbe Hfras feto nfgengsEHO Eoe-hovgreigetba orhbefzbtfoe

EFBNG Ebtfoeba Festftutg oc Bjuat Noetfeufeh Gjunbtfoe (WK)

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EFP Egt fetbkg rbtg fe prfibry gjunbtfoeEOPBJ Eorwghfbe Bhgeny cor Jgvgaopiget Noopgrbtfoe

OB Occfnfba bfjOBW Orhbefzbtfoe oc Bcrfnbe WeftyOJB Occfnfba jgvgaopiget bssfstbeng

OGNJ Orhbefsbtfoe cor Gnoeoifn Noopgrbtfoe bej JgvgaopigetOA^ Opgrbtfoe Afcgafeg (ûjbe) (WEFNGC)OPGBAN Ocfnfeb Pghfoeba jg Gjunbnfþe jg ab WEG NO pbrb Bigrfnb Abtfeb y ga Nbrf`g

(WEG^NO Pghfoeba @urgbu cor Gjunbtfoe fe Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeYOP^ZOI Orhbefsig jg rgnmgrnmg snfgetfcfqug pour ags tgrrftofrgs j‖outrg-igr [Ovgrsgbs Zgrrftorfgs‖

^nfgetfcfn Pgsgbrnm @ojyY, eow Festftut jg Pgnmgrnmg pour ag Jævgaoppgiget (FPJ)[Jgvgaopiget Pgsgbrnm FestftutgY (Crbeng)

\B\s \rforfty bntfoe prohrbiigs\B^GN \rohrbiig j‖bebaysg jgs systíigs æjunbtfcs jgs pbys jg ab NOECGIGE [\rohrbiig

cor tmg Bebaysfs oc tmg Gjunbtfoeba ^ystgis oc NOECGIGE NouetrfgsY\@O \abe bej @ujhgt Orhbefzbtfoe (Frbe)

\NBP \rfibry nurrfnuaui bej bssgssiget rgvfgw\NJ\ \gopag‖s Nbipbfhe cor Jgngetrbafzgj \abeefeh

\NP \rfibry noipagtfoe rbtg\JJG \rohrbiig jængeeba jg jævgaoppgiget jg a‖æjunbtfoe [Zge-ygbr Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget

\rohrbiigY\GJ\ \rfibry Gjunbtfoe Jgvgaopiget \rohrbiig\GZF \rohrbib jg grrbjfnbèîo jo trb`bamo fecbetfag (\rohrbiig cor tmg Grbjfnbtfoe oc Nmfaj

AbòurY (@rbzfa)\HPI \rohrbib jg Hbrbetfb jg Pgejb Ifefib [Ifefiui Xbhg Hubrbetgg \rohrbiigY (@rbzfa)\FPA^ \rohrgss fe rgbjfeh aftgrbny stujy

\F^B \rohrbiig cor Fetgrebtfoeba ^tujget Bnmfgvgiget\AB \brtfnfpbtory agbrefeh bej bntfoe

\\BN \mfafppfegs \abe oc Bntfoe cor Nmfajrge\\NP \roxy prfibry noipagtfoe rbtg

\\\ \urnmbsfeh \owgr \brfty

\PGABN \roygnto Pghfoeba jg Gjunbnfþe pbrb Bigrfnb Abtfeb y ga Nbrf`g [Pghfoeba Gjunbtfoe\rodgnt cor Abtfe Bigrfnb bej tmg Nbrf``gbeY\P^\ \ovgrty Pgjuntfoe ^trbtghy \bpgr

\^B \uàfn sgrvfng bhrggiget\ZBs \brget-tgbnmgr bssonfbtfoes

\Z^Bs \brget-tgbnmgr-stujget bssonfbtfoes^BNIGR ôutmgre Bcrfnb Noesortfui cor Ioeftorfeh Gjunbtfoeba Rubafty

^BJN ôutmgre Bcrfnbe Jgvgaopiget Noiiuefty^BJZW ôutm Bcrfnbe Jgionrbtfn Zgbnmgrs‖ Wefoe

^BHG ^trbtghfgs cor bjvbenfeh hfras‖ gjunbtfoe^BPB ûpport cor Bebaysfs bej Pgsgbrnm fe Bcrfnb

^GPEBI ^grvfnfo Ebnfoeba jg ab Iudgr [Ifefstry oc Gjunbtfoe bej Xoige‖s Ebtfoeba grvfngY (Nmfag)^GXB ^gac-Gipaoygj Xoige‖s Bssonfbtfoe (Fejfb)

^H@s ^nmooa hovgrefeh ojfgs^FJB ^wgjfsm Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget Noopgrbtfoe Bhgeny

^FING ^fstgib jg Igjfnfþe jg ab Nbafjbj jg ab Gjunbnfþe [Gjunbtfoeba Rubafty Igbsurgiget^ystgiY (Nmfag)

^FI\ON ^tbtfstfnba Fecoribtfoe bej Ioeftorfeh \rohrbiig oe Nmfaj Abòur^F\PF ^tonkmoai Fetgrebtfoeba \gbng Pgsgbrnm Festftutg

^^N ^gefor snmooa ngrtfcfnbtg^ZF/BFJ^ ^gxubaay-trbesifttgj fecgntfoe/BFJ^

^XBs ^gntor-wfjg bpprobnmgsZJ\ Zgauhu Jgsbi \brty (Fejfb)ZHG Zrbesftfoeba Hovgreiget oc Gtmfopfb



ZFI^^ Zmfrj Fetgrebtfoeba Ibtmgibtfns bej ^nfgeng ^tujyWGG Wefvgrsba gagigetbry gjunbtfoeWF^ WEG^NO Festftutg cor ^tbtfstfnsWE Weftgj Ebtfoes

WEBFJ^ Dofet Weftgj Ebtfoes \rohrbiig oe MFS/BFJ^

WEJG B Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgpbrtiget oc Gnoeoifn bej ^onfba Bccbfrs.WEJ\ Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgvgaopiget CuejWEG^NO Weftgj Ebtfoes Gjunbtfoeba, nfgetfcfn bej Nuaturba Orhbefzbtfoe

WEHGF Weftgj Ebtfoes Hfras Gjunbtfoe FeftfbtfvgWEMNP Weftgj Ebtfoes Mfhm Noiifssfoe cor PgcuhggsWEFNGC Weftgj Ebtfoes Nmfajrge‖s Cuej

WEFNGC-ZBNPO Zmg Bigrfnbs bej Nbrf``gbe Pghfoeba Occfng oc WEFNGCWEFCGI Weftgj Ebtfoes Jgvgaopiget Cuej cor Xoige

WEAJ Weftgj Ebtfoes Aftgrbny JgnbjgWEOJN Weftgj Ebtfoes Occfng oe Jruhs bej NrfigWEPF^J Weftgj Ebtfoes Pgsgbrnm Festftutg cor ^onfba JgvgaopigetWEXPB Weftgj Ebtfoes Pgafgc bej Xorks Bhgeny cor \bagstfeg Pgcuhggs fe tmg Egbr Gbst

W\G Wefvgrsba prfibry gjunbtfoeW^BFJ Weftgj ^tbtgs Bhgeny cor Fetgrebtfoeba Jgvgaopiget

XNGCB Xoraj Noecgrgeng oe Gjunbtfoe Cor BaaXGJO Xoige‖s Gevfroeiget bej Jgvgaopiget Orhbefzbtfoe

XGF Xoraj Gjunbtfoe FejfnbtorsXMO Xoraj Mgbatm OrhbefzbtfoeXFJ Xoige Fe Jgvgaopiget

XOI (WE) Bjvbengiget oc Xoige (WE jfvfsfoe)

gender and education for all - the leap to equality, 2003/4 report

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