gaindegia report 2009

Title: Gaindegia Txostena 2009/Gaindegia Report 2009Author:GAINDEGIA- Observatory for the social and economic development of the Basque CountryEditor:GAINDEGIA- Observatory for the social and economic development of the Basque CountryMartin Ugalde Kultur Parkea20140 AndoainTel. +34 943 304 [email protected] words: Basque Country, economy, society, development, cohesion, economy of the Basque CountryEditing Committee Director:Joxerra BustilloCoordinator:Irati Azkue LeundaEditing and adviser committee:Joxerra Bustillo, Jose Mari Zendoia, Xabier Lekuona, Bego Zubia, Eugenio Etxebeste, Kepa Gordejuela, Iñaki Egaña.

Journalistic work:Estitxu ElduaienTranslation:Basque- Spanish: Ainara Barreña - Ander Mendizabal - Joxemi Hernandez – Amaia ApaulazaSpanish - Basque: Iraia Amundarain – Ramon Iriarte – Nerea ElorriagaFrench: Mercedes CamblorEnglish: Kit CreeFirst edition: may 2010Copyright: © GAINDEGIA—Observatory for the social and economic development of the Basque CountryDesign and layout: nabarreria.com · Tel: (0034) 948 22 71 25Printing: Gráficas IratxeLegal deposit: SS-437-2008

This publication has been subsidied by KUTXA.Gaindegia is not responsible for the opinions expressed by their participants.

Participants in Gaindegia Report 2009:Joxerra Bustillo, Juan Mari Ollora, NekaneJurado, Mertxe Larrañaga, Ana Beraza,Jon Barrutia, Goio Etxebarria, MikelGomez Uranga, Roberto Bermejo, JuanCarlos Longas, Juan Ignacio Perez Iglesias,Eguzki Urteaga, Karmele Aranburu, IkerAranburu, Idoia Eraso, IkerBizkarguenaga, Juan Mari Arregi, AitorRenteria, Carlos Etxeberri, Miren Garate,Miren Ibañez, Juan Angel Monreal, ImanolEsnaola.

Participants in Gaindegia Report 2008:Joxerra Bustillo, Mari Carmen Gallastegui,Goio Etxebarria, Mikel Navarro, MichelGaricoix, Gorka Bueno, AitziberEtxezarreta, Irati Susperregi, PhilippeArretz, Iñaki Elorriaga, SandraBarrenetxea, Iñaki Ruiz de Pinedo, JuanMari Arregi, Juan Kruz Lakasta, MikelIribarren, Idoia Eraso, Mikel Aramendi,Ivan Santamaria, Carlos Etxeberri, BegoñaMartin, Angel Rekalde, Aimar Maiz, XabierLekuona, Joxe Mari Zendoia, Bego Zubia,Iñaki Egaña, Eugenio Etxebeste, KepaGordejuela, Imanol Esnaola.

Participants in Gaindegia Report 2007:Koldo Saratxaga, Mikel Zurbano, IñakiConde, Ion Andoni del Amo, TxemaMendibil, Helena Franco, Anton Borja,Koldo Nabaskues, Mixel Garikoitz, IvanSantamaria, Juan Angel Monreal, AlazneBasañez, Aitor Renteria, Begoña Martin,Aitziber Arzallus, Xabier Aja, CarlosEtxeberri, Imanol Esnaola.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Indicators on the Basque Country 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

· Main gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

· Monographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

-Labour market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

-Business demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

-RTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

-Portrait of the North Basque Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

-Regional indicators of the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

The year in figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Expert analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Studies from 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Press file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Basic guide to socio-economic agents in the Basque Country . . . . .61

Index

Introduction

5

2009 has been tough. However you want tolook at it, it's been a hard year. In all fields, ineconomic and social aspects it has also been along, difficult year. The downturn is affectingall economic and social agents, and the Bas-que Country is no exception. All the alarmbells are ringing and we have all set to work tosurvive, to the best of our abilities.

It has not been a good year for the articu-lation and development of the BasqueCountry. Legal cases against Euskal Herriko La-borantza Ganbara and the detention and im-prisonment of the trade unionist Rafa DiezUsabiaga, member of the Gaindegia Board ofDirectors, are just two examples of the addi-tional difficulties we have suffered. The arti-culation process for the Basque Country hasbeen weakened, not only on the weathermaps, but above all in the absence of commonpolicies to tackle this crisis.

However, despite the difficulties, the cri-sis has once again demonstrated the impor-tance of the economic and social dimensionsfor the Basque Country. We remain absolutelyconvinced that working with a complete Bas-que Country, with better inter-territory cohe-sion, we would have better tools and greaterresources to fight the crisis. There is no pointin neighbouring territorial administrationscompeting with each other to tackle common

problems. Dependency on the state is absurdwhen this only makes the crisis worse, as in thecase of the Spanish state or it sacrifices the de-velopment of one territory to benefit another,as occurs in France with the North BasqueCountry.

With or without the crisis, Gaindegia hasbeen going for five years! Looking back on ourwork so far, we are satisfied with what wehave done: the observatory seed is germina-ting. The resources made available for Gain-degia have been used correctly and effecti-vely. This publication, for the third year run-ning, serves as a good example.

We have demonstrated the clear need forthe Observatory for the Basque Country's eco-nomic and social development. However, thisproject needs much more help and more con-tributions than it has received to date. Wehave demonstrated that it is possible to com-pile, harmonise and diffuse good quality in-formation on the Basque Country as a whole,in sufficient quantity. Now we face a challen-ge: to get the economic and social agents thatform the backbone of the Basque Country tomove forward, cooperating and working in anetwork to structure the Basque Country ob-servatory. At the end of the day, these agentsare the foundations of the observatory thatputs the Basque Country on the map.

Xabier Isasi BalanzategiPresident of Gaindegia

Crisis without end

IDear readers,

You are holding the "Gaindegia Report 2009". It is a fine re-port outlining the most significant aspects of what went on inthe Basque economy and society during 2009.

It is not only unusual but practicallyimpossible to find this kind of work oreven one-off information featuring thewhole Basque Country as its field of analy-sis, study and observation. This is the ugly,and for some sad, truth about informationgathering and publishing.

So this then, at least in my opinion, isthe first virtue of the study that I am luckyenough to be introducing.

This is a piece of work that overcomespolitical-administrative divisions to offer anannual snapshot of aspects of Basque life.

Maybe we don't like what we see.Other Basques do not even wish to see us pre-sented in this way, as a whole, but neverthe-less here we are.

And this is what we have done in 2009.

IIMy commission to write this prologue originates from a missivesent to me by Xabier Isasi Balanzategi, President of Gaindegia.He wrote "The job comprises writing the PROLOGUE for the pu-blication. This is a personal commentary focussing and com-menting on the issues that have attracted your attention in theeconomic and/or social news during 2009."

As I am by nature an obedient person, I am going to attemptto comply with my commission by adapting its methodologicalcontent (commenting on issues that have caught my eye in 2009)whilst adding just one extra aspect: I aim to talk about 2010 andwhat might occur.

Let's go.

IIIEconomically and socially, 2009 was the year of the crash. Notone economic and/or social parameter or variable has behavedpositively. Within this dismal landscape the following facts havemade an impact on me.

A) The coordination and agreement undertaken by the Cen-tral Banks (for the main economic areas and zones) to try and

transform what to all extents and purposes looked like a de-pression into a serious economic recession. This is indicative ofhow close we were to an economic and/or social debacle withunforeseeable consequences and developments for the whole

of Humanity. B) From a technical point of view and regarding the

action of the Central Banks (Federal Reserve, CentralEuropean Bank, etc.), the "decision" and "maximumexecution" of the measures implemented made a po-werful impression on me. This was (and still is) lite-rally a crisis that is being resolved by flooding theworld financial system with money, increasing thesystem's monetary basis by unimaginable propor-tions. To quote the President of the North AmericanFederal Reserve, Mr Bernanke, they will be "thro-wing money out of helicopters if necessary".

C) Silly me. I thought I'd seen it all in terms ofpublic account management and (political) admi-nistrators, but this was not the case. Once again,it has been demonstrated that our capacity forself-deception and/or cynicism regarding publiclife is infinite, given that the Spanish Govern-ment's attitude to "handling" the crisis cannot beclassified any other way: either cynical or in-

competent. Firstly, regarding the economic downturn, theystarted by repeatedly denying it and later owned up to it, toolittle too late. Alongthe way they media-ted the applicationof a series of insuffi-cient, ineffectiveand poorly concei-ved measures.

Strictly spea-king, the downturnin the Spanish eco-nomy had been diag-nosed sufficientlyearly. It was (is) cle-arly a crisis causedby excessive growthin the wrong direc-tion (excess real es-tate sector) follo-wing inappropriate

Prologue

6

Juan Mari Ollora Otxoa De Aspuru(Economist)

It was (is) clearly a crisiscaused by excessivegrowth in the wrong

direction (excess realestate sector) following

inappropriatedevelopment guidelines

Juan Mari Ollora Otxoa de

AspuruEconomist

Original text: Spanish

Prologue

7

development guide-lines. These guideli-nes were characteri-sed by consumptionand investmentgrowth rates higherthan internal wealthcould be created ba-sed, as a consequen-ce of the growth, onexternal debt due toinsufficient internalsavings, etc. Whenthe plug was pulledon external credit,due to the crisis inthe International Fi-nancial system,

everything came tumbling down.D) For me, 2009, was also the year of the definitive break

between the financial and productive economy. If one thing isclear, for public powers in most developed countries the former(financial economy) matters more than the latter (the produc-tive economy). Many actions undertaken since the beginning ofthe crisis have been focussed on saving the financial system.

Help has come in the form of massive injections of liquidity,interest rates close to zero and generous help for the bankingsystem so they can redress their balances and restore their da-maged operating accounts.

However, all this has been done using public money, sepa-rated off by the private sector and generated by the real andtransforming economy (via savings and taxes) without theiragents (businesses) receiving any corresponding counter-servi-ces in the form of circulation of credit, to be able to developprojects and maintain or create employment.

IV)What can we expect in 2010? Of course, one of the best

things that could happen is that, in terms of growth rates, theeconomy might at least hold steady and not decrease anymorebecause very little else is expected in 2010 in terms of a boostfrom the different components of the Gross Domestic Product(variable expressing the growth in an economic space).

2010 will also be the year of unavoidable structural reformswithin the economy. The employment market, the pensions sys-

tem, the whole Social Security model will undergo major re-forms, from the largest to the smallest entity, depending on theneeds of the situation and political conjuncture.

2010 will also be a year where we might see what might bequalified as "events derived from the xenophobic consequencesof the crisis". Here I believe that it might be appropriate to applya little common sense, and not be afraid to apply demands forrights and obligations in equal terms and learn from our neigh-bours' experience.

I'd like 2010 to be a year when public powers call time on orat least lose their reverential fear of the Financial System (Banksand Building Societies), aware that banks are only ever going tolook after number one and that, consequently, they are not goingto prioritise business survival.

Measures should be arbitrated for when the Financial Sys-tem receives public aid so that this money is also guaranteed toreach the real and productive economy because in the Basquebusiness world today, there are many projects awaiting normalfinancing, demanding "standardised" treatment or if you wish,deserving of as much privilege as the whole Financial Systemtends to give only to itself.

More specifically, in 2010, the evolution of the Basque eco-nomy will perform a little better compared to its surroundingarea. Unemployment figures will rise less, employment willfall less, it will growa little more. To getthere, we are de-pending on howmuch and how wellthe French and Ger-man economies re-cover and the forceand competitionthat Basque pro-ducts can summonup to penetrate the-se markets. In thisway, recovery willmove forward soo-ner.

I would like 2010to be the year thatyou all imagine andthat all Basques wishfor...

For me, 2009, was alsothe year of the definitivebreak between thefinancial and productiveeconomy

In 2010, the evolution ofthe Basque economywill perform a little

better compared to itssurrounding

area

Indicators on the BasqueCountry 2009Presenting and analysing the main indicators

10

Indicators on the Basque Country 2009

1= last data 2006.2= last data 2007.

3=minimun level secondary education.4=data from 2008.

5= the data calculation methodology for the Basque Country within the EUcorresponds to what was agreed in the Lisbon Strategy in 2000:

60% of the median minimum wage.

6=data from 2005. Update on the data of the 2010 of GDP.7=data reviewed in 2010.

8= definitive data of the North Basque Country.9= all the indices related to the GDP have been reviewed.

10= data from 2003 reviewed and updated estimation.11= the data of the previous year was picked up of EUSTAT. To not having

updates for this year, we have been used INE´s.

POPULATION AND TERRITORY Year BC EU USA JAPAN

POPULATION (THOUSAND) 1999-2009 2,900.93 3,089.60 481,617.95 499,723.52 272,690.81 299,398.481 126,689 127,7721

SURFACE AREA AND DENSITY PER POPULATION (PEOPLE/KM2) 1999-2009 140.84 150.02 112.10 116.29 30.46 32.68 344.12 347.11

POPULATION PER AGE GROUP (%) < =14 1999-2008 12.80 13.38 17.46 15.68 21.43 20.29 12.67 12.45

POPULATION PER AGE GROUP (%) > =65 1999-2008 14.43 18.65 15.41 17.06 12.67 12.45 16.42 20.82

BIRTHS (PER THOUSAND INHABITANTS) 2001-2008 8.91 10.26 10.38 10.90

DEATHS (PER THOUSAND INHABITANTS) 2001-2008 8.90 9.07 9.90 9.73

ECONOMY9 Year BC EU USA JAPAN

GDP PER INHABITANT (PPP IN EUROS) 2000-2007 22,585 33,014 19,100 24,900 30,700 38,800 22,300 27,900

WORKFORCE PRODUCTIVITY (PER EMPLOYEE) 2000-2007 56,002 72,361 45,643 56,302 63,263 77,6541 43,789 53,3611

BUSINESS INVESTMENT (% OF GDP) 2000-2008 25.70 23.17 20.64 21.09 20.32 18.47 25.18 23.31

RTD INVESTMENT OVER THE GDP (% OF GDP) 1999-2008 0.95 1.79 1.83 1.90 2.63 2.622 3.02 3.442

EXPORT (% OF GDP) 2006-2008 26.45 28.67 39.60 41.20 11.00 12.70 16.10 17.50

IMPORT (% OF GDP) 2006-2008 25.54 25.83 39.20 40.80 16.70 17.60 14.90 17.40

DEGREE OF BALANCE ECONOMY OPENINGS (% OF GDP) 2006-2008 0.91 2.84 0.40 0.40 -5.70 -4.90 1.30 0.10

AVAILABLE INCOME PER ACTIVE PERSON (IN EUROS)7 2001-2006 27,060 34,689

Source: EUSTAT, INE, INSEE, INCE, EUROSTAT.

SOCIETY Year BC EU USA JAPANEDUCATION LEVEL (%)3 2006 41.16 41.59

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES PER THOUSAND 2003-2006 22.48 22.88 12.30 10.90 10.30 13.20 14.40

EMPLOYMENT RATE (15-64 YEARS OLD) (%) 1999-2009 57.06 63.81 62.504 65.904 73.904 70.904 68.904 70.704

FEMALE EMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 1999-2009 42.99 56.40 53.004 59.004 67.604 65.504 56.704 59.74

EMPLOYMENT RATE FOR POPULATION (55-64 YEARS OLD) (%) 2001-2008 35.46 44.69 38.80 45.60 58.60 62.10 62.00 66.30

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 1999-2009 8.70 8.90 4.00 9.30 4.70 5.10

According to EUSTAT 1999-2009 13.77 8.65

According to INE 1999-2009 12.51 10.69

FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 1999-2008 9.80 7.50 4.10 5.40 4.50 3.80


According to INE 1999-2009 19.26 12.01

LONG TERM UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 2001-2008 3.90 2.60 0.30 0.60 1.30 1.30


According to INE 2001-2008 7.52 3.78

POVERTY RISK RATE AFTER SOCIAL TRANSFER (%) 2004-2008 11.66 7.50 16.00 17.00

SOCIAL SPENDING AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP 2000-2005 18.866 19.326 27.10

Source: INE, EUROSTAT

Source: EUSTAT, INE, IEN, INSEE, EUROSTAT

Main gallery

11

BASQUE COUNTRY FINLAND

ECONOMY9 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

GDP PER INHABITANT (PPP IN EUROS) 23,649 25,095 25,447 26,803 28,449 30,709 33,014

22,800 23,500 23,300 25,200 25,700 27,000 29,400 29,300

WORKFORCE PRODUCTIVITY (PER EMPLOYEE)57,240 58,964 59,116 61,304 64,042 68,200 72,361

50,582 51,575 51,134 55,620 56,914 59,105 63,491 62.331

BUSINESS INVESTMENT (% OF GDP) 20.24 20.80 21.47 22.09 22.64 22.95 23.35 23.17

19.48 17.96 18.13 18.29

RTD INVESTMENT OVER THE GDP (% OF GDP)1.10 1.10 1.23 1.26 1.37 1.49 1.69 1.79

3.3 3.36 3.43 3.45 3.48 3.45 3.47 3.72

EXPORT (% OF GDP)26.45 27.58 28.67

41.5 40.6 38.7 39.9 41.8 45.50 45.90 47.10

IMPORT (% OF GDP)25.54 25.52 25.83

32.2 31.3 31.9 33.4 37.7 40.80 40.60 43.10

DEGREE OF BALANCE ECONOMY OPENINGS(% OF GDP)

0.91 2.05 2.84

9.4 9.2 6.8 6.5 4.1 4.7 5.2 4.0

AVAILABLE INCOME PER ACTIVE PERSON(IN EUROS)

27,060 28,049 29,171 30,691 32,582 34,689

25,138 26,355 27,901 29,379 29,593 30,262

POPULATION AND TERRITORY8 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

POPULATION (THOUSAND)2,892 2,947 2,962 2,974 2,995 3,015 3,029 3,061 3,089

5,181 5,194 5,206 5,219 5,236 5,255 5,276 5,300 5,326

SURFACE AREA AND DENSITY PER POPULATION(PEOPLE/KM2)

138.00 142.76 143.37 143.84 144.73 146.40 146.99 148.43 150.02

17.00 17.10 17.10 17.20 17.20 17.30 17.40 17.48 17.56

POPULATION PER AGE GROUP (%) < =14 12.52 12.51 12.59 12.70 12.83 13.01 13.20 13.38

19.16 19.01 18.87 18.71 18.56 18.35 18.19 17.99 17.85

POPULATION PER AGE GROUP (%) > =6518.30 18.28 18.40 18.43 18.39 18.80 18.63 18.65

15.00 15.16 15.34 15.58 15.87 16.01 16.46 16.51 16.75

BIRTHS (PER THOUSAND INHABITANTS)8.00 9.03 9.53 9.61 9.57 9.80 9.87 10.26

10.84 10.69 10.88 11.07 11.03 11.20 11.13 11.23

DEATHS (PER THOUSAND INHABITANTS)8.70 9.05 9.34 8.99 9.22 8.90 9.04 9.07

9.37 9.51 9.41 9.12 9.15 9.15 9.30 9.26

SOCIETY2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

BC FI BC FI BC FI BC FI BC FI BC FI BC FI BC FI

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES PER THOUSAND10 19.86 17.20 17.40 22.48 17.40 17.90 22.46 18.10 22.88 17.90 18.80

EMPLOYMENT RATE (15-64 YEARS OLD) (%) 58.84 55.9 60.84 55.8 61.65 55.4 62.68 55.2 63.82 55.7 65.01 56.3 66.26 57.0 66.21 57.6

FEMALE EMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 45.31 51.3 48.04 51.9 50.34 51.4 52.29 51.2 53.83 51.9 55.70 52.5 56.47 53.2 57.81 53.6

EMPLOYMENT RATE FOR POPULATION (55-64 YEARS OLD) 35.46 45.7 38.00 47.8 38.29 49.6 39.16 50.9 42.47 52.7 43.18 54.5 44.49 55.0 44.69 56.5

POVERTY RISK RATE AFTER SOCIAL TRANSFER (%)11 29.0 28.0 28.0 11.66 29.0 9.81 28.0 10.09 29.0 10.67 29.0 7.50 28.0

SOCIAL SPENDING AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP 19.23 24.9 19.62 25.7 19.77 26.6 19.63 26.7 19.32 26.8 26.2 25.4

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.8 8.4 7.7 6.9 9.4

According to EUSTAT 9.85 7.87 8.08 7.48 7.13 4.57 3.87 4.64 8.65

According to INE 8.87 8.79 8.70 8.88 6.98 6.62 5.87 6.53 7.81

FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 9.7 9.1 8.9 8.9 8.6 8.1 7.2 6.7

According to EUSTAT 26.02 11.50 10.60 9.31 7.23 5.54 4.46 5.41 9.02

According to INE 13.24 13.04 11.60 11.18 9.04 8.62 7.59 7.81 12.01

LONG TERM UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (%) 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.2

According to EUSTAT 3.62 2.86 2.50 2.58 1.84 1.36 0.88 1.03

According to INE 7.52 6.40 6.82 7.09 4.43 4.70 3.89 3.78

Followed comparative of indicators between Basque Country and Finland. Finland is one of the States in Europe with a similar technological level.


12

In 2009 it became clear that the crisis is not just an economiccrisis, it is also an ecological crisis, affecting food, health, gen-der relations and values; it is a crisis affecting the paradigm ofcivilisation developed by capitalism, in short a crisis for the ide-ological model that it upholds.

These values have led to a situation where the BasqueCountry has become a society ruled by heavy handed legisla-tion. General insecurity in the standard of living for the vast ma-jority of the population: immigrants, women, young people, oldpeople, has occurred as a result of the Public Sector's active in-tervention, by passing laws that deregulate and remove pro-tection from the employment market and devalue social pro-tection. However, this reality is revealed within statistical ave-rages that cancel out any extremes or inequality, so it is impor-tant now to analyse the Basque Country's structural indicatorsfrom its back room.

The population is continuing its progressive rise thanks tomigration. There are 3,089,600 people spread throughout its te-rritory, representing a density of 150.2 persons/km2, comparedto 116 in the EU. However, this data is just one way of presen-ting the figures as the real situation involves more than 70% ofthe total population living in the Basque capitals.

Constant aging, 1.5 points higher than the EU average, de-monstrates that 18.6% of the population is over 65. This co-llective is most affected by the design of Euskal Hiria (BasqueCity), as they are being left behind in population nuclei that

are being excluded from thisdesign. They are thereforesuffering to a large extentfrom spatial exclusion linkedto access to most of the ser-vices and leisure.

The birth ratehas reco-vered by more than one pointover the last decade, nowstanding at 10.26 births forevery 1000 inhabitants. Thishas raised the weight of thecollective of minors under14 years old, who represent13.38% although still 2.3points below the EU average.

However, economic indicators become particularly impor-tant in the midst of a downturn. The increase in GDP throughoutthe decade has put the Basque Country annual income perinhabitant at 33,014€, 33% higher than the EU However thetruth is that the minimum wage (8,736 €)1, the average pension(12,180 €) or the salaries of the low-paid majority (young peo-ple, women, immigrants) are a long way from this figure. Theaverage only hides the great concentration of wealth in the Bas-que Country (much higher than any country in the EU) leadingto a situation where 34.4%n of young people aged between 18-

A critical look at the Basque Country s economic indicatorsNekane Jurado · Graduate in Economic Sciences, Actuarial Sciences and Psychology

Masters in the Inland Revenue and Public Administrations

0,46% �

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

800002007

2000

FinlandJapan*USA*EUBC

56,0

02.1

8

*last data to USA and Japan 2006

45,6

43.5

0

56,3

02.5

7

63,2

63.5

3

77,6

54.0

6

43,7

89.6

1

53,3

61.2

072,3

61.1

8

50,2

28.6

8

63,4

91.9

1

29.21% � 22.74% � 21.85% � 26.4% �23.35% �

0

5

10

15

20

25

302005

2000

FIEU*BC

18.86 19.32

26.50 27.1025.1

26.80

*last data from 2005 to EU-250.46%� 1.70% �0.60%�

SOCIAL SPENDING (%)

29,21% �

WORKFORCE PRODUCTIVITY PER EMPLOYEE (€)

evolution2000-05

evolution2000-07

Source: EUSTAT, INE, EUROSTAT Source: EUSTAT, NEI, EUROSTAT

Nekane Jurado


13

44 years old cannot leave their parental home because they donot have sufficient economic resources.

Without forgetting that spending on social protectionasa percentage of Basque Country GDP stands almost 10 points be-low EU figures, reflected in much lower pensions, and other so-cial spending indicators (education, health, housing, family).

Productivitystands at 72,361€ per employee, 29% higherthan the EU. The current problem in our economy is not lowproductivity but low consumption and remedial measuresshould not involve freezing salaries and destroying jobs but,on the contrary, letting employees feel the benefit of this pro-ductivity and creating new jobs to provide an incentive for con-sumption.

Spending on research and development (RTD) stan-ding at 1.79% of GDP is a long way from the European target of3% for 2010, far below the EU average and a million miles awayfrom Sweden or Finland that invest more than double the Bas-que Country figure.

Although business investment (23.17%) has dropped,it is still higher than the EU, Japan or USA although we shouldremember that this value represents the total business in-vestment, including financial investments or investments inproperty, and given their speculative nature, particularly inthe Basque real estate sector, this type of business investmentwas higher in the Basque Country than in the EU.

The general employment rate, 63.81% (2009) is a littlelower than the EU figures, and female employment is separa-ting off from the general average, 56.40%, and is lower thanthe EU figure. However, this rate hides the dual nature of em-ployment, involving a work sector protected by trade unionagreement rights, seniority, benefit plans, etc; and an increasing

number of workers in insecure situations, with diminishing sa-laries and rights. Employers seem to be making the most of thisdownturn to "clean up" their workforce and, as far as possible,get rid of the top layer of workers (early retirements, incenti-ves for redundancy, downsizing plans) to be replaced (when"production circumstances improve") by insecure workers.

These double standards have led to the crisis in the BasqueCountry destroying more employment than in the EU, with anunemployment rate that is going to go from being the lo-west in the EU to double its previous figure within the space oftwo years. We can expect the 2009 data to alter this compari-son by reflecting an employment rate (both general and fe-male) that is lower than the EU. Who would believe that scien-ce and technology training rates (22.87% in 2006) are overthe EU average?

It stands out that among the collective aged 55 to 65, theemployment rate of 44.69% is almost a third lower than theaverage (affected by early retirements, long term unemploy-ment); this data can shed light on the pensions debate, just byincorporating this collective into the work market, their con-tribution would be much greater than extending retirementage by 2 years.

1.-The minimum wage in terms of purchasing power is around 40% lo-wer than the average minimum wage for the Eurozone. We head the "poorworkers" statistics representing people who are active in the employmentmarket although their income does not bring them over the poverty thres-holds.

2.-Poverty and Social Inequalities Report 2008. Published by the Bas-que Government (March 2009). This data is provided every four years andthe growth is rocketing: 8.4% in 1996; 15.2% in 2000 and 21.7% in 2004.

15

20

25

302008

2000

JapanUSAEUBC

2.53% � 1.85% �0.45% � 1.87% �

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,02008

1999

FinlandJapanUSAEUBC

0.84% � 0.01% � 0.42%� 0.56% �0.07% �

0,84% � 2,53% �

RTD INVESTMENT OVER DE GDP (%) BUSINESS INVESTMENT % OF GDP

evolution1999-08

evolution2000-08

Source: INE, EUROSTAT Source: EUSTAT, IEN, INSEE, EUROSTAT

Monographs: Labour market

14

EMPLOYMENT RATE EVOLUTION, 2007-2009

0 2 4 6 8 10

The North Basque Country

Navarre

Bizkaia

Gipuzkoa

Araba

BC20072008

EVOLUTION OF EMPLOYMENT RATE ACCORDING TO SECTORS 2007-2008

Looking at the employment rate, the economic downturn hasdamaged men to a greater extent than women in the employmentmarket. Whilst the female employment rate only decreased 0.68%between 2007 and 2009, the male rate dropped 4.54%.

Before the downturn, more than 35% of workers were tempo-rary, whilst this figure now stands at 20% in BAC and 24% in Nava-rre. Regarding part-time work, the data shows that this type ofwork predominates above all among women: in Navarre 23% ofwomen and 4% of men work part time, and in the BAC, these fi-gures are 26% and 4% and in the North Basque Country 33% and 7%.The weighting for part-time work has barely changed due to thedownturn. (ref: Mertxe Larrañaga, see Expert Analysis section).

The importance of the construction sector in the Basque Country fell from 6.34% to 5.98%in the period 2007-2008. Navarre has been the most affected region, with 1.43%. However, thetrend was different in Gipuzkoa and the North Basque Country and Araba where employmentin the construction sector has grown 0.21% and 0.08% in the both rest.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80 Female

Male

2007 2008 2009

Employment rateaccording to sectors

in BC, 07-082007 2008 07- 08

Agriculture 1,53 1,52 -0,01

Industry 16,43 16,81 0,38

Construction 6,34 5,98 -0,36

Services 43,25 43,26 0,02

Construction 2007-2008Araba 0.09

Gipuzkoa 0.21

Bizkaia -0.33

Navarre -1.43

The North Basque Country 0.07

BC -0.36

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE EVOLUTION, 2007-2009

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Araba

Gipuzkoa

Bizkaia

Navarre


BC20092008

2007

0 3 6 9 12 15

Araba

Gipuzkoa

Bizkaia

Navarre

The NorthBasque Country

BC20092008

2007

Evolution %2007-2009

EUSTAT INEAraba 7.57 6.35

Gipuzkoa 3.91 4.14

Bizkaia 4.64 5.03

Navarre 6.12 6.12The North BasqueCountry 1.03 1.03

BC* 4.78 4.82

In the 2007-2009 period unemployment rose 4.78 points, from 3.87% to 8.65%. The recession started to rear its head in the datafrom 2008 although in Basque Country regions, these changes only appeared in 2009. Two aspects should be highlighted: Araba suffe-red the highest rise, 7.57% whilst in the North Basque Country the unemployment rate remained practically the same for this period,rising only 0.92%.

*Note: source for Gaindegia EUSTAT to elaborateBasque Country´s indicator.

The South Basque Country according to EUSTAT The South Basque Country according to EUSTAT

Source: EUSTAT, INE, INSEE, EUROSTAT

77%

57.69%

75.58%

59.04%

71.18%

56.40%


Evolution of construction employment rate, 2007-08


Industry

Construction

Services


ArabaGipuzkoaBizkaiaNavarreTOTAL

Monographs: Business demography

15

EVOLUTION OF COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS, 2006-08

In 2008 there were 263,876 companies in the Basque Country, 7.2% more companies than in 2006. This growth can be seen in allthe Basque provinces, although it should be highlighted that whilst growth was 5% in Araba, Gipuzkoa and the North Basque Country,in Navarre and above all in Bizkaia, growth stood at 7.4% and 9.3% respectively.

EVOLUTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS BY SECTORS, 2006-08

In two years, 17,767 new companies were cre-ated in the Basque Country. If we look at the pe-riods, from 2006 to 2007, 15,967 new companieswere created, whilst from 2007 to 2008 this figurewas 6,421. The industrial sector was the only sec-tor to register negative growth, due to the fact that89 companies closed in the period 07-08.

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000IndustryConstruction

Services

2006 2007 2008

Companies in the construction sector received the biggestboost in the Basque Country in the period 06-08. There are10.89% more construction companies, meaning that there are atotal of 14,682 more companies in this sector. On the other hand,although growth of service companies was just 7.8%, there area total of 21,068 more companies in this sector.

BALANCE OF ESTABLISHMENTS BY SECTORS, 06-07/07-08

-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Industry

Construction

Services

06-0707-08

2006 2007 2008 2006-2008 (%)24,551 25,128 25,888 5.4026,557 27,135 27,896 5.0453,114 54,270 55,792 5.0495,871 101,900 104,838 9.346,016 48,402 49,462 7.4246,109 256,835 263,876 7.20

2006-2008 (%)4.1

10.89

7.8

4,391

11,894

2,119

3,594

-89

479Source: INE, INSEE

16

Monographs: RTD

RTD INVESTMENT OVER % OF GDP

Spending on Research and De-velopment in the Basque Countryhas risen 0.30%. However, spendingjust 1.79% of GDP is a long way offthe 3% set by the European Unionfor 2010. By province, Araba, Biz-kaia and Gipuzkoa have made themost effort to increase spending, by0.42%. This figure stands at 0.02% inNavarre and it remains the same inthe North Basque Country for theperiod 06-08.

Note: the data of theNorth Basque Countryamong 2006 - 2008 areestimations of Gaindegia.

PEOPLE WORKING IN RTD %

As a percentage of active popula-tion, people working in Research andDevelopment have risen 0.15% from2005 to 2007. If we analyse the evo-lution of employees per sector, wecan see that there has also been a risein the number of people working incompanies and in public administra-tions, 0.15% and 0.02% respectively.On the other hand, RTD employeeshave dropped 0.02% in higher educa-tion, although this reduction in per-sonnel occurred mainly in Navarre,with 0.08%. In the remaining provin-ces, higher education staff remainedthe same as the period 05-07.

Note: the data of theNorth Basque Countryamong 2005 - 2007 areestimations of Gaindegia.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

BCThe North Basque Country

NavarreBAC

20052006

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES BETWEEN 20-29 PER THOUSAND INHABITANTS

05-06 (%)

BAC 0.70

Navarre 0.40

NBC -1.56

BC 0.42


2006 2007 2008 06-08 (%)

1.55 1.83 1.97 0.411.85 1.82 1.87 0.020.10 0.10 0.10 0.001.49 1.69 1.79 0.301.22 1.49 1.59 0.371.25 1.20 1.29 0.030.07 0.07 0.07 0.001.13 1.32 1.40 0.280.06 0.08 0.09 0.030.14 0.20 0.15 0.010.01 0.01 0.01 0.000.07 0.09 0.10 0.020.27 0.26 0.28 0.010.46 0.43 0.43 -0.020.02 0.02 0.02 0.000.29 0.28 0.29 0.00

Total

BACNavarre

NBCBC

Companies

BACNavarre

NBCBC

PublicAdministration

BACNavarre

NBCBC

Highereducation

BACNavarre

NBCBC


2005 2006 2007 2005-2007

1.37 1.39 1.57 0,201.64 1.86 1.68 0.040.02 0.02 0.02 0.001.44 1.49 1.59 0.150.99 1.02 1.17 0.180.82 1.02 0.93 0.110.51 0.57 0.56 0.050.91 0.98 1.07 0.150.06 0.07 0.08 0.020.07 0.09 0.09 0.020.01 0.01 0.01 0.000.06 0.07 0.08 0.020.32 0.30 0.32 0.000.74 0.75 0.66 -0.080.13 0.13 0.14 0.000.39 0.37 0.37 -0.02

Total

BACNavarre

NBCBC

Companies

BACNavarre

NBCBC

PublicAdministration

BACNavarre

NBCBC

Highereducation

BACNavarre

NBCBC

24.9 25.6

15.4 15.818.7

17.1

22.4 22


The number of young Science and Technology gra-duates in the Basque Country rose 0.42% between2005 and 2006, from 22.46% to 22.88% to be precise.However, in the same period, the number of youngpeople decreased in the North Basque Country,1.57%. It must be taken into account that the Mon-taury Science pole in Anglet has undergone conside-rable development and these changes will bear theirfruit in the next few years. (Ref: see the ExpertAnalysis section, Eguzki Urteaga).

Coast

Intermediate zone

Inland

17

Monographs: Portrait of the North Basque Country

HOW THE POPULATION HAS EVOLVED IN EACH ZONE, 1968-2006

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000 Inland

Intermediate zone

Coast

200619991990198219751968

Over the last 40 years, the population along the coasthas become 1.3 times higher and 1.8 times higher in the in-termediate zone. Inland areas have lost almost 7000 inha-bitants over these four decades (despite the fact that thetrend has been changing over the last few years). The samething is happening along the entire Basque coast, particu-larly in the capitals: Bilbao, San Sebastian, BAB.

YOUTH AND AGING RATE IN EACH ZONE

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

InlandIntermediate zoneCoast

>60 %30> %

The coast and inland area record the highest agingrate (percentage of the population over 60 years old).On the other hand, the highest youth rate is in the in-termediate zone (percentage of the population under30 years old). In the South Basque Country, people over60 years old represent 23.7% and under 30's 24%.

In the North Basque Country, 31.7% of the popula-tion is under 30. The population of the North BasqueCountry is quite young compared with the average inthe Basque Country, 24.9%, but proportionally thereare more young people in Aquitaine, 34.1%. On the other hand, the differences between zones are small.

NUMBER OF CHILDREN UNDER 25 PER FAMILY AND ZONE

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

InlandIntermediari zone

Coast4 &+

3

2

1

0

More than half the families do not have children,52.3%. Furthermore, the size of the families has dropped over the last 7 years. For example, in Araba,Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia the average family size droppedfrom 3.3 to 2.8 between 1991 and 2001.

1968-2006

35,512

32,881

-6,984

28.530.7

22.7

33.529.2 29.6

Source: INSEE, POLE EMPLOI, INE, EUSTAT

Monographs: Regional indicators of the European Union

18

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

1. MECKLENBURG-VORPOMMERN - DE80

2. BRANDENBURG - DE4

3. RÉGION WALLONNE - BE3

4. ITÄ-SUOMI - FI13

5. POITOU-CHARENTES - FR53

6. BRETAGNE - FR52

7. STEIERMARK - AT22

8. EUSKAL HERRIA - EH

9. RHÔNE-ALPES - FR71

10. ZEELAND - NL34

11. BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG - DE1

Note: the election of the regions derives from the work carried out by Mikel Navarro and its work group.

YEAR 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2006

Regions GDP €/ inhab.

Gross incomeof

householdesin €

Human ressourcesin Science andTechnology per

10.000 inhabitants

Averagenumber of

hours workedper week

Activity rateUpper studieson the total

in %

1MECKLENBURG-VORPOMMERN- DE80 19,200 14,260.9 2,385.82 37 54.21 12.21

2 BRANDENBURG-DE4 19,700 14,992 2,609.99 36.2 54.74 11.20

3 RÉGION WALLONNE- BE3 21,700 15,161.6 2,208.58 36.1 42.14 13.45

4 ITÄ-SUOMI- FI13 23,500 13,752.5 2,028.12 37.7 45.77 19.77

5 POITOU-CHARENTES -FR53 23,800 16,918.5 1,783.74 37.6 12.75

6 BRETAGNE - FR52 25,200 16,671.2 2,242.30 39.4 14.42

7 STEIERMARK -AT22 26,900 17,955.9 1,808.93 38.9 49.64 18.16

8 BASQUE COUNTRY- EH 27,933 16,980.5 2,770.29 38.1 47.58 19.51

9 RHÔNE-ALPES -FR71 29,100 18,288.6 2,147.76 37.3 15.54

10 ZEELAND - NL34 29,500 15,129.6 2,314.60 31.3 50.78 5.24

11 BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG-DE1 31,400 19,842.3 2,551.12 35.1 52.00 12.66

GDP €/ inhab., 2006

The year infigures

Between 1995 and 2007, Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa werethe main suppliers and the main customers for the Nava-rre economy. In this way, the average purchasing volumefrom the three provinces in Navarre was 25.3% and salesstood at 34% during the aforementioned period. We haveseen several changes however as on the one hand quotashave fallen, both for sales and purchasing between 2003and 2007, although the volume of purchasing from the Na-varre economy in Araba, Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia improvedslightly in the period 2005-2007, but not the sales.

Source: www.c-intereg.es

In 2009, the number of deaths in work-related accidents in theBasque Country stood at 80 workers. The number of deaths inwork-related accidents has dropped over the last three years. Between 2007 and 2008, there were 10.4% less deaths in the Bas-que Country, dropping from 125 to 112. On the other hand, from2008 to 2009 the number of deaths due to work-related accidentsin the Basque Country dropped 28.6%, from 112 to 80.

Source: LAB trade union

In 2008, the business investment in the Basque Country was23.17% of GDP, similar to Japan. Since 2000, business investmenthas dropped 2.53% in the Basque Country. The EU evolution hasalso been downwards in the 00-08 period, standing at an avera-ge of 21.09% for 2008. Investment in the USA was 18.47%.

Source: EUROSTAT

20

23.17%

The year in figures

BANKOA was the bank with the highest delinquency cover ratefrom among all the Basque banks, building societies and loancooperatives, with 125% coverage and a low delinquency rateof 1.59%. It is followed by IPAR KUTXA, with a default coverrate of 102% and a delinquency rate of 2.24% in September2009. As far as coverage is concerned, the remaining entitiesoffered figures between 60 and 95% and whilst their delin-quency rate was between 2.5% and 4%.Source: Data published by the credit entities, CECA and AEB. See: The work produced by

Ana Beraza on page 29.

In the South Basque Country, the industrial productionrate dropped 22.2% in Navarre and 20.9% in Araba, Biz-kaia and Gipuzkoa between 2008 and 2009. Diminishingindustrial activity has been similar throughout the SouthBasque Country but if we compare this data to figuresfrom December 2008, comparing the monthly rate, pro-duction rose 14.5% in Navarre in December 2009 whilstit dropped 2.7% in Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa.

Source: EUSTAT, INE.

In 2008, RTD spending in the Basque Country was 1.79% of GDP, along way from the 3% Europe set for 2010, although spending in theBasque Country has risen from 0.95% to 1.79% in the last 10 years.Nevertheless, although it is close to the EU-27 average of 1.9%, it isstill a long way off Finland (3.72%), Japan (3.78%) or the USA (2.62%).

Source: EUROSTAT

34%

80

-22.2%

1.79%

125%

Argazki Press

Argazki Press

The Basque Country closed 2009with an unemployment rate of 8.65%(taking the EUSTAT data as a refe-rence). There were 4.01% more pe-ople unemployed compared to 2008.However, considering we are econo-mic recession, the situation is morepositive than ten years ago, as theunemployment rate in 1999 was13.77%.

Source: EUSTAT, INE, INSEE

From 2004 to 2008, the povertyrisk rate dropped 4.16 points according to the statistics institutes. 2004. In 2004, 11.66%of the total population of the Basque Country was on the aforementioned threshold, whilstin 2008 this percentage droppedto 7.5%. In Finland, the povertyrisk rate dropped one point from29% to 28%. On the other hand, inthe EU in the period 04-08, thisrate rose from 16% to 17%.


Note: the data calculation methodology for theBasque Country within the EU corresponds to

what was agreed in the Lisbon Strategy in 2000:60% of the median minimum wage.

21

Second homes doubled compared to firsthomes in the North Basque Country between 1999 and 2006. Whilst the num-ber of first homes grew 12.2%, second ho-mes rose 28.78% whilst the number ofempty homes dropped 26.27% over theseseven years.

Source: Report Socio-demographic image ofthe North Basque Country, Gaindegia.

In 2008 there were 263,876 companies inthe Basque Country, including freelancers.17,767 new companies have been createdsince 2006. 15,967 companies were createdin the 2006-2007 period and 6,421 in 2007-2008. The industrial sector is the only sec-tor with negative growth for 07-08 as 89small companies closed.

Source: EUROSTAT, EUSTAT, NIE, INSEE

The year in figures

Among the main Basque ports, the portof Bayonne reported 15.4% accumulatedtraffic growth between 2008 and 2009. Inthe South Basque Country, the ports ofPasajes and Bilbao suffered a 26.62% and16% drop in traffic in this same period. In2009, the port of Pasajes recorded traffic of 3.4 million tonnes and Bayonneof 4.3 million tonnes. The accumulatedtraffic for the port of Bilbao, on the other hand, easily exceeded the othertwo ports, with 29 million tonnes, although it has suffered a drop of 16% inthe last year.Source: Port of Pasajes, Port of Bilbao, Bayonne Chamber

of Commerce

263,876

8.65%

4.4%

28.78%

7.5%15.4%

On average, public spending on health in the South Basque Country in 2007was 4.4% of GDP, lower than spending on Cooperation Organisation andEconomic Development 6.5%. Therefore, in 2007, Navarre invested 589.7€less per inhabitant in health and 647.7€ less in Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuz-koa.

Source: Studies. Report on public health in the Southern Basque Country. January 2010 no. 19. ManuRobles-Arangiz Foundation.

Argazki Press

Argazki Press

Expert analysis• Labour market• Basque financial institutions• Basque productive framework• Mobility• Infrastructure network for the investigation

The current socio-economic situation has directly affec-ted the Basque employment market. The activity rate,unemployment figures, employment activity per sec-tor... have all performed differently as a consequence ofthe economic downturn, casting long shadows over theemployment market. High rates of unemployment, pre-cariousness and low levels of work insertion for womenand young people are some of the most worrying indica-tors compared to European Union averages.

The high unemployment rate is the most worrying characteris-tic of the Basque employment market at the moment. The num-ber of people unemployed has hit a record high over the last de-cade within the Basque employment market, with unemploy-ment rates standing over 10%. Navarre has been hit the hardest,with an unemployment rate of 12.2%; followed closely by Biz-kaia with 11.8% and Alava and Gipuzkoa with 9.2% and 9% res-pectively. The aforementioned territories are well above theEuropean Union average, given that the EU rate is 7.9%. TheNorth Basque Country tells a different story: its unemploymentrate is 7.5%, and therefore under the European average. In addition, the number of downsizing and redundancy plans hasconsiderably increased. In Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa and Navarre, forexample, more than 550 redundancy plans were authorised lastyear in each territory, currently affecting more than 70,000 wor-kers.

Furthermore, precariousness indicators are also clear, par-ticularly in the South Basque Country. The temporary employ-ment rate, for example, is 22% in Alava, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa andNavarre, which is well above the European average of 12.7%.However, on the other side of the Bidasoa figures are closer tothe EU average, given that their rate is 12.8%.

As far as female insertion in the job market is concerned,the South Basque Country is also behind Europe; this is de-monstrated by the female employment rate. Women have joi-ned the employment market to a lesser extent in Bizkaia andNavarre, registering activity rates of 46.9% and 49.5% respecti-vely. In Alava and Gipuzkoa this figure stands at 52%, close tothe EU figure of 53%. The North Basque Country easily exceedsthese averages, with a female employment rate of 75%.

Along with women, young people are the other least re-presented sector in the employment market. The North Basque

Country has the highest em-ployment rate for this agerange, with 46%, above theEU's 43%. The remaining te-rritories do not even reach40%: In Navarre, 38% ofyoung people are integra-ted in the job market, in Gi-

puzkoa and Alava 31% and inBizkaia 27.6%.

Regarding the snapshot foreach sector, data reveals thatthe Basque employment marketis following European Uniontrends, consolidating tertiarysector evolution. In Alava, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa the service sec-tor employs 65% of the active population, 58% in the North Basque Country. Despite the credit crunch laying directly intoconstruction and industry, the number of workers in the servicesector has risen over the last few years. This change has beennoted particularly in Alava: over one year, the number of peo-ple working in services has grown 5%. On the contrary, the grea-test drop has been appreciated in industry and construction: inAlava 6% fewer people are working in industry. Construction, onthe other hand, has generally lost approximately 1-2% of jobsthroughout the Basque Country.

As far as working hours and salaries are concerned, the SouthBasque Country is once again a long way off the EU. The workingweek is currently 38.7 hours in the European Union and 40 in theSouth Basque Country. The North Basque Country, on the otherhand, does not reach the EU average, given that the workingweek is 38 hours. Regarding salaries, the North Basque Countryreveals better data as its average annual salary is 29,000 Euros.In Alava, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, workers receive an average sa-lary of 23,900 Euros a year and in Navarre this stands at 22,220Euros. The annual EU salary is 34,500 Euros.

Therefore, if the Basque employment market wishes to fo-llow the path of EU countries that are already coming out of therecession, they should tackle consolidation tasks. Data revealsthat this work is more advanced in the North Basque Country. Inthe South Basque Country there are steeper hills to climb.

Estitxu Elduaien

Homework for the employment market

24

Report: Labour market

Regarding the snapshotfor each sector, data

reveals that the Basqueemployment market is

following EuropeanUnion trends

High rates ofunemployment,precariousness and lowlevels of work insertionfor women and youngpeople are some of themost worrying indicators

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Female Male

2007

2008

2009

77%

75.58%

71.18%

57.69%

59.04%

56.40%

Evolution of employment rate in Basque Country, 2007-09

Source: : EUSTAT, INE, INSEE.

Nowadays everyone's major concern isunemployment; or at least this is what the sur-veys tell us and, taking a look at the figures, thisis no surprise. The great economic recession thatwe are experiencing will have really harmful effects on the employment market, both the for-mal and informal market, in addition to jobs thatare done outside this market. In summary, it hasrepresented major losses in formal employment,which is clearly demonstrated by the rise in unemployment fi-gures. On the contrary, as far as informal employment is con-cerned, in times of crisis this type of employment tends to rise,particularly due to the fact that certain activities move beyondthe formal economy to the underground economy in an attemptto lower costs, although if the downturn continues then thesejobs will also begin to disappear. Finally, the number of hoursworked outside the employment market is rising, as markethours are closely linked to hours worked outside it: when hardtimes come, many families' incomes drop and as they try andmaintain the same standard of living, the number of hours wor-ked by the family unit often rises.

This crisis has, to a large extent, been a financial crisis, butas it has begun to affect the real economy, it has become an em-ployment crisis and its clearest effect has been an exceptionalrise in unemployment. However, in addition to this rise, it hascaused other damage in the employment mar-ket. Economic downturns generally lead to anincrease in precariousness and worsening ofwork conditions and, as far as we can see, thiswill be no exception.

When the financial crisis reached produc-tion companies, through lack of credit, dama-ge caused in the construction sectors and in-dustry (particularly the car industry) has beenparticularly severe. These sectors are stronglymale-biased; for example, more than 90% ofworkers in construction are men. For this rea-son, the unemployment rate among men hasrisen more than for women, and despite the fact that femaleunemployment has historically exceeded male, this differenceis currently almost nonexistent. In the Basque Country, the difference between male and female unemployment rates was1.34 points in 2007, but by 2009 it was just 0.41 points.

Before the credit crunch came along, the difference was po-sitive in all territories, meaning that the female rate was higherthan the male rate, and over these two years, the situation haschanged. Before the crisis the lowest differences were seen in

Araba, Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia. After the crisis, thedifference is negative in Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa meaning that for the first time since statistics began the rate of female unemployment is lowerthan the male rate. In Araba however, the diffe-rence has increased due to the fact that maleunemployment has quadrupled and female figu-res have risen 4.7 points. The most significant

difference is found in Navarre and the North BasqueCountry, before the crisis but this difference has dropped signi-ficantly in both territories; today's rates are higher and as a con-sequence the female sector has not been affected so much.

By looking at this difference in how unemployment has evol-ved, we can see that men and women have different jobs; thismeans that the current division of labour that usually affects wo-men negatively (for example, female jobs are generally lessprestigious and worse paid), has managed to protect womenfrom unemployment to a certain extent. In any event, unem-ployed women are in a worse situation than unemployed men,given that they have less protection and this difference is de-monstrated by job market differences, to a great extent for theworse.

At any rate, looking at the differences in the rises and theclosing gap for unemployment percentages, we should not for-get that there are less women in the market; there is still a

difference of 15 points between male andfemale activity rates.

In times of crisis two phenomena mayoccur relating to female activity: on theone hand, jobs are lost and as occurs withmen, if unemployment continues, a cer-tain number of women might lose heartand leave the job market; but simultane-ously it can happen that, spurred on by thebad situation, some women (particularlyany that were outside the job market be-fore the downturn) rejoin the job marketwhen their children grow up. This is what

seems to have happened in the United States and it is possiblethat the same thing will happen here although there is no datato confirm it.

The 15 point activity difference is reflected in the differen-ce in employment rate: according to the data, in the BasqueCountry, the male rate is 71.2% and the female rate is 56.4% although it is true that this difference is dropping little by little:two years ago, in 2007, the difference was 19 points. In 2009,the highest figures for difference in employment rates was in

Analysis of the labour marketMertxe Larrañaga Sarriegi · Applied Economics I UPV/EHU

25

Expert analysis

This crisis has, to a largeextent, been a financialcrisis, but as it has begun

to affect the realeconomy, it has becomean employment crisis

Original text:basque

Mertxe LarrañagaSarriegi

the North Basque Country (female employ-ment was 21 points below male employ-ment), and the least, on the other hand wasin Gipuzkoa (11.5).

Continuing with unemployment, we areconcerned by what has happened to youngpeople. In 2007, the unemployment rate inthe Basque Country among young peopleaged 16 to 24 was 10%, whilst it currentlystands at 25%. In 2009, the highest rate ofyouth unemployment was in Navarre (30.9%),and the lowest in Gipuzkoa (18.4%). Beforethe economic downturn struck, in 2007, thehighest rate was in the North Basque Country(18.2%), but due to the fact that the NorthBasque Country has registered the lowest risein the rate (“only” rising four points), the North Basque Countryhas dropped from first place to fourth in the ranking for youthunemployment in the five territories. Furthermore, we have totake into consideration that the number of young people thatcontinue studying in this academic year has risen considerablyand this data will probably be closely linked to the previous data.

Naturally, if the employment crisis hits the secondary sec-tor particularly hard, it is normal that the weight of service jobswill increase and data corroborates that this has happened, atleast in the South Basque Country. Over the last year and a half,the weight of service jobs overall has risen three points in Na-varre (reaching up to 60%), and four points in the BAC (reaching68%). In the service area, the branch that has witnessed the gre-atest rise, both in Navarre and in the BAC, is Professional, scien-tific and technical activities. In any case, there are differenttrends within the secondary sector in these two territories. So,in the BAC the four points gained by the services are balancedout by the two points lost by each of the construction and in-

dustrial sectors. In Navarre, on the other hand, it can be seenthat the three points gained by the services are the three lost byconstruction as Industry has not lost any occupation weight.When services are highlighted, we have to remember that theservice sector is the only feminised sector, given that over halfits workers are women: in Navarre and in the BAC this stands at58% and in the North Basque Country, 52%.

We should also mention that a high percentage of peoplehave been unemployed for more than a year. At least, this is whatis occurring in the South Basque Country: this stands at 20% inNavarre and 30% in the BAC, for both men and women. Additio-nally long term unemployment is becoming a long term problem.Often, as time goes on, it is more difficult for these workers tofind a job, and even when the economy improves, they find itvery hard to get back to work. It could be said that they progresswith great difficulty through the job-seekers waiting list; theyare often overtaken by people who have just joined the job mar-ket, leaving them at the bottom of the list.

There can be no doubt that the credit crunch has hit all coun-tries in Europe, but the effect of the jobcrisis has been considerably different.According to the latest EU-27 data, theunemployment rate in Europe remainsat 10%, and in industrialised countriessuch as Germany it is under 8%. Spainlies at the other extreme: the unem-ployment rate is 19.3%. What is the re-ason for these differences? For some,the problem lies in the 'rigid' job mar-ket, so they formulate proposals tomake this market more flexible. We aresurprised by this idea that the job mar-ket is rigid, when it is more precariousthan in any other place. To justify therigidity, they hold up two types of wor-kers (insiders and outsiders) and state

that trade unions only defend the insiders (workers with fixedcontracts). According to this model, as job market damage isonly suffered by outsiders, the other workers, in addition to con-serving their privileges, are a considerable obstacle to makingthe market more flexible. As we see it, the cause of currentunemployment lies elsewhere, and behind such high rises wecan perceive production's dependency on the construction sec-tor, as well as the high proportion of temporary employment, gi-ven that it is easy and cheap to sack these workers. These twotopics are also closely linked, as temporary employment hasenormous influence, for example in the construction sector.

On the other hand, whilst unemployment is rising, the crisisalso influences the quality of employment, although not positi-vely of course. Normally, precariousness also rises in times of cri-sis and the indicators that are used to measure it are, on thewhole, part time jobs, temporary jobs and sub-employment. Asmany of the people who are currently unemployed joined thejob queue from a temporary contract, the weight of temp jobs

Labour market

26

In times of crisis twophenomena may occur

relating to female activity:on the one hand, jobs arelost but simultaneously itcan happen that somewomen rejoin the job

market when their childrengrow up

Argazki Press

has dropped and this drop has been exceptionally clear in theSouth Basque Country (it has fallen 17 points in the BAC and 12points in Navarre): before the economic downturn, more than35% of all workers were temporary and instead this currentlystands at 20% in the BAC and 24% in Navarre. Regarding part-timeemployment, data demonstrates that this type of work is mainlydone by women: in Navarre 23% of women are employed in parttime jobs and 4% of men; in BAC, on the other hand, these per-centages are 26% and 4%; and in the North Basque Country 33%and 7%. The weighting of temporary employment remains prac-tically unchanged in the economic downturn, but it can be seenthat discomfort among this type of worker has grown more acu-te: there has been a considerable increase in the number of wor-kers that have not been able to find a full time job, with a riseof around 10 points. The number of employees that feel under-valued has grown constantly since the crisis began and the rea-sons why workers might feel under-employed include inappro-priate jobs, low working hours or very low wages.

In this context and in order to stimulate the economy andprovide incentives for employment, many governments have de-cided to raise public spending, following the Keynes guidelines,but they have mainly built physical infrastructures, probably ai-ming to compensate for the decline in the private constructionsector. Also, following this decision we find the idea that theconstruction sector, in addition to generating a lot of jobs, is apromoting sector; this means that there is the hope that if the

construction sector can recover, the other sectors will also im-prove. In our opinion, on this matter we should ask ourselves aseries of very simple questions, such as: Who stands to benefitfrom these infrastructures? What type of growth is boosted inthis way? Is this type of model stable? What type of jobs are cre-ated and for who? We are sure that there are many other typesof needs in society, such as care jobs. This type of social servi-ces, apart from generating a lot of jobs, is more closely relatedto wellbeing and people's standard of living, probably much morethan many public works that we see around us.

Looking to the future, if we want to encourage employment,we will probably have to implant another type of employmentpolicy. To confront the problems of unemployment, the bestthing would be to increase the number of jobs, but it seems thatit this is not going to happen, at least not in the short term. Inthis respect, Paul Krugman, for example, recommends lookingtowards the policy followed in Germany. What has Germanydone to control the unemployment rate? Among other aspects,it has taken measures to distribute employment, and companieshave been awarded incentives to reduce working hours therebyreducing the number of people who are let go. Naturally, this re-presents a reduction in salary but people keep their jobs, although much more precariously. Furthermore, we should notforget that, although the most serious consequence of unem-ployment is a lack of salary, the unemployed person, and to alesser extent the people around them, also suffer other negati-ve effects, many of them psychological (loss of self-esteem, etc.)and also physical, such as worsening health and an increase inillnesses. It seems that this type of non economic damage is notdealt with by everyone in the same way, as psychological effectstend to appear more in men, which is probably intimately lin-ked to stereotypes plus the difficulty that men find to occupytheir time.

Expert analysis

27

Looking to the future, if we want toencourage employment, we will probablyhave to implant another type ofemployment policy

Argazki Press

In the current economic downturn, the need for creditis the real economy's most urgent issue: credit for every-day people, to strength consumption and reactivate theeconomy; and credit for companies, to make new in-vestments and consolidate their activity. However, cre-dit has been, at the same time, the main cause of the cu-rrent crisis and, consequently banks and building socie-ties have modified their measures and conditions in thisrespect.

Businesses and citizens have repeatedly complained that finan-cial entities have turned off the tap in terms of loans, althoughcurrent data shows that credit has not fallen. According to re-sults from 2008, banks and building societies based in the Bas-que Country have increased the amount of money awarded inloans. Banks differ, but in 2008 they all awarded more loans thanthe year before: all financial entities fall between the 6% growthrecorded by BBK and 14.84% growth recorded by Ipar Kutxa.

Loans awarded for both consumption or mortgages and lo-ans given to companies and shops have increased, but financialentities have tightened their conditions to get a loan, both forcompanies and families. They have put filters on the still-ru-nning tap; as shown in a study by the Bank of Spain at least inthe case of the South Basque Country. According to this study,when awarding loans, financial entities have paid more atten-tion to economic forecasts and companies' growth opportuni-ties than their liquidity, and business's have had to make a gre-ater effort to obtain money. Furthermore, many banks and buil-ding societies have chosen an intermediary line: they have rea-ched agreements with public financial entities to finance com-panies.

Something similar has occu-rred for loans to families. Thelatest drop in interest ratesfrom the Central EuropeanBank, with the intention of pro-moting consumption caused a

drop in the Euribor, although financial entities have increasedthe margins they apply to mortgages. In addition, we have seenthat mortgages financing 100% of the value of the house havepractically disappeared, as well as mortgages where repaymentsexceed 30% of the salary.

Despite all this, the quantity of money received by banks th-rough loans has increased, which has helped them to face up tothe lack of liquidity. In fact, this lack of liquidity is another needthat has arisen from the current crisis. Basque financial entitiesdemonstrated that they are sufficiently 'solid' in this respectwhen they revealed their results; however, several commercia-lised products have revealed that at least a few financial enti-ties have entered into a so-called "passive war": to recover cus-tomers' savings, they have sold products at a higher interest rate;this is the case, for example, at Caja Laboral and BBVA.

On the other hand, Basque financial entities have also cre-ated products that meet the needs of sectors and citizens affected by the economic downturn, in order to provide socialprotection. For example, Kutxa has set up the Zeharo fund foranyone who has lost their job and cannot pay their mortgage,putting aside 3 million Euros for social action. Caja Vital has alsodemonstrated its intention to give "a new direction" to its socialaction funds "with the aim of offering greater protection to ci-tizens finding themselves in serious difficulties as a consequen-ce of the economic downturn." This was what their presidentGregorio Rojo had to say although there has been no further in-formation on specific measures. Furthermore, it should be high-lighted that the real economic quantity set aside for social ser-vices was smaller than in previous years. In fact, Basque buil-ding societies have also set aside 30-40% of their profit for so-cial action, a higher percentage than in previous years, althoughgiven that profits have dropped in general, this will also affectthe amount provided.

The tap is running again but the water is being filtered

Report: Basque financial institutions

Banks and buildingsocieties have modifiedtheir measures andconditions

28

Financial entityQuantity set aside for socialaction in 2008(in million Euros)

Percentage of profits setaside for social action in2007

Profit recorded in 2007 (in million Euros)

BBK 82 26.7 307

Kutxa 81 37.5 216

Caja Vital 25 35.2 72

Caja Navarra 51 30.3 168

Basque financial entities have also created productsthat meet the needs of sectors and citizens affected

by the economic downturn

Source: Anuaries of banks and buildings societies

Estitxu Elduaien

At the start of the economic downturn, credit entities withheadquarters located in the Basque Country were in a more fa-vourable situation than many financial entities in Spain, as de-monstrated by the solvency, liquidity and profitability in theircorresponding balances.

We should mention the positive response offered by Basqueentities to problems within the current economic situation. Bas-que credit entities are participating in different programmesthat have been set up both by the central and regional govern-ment so that families and companies can access loans.

The Spanish Govern-ment, by means of the Fi-nancial Asset AcquisitionFund (FAAF), aimed to pro-vide credit entities with li-quidity, so that they in turncould concede loans to fa-milies and companies.Basque financial entitiesparticipated in this pro-gramme, with the excep-

tion of BBVA, Banco Guipuzcoano and Bankoa. The main reasonfor participating in the aforementioned programme did not in-volve supporting liquidity problems but obtaining low cost fi-nancing. In fact, the interest rate for financing obtained throughthe fund was very attractive and offered the chance to stabili-se balance. In total, Basque financial entities obtained 648 mi-llion Euros.

In addition, Basque financial entities have worked on diffe-rent issues (mortgage certificates, preference shares, securedloans, etc.) in order to improve their level of solvency and theirliquidity situation. Thanks to all these operations, along with re-sources from passive operations (demand deposits and term de-posits), the aforementioned entities have amassed enough li-quidity to continue offering loans.

On the other hand, all Basque financial entities have parti-cipated in programmes run by the Spanish Government, throughthe ICO institute, to finance companies and families.

They have already signed joint agreements with differentcompanies and associations, and with the Basque Governmentand the Government of Navarre. Therefore, it is clear that Bas-que financial institutions intend to maintain their commitmentto Basque society.

This commitment is reflected in greater detail in the table.If we analyse the data published by Basque building societiesand credit cooperatives up to September 2009, we can verifythat the growth rate is dropping for loans awarded to customers,

although it remainspositive. As far as de-faulting is concerned,the general growthrate for the defaultrate has increasedbut it continues to re-main below the ratefor Spain. Due to theclose relationshipthat Basque banks maintain with their customers, theyare fully aware of what families and companies are going th-rough. As a result, banks look for different solutions before de-faulting problems set in, such as refinancing the debt, exten-ding the loan period or suspending interest.

On the other hand, defaulting cover continued to drop, asthe default rate increased, although the percentage is higherthan the State as a whole.

Basque financial enti-ties are in a good liquiditysituation to be able to con-tinue awarding loans inthe future. Furthermore,no Basque financial entityhas required public aid toincrease their resources,because they have not su-ffered solvency problems;instead Caja Navarra andCaja Canaria have set up acompany to merge theiractivities, each working separately in their own territory andjointly over the rest of the country. By means of this operation,they are aiming to become more competitive and efficient,whilst strengthening their solvency and liquidity; all without ha-ving to resort to the FROB fund (bail-out fund created by theSpanish Government to promote fusions and for financial enti-ties in complicated situations). On the other hand, after havingtried to buy Caja Castilla-La Mancha, BBK will be focussing onits own business in 2010, although it has not ruled out a futuremerger or an acquisition. It should be noted that, as far as sol-vency is concerned, Basque banks currently stand among thetop ten in the country and that BBK is the most solvent bank inthe whole State financial system.

As far as efficiency is concerned, efficiency rates have im-proved all round due to a reduction in operating costs. Howe-ver, Basque financial entities have maintained or increased their

Response offered by basque financial institutions to the currenteconomic situationAna Beraza · Lecturer at the UPV

Expert analysis

We should mentionthe positive responseoffered by Basqueentities to problemswithin the currenteconomic situation


29

Basque financialentities

are in a good liquiditysituation to be able to

continueawarding loans in

the future

Ana Beraza

30

number of offices in the Basque Country, despite closing somebranches outside the Basque Country.

Basque banks, on the other hand, compared with Basquebuilding societies and loan cooperatives, demonstrate negati-ve loan growth rates and higher default rates. However, despi-te this, they hold good solvency, liquidity and efficiency posi-tions.

On the other hand, business financing problems are less fre-quent, thanks to different plans designed by financial entitiesto combat the current economic situation. In any case, accor-ding to the joint survey carried out by Adegi in September 2009,38% of companies from Gipuzkoa with more than ten emplo-yees are still in difficulties, both in terms of obtaining financingand refinancing their debt. The Basque Government Consump-tion office also made it known that different conditions havebeen established and different criteria used when awardingmortgages - not only among credit entities but also betweenbranches of the same financial entity. In fact, negotiating con-ditions is left entirely in the hands of each branch manager.

In addition to this, when financial entities cut back on loans,this intensifies pooling activity by mutual guarantee societies,as this provides companies with financing to make investments.

Therefore, in the current economic and financial climate,joint work agreements signed between mutual guarantee so-cieties and the main credit entities become very important. Infact, they guarantee entities that all the loans awarded to the

companies endorsed bythese entities will be re-turned to them.

As far as the annualformalisation volume isconcerned, it should behighlighted that, fromamong the twenty twomutual guarantee so-cieties that exist in thecountry, Oinarri and El-kargi are in the top ten. Oinarri, in particular, tripled its level ofactivity in the first nine months of 2009, and increased formali-sed endorsements by 195%. Elkargi has also predicted that it willhave doubled its activity by the end of 2009. This significant in-crease is due to financing lines for work capital needs that El-kargi and Oinarri have signed with the Basque Government.

By the end of September 2009, compared with the same pe-riod the previous year, Elkargi's main endorsing activity droppedby 6.3% (without taking into account the influence of the wor-king capital financing line).

Both entities have approved approximately 80% of the to-tal applications presented to these lines of financing. As anexample of all this, we could highlight the activity carried outin Navarre by the Sodena mutual guarantee society: a companywhose main function falls within the framework of the Govern-ment of Navarre's plan to combat the economic downturn.

On the other hand, as far as risk capital entities are concer-ned, according to the Spanish Risk Capital Entities Association(ASCRI), in the first nine months of 2009, and compared to thesame period the previous year, the investment and number ofoperations carried out by these entities in Spain has dropped,by 49% and 13% respectively.

Within this context, AXCRI has rewarded the best risk capi-tal operations carried out during 2008 and, among others, twoBasque financial entities have received awards: Gestión de Ca-pital Riesgo del País Vasco and Diana Capital, for having partici-pated in operations for the companies Biopharma and Indal Tal-dea, respectively.

Therefore, as the data analysed shows, the Basque Country'sentities, in general, will confront the next financial year with agreater level of solvency and a lower rate of defaulting thanmany of its state competitors. However, if certain national, sta-te and community promotion policies disappear in 2010, the abi-lity to award loans to companies and families may well be affected. On the other hand, increases in VAT and official inte-rest rates forecast by the European Bank have had a negativeinfluence on loan applications.

Lack of liquidity, scarce credit and high levels of defaultingcomplete the vicious circle and it will not be easy to find a solu-tion. The situation will not improve unless the economy reco-vers, unemployment and defaulting are reduced and business-men recover their capability to make decisions concerning in-vestments.

Basque financial institutions

Business financingproblems are less

frequent,thanks to differentplans designed byfinancial entities

to combat the currenteconomic situation

Argazki Press

31

Expert analysis

Source: data published by the credit entities, CECA and AEB.

KUTXA BBK VITAL KUTXA CAN IPAR KUTXA EUSKADIKO KUTXA(june 09)

STATESECTOR

Loans awarded tocustomers(% rate of year on yearvariation)

2.7

Investmentloans5.1

Retailnetwork

5.6%

5,61

Mortgages3.96%

10.99(Investment

loans- June 09)

4.6(Loans

awarded tothe private

sector)

3.9

Mortgages 5 %

0.2

Companies +Entities

8.4% Loansawarded tocompanies

5.68%

Loansawarded tocompanies

5.1%Mortgages 5.2%

Customer deposits(% rate of year on yearvariation)

11 5.65

57.84(Administered

resources– jun 09)

5.3(Resources

managed fromthe private

sector)

7 4.3

Bad debt rate (%) 3.06 2.35 2.51 3.38 2.24 2.68 5.11

Bad debt cover (%) 86.4 94.9 94.22 70 102 - -

Result after tax -38.2 0.5 1.92(Net yield)

-29(Net yield) -4.8 24

(Recurrent profit) -34

Solvency 14.6(jun 09) 21.5 - 13.7 14.82 - 11.75

(jun 09)

Liquidity(Deposits /Credit)

92.53 101.38 - -14.36

(deposits/liquid assets)

81 -

Efficiency 50.7 38.32 - - - 38 48.2

MANAGEMENT INDICATORS FROM THE BASQUE FINANCIAL ENTITIES, September 2009

1. Basque building societies and credit cooperatives

2. Basque banks

BBVA (Spain + Portugal) BANKOA (March 2009) BANCO GUIPUZCOANO STATE SECTOR

Loans awarded to customers(urte arteko aldakuntza-tasa %) -0.6 2.5 -10.6 5.1

Customer deposits(% rate of year on year variation ) -1.8 2.8 9.9

(Term deposits 42.9%) 13.2

Bad debt rate (%) 4 1.59 3.8 3.6

Bad debt cover (%) 59 125 83.4 69

Result after tax -2.1 - -26.1 -10.7

Solvency - - 12.01 13

Liquidity - - - -

Efficiency 34.6 41

Note: Caja Rural de Navarra and Banque Michel Inchauspé –BAMI– havenot been included in the analysis due to lack of data.

Source: data published by the credit entities, CECA and AEB.

Following the economy's general trend, the service sec-tor currently holds the greatest weight in the Basque eco-nomy and this evolution is increasingly solid. However,industry is still more important here than in surroundingterritories. Looking to the future and internalisation,commitment to RTD and emerging sectors is beingstrengthened.

Over the last few years, the Basque economy has evolved con-siderably towards the tertiary sector which currently domina-tes approximately half of all activity. In Araba, Bizkaia and Gi-puzkoa, services provide 59.3% of the Gross Added Value, 52.6%in Navarre. In the North Basque Country, however, 48.3% of com-panies belong to this sector and 53.8% of the active populationwork in services. The sector's growing presence over the last fouryears has been particularly noticeable in the North BasqueCountry: taking into account the number of companies set upthere, the service sector has grown 8.6%. In the South BasqueCountry, on the other hand, the sector's importance has grown2%, taking Gross Added Value into account.

This evolution towards the tertiary sector follows EuropeanUnion trends although the importance of industry is not follo-wing the same pattern: industry currently holds greater weightin the Basque economy than in surrounding countries. In Araba,Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa and Navarre, industry still represents 25% ofthe Gross Added Value, despite the fact it has been decreasingover the last few years: it has dropped approximately 3% in thelast four years. In the North Basque Country, it is less important:only 4% of companies work in this sector, although it employs13.4% of the working population in this territory.

The weight of the primary sector differs on either side of theborder. In the North Basque Country, 16.8% of active companiesbelong to the primary sector, although this only employs 4.8% ofthe working population. However, the primary sector provides2% of the Gross Added Value in Navarre and 1.1% in Araba, Biz-kaia and Gipuzkoa. At any rate, the trend in this sector is simi-lar throughout the entire Basque Country: over the last few ye-ars its weight in the economy has dropped along with the num-ber of companies and workers in the sector.

On the other hand, construction registered continuousgrowth until the economic downturn struck. At the present time,it represents approximately 8% of the Basque economy and, abo-ve all, it has maintained great dynamism in the North BasqueCountry. However, the current credit crunch has hit this sectorparticularly hard and data shows that it has slowed its growthright down.

Internalisation, investment in research and developmentand commitments to emerging sectors are the current challen-ges to consolidate the economy in the future. At least this is whatthe experts say and Basque companies have experience in the-se three aspects. As far as internalisation is concerned, the dif-

ference in the degree of openness on each side of the border isclear: in the South Basque Country the openness rate is around60% compared with only 11.6% in the North Basque Country. Ho-wever, taking into account companies that have set up abroad,in 2008, Basque companies from Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoacarried out 313 projects abroad and in Navarre more than 220companies worked on an international project. The North Bas-que Country also increased its figures for companies participa-ting in programmes run by the Bayonne Chamber of Commerceto strengthen internalisation.

In addition, Navarre and the BAC stand around 50th in theEuropean Union list of regions in terms of investment in Rese-arch and Development, thanks to an investment of 2% of GDPwhilst in the North Basque Country this investment stands ataround 1.5%.

Activities related to the environment are another success-ful line: for example, in Navarre in 2008, 3% of the working po-pulation were already working in this field. Work in the NorthBasque Country has also been directed towards tourism and lei-sure: the activity centre and Riverside Park in Anglet as well asthe Biarritz audiovisual centre project, among others, are cle-ar examples.Sektoreen bilakaera azken urteetan:

IN THE SOUTH BASQUE COUNTRY

IN THE NORTH BASQUE COUNTRY

32

Moving towards the tertiary sector

Report: Basque productive framework

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

Working population

Number of companies

Construction

Services

Industry

Primary Sector

2006

2008

Construction

Services

Industry

Primary Sector

Source: INE

Source: Chamber of Commerce of Bayona

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2008

2004

2000

NavarreGipuzkoaBizkaiaAraba

INDUSTRY%

CONSTRUCTION

0

2

4

6

8

10


%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


SERVICES%

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0


AGRICULTURE%

Estitxu Elduaien

Throughout all economicactivity, innovation is thebest response to the indus-trial crisis that the Basqueeconomy is suffering. Thereis no magic formula, humanand financial resources de-dicated to RTD must be con-siderably increased. Howe-ver, an industrial economysuch as the Basque economyrequires serious reconver-sion in terms of the founda-tions sustaining its industry.

Within the context of the serious currenteconomic downturn, we can analyse the di-fference sectors of Basque industry and theircapacity to adapt in the mid-term to a scena-rio of change within the scientific technologyparadigm, paying greater attention to tradi-tional sectors in the Basque production frame-work.

At each moment in time, a territory is characterised by itsspecialisation in determined clusters. The evolution of theseclusters leads to the appearance of new clusters or the restruc-turing of existing clusters. However cluster structure re-adap-tation can only happen alongside changes in technical and or-ganisational routines. This requires new innovation policies, sothat the region can obtain a competitive advantage in the mid-term. Some parties and agents in the system should becomemore international. Basque companies should not just exportbut also search for business abroad. However, some Basque bu-siness groups have put the brakes on opening new plants abro-ad due to lack of financing.

Conventional sectors within the Basque economy, such asthe machine tool sector, have been characterised by their imi-tation processes as a first step towards innovation. Using licen-ces made it possible to attain internal learning and improveskills, particularly in the mechanics sector. This involved essen-tial equipment and technologies from other sectors with grea-ter technological intensity, such as numerical control equip-ment. It was possible to be competitive without having to pro-vide many resources to the research itself.

From 2000, other sectors emerged and were consolidated,considered as avant-garde. This refers to sectors such as medi-cation, health sciences, biotechnologies, nano-sciences and ad-vanced software which were characterised by the greater im-

portance of coded knowledge inputs.This knowledge is increasingly basedon scientific principals, where RTD De-partments gain more weight as they in-corporate a logical system of agentsworking together.

Universities and other researchcentres enjoy a special and preferen-tial position as the main providers ofnew knowledge and technology to so-ciety, through their contribution to ba-sic research and more highly qualifiedtraining. This double role for universi-

ties has, in many countries, determinedthat innovation and technology policy is fo-

cussed on stimulating cooperation between uni-versities and industry.

Strategies and patenting procedures are inten-sified in these new sectors which nourish "start up"companies to apply and exploit the knowledge that

comes, above all, from a systematic combination ofbasic and applied research. University-Business relations takeon a new role, making groups of small companies emerging fromthe universities (“spin offs”). The current phase contrasts withother previous phases, where it was not considered necessaryfor scientific research to contribute to production. In this way,there are bio-science centres with a similar configuration of re-sources and agents that are attracting researchers, industriesand investors from other places.

The most relevantquality characterisingbio clusters is pu-blic/private partnershipagents working toge-ther. Companies needto be in the forefront ofbio knowledge and aca-demic researchers needto enter a frame of rela-tions where market ex-pectations are genera-ted. However it is alsonecessary to work withother companies to ac-cess RTD funds. Bio clus-ters are not only foundin the medicine and he-

33

Expert analysis

Productive framework tackles the cycle change in the global economyMikel Gómez Uranga, Jon Barrutia, Goio Etxebarria · UPV Lecturers

Throughout alleconomic activity,

innovation is the bestresponse to the

industrial crisis that theBasque economy is

suffering

Original text:spanish

Mikel Gómez

Goio Etxebarria

Jon Barrutia

34

alth sectors. They can also be present in sectors found aroundthe agro-industry, food, and even tourism, located in rural are-as with agrarian specialisation.

Different production activities evolve and they are not sla-ves to the technology. A significant number of industrial bran-ches that have characterised Basque industry, for at least thelast four decades, are included among the medium technologysectors in the OCDE classification, whether in the medium-highsegment (including chemical products, machinery and equip-ment, machinery and electrical appliances, motors and trans-port equipment) or in the medium-low segment (among others,oil refinery, plastic, metal and non metal manufacturing, plusmining and construction products). Some of these branches haveattained satisfactory results over almost four decades in the Bas-que Country. It is only in the 21st century that changes will benecessary to be able to maintain results at the same level as inprevious times.

A system is configured where branches interconnect andtechnologies become increasingly transverse. So, for example,sectors classified as low technology become the main users ofthe highest technology sectors. Sciences and technologies aredistributed throughout the productive fabric. It can no longerbe sustained, at least in some places, that the agrofood sectoris low technology, just as it is also not possible to look down onprospecting studies that claim that materials for building or thetextile sector will widely use nanotechnology in a few yearstime. Research into biotechnologies and bio-medication is in-creasingly present in sectors such as food.

Sectors that encompass the majority of patents (approxi-mately 70%) correspond to what were considered as advanced

technologies in industrialised areas in the 80s and 90s: electri-cal engineering, instruments, process engineering, mechanicalengineering and machinery. These sectors are currently evol-ving in this decade.

The BAC sector where patents have more relative weightingcompared to Spain as a whole is "mechanical engineering, ma-chinery" and within this sector the sub-sectors of "equipmentand consumption items" and "civil engineering, construction andmining" as well as "transport" and "tool machinery". Subsectorssuch as "electrical machinery and appliances, electrical energy","analysis, measurement and control technologies" and "printing"are also important. On the other hand, the BAC is barely presentin the "chemicals and pharmaceutical products" sector.

As far as Navarre is concerned, the situation varies from theBAC, as the patents in the "biotechnology" and "pharmaceuticalproducts" sub-sectors have greater weight within its producti-ve framework. However, inthe previously analysed sec-tors, the relative weight isvery close to the BAC avera-ge.

As far as electric and hy-brid vehicles are concerned,the future has already be-gun for the world industry.In this case Basque industrywill enter the battery re-charging segment. There isa strategic project in theBasque Country to create a

Basque productive framework

Universities and otherresearch centres enjoy

a special andpreferential position as

the main providers ofnew knowledge and

technology to society,through their

contribution to basicresearch and more

highly qualifiedtraining

Different productionactivities evolve and

they are not slaves tothe technology

Argazki Press

35

network to supply batteries for electric vehicles. This projectincludes business groups such as Repsol-Petronor and the Bas-que Government through the EVE. Up to now, main battery tech-nologies have been developed by Japanese, American and Ko-rean companies. In the mid-term we might hope that streng-thening the innovation system (relations between research andindustrial application) might provide better innovation resultsfor us.

It is precisely in the sectors where patents have greaterscientific content that universities are currently prioritising theirpatents. We are referring to areas related to life sciences, in-cluding biomedicine and biotechnology, as well as chemistry,which has significant presence in Europe. To the aforementio-ned areas we might add telecommunications, instruments andenvironmental technologies.

It has been demonstrated that in the field of nanotechno-logy, more than two thirds of production involves scientific ac-tivity. The production of new knowledge in this field is growing

much faster than the average for sciences and engineering. Inthis branch, scientists have a major impact on the patenting ac-tivity and there are high levels of institutional collaboration be-tween industry and academia.

In many of the current sectors, patents represent "the keys-tone" for business strategies in the globalisation phase. Inven-tions most closely linked to science appear in patents based onscience and are particularly found in biogenetics, advanced che-mistry, advanced software, biomedicine, nano-science, nano-technologies, etc.

At this point, we might think that developing traditionaltechnologies would lead to a weak patenting dynamic. Howe-ver, by analysing the dependency between science and patentsin electrical machinery manufacturing in Japan, it can be seenthat the 10 most important Japanese companies in the sectorare some of the most prolific patents producers in the world.We can therefore conclude that the electrical machinery in-dustry is an industry based on science.

We can conclude that in the era of globalisation it is not sus-tainable to remain in certain emerging markets without visitingpatent offices in these countries to register our inventions. Bas-que industry internationalisation should be accompanied by acertain 'in situ' patenting activity on its markets. For so-calledtriadic patents, in addition to applying to the European, NorthAmerican and Japanese patent offices, a fourth office should beadded to their list: China.

Expert analysis

Patent applications per 10.000 inhabitants, 2005

At this point, we might think thatdeveloping traditionaltechnologies would lead to a weakpatenting dynamic

0 1 2 3 4 5

19. DE11- Stuttgart

18. AT34- Vorarlberg

17. DE2- Bayern

16. The North Basque Country

15. FR10- Île De France

14. ITD5- Emilia-romagna

13. DK0- Danmark12. AT1- Ostösterreich

11. UKK1- Gloucestershire, Wiltshire And Bristol/bath Area

10. ES22 - Navarre

9. DE42- Brandenburg - SüdwestBC

8. BE10- Region De Bruxelles-capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest

7. SE33- Övre Norrland

6. UKH3- Essex

5. ES21 - Araba, Bizkai, Gipuzkoa.

4. NL23- Flevoland

3. IE02- Southern and Eastern

2. ES23- La Rioja

1. PT15- Algarve 0.030.14 0.29 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.48 0.63 0.65 0.65 0.68 0.77 1.01 1.02 1.46 1.78 2.44 2.94 3.54 4.36

Source: EUROSTAT

36

The absence of a joint plan is the greatest mobility pro-blem in the Basque Country. Each territory has its ownpriorities and plans and has chosen its own means oftransport; in short, there is a lack of unification. There-fore, the challenge for the future consists of reinforcingand coordinating the network.

Some have committed to the metro, other the bus or the tram...in the last few years different strategies have been implemen-ted in the different Basque territories, all under the same idea:promoting public transport and respecting the environment. Ho-wever, data demonstrates that they are far from achieving thistarget: private vehicles continue to be the most used transportfor trips, on 70% of journeys to be precise.

We only have to look at the capitals to see the circumstan-ces surrounding this lack of coordination. Currently, Bilbao is thecapital with the most complete passenger transport plan. Thismobility is based around the metro system which is progressi-vely widening its network of lines, although the capital of Biz-kaia also completes its transport plan with tram and bus linesreaching beyond the metro.

San Sebastian has recently announced its intention to followthis metro-based model. Last summer its city council and theBasque Government presented the project to implement a me-tro within the capital and also mentioned the possibility of ex-panding it to the surrounding areas. In the meantime, most tripsfrom the capital are made in the Bidasoa area using the 'mole'train with buses and local trains completing the public transportoffer.

The other capitals are not considering the metro. Vitoria-Gazteiz has chosen the tram and the bus: lines were inaugura-ted in 2009 for these two means of transport and it seems thatmobility will revolve around them in the years to come.

Bus services have been strengthened in the coastal area ofLapurdi, although there is no mobility plan inland, or in the re-maining North Basque Country territories. Pamplona and its su-rrounding area have not announced new proposals either for the

time being, and mobility thereis based on the bus service.

The situation is similar forBasque Country external and in-ternal connections. Currently,the majority of trips in the Bas-que Country take place withinthe territory and the publictransport network there is ba-sed on the bus and the train.However, both services and fre-quency are scarce. The best

adapted train lines are the San-turtzi-Bilbao-Laudio-Orduña andIrun-Brinkola routes, althoughthey too could be improved.They will soon fall within theBasque Government's compe-tences and this could be a goodopportunity to renew and rein-force them.

In the same way, the majority of interprovincial Basque communications are based on the bus and the train, where fre-quency is also insufficient. Conventional railway networks arebased on journeys in Spain and France and several lines are com-pletely obsolete: Baiona-Altsasu-Gasteiz-Miranda, Baiona-Do-nibane Garazi, Altsasu-Iruña-Castejón and Bilbao-Miranda forexample, where there is a clear need to recondition these lines.

Data clearly shows that when a big effort is really made infavour of public transport, citizens support it and leave theircars at home. The capital of Bizkaia, Bilbao, is a clear exampleof this: it has the best developed plan and it is the only Basquecapital where public transport is used more than private trans-port to get around. In this capital, 80% use public transport whe-reas these figures do not even reach half of the population in other capitals.

Therefore, reinforcing and coordinating the current networkis the challenge for the future. If we really want to even comeclose to the European public transport system, we should rein-force the offer of transport in the capitals, but not only this: the-re should be more journeys offered within each territory, offering greater frequency, as this is the most popular type ofjourney.

Estitxu Elduaien

Evolution of the increase of mobility, 2006

On the road to mobility

Report: Mobility

The absence of a jointplan is the greatestmobility problem in theBasque Country

Reinforcing andcoordinating the

current network is thechallenge for the

future

Donostia

Gipuzkoa

Bilbo

Bizkaia

Gasteiz

Araba

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Private transport Colective transportSource: LAB trade union

37

Conventional scenarioThe Basque Country's historical transport problems canbe summarised as follows:

A particularly high dominance of road transportthat increases over time, due to a major flow of trucksin transit and intense traffic in some areas. Factors thatgenerate high congestion. Rail is a residual mode forfreight: its market share is under 2%.

Lack of rail infrastructure and precariousness formost existing infrastructures to meet daily trip demands,with the exception of the Bilbao Metro and to a much lesser extent, sections of the Euskotren, RENFE and FEVElocal railway. Regional and long distance trains are prac-tically nonexistent. Precarious bus services, connectingcapitals and serving some metropolitan areas.

The only response from Basque Government institu-tions (BGI) is to promote new infrastructures. This policy is sho-wered with a wide range of positive factors: boosting competi-tiveness and economic development, strengthening the terri-torial and social backbone and cohesion, guaranteeing uniformaccessibility throughout the territory, assuring sustainability forthe transport system, re-establishing balance between the different modes of transport and, finally, managing to insert the

Basque system appropriately within the inter-national context. However the fact that LocalGovernments have many more financial re-sources than the Basque Government (BG)has determined, on the one hand, a particu-larly intense push towards road constructionthat monopolises and maintains the preca-rious situation of the inland rail network (fa-lling with the BG remit).

According to the BGI, the BasqueCountry requires a High Speed (HS) railstructure between the three capitals thatwould also "connect us to Europe". The fo-ral territories (Gipuzkoa, Bizkaia and Ara-ba) significantly lack transport infrastruc-

tures. Bizkaia needs a new ring road for Bil-bao (known as the Supersur), further widening of the Txorihe-rri corridor, etc.; Gipuzkoa needs a new port (external) in Pa-saia, airport expansion at Hondarribia, San Sebastian needs anew ring road and maybe a Metro, etc.: Araba needs a major lo-gistics centre (Araba Sur), plus it is considered essential (alongwith Gipuzkoa) to finish the Eibar-Vitoria motorway and reacti-vate its ailing airport, etc.

Expert analysis

Lack of railinfrastructure andprecariousness formost existinginfrastructures tomeet daily tripdemands

The inevitable radical change in Basque transport policy. Analysis based on two scenariosRoberto Bermejo · UPV Lecturer


Argazki Press

Roberto Bermejo

38

There is little foundation to the defence that the prolifera-tion of infrastructures makes a major contribution to economicgrowth. There is wide consensus among transport economiststhat, once industrialised countries have attained normal levelsof infrastructures, further construction can even have negativeeffects on the economy. The British SACTRA report (1999) sta-tes that there is a transport threshold beyond which greater mo-bility has harmful effects on economic activity and this thres-hold has been reached by industrialised countries. The Edding-ton report (2006) confirms these conclusions: "historically, newconnections have played a central role in the period of rapideconomic growth in many economies, but mature economies(...) must focus their policy and investment on improving pro-ductivity for existing transport networks." The French State Au-dit Office (Cour de Comptes, 2006) criticises that socio-econo-mic profitability studies aiming to justify building major infras-tructures are manipulated, exaggerating the advantages andplaying down the disadvantages and it agrees with previous stu-dies that "greater priority should be given to spending on reno-vating existing equipment over development investments."

Given the small size of the Basque Country, the BGIs cannotallege, as in the EU and in Spain, that the high speed rail linkwould contribute to modal rebalancing because it would be ge-tting passengers off planes; another line of defence is required,proposing that it becomes a mixed line, which would alleviatecongestion by taking passengers and freight off the roads, in ad-dition to reducing CO2 emissions. However, mixed lines do notexist anywhere in the world except in Germany (on just one HSline and after preparing it for this use with gentle slopes, largecar parks and convoys that travel at 140 km/h, although it is onlyused for light freight with a high market value) and the Euromed(due to the physical impossibility of building a new line alongthe Mediterranean coast, incurring high maintenance costs). Inthis case, the flow of freight is very low because when the line

was renovated, specific needs for freight transport were not ta-ken into account, as shown in the Davignon Report (2008), bythe European coordinator for cross-Pyrenean transport: the li-nes are too steep and the "scarce number of overtaking placesand car parks will not make freight transport easy." A line thatexclusively joins the three capitals cannot contribute to terri-torial cohesion in the Basque Country. The "connection with Eu-rope" demagogy is impossible, because the French governmentdoes not want to bring the high speed line as far as the border.Finally, the HS train line does not reduce CO2 emissions, but in-creases them. This was stated in a recent report by the Swedishrail administration and it is the logical consequence that HStrains double the energy consumption of a conventional train.

The BG (2007) argues that the Basque Y would leave theconventional network free for freight: "In addition to the verypossibility of using the Y for freight, its presence can free upthe tracks that are now used for the long distance lines andmany of the regional trains." However he adds that this net-work is inadequate for transporting freight: "Freight traffic onthe Iberian gauge network has been practically stagnant overthe last few years. This is mainly due to the existence of a se-ries of critical areas that limit capacity." The critical areas arethe Orduña pass and the Alsasua-Zumarraga connection. Ano-ther aggravating factor in the Basque country is that typicalfreight from Basque industry and freight coming through theport of Bilbao is very heavy. RENFE has ruled out mixed lines,which means that the trucks travelling through and headingnorth would have to offload their loads on to the Basque Ywhen they get to Vitoria.

It is also absurd to try and eliminate road congestion bybuilding more roads. Nobody has managed this, nor will theyever do so, because, as stated by the EU White Paper on trans-port (2000), when a new road infrastructure is created, thisactivates a latent demand which ends up saturating it.

Mobility

There is littlefoundation to thedefence that theproliferation ofinfrastructuresmakes a majorcontribution toeconomic growth

Argazki Press

39

Oil ceiling scenarioOil contributes 98% of the energy consumed by transport, and74% of the aforementioned quantity is consumed by road trans-port. This ratio is similar in the Basque Country although with ahistorical tendency to get stronger: annual increase over 3% onaverage in the period 1996-2007.

There is overwhelming evidence that oil is starting to runout. This is proved by the stagnation of the oil supply producedin the period 2005-2008, which led to the price of oil reaching

147$/barrel in June2008. Afterwards, thecrisis (magnified by es-calation) reduced thedemand and the price ofthe barrel fell to 32 $/b.However, consensus isgrowing among expertsthat the oil ceiling (themaximum extractioncapacity) was reachedin 2008. This would ex-plain why the price of oilis recovering (standingat around 80 $/b at the

start of November 2009) although the world economy is takinglonger to recover. So when the economy starts to get back on itsfeet, the barrel will go beyond the maximum price for 2008, andthe world economy will fall into a deep and long economic cri-sis. Fatif Birol (2007), chief economist for the InternationalEnergy Agency (IEA), states that "if we don't do somethingquickly, and courageously (...) the wheels are going to fall offour energy system. This is the message we wish to give." For thisreason, the IEA is asking governments to find an alternative tooil in a hurry. Even the European Commission has ended up accepting the problem. In its communication entitled "A sustai-nable future for transport", it includes a section on "Growingscarcity of fossil fuels" (COM–2009– 279/4).

As a consequence of the oil ceiling, there are going to bemany changes in the transport system, although their dimen-sions are difficult to evaluate. However it is clear that many people will have to give up their daily car trips and will demandefficient collective transport instead. Within this context, the-re is no sense in continuing to build roads, but it would be logi-cal to modernise and extend rail lines and improve bus services.In order to carry out this task, Local Governments should workwith the BG, following the precedent of the Bilbao Metro.

Air transport will be drastically reduced, and the currentrate of major airline fusions will be strengthened. The vast ma-jority of low cost airlines will disappear because the high costsof fuel leave little margin to reduce other costs. Many small air-ports will have to close because they will lose more money thanat present. Out of the 47 Spanish airports managed by the Sta-te, only Madrid, Barcelona, Malaga, Palma and Alicante are pro-fitable. Hondarribia and Vitoria should be closed.

In freight transport, processes involving offloading from roadto rail and boat will intensify on long trips. Demand for rail trans-port will hit the roof, if there is a minimally acceptable infras-tructure and so the Basque Y should be reconverted to give prio-rity to freight, regardless of its phase of construction when theenergy crisis hits. Davignon is convinced that the two cross-Py-renean rail corridors will be reconverted to give priority tofreight: "I am even more convinced (than at the start of his man-date) that the purpose of these infrastructures should evolve essentially towards freight transport"(Davignon, 2008: 12).

Maritime freight traffic will be reinforced, but it does notmake sense to build an external port at Pasaia, taking into account the economic depression that the energy crisis will cau-se and that the port of Bilbao is generally too large for its cu-rrent load.

Nevertheless, this is not just a matter of adapting differentmodes to new circumstances, but also to continuously impro-ving the transport system. The Commission's "Green Paper" ontransport requests "a growing effort with a view to more effi-cient use of infrastructures". However, it also goes one furtherto proclaim the failure of its previous policy of promoting a Eu-ropean high speed rail network (RTE-T) and declare (in the lightof the new situation) that "the political focus should firstly bewidely reviewed."

Expert analysis

It is clear that manypeople will have to giveup their daily car tripsand will demandefficient collectivetransport instead

Argazki Press

In addition to the coastal areas, there is also move-ment around the large cities, capitals such as Gas-teiz, Iruñea, Baiona-Angelu-Biarritz, etc.This is true. We have to find a balance given that althoughthere are urban centres of a certain size, the capitals arethe in and out door nowadays in terms of flows of freight,flows of passengers, etc. They enter through the capi-tals, the cities, making them essential even to attractcertain types of investments, better quality investmentsand so we need minimum facilities, and a certain stan-dard of living and this is made profitable in a city of acertain size. Moving towards a network of standard ci-ties of 50,000 inhabitants would surely not be reasona-ble but if you can have a reasonably large city and then encou-rage the appearance of an intermediate level of cities, for exam-ple, that do not even exist in Navarre or Alava. In Navarre the-re are 180,000 - 190,000 inhabitants in Pamplona which dropsimmediately down to 30,000 - 35,000 in the next largest city, Tu-dela. If we look at Iruñerria as a whole there are around 270,000inhabitants. It is a metropolitan area of a certain size. The pro-blem is seeing how this deconcentration can be managed be-cause there might be a temptation to resolve it simply by re-moving population from there but following the same system ofdiffuse expansion, a very low density urbanisation model andstatistically this would solve our problem but would generatenew problems. We have to be wary of quick fixes.

Mobility and sustainability. Two opposing concepts?At this point there is no sustainable development. Everything isgiven this label of sustainable but good will is not enough. Every-thing is sustainable but we continue building more motorways.Maybe the problem of saturation is not going to be solved by buil-ding another infrastructure. We have to get used to paying tollsfor example. In Navarre, there are social movements, even left-wing movements, that support getting rid of the toll on the A-15. This is a mistake. We have to look for other alternatives.

In its white paper on transport, the European Union itself es-timates that the cost of traffic congestion in terms of pollution,time, etc. could be around 3% of the EU's GDP. So this means thatthere are even economic reasons for it. This white paper wri-tten a few years ago supported promoting rail transport but no-thing is actually being done about this. If you build another mo-torway you are going to encourage road journeys. We need anaggressive policy in terms of taking trips, transferring users fromprivate road transport to public transport and specifically to railtransport. The economic downturn is affecting major publicworks more in Spain. The high speed train is appearing but more

motorways arealso being builtand there is noserious policy.This means thatthe high speedtrain is simply fo-cussed as a me-chanism for pu-blic investmentand to generateeconomic activity.It is not being seenas a transport al-

ternative to move travellers from one mode to another, whenthe problems to meet the Kyoto protocol are out there, as its fi-gures are statistically impossible to meet right now.

The current dynamics of economic activity generate traffic;traffic is translated into individual journeys and so providing in-frastructures to facilitate these journeys is unsustainable interms of budget, territory and the environment.

Part of the interview from the publication entitled "BasqueCountry faces its future. Looking to 2025" on mobility in Navarre.Juan Carlos Longas · Applied Economics Professor at the UPNA

Mobility

4040


Juan Carlos Longas

As far as infrastructures are concerned, the North BasqueCountry can boast a good road network, motorways betweenBordeaux, Pau and San Sebastian, secondary roads inland (Bir-cous/Bidache/ Saint-Palais/Ustaritz/Cambo), a rail networkfrom the coast heading inland (Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Urt-Peyrehorade), the TER regional railway and TGV high speed trainto Paris, an airport with national and international lines, a portfor trade, a logistics platform in Hendaye...

Interesting projects for the future in the North BasqueCountry include projects intended to avoid road traffic densityand boost passenger transport: the possibility of widening theA63 to 3 lanes, the Pyrenées Atlantiques / Navarre regional pro-ject to link their two provinces.

According to the economic and social minister for the Bas-que Country and Aquitaine, the current transport policy is notcapable of solving accessibility problems or providing supportfor the socio-economic activity in its territories, as it is clear thatthere are points for improvement in the cross-European net-work. We are most directly affected by the Pyrenean Atlanticcorridor: the central road is already saturated and this createsmobility problems obstructing economic activity and affectingthe environment; furthermore, there is no other alternative inthe mid or long term for freight transport.

Sources: Lurraldea Ministerial and Development Council, “Pays Basque 2020. Atelier“infrastructures-déplacements.” Basque Economic and Social Council "Local passenger transport

between the Basque Country Autonomous Community and Aquitaine. Proposals andrecommendations for immediate improvement."

Infrastructures of transport of the North Basque Country

Commerce accumulation

Expert analysis

41

Mobility in the North Basque Country

Source: Chambre of commerce of Bayonne. Economic atlas of the North Basque Country, 2007.

Source: Chambre of commerce of Bayonne. Economic atlas of the North Basque Country, 2007.

Universities, Cooperative Research Centres, Basic andExcellence Research Centres, Innovation and Develop-ment Centres... are some of the many different organi-sations that work on research in the Basque Country. Inaddition, over the last few years, the number of researchorganisations and innovation centres has multiplied com-pared to traditional research fields and they are beco-ming reference points in studying methods to improveresearch.

According to the European Union, the Basque Country standsabove the EU average in the field of innovation, which demons-trates efforts being made in research. According to official data,20,450 people worked in research in the South Basque Country in2007 and 1,550,590 thousand Euros were set aside for this acti-vity. The greatest investment was made in Alava, Bizkaia and Gi-puzkoa where more than 9% of their internal spending went to re-search. Regarding the North Basque Country, it employed 6,793workers and 2,828 companies in research. Companies are the gre-atest investors in research, as they make around 70% of their in-vestments in this field. They are followed by universities and highlevel training centres with 15% of their investments and finally pu-blic organisations.

Over the last few years the system has been criticised for thefact that Basque universities' research was equivalent to only halfthe effort made by other surrounding countries. In an attempt tochange this situation public organisations have announced newsubsidies to promote university research. Independently of in-vestments, the Basque Country has a wide-ranging network of uni-versities and all centres have their own research department withtheir corresponding workers. On the one hand, there are publicuniversities in Navarre and the Basque Country and on the other,the Deusto, Mondragón and Navarre private universities. In addi-tion, ESTIA, the North Basque Country advanced technologies en-gineering centre, completes the network, among others.

However, many new research centres have been set up overthe last few years in the Basque Country aiming to go beyond tra-ditional fields of research. Cooperative Research Centres (CIC)are one example of this. Over thelast three years, several of thesecentres have been opened, speciali-sed in different emerging sectors:

biomaterials, biotechnology, mi-cro-nano-technology, energytechnology, biosciences, biome-dicine, tourism… the network ofcentres that research thesefields has widened considerablyin the South Basque Country. Inthe BAC, for example, 7 CICshave been created in the last three years.

So, Basic and Excellence Research Centres have been set upin order to generate knowledge in fields of scientific interest forthe Basque Country. There are currently six centres specialised inbiophysics, physics, climate change, mathematics or languageand knowledge, all based in Alava, Bizkaia or Gipuzkoa.

Technology centres are technological agents that researchand develop their own industrial technology. There are currently30 centres in the South Basque Country: Inasmet, Robotiker, Ci-demco, Leia, Labein, Cemitec, Cimean, Idab, Idema, or Evena,among others. In Alava, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa they mainly workon research relating to industry, but in Navarre they are more fre-quently centres specialised in sectors such as food, agricultureand oenology.

Finally, technological parks and business and innovation cen-tres reinforce this Basque research network. According to officialdata, a great effort is being made in the Basque Country in termsof this type of infrastructure, compared to surrounding countriesand the current network of technological parks in the BasqueCountry is among the best in Europe. In addition to the technolo-gical parks in Alava, Bizkaia, San Sebastian or Navarre, projectssuch as the Garaia Innovation Pole or the Izarbel Tecnopolis in Bia-rritz have become reference points within Europe.

Estitxu Elduaien

European Innovation Scoreboard, 2007

Researching research

42

Report: Infrastructure network for the investigation

Many new researchcentres have been set

up over the last fewyears in the Basque

Country aiming to gobeyond traditionalfields of research

Source: EIS (European Innovation Scoreboard)

The Basque Countrystands above the EUaverage in the field ofinnovation, whichdemonstrates effortsbeing made in research

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The Basque Country Autonomous Community research fieldhas been developing continuously since the Autonomy Sta-tute came into force. Over the last three decades, it hasgone from being an insignificant field to a sector with con-siderable importance. The path has not been easy and ourRTD system is still suffering severe deficiencies.

The first two decades of the Basque science and tech-nology system were a time of growth. Towards the end ofthe last decade, universities, technology centres and somecompanies were the main agents for the RTD field. If we lookback at the data from 1999, we can see that it was companiesthat undertook the highest spending in RTD (77% of total spen-ding), and that this spending was lower in the university field(21%) and even lower in the field of Basque research entities(2%). In fact, we could state that there were almost no publicresearch entities at all.

In any case, Basque Country RTD spending was higher thanthe total for Spain in 1999. According to the INE, Basque spen-ding represented 1.15% of GDP and according to EUSTAT it was1.29%. Therefore RTD spending stood at 1.2% of the GDP (0.92%of GDP in companies, 0.25% in universities and 0.03% in publicentities). As far as Spain was concerned, this figure was appro-ximately 0.95%. However, we should not forget that spending incompanies included technology centres which represented approximately 15% of total spending. Therefore, it seems thatin the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC), technology cen-tres have developed functions that correspond to public rese-arch entities in other countries.

Compared with other countries, the BAC had a very unba-lanced RTD spending structure, which created clear negativeconsequences for the whole system. This imbalance was the re-sult of an excessive focus on applied research and development,which emerged from the predominance of companies and tech-nology centres in the system.

As we might expect, universities only represented a smallpart of the spending and everyone knows that, in developedcountries, universities are the main agents for basic research.Furthermore, lack of influence from public research entities in-tensified the imbalance, as the BAC had no research entitiessuch as CSIC in Spain, CNRS in France, NERC in Great Britain orMax Planchen in Germany. These institutions met a primordialfunction in their respective countries, carrying out both basicand applied high level research and interacting with universi-ties very productively.

Therefore, in the BAC we suffered, on the one hand, from aweak university field and, on the other, from a lack of public re-search entities. Due to these two factors, minus a few excep-

tions, high level research and trai-ning for researchers were reasonablydeficient, as shown by the data.

In 2000, the relative contribu-tion made by the BAC to the Spanishstate was 6.4% of GDP and 5.2% interms of population. In exchange,the relative contribution from RTDspending represented 9%, or in

other words a much higher proportional contribution than theincome or the population. Surprisingly however, their contribu-tion in terms of producing high quality scientific documents didnot exceed 4%. In Spain, BAC was the region with the highestspending in RTD per researcher but, at the same time, the lo-west production of scientific texts per researcher.

Consequently, our RTD system was suffering from significantimbalance: appropriate investments were made in companiesand technology centres - meaning similar to any that were madebased on gross domestic product in developed countries; on theother hand, investment was very low in universities and publicresearch entities. Con-sequently, our basic re-search field did not bearmuch fruit. For thesame reason, as is logi-cal, we had a low avera-ge level of research ac-tivity, which in turn hada negative effect ontraining researchers. Infact, scarce publicationof scientific documentswas a clear indicator ofthis weakness. Therefo-re, as training for rese-archers and high level qualified personnel was insufficient, thewhole RTD field suffered its negative consequences, includingcompanies and technology centres. It is therefore clear that thesystem was imbalanced and that, looking to the future, it wasessential to make some serious changes.

This was the main reason for the great changes that have ta-ken place over the last few years: important changes that haveoccurred in the Basque Autonomous Community in the field ofRTD. Let's now analyse these changes in more detail.

During the first years of the decade, the Basque GovernmentDepartment of Industry drew up different plans to create Coo-perative Research Centres (CIC). CIC-Biogune was the first (foun-

Expert analysis

43

Research field has gone from being aninsignificant field to a

sector withconsiderableimportance

An unbalanced systemJuan Ignacio Perez Iglesias, Physiology Lecturer at the UPV


Juan Ignacio PerezIglesias

ded in 2004), followed by six other centres. There are conside-rable differences between these seven centres, given that theywere not structured based on a single model. Some aimed tocreate or promote new economic sectors: this is the case of CIC-Biogune (bioscience and biotechnology) or CIC-Nanogune (na-noscience and nanotechnology). Other CICs alternately aimedto create high level knowledge to promote previously establi-shed sectors; there are clear examples of this second focus atCIC-Tourgune (tourism) or CIC-Energigune(energy). In any case, these centres havebeen created with the intention of brea-thing life into and promoting business andeconomic development, targeting high le-vel research, thereby employing resear-chers from all over the world. All this willraise the level of scientific-technological re-search done in the BAC.

On the other hand, in the second half ofthe decade, the BAC set up Basic and Exce-llence Research Centres (BERC: Basque Ex-cellence Research Center).These centreshave been created by the Basque Govern-ment Department of Education, Universi-ties and Research and, similarly to the CICs,they focus their activity on different know-ledge areas. The first were applied maths(Basque Center for Applied Mathematics)and climate change (Basque Center for Cli-mate Change), and there are currently sixresearch centres recognised as BERC cen-tres. The activity in these research centresdoes not necessarily serve particular eco-nomic sectors, as their main function is tocarry out high level research, working with researchers from allover the world.

Setting up the Ikerbasque Institution was the third highly in-teresting initiative carried out over the last few years. Ikerbas-que was set up following the model of ICREA in Catalonia (Ca-talan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies). This is a pu-

blic institution, but because it is a foundation, its legal natureis private. It employs high quality researchers locally and fromall over the world and, by means of agreements signed with theBAC research institutions, it offers them contracts to work inthese institutions. The researchers employed by Ikerbasquework at the university, in technology centres, in cooperative re-search centres and in basic and excellence research centres.

In order to produce this assessment, we used data publishedby INE for 2008. We used INE data becausethe latest data published by EUSTAT rela-ting to RTD activities corresponds to 2007,and we preferred to use more up to date in-formation. RTD spending in the Basque Au-tonomous Community has increased consi-derably over the last decade.

In 1999, RTD spending stood at 1.2% ofGDP and rose to 1.9% in 2008. In addition tothis comparison, it is also interesting to di-vide spending into sectors. In 2008, 81% oftotal spending corresponded to companies(including technology centres of course),5% to public research entities and 14% touniversities. This is the data correspondingto each field in 2008, expressed as a per-centage of GDP: companies (+technologycentres) spent 1.59% of GDP on RTD activi-ties (0.99% in 1999), public research enti-ties 0.09% (0.03% in 1999), and universities0.28% (0.27% in 1999).

As the aforementioned data demons-trates, over the last decade, the businessfield's superiority of ten years ago has in-creased; on the other hand, spending co-

rresponding to public entities is low, but it has increased consi-derably over the last few years, having tripled its percentage ofGDP. Finally, the university field has remained constant at thelow percentage of ten years ago. As a consequence, the imba-lance remains for RTD spending structure in universities or, inother words, the overall imbalance has increased as spending inthe other two fields has increased considerably. Therefore, des-pite the good news that public research entities have increasedtheir spending, the greatest weakness of the BAC's RTD systemremains uncorrected, given that the university field is far frommatching any other developed country.

The measures adopted and the initiatives carried out overthe last few years are highly important. The newly created re-search institutions will give positive results and this means thatthe BAC's scientific productivity will increase over the next fewyears. At any rate, results from research policies will take yearsto show up. Consequently, these results will not yet be reflec-ted in the statistics. We should not forget that a great deficiencyremains to be corrected, given that the productivity and qua-lity of the whole system will not increase considerably until theuniversity field becomes stronger.

Infrastructure network for the investigation

44

Our RTD system wassuffering from

significant imbalance:appropriate

investments weremade in companies andtechnology centres; on

the other hand,investment was very

low in universities andpublic research entities

Argazki Press

To be able to understand the research anddevelopment situation in the North BasqueCountry, it is essential to take a look at whatis happening in France; on the one hand be-cause most statistics refer to the whole Sta-te; and on the other, because as the FrenchState is centralised, the laws, policies andstructures are all decided on in Paris.

Research and development in FranceEconomic resources invested in research and de-velopment are quite high compared to the BAC, but they aredropping. In fact, amounts invested over the 1980s rose, comingclose to 2.4% of GDP, but they fell away from 1993 onwards. GDPwas 2.1% in 2006, a little lower than the average in the OECD(2,26%), lying sixth in the country ranking, behind Sweden, Fin-land, Japan, United States and Germany. On the other hand, pri-vate French firms invest relatively little in RTD+i. According toOECD data, 63% of funds spent on research come from the pri-vate sector and they mainly revolve around industrial techno-logy: the automotive, aeronautics, pharmacy, electronics, me-dical instruments and materials fields. The OECD average is 69%;whilst Japan, United States and Germany exceed this averageby investing around 70 - 77%1.

This drop was steeper after 2002, thanks to measures adop-ted by Prime Ministers Raffarin and particularly De Villepin andFillon: less researchers and university teachers employed, re-organisation of the national research centre CNRS (dividing itinto six institutes, knowing that two already existed), the newlaw promoting university autonomy2, creation of an agency todistribute research resources, and complaints from the move-ment entitled Sauvons la recherche. These changes have al-ready been read pessimistically: participation from the Stateand public powers in general is dwindling and they seem to want

to leave the task of financing both scienceand technology in the hands of the privatesector3.

This situation has generated numerousprotests. The Universities Freedom and Res-ponsibility Law (LRU) brought many univer-sities to a halt in October 2007, as both stu-dents and teachers protested against thisproject. In March 2008, CNRS researcherscame out to protest that major research cen-tres were "disappearing". They recently oc-cupied the headquarters of the National Re-

search Agency (ANI), in order to complain about the instabilityof research jobs, and protests were held throughout 2008 againstthe evaluations implemented by AERES. Finally, in December2008, a decree that modi-fied the status of resear-chers-teachers caused anintense series of strikesamong researchers and uni-versity teachers, forcing theResearch minister to aban-don the project. Among themany reasons for the pro-tests we should highlightthat the Ministry has notcome through with subsidies

45

Expert analysis

The research and development situation in the North Basque CountryEguzki Urteaga · Lecturer at the UPV · [email protected]

1.- JOURNET, N.: "La réforme de la recherche", in Sciences Humaines,no. 203, April (2009), p. 26.

2.- The "University Freedom and Responsibility" Law approved in Au-gust 2007 establishes universities' budgetary autonomy and changes in theirinternal operation: rectors have more authority, the board of directors caninclude figures from outside the university, foundations are authorised and,as a whole, there is a break with equality in terms of managing study con-ditions and teaching and research courses. In exchange, the budget that theState offers the universities was raised: +50% in five years, meaning an in-crease of 10,000-15,000 million €, given that universities continue to de-pend on "centre contracts" linked to the State.

To be able tounderstand the

research anddevelopment situation

in the North BasqueCountry, it is essentialto take a look at whatis happening in France

3.- These transformations are part of the general direction taken in the2000 decade. In this way, the organic law on financial laws voted in 2001aims to condition all public spending to obtaining results. It is one of the ba-ses for the research agreement put forward in 2004 and reflected in the Lawin 2006. The increase in the research budget is linked to creating new ins-truments to guarantee the direction of the public sector. The 2006 Law re-forms cooperation rules and affects the universities. New institutions havebeen created. The Senior Scientific and Technical Research Council set thegeneral lines of the research, although it works at a consultancy level. TheNational Research Agency that works alongside institutions receives and dis-tributes credit for financing short term research projects; some of them aredecided by higher authorities and others are linked to the researchers' pro-posals. At the start, research credit was limited (358 million € in 2007), butthis soon increased: 955 million € in 2008 and 1600 million € in 2009. The Re-search Evaluation and Higher Education Agency centralises the centres' clas-sifications, qualifications, periodicals published, groups and researchers, inaddition to other organisations (CNU, CNE, CNRS). Their evaluations requi-re in-depth analysis. The authorities, by means of the results, can modula-te credit, professional careers and programmes. This organisation can takemeasures concerning cooperation between universities and agents fromboth the public and private sectors, tending to merge resources and redu-ce taxes for companies.


Eguzki Urteaga

it promised. In fact, a directive law from 2008 sliced 2.2% offthe Ministry's budget for Research and Higher Education (wipingout 500 million Euros), so the laboratories' budget has also drop-ped and this has made it hard to create new jobs. This loss mightrise to 800 million Euros in 2009.

The truth is that the Government no longer wants to inclu-de research among civil service positions. As the ANI awards sub-sidies according to projects, university contracts, participationfrom the private sector, plus the threat that the CNRS will be-come a resources centre has raised the alarm among resear-chers. Private sector management methods are unpopular in thecultural field, as this community is strongly linked to equality,general interest and the values of individual merit. In the fieldof politics, the scientific community has been built on affirmingits independence, concerning both knowledge and methods. Inthis respect, management and monitoring instruments, plus dis-course commending autonomy and liberalism come up againstthis tradition. Concerns grow as we realise that the Lisbon Stra-tegy and discourse highlighting social demand have opened up

the road to this strategy4.In any case, a large

number of reports havequestioned the effective-ness of the French researchsystem. In January 2007, ageneral financial inspectionreport gave the system a ne-gative score highlightingweakness in technological

innovation, scarce economic productivity in the public sector,under-development in industrial research - proof of this is thereduction in the number of patents produced in France: in 2006they numbered 5.5% of the world total, and in 1988 this was8.3%. However, above all, taking into account State spendingand the number of researchers with civil servant status (162,000out of 364,000), the report highlights unjustified spending, poormanagement, inappropriate organisation and insufficient eva-luation of results. It also reminds us of the convenience of pro-moting private research and recommends a series of profoundchanges: project management, merging universities and deve-loping their autonomy, simplifying the financing system, makingresearchers more aware of results and help for doctorate stu-dents.

Nevertheless scientific research is not only evaluated through technological applications. It is also evaluated in termsof its producers' knowledge and intellectual shine. At this level,French research is not enjoying the best of times. According tothe science and technical observatory (2008), the quota co-rresponding to France for worldwide publications has fallen sin-ce 1999, and the same goes for appearances in foreign periodi-cals. In general terms, its influence falls below the world ave-rage. The number of students going abroad has increased, butis still lower than in England and Germany. As far as Nobel pri-zes and other awards are concerned, it is behind European coun-tries of the same size, without counting with the United States.Although there is not so much information available, the popu-lation of the North Basque Country has the same sensation.

Particular features of the North Basque CountryThis context directly influences the research and developmentcarried out in the North Basque Country where five characte-ristics might be highlighted.

The first is by not having political-administrative recogni-tion as a territory, it does not have its own institutions, neithera Regional Council, nor a General Council, except as a people,as laid down in the Voynet Law in 1997. If we add this to the factthat scientific policy is a State competence, and that economicdevelopment is in the hands of the regions, it is impossible tocreate a scientific policy just for the North Basque Country. Ha-ving been named a people, meaning as a territory project, wecan bring together the State, the regions, the departments andthe town councils in order to produce sector-based policies. Thisis exactly what happened with the Specific Basque Country Agreement5 (2001-2006), and the Euskal Herria 2020 plan.

The second characteristic is that the North Basque Countrydoes not have its own university. Currently, the University of Pauand Aturri (PAHU) has annexe campuses in Anglet and particu-larly Bayonne, which gives degree courses in law, economics,

Infrastructure network for the investigation

46

The truth is that theGovernment no longerwants to includeresearch among civilservice positions

4.- JOURNET, N.: "La réforme de la recherche", in Sciences Humaines,no. 203, April (2009), p. 29.

5.-AHEDO, I., URTEAGA, E.: La nouvelle gouvernance en Pays Basque,L’Harmattan, Paris, 2004.

Argazki Press

Basque philology and modern arts, as well as masters in inter-national studies and European Law, without forgetting DUTs inbusiness and administration management. Over the last few ye-ars, the scientific pole based in Angelu Montaury has been con-siderably developed and offers degrees in biology, IT and phy-sics and chemistry, DUTs in industry and IT, plus masters degrees and professional masters in construction, the environ-ment and IT systems, among others. In addition to the univer-sity there are engineering schools such as ESTIA and ISA BTP. Theoffer has grown, but it is still poor6, as the number of qualifica-tions does not exceed 37. Also, only the first and second cycleare taught, not the third. So every year around 8,000 studentshave to leave the North Basque Country for the final years oftheir studies.

Thirdly, there are very few research centres in this territory.In addition to centres that are part of PAHU (IKER and CDRE, forexample), there are laboratories associated with CNRS and INRA(such as Ecobiop). In fact, the majority of research centres, andtherefore the majority of researchers, budgets and publicationsare concentrated in Pau. So, throughout the whole PAHU thereare 500 researchers and 26 labs, 9 of which are registered toCNRS. In total, there are 335 doctorate students and 70 docto-ral theses are read every year. The researchers publish morethan 400 theses and 13 patents7 have been presented, with abudget of 12 million Euros, not including salaries. The problemis that only a small fraction of them are located in the North Bas-que Country8.

The fourth characteristic is that the companies in this terri-tory are medium sized or above all small and specialised in pro-duction or application. Consequently they do very little rese-arch and development, because they do not feel the need, theydo not have sufficient resources available to them, they do nothave qualified workers or because they do not receive the re-quired help from public powers. Consequently they are not par-ticularly innovating companies and they find it hard to grow andtherefore to attract better researchers9.

In fifth place, the North Basque Country has resources to attract research centres andresearchers. In fact, it iswell connected by land andby air with other regions andtowns, it offers a high stan-dard of living, public institu-tions (regions, depart-ments, districts and towncouncils) and entities ser-ving the public, such as theBayonne Chamber of Co-mmerce and Industry, haveexpressed their good inten-tions, it has an agreed andfinancial territorial projectand the level of studiesamong the potential popu-

lation is high, particularly if students who left for their studiesreturn.

Consequently, research and development in the North Bas-que Country has resources and opportunities but it has to con-front problems linked to human capital (Human Resources applied in science and technology are 249.65 per 10,000 inha-bitants; in the Paris region, this figure is 2893.88), to investment(RTD spending is 1.2% compared to 2.24% in France as a whole,so only half the average) and to the structure to, above all, gua-rantee the future.

Expert analysis

47

Scientific policy is aState competence, andthat economicdevelopment is in thehands of the regions, itis impossible to createa scientific policy justfor the North BasqueCountry

The companies in this territory aremedium sized or above all small and

specialised in production or application

6.- EDUCATION NATIONALE: L.enseignement supérieur et la recherche.Baiona, Académie de Bordeaux et du Pays Basque (2007).

7.- CONSEIL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DU PAYS BASQUE: Synthèse de la con-tribution de l’atelier Enseignement supérieur-Recherche. Bayonne, June2006.

8.- On the contrary, taking into account data from 2005, the numberof patents per 10,000 inhabitants is 2.44 on average, and for the BasqueCountry this is 0.65.

9.- URTEAGA, E.: "Zientzia eta teknologiari buruzko gizarte irudikape-nak Ipar Euskal Herrian", Argitaratzear, GGOA, EHU, 2009.

10.-EIZAGIRRE, A., URTEAGA, E.: Zientzia eta teknologiaren gizarte iri-tziak eta irudikapenak Euskal Herrian, Cuadernos Sociológicos vascos, nº 26,2009.

Argazki Press

Studies from 2009Synthesis of socio-economic studies in the Basque Country

• Essential guide for cross border activity• Social imbalance in Navarre• Up to date image of the North Basque Country• Towards a new competitive era• Social-professional situation of people who have received the highest level ofschooling in Basque in the North Basque Country

Studies from 2009

50

Essential guide for cross border activityFree circulation of people and capital provides exceptional opportunities to citizens, professionals and companies from Bi-dasoa-Txingudi, given that the two societies and economies canopen doors for each other. However, due to the different legalsystems on either side of the River Bidasoa, certain difficultiesmay arise.This guide, published by the Bidasoa-Txingudi Cross-Border Consortium, aims to help overcome these obstacles andbecome a useful tool for inhabitants who come up against the-se difficulties.

It thereby compiles the bases of the different legal sys-tems, organising the information practically: it tackles situa-tions that might occur in the cross-border field, each presen-ted by a frequently asked question, with its corresponding de-tailed answer, aiming to give a complete response. This publi-cation appears in guide or manual format, containing purely

practical information.The manual looks at 239

specific questions, addingits corresponding answer toeach one. Questions are di-vided into seven sections,according to the differentsituations. So, the firstchapter looks at the situa-tion of a European citizenworking and living in Gipuz-koa, and poses questionsthat might crop up in this si-tuation; the second chapterfocuses on European citi-zens who work and live in

France, with their corresponding questions; the third tacklesthe situation of a European citizen living in Franceand working in Gipuzkoa, with their correspondingquestions; the fourth, the situation of a European ci-tizen who lives in Gipuzkoa and works in France, withtheir corresponding questions; the fifth studies thesituation of companies that, whilst based in France,run their activity in Gipuzkoa and companies that arebased in Gipuzkoa and run their activity in France,with their corresponding questions; the sixth looksat the situation of people that live in either Gipuz-koa or France and work on both sides of the border,with their corresponding questions; and the finalchapter analyses pensioners or people receiving in-validity benefit or a widow's pension with their co-rresponding questions.

The answers encompass situations experiencedby citizens, companies and professionals that live onboth sides of the border, comparing the legal forms

that appear in the rulesand norms in force;forms and addresses ofinterest are providedat the end of the pu-blication.

It analyses theseareas by looking atdifferent situationsincluding the follo-wing fields: legalforms, essential pro-cedures to set upcompanies, com-pany statutes, part-ner responsibility,taking into accountcapital and imposi-tions. It encom-passes local taxes,

revenue, companies and economicactivities, whilst also studying the obligation to declare incometax, special regimes, the nature, field of application and scaleof taxation. It also studies employment contracts, analysingcosts, social security, pensions and healthcare among other as-pects and looks in detail at certain areas of the field of healthand education.

The guide has been produced by the town councils of Irun,Hondarribia and Hendaye, within the framework of the Bidasoa-Txingudi Cross-border Consortium, sponsored by the Basque Go-vernment, the Aquitaine Region, Loborare Cosein, Bidasoa Ac-tiva and the Baiona Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Title: Living and working in Bidasoa-Txingudi as a European. Practicalcross-border guide.Editor: Bidasoa-Txingudi Cross-BorderConsortium.Authors: Bidasoa-Txingudi Consortium(town councils of Irun, Hondarribia andHendaye).Language: Basque.Number of pages: 116Publication date: 2009To consult the research:www.bidasoa-txingudi.com

Argazki Press

Trade unions complain time andagain about unfair division of we-alth. This work, produced by theELA Manu Robles-Arangiz Institute,confirms this complaint using offi-cial data, specifically data relatingto the division of income, the taxsystem, economic difficulties andhow public companies are organised.It analyses the situation in the ForalCommunity of Navarre, demonstra-ting the imbalances that exist in thissociety.

The study analyses different are-as, but all the research has led the authors to the same conclusion: bothin times of economic growth and in pe-riods of crisis, the working class has al-ways suffered and continues to lose out,particularly the most vulnerable amongthem. In addition, the authors confir-med that public policies analysed in thereport (for example, the tax system andthe fight against poverty) are closely related to the aforemen-tioned situation.

Therefore, ELA has reached the conclusion that part of thetrade union struggle should focus on changing policy, discardingthe policy that protects capital income and high income whilstpromoting a policy focussed on achieving general wellbeing throughout society.

To reach this conclusion, the study has analysed in detail thedivision of income, the tax system, economic difficulties andhow public companies are organised, based on data and studiesfrom public entities: specifically data published by IEN, theGovernment of Navarre and the Statistics Institute and theNavarre Population Survey 2007.

The report dedicates a chapter to each of the afore-mentioned fields. So, in the first chapter the study analy-ses the division of income in Navarre, based on official IENdata. Having presented the data, this chapter demonstra-tes that income from work lost ground against wealth in2008, and that income from business owners and from ca-pital has increased its share.

The second chapter, on the other hand, analyses theNavarre tax system over different periods. To start with,the study analysed tax collection in 2008, and looked at itsevolution compared with 2007. Next, it analysed the co-llection from the period between January and May 2009,and compared this with the same period in 2008. In thenext section, it studied 2008 and its evolution compared

with 1998, and finally it studied Income Tax for 2007,and compared its evolution with 2001. The datacompiled in this chapter shows that income fromwork has made the greatest tax contribution(61.5%), but when distributing it, workers receiveless than business owners (44.1% for workers and44.6% for business owners).

The third chapter of the study analyses fea-tures of economic difficulties based on data from2007. This part reflects the following situation:more than one quarter of Navarre homes havelow or medium economic revenues. Four out often find it hard to make ends meet and one inten has no income at all. The situation is evenworse in homes involving anyone who requirescare or old people, as well as homes where thehead of the family is a woman, unemployed,retired, a pensioner, on disability payment ora housewife.

Finally,the lastchapter of

the report compiles ELA's assessment of the creationof Corporación Pública Em-presarial de Navarra, S.L.U.In this assessment, the tra-de union criticises the factthat there are private com-panies with public capital,due to the fact that this mo-del leads to a risk of fraudand irregularities.

Studies from 2009

51

Social imbalance in Navarre

Title: Imbalance in Navarre. Divisionsin income, the tax system, economicdifficulties and public companies inNavarre.Editor: Manu Robles-Arangiz Institute.Authors: ELA Study Office.Language: Basque, Spanish.Number of pages: 40Publication date: June 2009To consult the research:www.mrafundazioa.org

2009 2008-2009

Million % % Variation

INCOME TAX 410.9 38.4 -5.1

VAT 251.4 23.5 -16.5

SPECIAL TAX 171.6 16.1 -5.4

BUSINESS TAX 60.4 5.6 8.5

OTHERS 174.8 16.4 X

TOTAL 1069.1 100 -3.18

Main tax collection per type of tax, structure and evolution

NAVARRE, January-May 2009-2008

Source: Information provided by the Navarre Government

It is very difficult to get up-to-date information onthe North Basque Country. INSEE, the French na-tional statistics and economic studies institute,very occasionally provides data for all towns in theNorth Basque Country and the latest informationavailable so far dates back to 1999. This instituteprovided new data in 2009, corresponding to 2006,which helps us to construct a more up-to-date ima-ge of the North Basque Country. It is this image thatis demonstrated in this Gaindegia publication enti-tled Socio-economic Portrait of the North BasqueCountry and, consequently, it helps us to project anup-to-date overall view of the whole Basque Country.

The latestdata collectedby INSEE has re-vealed that the different te-rritories in the BasqueCountry play host to similarproblems, and therefore,the challenges are also prac-tically the same. The latestdata reflects a modern so-ciety with a developed eco-nomy, although its popula-tion is aging. Rural areas arebecoming depopulated, ur-ban nuclei are growing, thesize of family units is falling,the service sector isconsolidating and in-

dustry and traditional activities are weakening. The de-sertion of the most Basque speaking areas, the departureof qualified young people abroad, and the weakening ofthe industrial structure are particularly worrying aspectsin the North Basque Country. This data establishes futurechallenges, providing clues about where to and how to tac-kle the future of the territory.

Eneko Gorri led the work for Gaindegia, helped by Lon-tzi Amado, Jokin Zaldumbide, Jean Joel Ferrand, XabierHarlouxet and Xabier Itcaina. Finally, Solange Mariluz andImanol Esnaola were in charge of its publication. To makethe vast amount of data provided by INSEE more accessiblefor readers, they organised their work systematically andmade a wide selection of information. This is a descriptivework that does not go into any further analysis although itattempts to contrast the data from the North BasqueCountry with the territories around it: most of it looks at in-

formation for the area as a whole and in othercases it considers it by department or district.

All this information has been divided intoseven chapters. The first chapter compilesdata on the population, indicating that inlandvillages are emptying, whilst the populationalong the coast is rising and it analyses the de-mographic structure.

The second chapter, on the other hand,studies families. It shows that couples prevailin the North Basque Country, as family unitsbecome increasingly smaller and later it des-cribes the different family ties. Training isthe topic of the third chapter revealing thehigher percentage of women receiving

schooling and drawing a rough outline of who has the highest le-vels of education.

The fourth chapter analyses the population's activity. It stu-dies activity and employment, by sector and socio-professionalcategories and among other aspects it demonstrates that unem-ployment hits young people, women and immigrants particularlyhard. Alternately, the fifth chapter provides data on employmentand analyses working conditions, working hours, situation of wo-men and salaries.

The sixth chapter focuses on companies, assessing their dy-namics, the number of employees and the weight of some sec-tors. Finally, the seventh and last chapter revolves around the to-pic of housing: it establishes that there are an increasing numberof houses, particularly second homes, and analyses their age.

Studies from 2009

52

Up to date image of the North BasqueCountry

Title: Socio-demographic portrait ofthe North Basque Country.Publisher: Gaindegia.Authors: Gaindegia.Work group: Eneko Gorri, Solange Ma-riluz, Imanol Esnaola, Lontzi Amado,Jokin Zaldumbide, Jean-Joel Ferrand,Xabier Harlouxet, Xabier Itcana, JulienLaborde, Miren Ehorga.Language: Basque and French.Number of pages: 40Publication date: January 2010To consult the research:www.gaindegia.org

Source: : INSEE. www.atlasa.net

Is the Basque Autonomous Communitymoving towards a new competitive era?What possible recommendations can bemade to ensure that this path is as effi-cient as possible? The second report pu-blished by Orkestra, the Basque Compe-tition Institute, aims to answer thesetwo questions. The work aims to presentthe results of research carried out focussing on the BAC´s competitiveness,to later reveal the steps required to makethe territory more competitive in the fu-ture.

The report is divided into two sections.The first section, organised into severalchapters, measures the BAC and BasqueCompanies' competitiveness results and re-lates them to the territory's position in thefield of innovation. The second section studies critical factorsfor the BAC economy to be competitive, specifically factors thatmight have a catalysing effect on the evolution of our territorytowards to a competitive era based on innovation.

The report concludes that the Basque economy is in a tran-sition period, leaving behind a competitive period based on in-vestment and in search of efficiency, to go further down the pathof innovation in a new era that rewards improving productivityand drawing up single value proposals; it also presents the keyfactors to reach this new era appropriately.

It thereby establishes that the BAC economy is facing twotypes of challenges: on the one hand, challenges to transformits model and transition towards a higher level of com-petitive development; and on the other, challengesto confront the economic downturn affecting Spanishand world economies, which it is connected to.

Relating to transforming the productive model,it states that progress is required in other forms of co-operation and innovation to pass into a higher com-petitive development level. It seems to be necessarythat, in addition to cooperating with other agents inthe cluster or the regional innovation system, com-panies and other players in the Basque Country shouldincorporate increasing doses of knowledge and joininternational networks. On the hand, innovation andlearning based on experience have to increase andmore participative models should be promoted. Additionally, the Basque economy should also boostinnovation's modes of learning based on science andtechnology; they should particularly improve the efficiency of their innovation system and correct theirpoor ratio of technological outputs to inputs.

In terms of tackling the economic downturn, Or-kestra proposes building on the strengths of the BAC´sproductive structure and reinforcing elements in theirinnovation system, particularly their well-developedcapacity for cooperation and the relatively efficientsystem of public-private collaboration when desig-ning and implementing public policies.

Finally, the publication concludes that the crisisitself can be used as a stimulus and be turned intoan opportunity to move on to a new competitive sta-ge; it also establishes that this new stage will bebuilt on the following vectors: committing to suffi-cient, efficient RTD, developing aspects of innova-tion that have not been particularly well develo-ped in the mo-del, increasingthe size of Bas-

que companies, developingentrepreneurialism, makingdecisive progress towards in-ternationalisation, capturingknowledge and foreign in-vestments, drawing in the fi-nancial resources requiredby, when appropriate, deve-loping new financial instru-ments and setting up appro-priate institutions, both interms of political action andcooperation.

Studies from 2009

Towards a new competitive era

Title: 2nd Report on Competitivenessin the Basque Country: towards thecompetitive stage of innovation.Publisher:Publicaciones Deusto. Deus-to University.Authors: Orkestra-Basque CompetitionInstitute.Language: Basque, Spanish, French, English.N. pages: executive summary 23 Publication date: 2009To access the study:www.orkestra.deusto.es

53

10,000

5,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

00.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70.2

TRBG

LVRO

PLITHR

HUSK

MT PT

GR

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AT DKDE FI

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r ca

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in 2

008,

in P

PP-€

Score in European Innovation Scoreboard 2008

PER CAPITA GDP (IN PPP-€) AND SCORE IN THE EUROPEAN INNOVATION SCOREBOARD 2008

Source: 2nd Report on Competitiveness in the Basque Country: towards the competitive stage of innovation.

The history of Ikastolas in the North Basque Country began 40 ye-ars ago, in 1969 to be precise. It began with an infant school, andtwelve years later Seaska opened the first high school; from thatmoment on, hundreds of students have been able to completetheir secondary education in Basque. It is precisely these youngpeople that form the collective with the highest level of schoo-ling in Basque in the North Basque Country.

However, once they finish studying at Seaska, where do the-se young people go? Where have they continued their studies?What have they studied? What do they do for a living? And whe-

re? To date there has been nomonitoring of their socio-pro-fessional career. This informa-tion is incredibly interesting andimportant, both for the Fede-ration of Ikastolas and Basquespeakers, and for the socio-eco-nomic network in the NorthBasque Country. Aware of thisimportance, Gaindegia, wor-king alongside Seaska and Hez-kuntek, have promoted thiswork, convinced that it will pro-vide us with valuable informa-tion for the future of the NorthBasque Country.

The study draws clear con-clusions. Thanks to Seaska's

work, there is a wide-ranging group of professionals in the NorthBasque Country that have been schooled in Basque, who intend,more firmly than other collectives, to live and work in the NorthBasque Country. This helps to smooth out the trend that sees na-tives leave the North Basque Country, thereby equipping the lo-

cal socio-economic network withhigh quality Basque-speaking pro-fessionals.

However, humanities-relatedstudies and professions prevailamong them and if this trendholds, we might also see an incre-ase in the number of unemployedformer students in the not too dis-tant future. In addition, by choo-sing these branches, professionalsschooled in Basque are excludingthemselves from positions with

the greatest economic and social influence. In fact, one of the main socio-economic challenges in the

North Basque Country consists of diversifying economic activity,balancing out the predominance of tourism and services relatedto tourism and developing industry and services related to it. Moststudents leaving Seaska are not qualified to meet this challenge.

Therefore, the main challenge is as follows: train a stronggroup of people who can implicate themselves in the challengesof the economic and social network in the North Basque Country,for which the South Basque Country can offer wonderful oppor-tunities.

This article has been drawn up by a work group led by EnekoGorri, including Ramuntxo Etcheberri, Beñat Castorene, JakiAguerre, Gillermo Etxeberria and former Seaska students, alsoworking with Anton Mustirats and Eusko Ikaskuntza-Basque Stu-dies Company.

The information required for the study was obtained using aquestionnaire, structured around seven topics: student data, cu-rrent situation, academic career, professional career, place of re-sidence, linguistic habits and Seaska. There were a total of 96

questions, of which six were open. Students were given seve-ral options to complete the questionnaire: on-line, on paper,by email or over the phone. Most answers were received on-line or by email.

Locating former students required teamwork; after con-tacting some students, they used these contacts to find therest. In any case, Internet was the most widely-used tool, asits social networks such as Facebook were very useful in termsof finding former students.

The study was divided into three sections, but this publi-cation looks specifically at two of them: on the one hand, so-cio-professional careers, and on the other, mobility of formerstudents. The document also includes an additional study re-lated to research looking at aspects of choosing to venture tothe South Basque Country.

Studies from 2009

54

Title: Academic and socio-professional career of young people inthe North Basque Country. Experienceof former Seaska students 1984-2008.Editor: Gaindegia.Authors: Gaindegia, working with Se-aska and Hezkuntek.Work group:Ramuntxo Etcheberry, Be-ñat Castorene, Jaki Aguerre, GillermoEtxebarria and former students, direc-ted by Eneko Gorri.Language: Basque.Number of pages: 62Publication date: October 2009.To consult the research:www.gaindegia.org

Social-professional situation of people whohave received the highest level of schoolingin Basque in the North Basque Country

34%

15%7%

17%

No many informationYes, but littleNo, I´m graduatedNo, no idea

27%

Yes, plenty of

DO EXIST JOB IN YOUR SECTOR IN THE NORTH BASQUE COUNTRY?

Source: Academic and socioprofessional career of young people in the North Basque Country. Experience of

former Seaska students 1984-2008. Gaindegia.

Press fileAcredited journalists have drawn up a ranking forhot topics in 2009

• Employment, reaching boiling point - Karmele Aranburu.

• Many proposals and few measures - Iker Aranburu .

• Doubts about implementing the High Speed Train Link - Idoia Eraso.

• The situation gets worse - Iker Bizkarguenaga.

• Rise in direct and indirect taxes - Juan Mari Arregi.

• Actions against speculation continue in the North Basque Country - Aitor Renteria.

• Aiming to enter new sectors - Carlos Etxeberri.

• Without being able to merge, each bank looks after its own interests -Miren Garate.

• The new Polo gives the Navarre automotive industry some breathingspace - Juan Angel Monreal.

• The first general strike under the new Basque Government - Miren Ibañez.

56

Throughout 2009, unemployment in the BasqueCountry reached the highest rates of the last few de-cades. Taking the autumn data as a reference, unem-ployment figures rose 50-60% in a year and in No-vember more than 164,000 citizens did not have a jobin the South Basque Country. In addition, the numberof downsizing and redundancy plans has hit a newhigh.

Employment, reachingboiling point

Press file

• At the start of the year, the unemployment rate jumpedfrom being merely technical to hit two figures: 10.66%. Inthe North Basque Country, however, the number of job offers appearing in the Bayonne job centre dropped 34%.

• At the start of spring, one third of the unemployed in theSouth Basque Country had used up all their unemploymentbenefit and had started to apply for emergency measures.

• During the first six months of the year, twice as manydownsizing and redundancy plans were admitted in theSouth Basque Country as in the whole of 2008. The BasqueGovernment admitted 2,059 downsizing and redundancyplans from January to November, which affected 20,430workers. The Navarre Government admitted 537 plansfrom January to September which affected 16,312 workers.

Here we have 2 girls: an 8 year old with anMP3 player that she won't let her friendsborrow for love nor money and a 7 year oldwho is dying to get her hands on one butcan't. Who is the victim here?The first girl's parents have to come toterms with the fact that they will not beable to keep giving her wonderful gifts.The second girl is more aware of what'savailable to her and won't keep waiting forsomething that is never going to appear.Exit the first girl, in tears.I am providing this as an example of whatis to come. The problem is not our unem-ployment rate, but what happens next,particularly what will happen in our ownhomes. We have to come to terms withthe fact that we will never be as rich as wehave been and I really mean rich, becau-se we were never aware of it. We will haveto get used to what we had as kids whenwe were more interested in a cardboardhouse or truck than the latest model ofPlay Station or similar.

The problem isnot just a ma-tter of kids atChristmas butadults all yearround. We willpay for our ma-te's drinks or dinner a few times, but oneday we won't be able to... because oneday it might happen to us, a situation thatwe don't really want to think about: unem-ployment.We have always had the safety net of ourfamilies - that good Basque tradition - butmaybe the time has come when this won'twork anymore.The message is clear, if we don't realisethat we will never be as rich as we were,we will never be able to react. The eco-nomic downturn can be used positively ornegatively and we have the chance to getthe best out it. In the meantime, please,as much as you can, let the safety net andcommon sense apply.

Karmele AranburuHerri-Irratia

The economic downturn demonstrated a lack ofcontrol over the financial market. The influenceof this market reached the real economy in 2009,causing significant damage. Faced with all this,authorities announced measures to control the fi-nancial system, but any specific measures to datehave been insufficient.

Many proposals and fewmeasures

• At the start of the year, community authorities in Ber-lin agreed to toughen up measures to control the Eu-ropean Union financial system, such as increasing con-trol of rating agencies, private investment companiesand tax havens.

• In the spring, the United States announced a seriesof measures to control the financial market.

•In the spring and autumn G-20 meetings, rules wereset to increase control of the financial system, a co-mmitment was made to create the Financial StabilityBoard (FSB), and they decided to create a register tocontrol the rating agencies. Furthermore, they agreed to implement a joint bonus system for head ofbanks and any increase in bank reserves.

Back in September 2008 the financialworld was about to explode. A year and afew months later, we cannot say that weare back to business as usual, but the mainbanks in the world are acting as though thisis the case. Otherwise how can we get togrips with the idea that Wall Street powerplayers have given themselves even highersalaries than last year? Or that they res-pond with the same line to all the humbleefforts made by governments in anattempt to standardise and run strictercontrols: "It would harm competition in thesector." The fact that they have led richcountries (economic hardship among thepoor is hardly news) into the greatest re-cession since the Second World War has notalarmed them in the slightest. They arenot bothered by either the outcry from heads of state or public scorn, fully awarethat they continue to make profit from thesame old business, from investment banksand their associated gambling. Apart from a few dramatic measures (suchas imposing a 50% tax on banker's bonuses

this year),world financerestructuringonly exists onpaper. In 2010we will see theshape it mighttake, and to what extent the banks' lobbying manages to blow initial proposalsout of the water. Anyone waiting for a re-volution shouldn't hold their breath. It cer-tainly won't happen until they feel the nexttremor, until the bubble currently being in-conspicuously inflated starts to burst. What about the Basque Country? Localbuilding societies have been affected bythe mistrust generated around the Spanishfinancial sector, but it seems that this hasnot caused too much damage. Puttingprior ambitions to one side, they have be-come more careful and conservative. TheCAN has found some peculiar allies and therest are waiting for the calm after the(economic and political) storm, to finallymerge.

Iker Aranburu BERRIA

An MP3 player or 8 packs of football cards?

Business as usual

There has been much controversy and many opi-nions expressed around the project to build the HighSpeed Train Link (TAV) in Lapurdi. Not only environ-mental groups but also neighbourhood associationsand French government representatives have askedfor the project to be scrapped. Nevertheless, it isgoing ahead.

Doubts about implementingthe High Speed Train Link

• At the start of the year, the Bayonne-Angelet-Biarritzcommunity did not accept the financing proposed by theFrench government for the new TAV line.

• In the spring, French government representatives Michè-le Alliot-Marie and Dominique Busserau requested thatany analysis on the Lapurdi section of the TAV should beabandoned until the current rail network was saturated.

• In the summer, the RFF and around 50 Lapurdi politi-cians agreed to go through with the TAV line in Lapurdi.Following this agreement, expert research carried out inSwitzerland revealed that there was no risk of saturationfor the next 50 years using the current rail network.

The situation of the primary sector, which was notparticularly healthy, has been made worse by thecrisis. Basque farmers and fishermen do not holdout much hope and made several protests in 2009to demonstrate that this situation is unsustaina-ble.

The situation gets worse

• Farmers' protests started at the start of the summer.In June, called on by EHNE, they stopped the traffic inthe centre of Bilbao with tractors to ask for a changein the agrarian policy.

• In July, the EU rejected the regulation of the milkmarket and price setting, and ratified that they wouldeliminate quotas in 2011.

• In the autumn, milk producers from all over Europeheld a protest in Brussels, as EU agriculture ministerswent into their meeting. Brussels offered farmers eco-nomic aid totalling 280 million Euros.

• In December the European Commission agreed toauthorise anchovy fishing for fishermen from the Bas-que Country and France from March 2010.

The extreme crisis that the Basque Countryprimary sector is currently immersed in sho-wed its true colours in 2009, without implying that this problem has only been ge-nerated over the last months or years. To thecontrary, this decline has structural rootsand requires the same scale of response tobe able to create some hope for the future.There are numerous factors that affect thiscrisis and, despite the fact that develop-ment of primary material and product de-mand appear among these factors, theyare not the most relevant. The basis for thiseconomic downturn does not lie in the seasand fields or on the Basque tables but inthe offices. In fact, decisions made affec-ting the anchovy market (on both sides) orthe issue of milk prices and quotas have de-monstrated that, once again, this match isbeing played in the institutions and thatour fishermen and farmers are just leftwatching from the sidelines, with no op-portunity to take part.

At the end of theday, decisionsthat affect theprimary sectorso directly arecompletely con-ditioned by sta-te interests and pressure from the industry,and these decisions are taken in Brussels,or in other words in institutions where Bas-que citizens do not have any direct repre-sentation. If the situation is difficult th-roughout Europe, it is worse for Basquefarmers and fishermen, as they do not haveany representatives to speak in their namewithout other conditioning factors. To this we should add the timid response andscarce help offered by local institutionswhen confronted by this sector's needs.All these elements predict a black futurefor this sector where time is running out,despite being a fundamental sector for thisregion.

Iker Bizkarguenaga GARA

Analysis primary sector

Young and old, left and right, politiciansand citizens, the fight against the newHigh Speed Train link has brought peopletoge-ther from all walks of life in theNorth Basque Country. The demonstra-tion held in Bayonne on 17th October, thelargest to date, was even attended by pe-ople who do not normally go to demons-trations. However, some powerful peo-ple are continuing their earnest fight todefend building more infrastructures. Locals are used to seeing the High SpeedTrain go through their towns. Given thatthe TGV already travels along the coastof Lapurdi, a large number of citizens and people from the political sphere do notthink that a new railway line is necessary. This opinion has spread considerably sin-ce the independent Swiss office, Citec,published their report establishing thatthe current railway line would not be sa-turated until 2050. The report was drawnup at the request of the three towns ta-

king a standagainst thenew infrastruc-ture and it sta-tes that if newconditioningwork was done on the current line, itwould meet its needs for the next 40 ye-ars. This report has snowballed over the year,given that the reasons in favour of thenew railway have not been able to coun-ter the reasons against it. The projectmanagement commission also had to re-quest another report on freight transportforecasts, when it became clear that theprevious report was false. The choice of route has provoked majorconflict and filled many, many pages ofthe newspapers. In order to temper pro-tests against the new railway, a promisehas been made that 60% of the journeycovered in Lapurdi will be underground.

Idoia ErasoGARA

No to the High Speed Train link, the fight thathas united all corners of society

57

58

Press file

Local authorities announced a tax rise. The majority have ri-sen and trade unions and social agents complained that theserises would hit ordinary citizens particularly hard. In the SouthBasque Country, direct and indirect taxes were raised; in theNorth Basque Country, VAT was lowered for bars and restau-rants.

Rise in direct and indirect taxes

• In the spring, the French government decided to lower VAT forbars and restaurants from 5.5% to 5%, meaning dropping it 19%,which had a direct effect in the North Basque Country.

• At the start of the summer, the Government of Navarre decla-red that it would not raise its taxes and that it would not be han-ding out the 400€ deduction from 2008.

• The Spanish government announced that VAT would rise from16% to 18%. On the other hand, the largest Basque trade union as-ked the Basque Government to raise capital tax, company tax andthe tax paid by the highest income bracket, but the Governmentsaid no.

• The BAC Finance Council decided to raise capital tax from 18%to 20% although, on the contrary, it lowered company tax.

Data shows that, as a result of the economic downturn, fe-wer houses have been sold in the North Basque Country andthe number of rural land exchanges has dropped. Despitethis, the Irrintzi group continued its activities in 2009 to de-nounce this type of speculation.

Actions against speculationcontinue in the North BasqueCountry

• In February, the Bayonne Chamber of Commerce released newdata on the North Basque Country: in 2008, the number of hou-ses built dropped 7.7%. However from January, 56 building per-mits for 199 m2 were awarded, of which 40% were located on thecoast. 37 projects were approved to build houses of which 66%were located on the coast.

• In April, the Irrintzi group carried out an attack on the Europe-an education centre in Capbreton. The slogan EH ez da salgai(The Basque Country is not for sale) appeared at the scene.

• In August, shots were fired at two estate agents in the Landesdepartment. Graffiti appeared at the scene with the followingtext: Irrintzi UMP EH Ez da salgai (Irrintzi UMP The Basque Countryis not for sale). The French president Nicolas Sarkozy intendedto attend summer courses that were to be held there.

The taxation policy that public ad-ministrations maintained in theSouth Basque Country during 2009has continued to be neoliberal andthis will continue into 2010, with aconsequent reduction in public spen-ding. Why? Because taxes have beenhigher for workers and popular sec-tors, because business tax has drop-ped, capital tax has been eliminated,and because taxation fraud has notbeen controlled in business sectorsand among freelancers. Tax pressure in the South BasqueCountry is below the European ave-rage (39.8% of GDP). The South Bas-que Country has had tax pressure of33.4% of GDP (33.7% in BAC and32.5% in Navarre). Even the Spanishstate, with 37.1% of GDP, has taxpressure 3.7 points higher than in

the SouthB a s q u eCountry,which isthe equi-valent of3,080 mi-llion less collected. According tothis taxation deficit compared tothe EU, in one year - 2007 (the lastofficial homogeneous data) - 5,360million Euros less were collected inthe South Basque Country thanwould have been collected underaverage European tax pressure(4,020 million in BAC and 1,340 inNavarre). What are the consequen-ces? Cuts in social spending: health,education, housing, social exclu-sion, etc. Who suffers? Workers andpopular sectors as always.

Juan Mari Arregi ARGIA

Neoliberal taxation policy

Evolving housing prices is a delicatesubject for estate agents. Sellers asso-ciated with the FNAIM group or the Orpiagency, the largest groups in the NorthBasque Country, state that the price ofhousing in the North Basque Countryhas dropped by 10% in general. At thestart of the year, they claimed that ithad fallen another 10% in 2008. In anycase, despite this trend, certain diffe-rentiating elements remain becausethe price of the most expensive hou-sing, located in the main cities alongthe coast of Lapurdi, has not droppedat all. Consequently, a house in Bayonne thatwas sold for 150,000 Euros before theeconomic downturn is currently beingsold for 135,000. According to Andre La-came, president of the FNAIM group,floor space in Bayonne is going for a pri-ce of three thousand Euros per squaremetre. In St Jean de Luz, prices havealso fallen by 10% although they admitthat in locations under the direct in-fluence of tourism, prices have not fa-

llen at all.So, in thecentre andalong theseafront ofSt Jean deLuz, floorspace is sold at five thousand Euros persquare metre.On the other hand, house prices are lo-wer in Lower Navarre and Zuberoa. Pri-ces have dropped 15% in Lower Navarreand between 20-30% in Zuberoa. As faras houses are concerned, floor space issold at 1,400 Euros per square metre inLower Navarre and 1,000 Euros in Zu-beroa. 39% of people say that this is agood time to buy but, at the same time,only 10% say that it is the right time tosell. According to the people at FNAIM,this imbalance demonstrates how themarket is evolving. Owners do not wantto sell at such low prices and buyers donot want to pay so much. The sales vo-lume has dropped between 25-30%, andit is not returning to its original position.

Aitor RenteriaBERRIA

Too cheap to sell, too expensive to buy

The economic downturn has demonstrated that it is ne-cessary to make an effort in terms of innovation and Bas-que economic agents have started to make inroads intonew production sectors. Important research centreswere opened throughout 2009 and they have announcedpioneering projects for the next few years.

Aiming to enter new sectors

• At the end of January, the Nanogune research centre wasinaugurated on the San Sebastian campus of the University ofthe Basque Country. The centre was set up to become a Eu-ropean reference point for nano-science and nanotechnology.

• February: the candidate for the Basque presidency, PatxiLópez, stated his intention to create a research centre for re-newable energies.

• In the autumn, two bio-pharmacy companies opened in No-ain (Navarre). Both companies are promoted by the Govern-ment of Navarre through SODENA. The University of Navarreannounced that it was going to set up three research centresin the fields of bio-engineering, neglected diseases and nutri-genomics.

• The Spanish and Basque governments announced that in theend the sub-headquarters for the European spallation centrewould be built in Leioa.

The finance sector is changing and it looks as though from now on the mar-ket will be split between the majorgroups. The majority of building socie-ties and banks are immersed in fusionor merger processes in order to adaptto the new scenario. Merging BBK andKutxa intended to create an entity withgreater financial solidity but the pro-ject failed, although pressure fromcompetitors has strengthened the needfor growth even more. Mario Fernán-dez, the new president of BBK, hasmade it very clear that he will put allhis efforts behind growth.In his first attempt, he presented an offer to take over Caja Castilla la Man-cha, although this effort was made invain. BBK is the most solvent savingsentity, and so it might hope that thissolvency would play an important rolein this type of operation. However, ashappened with Kutxa, on this occasionit has also been demonstrated that po-

litical moti-ves canprevail overall other is-sues. TheBank ofSpain plumped for the offer made byCajastur, despite the fact that manypeople doubted that this was the mostadvantageous offer. Here is anotherexample of the weight exerted by po-litics: Gregorio Rojo, president of CajaVital, was the first person to stand upand say that the Basque building so-ciety merger should be restarted. Ho-wever, when given the opportunity, heand his PSE-EE party were the main op-ponents to the operation.In this respect, Caja Navarra does notsuffer any tension and so it has beenable to create the Banca Cívica groupjointly with Caja Canarias and Caja Bur-gos as they only require the authorisa-tion from the Bank of Spain.

Miren GarateBERRIAAfter failing in the attempt to merge building societies, each

one started 2009 on their own. The crisis in the financialmarkets has spurred financial entities to implement newstrategies, and some have chosen to join up with other en-tities outside the Basque Country.

Without being able to merge,each bank looks after its owninterests

• In April, Xabier de Irala declared that he would leave the pre-sidency of BBK for health reasons. Three months later, Mario Fer-nández was chosen to replace him.

• In the summer, BBK president Mario Fernández stated his in-tention to acquire Caja Castilla La Mancha, but in the end it wasabsorbed by Cajastur.

• In September, Kutxa took the plunge into the Bizkaia market(Durango) and BBK into Gipuzkoa (Zarautz and Eibar).

• In November, Caja Navarra and Caja Canarias agreed to mer-ge. Each kept their own name and legal status in their territorybut will use a common name and status elsewhere.

The influence of politics

Despite the fact that the economic down-turn has paralysed many industrial pro-jects, renewable energies, transport andbiotechnologies sectors continue to pre-sent great projects for the future of theBasque economy in international compe-tition, without forgetting the machine-to-ols and automotive sectors that have be-come watchwords for our know-how andhave made the Basque Country a referen-ce point in international markets.The Basque energy sector in general hasweathered the dismal economic climatewell and perspectives for renewableenergy companies are reasonably positivefor 2010, according to growth perspecti-ves that are starting to appear in the Uni-ted States and other European countriessuch as Germany or France.Transport constitutes another importantsector in the Basque Country, with the Be-asain company CAF setting a world bench-mark if we take into account the contracts

that it conti-nuously signsabroad for its railunits for longand medium dis-tance trains andcity metros.Commitment to RTD+i and internationali-sation, implanting production plants in theUnited States, Mexico and Brazil, has madeit possible for the Gipuzkoa railway cons-tructor to become one of the top manu-facturers in the world in a sector that ismaking great progress due to many coun-tries' policies encouraging this type oftransport.Despite the fact that biotechnologies ap-pear to be an emerging economic sectoron paper, the future remains uncertain dueto a lack of results that might bring aboutits consolidation. Corporación Mondragón'scommitment in this field, creating a socio-sanitary branch to study population aging.

Carlos EtxeberriNOTICIAS DE GIPUZKOA

Emerging sectors

59

60

Press file

The situation of the Volkswagen factory in Landaben hasimproved considerably in 2009. Arguing lack of work atthe start of the year, the company presented a downsi-zing and redundancy plan but after a few months the de-mand for the new Polo rose considerably, so the Navarreplant could take on new workers.

The new Polo gives theNavarre automotive industrysome breathing space

• At the start of the year, company management announcedtheir intention to present a downsizing and redundancy plan inthe Volkswagen Landaben plant.

• In the spring, the Landaben started to manufacture the newPolo A05 model. Volkswagen presented this vehicle at an eventheld in May in Geneva.

• In September, following company data, the new vehicle mo-del, created 400 temporary jobs and 8000 new jobs.

• In autumn, the new Polo hit the Basque Country salesrooms.By then, the Landaben factory had taken on 1,500 new workers.

The trade union majority in Basque Country called a jointgeneral strike for the 21st May. Some complained that thiswas a strike against the new Basque Government, but theorganisers claimed that it was against employer black-mail.

The first general strike underthe new Basque Government

• On the last day of March, the trade union majority called ajoint general strike for the 21st May. The ELA, LAB, ESK, STEE-EILAS, HIRU and EHNE trade unions called the strike to com-plain about the destruction of jobs and employer blackmail.

• A few days before the event, representatives from the PSE-EE complained that the general strike would be against thenew Basque Government.

• 21st May: The strike had a wide reaching effect, particularlyin industry and commerce. It was seconded to the greatest ex-tent in Gipuzkoa, Bizkaia and the north of Navarre. The Bas-que Government, the Government of Navarre and employers,on the other hand, minimised the response to the strike andclaimed it was a failure.

Protest or demand? Success or failure?The general strike called on 21st May2009 can be read as many ways as the-re are people to read it. It had an une-ven effect, making an impact in someareas and sectors, although far fromparalysing economic activity. Justwhen the onslaught of the economicdownturn seemed to reach its decisivepoint, unashamedly affecting employ-ment (during the first quarter an ave-rage of 410 jobs a day had been des-troyed, 90% of new contracts at thistime were temporary and downsizingplans abounded), the parties callingthe strike, fundamentally ELA and LAB,made use of this extreme tool (notused since 2002 against the Aznar go-vernment's decretazo) in the name of

defendingworkers'r i g h t s ,that ne-ve r the -less, see-med toend up as an odd exhibition of the for-ce of the far left trade unions. This wasdue to the inevitable political reading- intentional or not - of a call to strikelaunched on the coattails of a changein Ajuria Enea colours. This readingcould also originate from the strike's 'u-nilateral' organisation, not involvingnon nationalist trade unions, also re-presenting the first step in the laterprogress made towards uniting politi-cal and social agents from the far left.

Miren Ibañez NOTICIAS DE ALAVA

21st May: one strike, many different readings

Volkswagen Navarra completed thelaunch of the Polo A05 in 2009, as themost modern and refined version ofthe utilitarian classic from the Ger-man multinational. And it did thiswith remarkable market success. ThePolo was named car of the year andits expected sales mean that thePamplona factory can look forward toplenty of work in 2010, with plannedproduction of almost 320,000 cars,the highest in its history. The new car and the change of trendin the market —sensitive to directfunding and increasingly favouringlow consumption cars— has meantthat the Navarre factory has comeout of 2009 not only avoiding redun-dancies or cutting back hours, but ta-

king onm o r ethan athousandt e m p o -rary staffto coverproduction requirements. In this way,Volkswagen worked continuously th-roughout the summer and most wee-kends, with special shifts and a fairamount of overtime, to meet the de-adlines set by the multinational. Intotal, and without taking into account the 21 direct suppliers loca-ted in the Province, over 5,000 peo-ple have worked in the plant this yearon average which is good news for theNavarre employment market.

Juan Angel MonrealDIARIO DE NOTICIAS

Breathing room for Navarre

Basic guide tosocio-economicagents in theBasque Country

Basic guide to socio-economic agents in the Basque Country

62

Social economyANEL- Asociación Navarra

de Empresas LaboralesRío Alzania, 29 -1.a 31006 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 24 04 [email protected]/

Euskadiko KooperatibenGoren KontseiluaNafarroako Errege-Erreginenkalea 51, 01013 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 12 11 [email protected]

Euskadiko KooperatibenKonfederazioaNafarroako Errege-Erreginenkalea 51, 01013 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 12 20 [email protected]

Euskadiko NekazariKooperatiben FederazioaNafarroako Errege-Erreginenkalea, 51 Behea 01013 Gasteiz, (Araba) (0034) 945 25 70 [email protected]

Euskadiko KontsumoKooperatiben FederazioaNafarroako Errege-Erreginenkalea, 51 Behea 01013 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 12 11 [email protected]

ERKIDE - Euskadiko LanElkarteen, Irakaskuntza etaKreditu KooperatibenFederazioaNafarroako Errege-Erreginenkalea, 51Behea 01013 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 12 20 [email protected]

Euskadiko GarraiolariKooperatiben FederazioaNafarroako Errege-Erreginenkalea, 51 Behea01013 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 00 80 05

Elkar-Lan, S.COOP. -Kooperatibak SustatzekoElkarteaSan Vicente kalea, 8- 9. Ezk.Albia Eraikina II 48001 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 470 37 [email protected]

ASLE - Euskadiko ElkarteLaboral TaldeaErcilla 3, 48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 435 47 [email protected]

Centro Formación BilbaoUgazko, 1-3-5 48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia) (0034) 94 447 14 [email protected] DonostiaGernikako Arbola ibilbidea, 2420006 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 44 58 [email protected]

ASLE GasteizPedro Asuakoa, 57 - Behea01008 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 21 41 [email protected]

Business Associations

ADEGI - GipuzkoakoEnpresarien ElkarteaMikeletegi ibilbidea, 52 -Miramon Teknologi Elkartegia20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa) (0034) 94 330 90 [email protected]

AED - Bizkaiko EmakumezkoEnpresari eta Zuzendarien ElkarteaErcilla, 24- 3, 2. Bulegoa, 48011 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 416 81 [email protected]

AJEBASK PAÍS VASCO -Federación de Asociaciones de Jóvenes Empresarios delPaís VascoNaipes plaza, 13-15 Behea01006 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 12 19 29 / 945 12 19 [email protected]/

AJEBASK Bizkaia - Asociación de JóvenesEmpresarios/as de BizkaiaSanta Ana, 7- 1.a, 10. Bulegoa 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 441 77 [email protected]

AJEBASK Álava - Asociación de JóvenesEmpresarios/as de AlavaNaipes plaza, 13-15 Behea01013 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 94 512 19 [email protected] Guipuzcoa- Asociación de JóvenesEmpresarios/as de GuipuzcoaPortuetxe 23B, Cemei Eraikina 4.º solairua 20018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 94 321 90 61www.ajebaskgipuzkoa.es

Alava Incoming - Asociación Empresarial para la Promoción de Congresos y Turismo de ÁlavaEduardo Dato 38, ArabakoMerkataritza eta IndustriaGanberako eraikina, 01005 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 94 514 18 [email protected]

AMPEA - Arabako Profesionaleta Enpresari EmakumeenElkarteaErrekatxiki, 29 - Behea01003 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 12 50 [email protected]

APD - Asociación para elProgreso de la DirecciónJosé María Olabarri, 2 - Behea48001 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 423 22 [email protected]

Bizkaia Ostalaritzako ElkarteaGran Via, 38 - 2.a 48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia) (0034) 94 435 66 [email protected]

CEV - Círculo de EmpresariosVascosIbañez de Bilbao, 28 - 5. D48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia) (0034) 94 424 34 [email protected]

CEBEK - Bizkaiko EnpresarienKonfederazioaGran Vía, 50 - 5.a 48011 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 400 28 [email protected]

CONFEBASK - EuskalEntrepesarienKonfederakuntzaGran Via, 45 - 2.a 48011 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 402 13 [email protected]

MEDEF- Mouvement desEntreprises de France55 Avenue Bosquet F-75330Paris Cedex 07(0033) 01 53 59 19 19www.medef.fr

SEA - Arabako Enpresariak/Empresarios AlavesesPosta pasabidea, 32 - 6.a 01001 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 00 04 [email protected]

USSE- Unión de Selvicultoresdel Sur de EuropaLarrauri, 1 B - 6.a 48160 Derio, (Bizkaia) (0034) 94 474 78 [email protected]

@basic guide to socio-economicagents in the Basque Country


63

CEN - Confederación deEmpresarios De NavarraPedro I, 1- Solairuartea, 31007 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 26 33 00 /948 25 07 [email protected]

FAPYMEN - Consejo de Pequeña y Mediana EmpresaPedro I, 1- Solairuartea, 31007 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948263300 / [email protected]

Statisticalinstitutes

EUSTAT, Euskal EstatistikaErakundeaDonostia 1N eraikina,01010 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 01 75 [email protected]

INE Estatistika InstitutuNazionala / ArabaEduardo Dato, 44 - 01005 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 15 47 [email protected]

GipuzkoaJose Maria Soroa, 23 - 20013 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 29 36 [email protected] BizkaiaZabalgune Plaza, 3. 48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 410 61 [email protected] Nafarroa GaraiaBarañain Etorbidea,11, Atzealdea31008 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 36 67 [email protected]

IEN, Nafarroako EstatistikaInstitutuaKarlos III, 36, 2. Esk. 31001 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848 42 34 00 www.cfnavarra.es/estadistica/[email protected]

INSEE, Estatistika InstitutuNazionala eta EkonomiaAzterketetakoa18, Bulebar Adolphe Pinard.F-75675 Paris Cedex 14(0033) 141 17 50 50www.insee.fr

Foundations

Fundación CentrosTecnológicos para elFomento de da TecnologiaParque Tecnológico - Edificio101 48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 420 94 88www.fundacioncentrostecnologicos.org

LEIA Centro de DesarrolloTecnológicoLeonardo da Vinci, 5 - ParqueTecnológico de Alava 01510Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 298 144www.leia.es

EMAUS Fundación SocialGurutzegi, 16 (Pol. Belartza)20018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 36 75 [email protected]

Fundación ARTEAGAPaseo Oriamendi 170 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)

TEKNIKERAvda. de Otaola 2020600 Eibar (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 20 67 [email protected]

Del Museo Guggenheim Bilbao Abandoibarra Etorbidea, 248001 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 435 90 [email protected]

Joxemi Zumalabe FundazioaAvda. Ametzagaña, 19 bajo20012 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 275 [email protected]

ADEGIFOR - Fundación para laFormación EmpresarialAvda. Tolosa, 111-9º20018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 30 91 [email protected]

Fundación de EstudiosNeurológicos - IlundainFundazioaAvda. Tolosa, 80-7º C20018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)

HOBETUZ- Fundación VascaPara La FormaciónProfesional Continua/LangileenPrestakuntzaraki EuskalFundazioaC/ Gran Vía, 35-6ª planta.48009 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 415 08 [email protected]

Urola Garaiko FundazioaBeloki hiribidea, z/g20700 Zumarraga(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]

Euskalgintza ElkarlaneanFundazioa1.204 Postakutxa 20080Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]/ Colón de Larreategui, 31-3ºizda 48009- Bilbao (Bizkaia)[email protected]/formakuntza/iparhegoa

GAIKERParque Tecnológico, Edificio202 48170-Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 946002323www.gaiker.es

ROBOTIKERParque Tecnológico, Edificio202 48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 600 22 66www.robotiker.es

INASMETCamino de Portuetxe nº 1220009 Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 00 37 [email protected]

CIDETECParque Tecnológico deMiramón,Paseo Miramón, 19620014 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 30 90 [email protected]

AZTI-AZTI FundazioaIsla de Txatxarramendi s/n48395-Sukarrieta (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Centro de TecnologíasAeronáuticasParque Tecnológico de Alava01510 Miñano(Araba)www.ctaero.com

Fundación para La InserciónProfesional (ADEGILAN)Parque Tecnológico deMiramón, Paseo Mikeletegi nº52 20009- Donostia-SanSebastián (Gipuzkoa)www.adegilan.com

Fundación para laInvestigación y Desarrollode la Empresa-EmilioSoldevillaC/ Cardenal Gardoqui Nº 7- 4º48008 Bilbao (Bizkaia)www.feside.org

Juan Urrutia ElejaldeC/Zugazarte, nº 33-1º dcha.48990-Getxo (Bizkaia)www.urrutiaelejalde.org

ASPALDIKOPolígono La Florida, s/n48920-Portugalete (Bizkaia)(0034) 944 625 [email protected]

FORMETALPlaza de Euskadi 9 48009 Bilbao(Bizkaia)(0034) 944 39 64 69www.fvem.es

BIZKAILANBarrio San Antolín, 1648070 Zamudio (Bizkaia)

Antonio AranzabalC/ Marina, 1-6º F 20007 Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 422 506www.fundacionantonioaranzabal.org

SAREAPaseo de Salamanca, 2 bajo20003 Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 344 [email protected]

Instituto de InvestigaciónBiomédica y DesarrolloTecnológico (INBIOMED)Donostia-San SebastiankoTeknologi Elkartegia PaseoMikeletegi, nº 61 bajo 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 30 90 64 [email protected]

Escuela de Ingenieros deBilbaoC/ Alameda de Mazarredo, 69-2º48013 Bilbao (Bizkaia)[email protected]

B.B.K. Gazte LanbideanFundazioaGran Vía, 30-3248009 Bilbao(Bizkaia)www.bbk.es

Vasca para el Desarrollo de lasTecnologías EnergéticasParque Tecnológico de Alava 01510 Miñano (Araba)(0034) 943 712 [email protected]

LANTEGI BATUAKTxorierri Etorbidea, nº 1248180 LOIU (BIZKAIA)(0034) 944 535 [email protected]

Instituto Europa de losPueblos Fundación Vasca-Herrien Europa InstitutoaEuskal FundazioaPalacio Isasi Markeskua, C/Otalora Iribidea, 1 Eibar(Gipuzkoa)[email protected]://inst-europ.org

Enpresa Zuzenbide etaAntolakuntzarakoInstitutua/Institute ForBusiness Law And Structure C/ José Mari Arizmendiarrieta,520500 Arrasate(Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Fundación UNED BergaraReal Seminario, C/ Plaza SanMartín de Aguirre.20570-Bergara (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]/ca-bergara

New!

LABEINC/Geldo, Parque Tecnológicode Bizkaia – Edificio 700 48160 Derio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 607 33 [email protected]

Instituto de Transporte,Comercio y Marketing delBidasoaColegio Público Anaka(Parvulario) C/ Pagogaina, 1820301 Irún (Gipuzkoa)

Donostia-San SebastiánInternational Physics CenterCentro Ibaeta, Ibaeta auzoa,s/n Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 01 53 [email protected]://dipc.ehu.es/index.php

KALITATEABº de Muntsaratz, 17-A 48220 Abadiño (Bizkaia)(0034) 946 030 330www.euskolabel.net

Fundación Bilbao 700 –Milenium FundazioaEdificio La AlhóndigaIparraguirre, S/N48010 Bilbao (Bizkaia)www.bilbao700.com

Fundación Bagabiltza –Bagabiltza FundazioaGrupo Sagarminaga, Bajo 16-1748004 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034)944731444www.bagabiltza.com

Fundación LASSOAAlameda Mazarredo, 19 Dpto. 648001 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 661 12 [email protected]

Fundación GOKAIFuente de la Salud, 10 Bajo01003 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 121 [email protected]

Fundación EUSKALTELParque Tecnológico, Edificio 10148170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 401 12 [email protected]

Fundación BIZKAIABIZKAIALDEAlda Rekalde, 30 - 1º 48009 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Fundación ELIKAGranja Modelo, s/n01192 Arkaute (Araba)(0034) 945 122 [email protected]

Fundación European SoftwareInstituteParque Tecnológico de ZamudioEdificio 20448170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 420 95 [email protected]

Fundación Rafael EscolaAvenida Lehendakari Aguirre, 348014 (Bilbao)(0034) 94 [email protected] www.rafaelescola-fund.org

AZARO FundazioaXemein Etorbidea, 1948270 Markina (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Eusko Ikaskuntzaren AsmozFundazioa – FundaciónAsmoz de Eusko IkaskuntzaJose Elosegi alkatearenetorbidea, 275P.K.: 20015 Hiria: Donostia - SanSebastián (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 21 23 [email protected]

Eusko IkaskuntzarenEuskomedia Fundazioa-Fundación Euskomedia DeEusko IkaskuntzaVilla Asunción, Avenida delAlcalde José Elósegui, 27520017 Donostia – San Sebastian(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]

Fundación KURSAAL-KURSAAL FundazioaAvda. Zurriola, 120002 Donostia-San Sebastian(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 003 [email protected]://fundacionkursaal.com

Fundación DEUSTO-DEUSTOFundazioaUniversidad de Deusto, Avda. de las Universidades, 2448007 – Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 944139000secretaria@tecnologico.deusto.eswww.tecnologico.deusto.es

Fundación Joxe Mari KortarenBidetik-Joxe Mari KortarenBidetik FundazioaCaserío Erkizketa, Arroa Behea20740 - Zestoa (Gipuzkoa)

Fundación GAZTEMPRESA-GAZTENPRESA FundazioaPaseo José MaríaArizmendiarrieta, s/n20500 - Arrasate (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 900 10 11 [email protected]

Fundación Vasca DeInnovación e InvestigaciónSanitariasDepartamento de SanidadDonostia-San Sebastián, 101010 - Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba)www.bioef.org

ELHUYAR FundazioaZelai Haundi, 3 – OsinaldePoligonoa20170 - Usurbil (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Fundación TECNALIAParque Tecnológico de ZamudioEdificio 10148170 - Zamudio – (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 404 14 [email protected]

Fundación SUSTALDERibera de Axpe, 11 Edificio D-1Local 20848950 - Erandio (Bizkaia)www.sustalde.org

Osasun IkaskuntzaFundazioa/Fundación DeEstudios SanitariosLersundi, 9 – 1º48009 – Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 435 47 [email protected]

European Virtual EngineeringFundazioa-FundaciónEuropean VirtualEngineeringAvda. de los Huetos, 7901013 - Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) [email protected]/

Fundación de la Ingenieriapara el Desarrollo de laInvestigacion, la Tecnologiay la Innovacion (FundaciónIngenia Fundazioa)Zubieta, 38 Bajo20007 - Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)http://ingenia-fundazioa.com

Fundación ZEHAROIllarra Bidea, 420018 – Donostia-San Sebastián(Gipuzkoa)

Fundación SORTEKGaviria, 82-8420305 - Irún (Gipuzkoa)

ULMA FundazioaPaseo Otadui, 320560 - Oñati (Gipuzkoa)

Fundación para la Innovacionen la Gestion y el Liderazgodesde los Valores (FIGEVA)Cientoetxe, 1148993 - Getxo (Bizkaia)[email protected]

Fundación Nuevo Futuro DeBizkaiaAlameda Recalde, 5-pral.48009 – Bilbao (Bizkaia)

Fundación ZADORRAFundazioaPamplona, bloque 3ª, 7º C01010 Vitoria-Gasteiz (ARABA)(0034) 945 00 44 94 / 607 72 7583fundacionzadorra@zadorrafundazioa.comwww.zadorrafundazioa.com

Fundación MORAZAPescadores de Terranova,21 -entreplanta-A20011 Donostia-San Sebastian(Gipuzkoa)

Fundación IKERBASQUE /IKERBASQUE FundazioaDonostia-San Sebastián, 101010 - Vitoria-Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 944 05 26 [email protected]

Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia /Biofisika Bizkaia FundazioaSarriena, s/n48940 - Leioa (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 601 8397www.fundacionbiofisicabizkaia.org

Fundación Aic AutomotiveIntelligence CenterFundazioaParque Tecnológico. Edificio 10140170 Zamudio. (Araba)

Ingurugiro Etxea FundazioaForu Ibilbidea, 1820730 – Azpeitia (Gipuzkoa)

DERANDEIN FundazioaAvda. Iparraguirre, 5948980 Santurtzi (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 493 92 [email protected]

Deier Behatokia FundazioaHeros, 7 -1º Ext. Drcha.48009 Bilbao (Bizkaia)0034) [email protected]

Basque Know How FundazioaLapurdi, 20 – Bajo48960 Galdakao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 456 57 [email protected]

Fundación art4pax/FundazioaCarlos Gangoiti, 16 – 2º48300 Gernika – Lumo (Bizkaia)[email protected]://art4pax.org

Fundación CIDEMCOÁrea Anardi, 520730 Azpeitia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 81 68 [email protected]

Fundación CIE I+D+IIparraguirre, 34- 2º dcha.48011 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 605 62 00

DÉDALO FundaciónAlberto Pelairea 9 (accesoPaseo Queiles s/n)31500 Tutera (Nafarroa Garaia) (0034) 948 088 [email protected]

Fundación EmpresaUniversidad De NavarraEdificio Central.Campus Universitario.31080 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 425 [email protected]

64


GAZTELANGaviria, 82-84, 31014 Iruñea(Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 136 [email protected]

Fundación para el Desarrollode Iniciativas Empresarialesy SocialesC/ Luis Morondo 4, bajo trasera31006 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia )(0034) 948 291 [email protected]

Fundación Navarra Para LaCalidadAvenida de Barañáin nº 10 - 1ºC. 31008 Iruñea (NafarroaGaraia)(0034) 948 190 [email protected]

Centro Europeo de Empresa eInnovación de Navarra CEINPol. Ind. Mocholí. Plaza CEIN, 5.31110 – Noáin (NAFARROAGARAIA)(0034) 848 426000www.cein.es

Fundación BALUARTEPlaza del Baluarte. 31002Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 066 [email protected]

DevelopmentAgencies

GARAPEN - Agentzien Euskal ElkarteaUribitarte, 6 - 2.a 48001 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Araba Garapen Agentzia, S.A.Landazuri, 15 01008 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945158070agencia@alavaagenciadesarrollo.eswww.alavaagenciadesarrollo.es

Amurrio Bidean S.A.U.Juan de Urrutia enparantza, z/g01470 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) [email protected]

Arratiako Behargintza, S.L.Elexalde, 248140 Igorre (Bizkaia)(0034) 946317398zuzendaritza@arratiakobehargintza.comwww.arratiakobehargintza.com

Ayuntamiento de Galdakao.Desarrollo Local y Empleo -BehargintzaBilbao, z/g48960 Galdakao (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Gasteizko Udala. Enplegu SailaFray Zacarías Martínez, 3 1001 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) [email protected]/empleo

Behargintza Basauri-Etxebarri, S.L.Baskonia, 1 48970 Basauri (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Behargintza Bermeo,Mundaka eta SukarrietaZubiaur tar Kepa, 26-28 - 1.a(Azoka Plaza)48370 Bermeo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Behargintza Getxo (Centro deEmpleo y DesarrolloEconómico)San Martín, 17 48993 Getxo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Behargintza Txorierri, S.L.Txorierri etorbidea, 46 Berreteaga Industrialdea, 13 A 48150 Sondika (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Bidasoa Activa Bidasoa BizirikKostarbe EraikintzaIparralde hiribidea, z/g 20302 Irun (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

BILBAO METROPOLI-30 -Bilbao MetropolitarraBirbizteko ElkarteaGran Vía, 45 48011 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Bilbao Ría 2000, S.A.José María Olabarri, 4 - CSolairua 4800 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

DebagoienekoMankomunitatea (GarapenEkonomikorako Agentzia)Nafarroa etorbidea, 2320500 Arrasate (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Debegesa, S.A.Azitain Industrialdea, 3 - bis20600 Eibar (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Durangaldeko BehargintzaLanbideta, 6 48200 Durango (Bizkaia)(0034) 946232522durangaldeko.behargintza@amankomunazgoa.comwww.amankomunazgoa.com

Donostiako Sustapena, S.A.Ijentea, 6 - 2 Solairua Goikoa Jauregia20003 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943481727www.donostia.org

ForlanSantelices IndustrialdeaPabilioia. B-148550 Muskiz (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

GoiekiIndustrialdea 29 pab. 20240 Ordizia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

INGURALDE - BarakaldoGaratzeko ErakundeAutonomiadunaAldapa, 3 A 48901 Barakaldo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

IRAURGI LANTZEN, S.A. -Urola Erdiako GarapenAgentziaJulio Urkijo etorbidea, 25 - 3.aIntsausti jauregia20720 Azkoitia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943851100www.iraurgilantzen.net

Lan Ekintza Bilbao, S.A.Uribitarte, 6 48001 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]/lanekintza

Lea Artibaiko GarapenAgentzia, S.A.Xemein etorbidea, 13 48270 Markina-Xemein(Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

OARSOALDEA, S.A. - EskualdeGarapenerako Agentzia Ihurrita bidea, 13 Oiartzungo industrialdea 25-220180 Oiartzun (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Tolosaldea Garatzen, S.A.San Esteban Auzoa, 2020400 Tolosa (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Urduñederra Urduña Ederra,S.L.Budin kalea, 2 - 1.ezk. 48460 Urduña (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

UGGASA - Urola GaraikoGarapenerako Agentzia,S.A.Euskadi Plaza, 5 - 2º 20700 Zumarraga (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Urola Kostako UdalElkartea/MancomunidadUrola KostaUrdaneta bidea, 6 20800 Zarautz (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Arabako Errioxaren NekazalGarapenerako Elkartea Gasteiz-Laguardia Errepidea, 21300 Laguardia (Araba)(0034) 945621169

Portugaleteko Udala, Enplegueta Toki garapenerakoZentroaSanta María, 1 48920 Portugalete (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Sestaoko Udala, Enplegu etaToki Garapenerako ZentroaSan Diego, 3 48910 Sestao (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Valparayso, S.A.Jesús Guinea Arkitektoa, 461426 Villanueva de Valdegovía(Araba)(0034) [email protected]

Uribe Kostako Behargintza,S.L.Karabiazpi, 1 48640 Berango (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Añanako KoadrilaForuen plaza, 111213 Rivabellosa (Araba)(0034) [email protected]

Erandioko BehargintzaDesanexión kalea, 4 (Bekoa Ikastetxea) 48950 Erandio (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

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Mungialdeko BehargintzaGamiz Bidea, 30-3248100 Mungia (Bizkaia)(0034) 946156244zuzendaritza@mungialdeko-behargintza.comwww.mungialdeko-behargintza.com

Gernikako Lanbide EkimenakAlhóndiga kalea 6, 48300 Gernika-Lumo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Laudioko Udala-Prestakuntza, Enplegu,Merkataritza etaNekazaritza-Garapena ArloaHerriko plaza z/g 1400 Laudio (Araba)(0034) 944034853formacionempleoycomercio@laudiokoudala.netwww.laudiokoudala.net

SODENA Sociedad deDesarrollo de NavarraCarlos III Etorbidea, 36, 1º esk. 31003 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848421942 [email protected]

Consorcio de Desarrollo de laZona MediaRomana Kalea, 5 31300 Olite (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

EDER: Consorcio para lasEstrategias de Desarrollo dela Ribera de NavarraYehuda Ha-Levy Plaza, z/g31500 Tutera (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

TEDER: Centro de Desarrollorural de tierra EstellaSancho el Fuerte, 6 31200 Lizarra (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaNafarroako landa eremuengarapenerako zentroaBerriobidea kalea, 40 Etxabea,001 bulegoa 31031 Antsoain (NafarroaGaraia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaSakanako garapen agentziaUtzubar industrialdea, 8.Lursaila31839 Arbizu (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948567010 [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaLeitzaran-Larraun-Ultzamako garapenagentziaPlazaolaren geltokia31870 Lekunberri (NafarroaGaraia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaBortziriak-Malerreka-Bertizaranako GarapenAgentzia (BidasoakoZentroa)Alkagaia industrialdea, Alasta kalea, 2B lursaila31770 Lesaka (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaBaztan-Urdazubi-Zugarramurdiko GarapenAgentziaBaztango Udala 31700 Elizondo (NafarroaGaraia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaAuritz-Orrega-Luzaide-Erroibar-Aezkoa etaEsteribarko GarapenAgentziaErroibarko Udala FrantziarakoErrepidea, z/g31696 Lintzoain-Erro (NafarroaGaraia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaErronkari-ZaraitzukoGarapen AgentziaPirinioetako Zerbitzu ZentroaIzize Industrialdea 31451 Izize (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaPirinioaurreko arroetakogarapen agentziaAgoizko Udala Berria, 22 31450 Agoitz (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaZangozako eta Orbaibarkogarapen agentziaZangozako Udala Nagusia 31, 2 a31400 Zangoza (NafarroaGaraia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaSakanako lan orientaziorakoeta enplegu kudeaketarakozerbitzuaUltzubar industrialdea, 8 lursaila31839 Arbizu (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaLeitzaran-Bidasoa-Baztangolan orientaziorako etaenplegu kudeaketarakozerbitzuaBidasoako zerbitzu ZentroaAlkagaia Industrialdea, Alastakalea . 2B lursaila 31770 Lesaka (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

Cederna Garalur ElkarteaPirinioak- Pirinioaurreko lanorientaziorako eta enplegukudeaketarako zerbitzuaLan orientaziorako etaenplegu-kudeaketarakozerbitzua Zangozako Kultur EtxeaAlfontso Borrokalaria, 20 31400 Zangoza (NafarroaGaraia)(0034) [email protected]

Eukal Herriko GarapenKontseiluaPlatanondoen etorbidea, 264100 Baiona (Lapurdi)

Technology andresearch centres

AIN - Asociacion de laIndustria NavarraSan Cosme eta San Damian z/g,31191 Cordovilla, Iruñea(Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 42 11 01 [email protected]

ANAIN - Agencia Navarra de InnovaciónKarlos III Etorbidea, 11-1 Esk.31002 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 20 67 [email protected]

ANALISIS Y SIMULACION, S.L.Leonardo da Vinci, 14 ArabakoParke Teknologikoa 01510 Miñao (Araba)(0034) 945 29 69 [email protected]

AZTI - TECNALIA Itsas eta Elikagaien ikerketaTxatxarramendi ugartea z/g -48395 Sukarrieta (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 602 94 [email protected]

DonostiaHerrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g -20110 Pasaia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 00 48 [email protected]

BIO - Eusko FundazioaAsua plaza, 1 48150 Sondika, (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 453 85 [email protected]

CEIN - Centro Europeo deEmpresas e Innovacion deNavarraMotxoli industrialdea 31110 Noain (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848 42 60 00 [email protected]

CEIT - ik4Manuel Lardizabal pasealekua, 1520018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 21 28 [email protected]

CEMITEC - CentroMultidisciplinar deInnovación y Tecnología deNavarraMotxoli industrialdea, Cein plaza, 4 31110 Noain (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848 42 08 [email protected]

CENER - Centro Nacional de Energias RenovablesBerrikuntzaren HiriarenEtorbidea, 7. 31621 Sarriguren (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 25 28 [email protected]

Centro Electronica yComunicacionesArrosadia Campus-aErrektoretza Eraikina. 31006 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 16 97 [email protected]

CETENASA - FundazioaElorz Poligonoa, z/g 31110 Noain (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 42 80 [email protected]

CIC bioGUNE BiozientzietakoIkerkuntza KooperatibokoZentroaParque Tecnológico de BizkaiaEdificio 801 A 48160 Derio(Bizkaia) (0034) 944 061 [email protected]

CIC biomaGUNEBiomaterialetakoIkerkuntza KooperatibokoZentroaPaseo Miramon, 182. Ed.Empresarial C.20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034 )943 00 53 00www.cicbiomagune.com

CIC energiGUNE ParqueTecnológico. C/Albert Einstein, 46. Edificio E7 - Oficina 206 1510Miñano (Araba)(0034) [email protected]

CIC marGUNEPolígono Azitain nº 3K- 2ºH20600 Eibar (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]

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CIC microGUNE - CMIC Centrode Investigación enMicro/Nano TecnologíasParque Tecnológico deMiramón. Paseo Mikeletegi, 48.20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)www.cmic.es

CIC nanoGUNE Mikeletegi Pasealekua 56, 30120009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

CIDEMCOPol. Industrial Lasao. ÁreaAnardi, nº 5. 20730 Azpeitia(Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

CIDETEC-ik4 TeknologiaElektrokimikoen ZentroaParque Tecnológico deMiramón. Pº Miramon, 196.20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

CIMA Centro de InvestigaciónMédica Aplicada Avda. Pío XII, 55. 31008 Iruñea(Nafarroa Garaia) (0034)[email protected]

CITEAN Centro de InnovaciónTecnológica de Automociónde NavarraC/ Tajonar, 20 31006 Iruñea(Nafarroa Garaia) (0034) [email protected]

Donostia International PhysicsCenterPaseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 420018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 01 59 [email protected]://dipc.ehu.es

EDERTEK - Teknologia ZentroaUribarri Auzoa, 6 20500 Arrasate (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 71 90 [email protected]

EITE - Eusko TeknologiIkertegien ElkarteaZamudioko Parke Teknologikoa,101 Eraikina, 48170 Zamudio, (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 420 94 88www.eite.es

ENERLAN - Energi TeknologienSustapenerako EuskalErakundeaArabako Parke Teknologikoa,Juan de la Cierva 1, 01510 Miñao Gutxia (Araba)(0034) 943 71 24 [email protected]

ESI - TECNALIA European Software InstituteZamudioko Parke Teknologikoa,204 E. 4870 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 420 95 [email protected]

ESTIAIzarbel Teknogunea64210 Bidarte (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 43 84 [email protected]

EUSKOIKER FUNDAZIOAIkerketa Unibertsita EskolaLutxana, 6. 4.esk. Bdepartamentua. 48008 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 479 56 [email protected]

EVENA - Estacion de Viticultura y Enologia de NavarraOrba bailara 34, 31390 Erriberri (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 74 17 07www.cfnavarra.es/evena/[email protected]

Fatronik Ezagutza abantaila lehiakorreaneraldatzenMikeletegi pasealekua, 7- Parke Teknologikoa 20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 00 55 00www.fatronik.com/[email protected]

Fundación CentrosTecnológicos - Iñaki GoenagaParke Teknologikoa. Laida Bidea 214 Eraikina,48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 420 94 88www.fundacioncentrostecnologicos.org

Fundación LASSOA Innovaciónde la Gestion en la PYMEAlda. Mazarreda, 19 Behea48008 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 661 12 [email protected]

GUASCOR I+DParque Tecnológico de Alava,Lonardo da Vinci, 12. 1510Miñano (Araba) (0034) 945 [email protected]

IDAB AgrobiotecnologiakoInstitutuaArrosadiako Campusa 31192Mutilva Baja (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) [email protected]

IDEKO - Makina-erremintaneta fabrikazioteknologietan berritzenduguArriaga Kalea 2 E-20870 Elgoibar (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 74 80 [email protected]

IKERBASQUEUrkixo Zumarkalea 36-5 BizkaiaPlaza 48011 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 05 26 60www.ikerbasque.net/[email protected]

IKERLAN - Energia Juan de la Cierva, 1, Arabako Teknologia parkea 01510 Miñao (Araba)(0034) 943 71 24 [email protected]

IKERLAN - ik4 Teknologi IkertegiaPº Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta, 220500 Arrasate (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 71 24 [email protected]

IKOR Technology Centre (ITC) Parque Empresarial Zuatzu20018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

ILL - Lekunberriko EsnekariErakundeaPlazaola, 23- 31870 Lekunberri (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 50 72 15www.illekunberri.com/[email protected]

INASMET - TecnaliaMikeletegi Pasealekua, 2Teknologi Parkea 20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 00 37 [email protected]

INNOBASQUEBizkaiko parke teknologikoa.Laida bidea, 214 eraikina 48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 420 94 [email protected]

INNOVALIARodriguez Arias 6-6 605, 48008 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 479 51 [email protected]

ITG - Agricola Nekazaritzakoinstitutu teknikoa etakudeaketa-institutuaSerapio Huizi Etorbidea, 20-22.Peritos eraikina, 31610 Atarrabia (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 01 30 56www.itga.com/[email protected]

ITG - GanaderoAbeltzaintzako institututeknikoa eta kudeaketa-institutua Serapio Huizi Etorbidea, 223160 Atarrabia (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 01 30 [email protected]

KONIKER KOOP. E.Konformazio etaMihiztadura ZentroTeknologikoaBainetxe Industrialdea, 5A20550 Aretxabaleta (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]

Laboratorios de EnsayosNavarra S.A.Pol. Industrial Landaben, callesL y B 31012 Iruñea (NafarroaGaraia) (0034) [email protected]

L UREDERRAFundación para el DesarrolloTecnológico y SocialSan Anton, 3 31272 Zudaire (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 53 93 34/8www.lurederra.com/[email protected]

LABEIN - TECNALIA ZentroTeknologikoaBizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa.700. Eraikina. Geldo, 48160 Derio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 607 33 [email protected]

LEIA - Fundazioa TeknologiAurrerapenerako ZentruaArabako Parke Teknologikoa.Leonardo Da Vinci, 11 01510 Miñao (Araba)(0034) 945 29 81 44www.leia.es/[email protected]

LORTEK - Centro de Investigación enTecnologías de UniónLa Granja auzoa, z/g.20240 Ordizia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 88 23 [email protected]

MIK S. Coop.Uribarri etorbidea,3 20500 Arrasate (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 71 91 91www.mik.es/[email protected]

NEIKER - TECNALIA NekazalIkerketa eta GarapenerakoEuskal ErakundeaZamudioko Parke Teknologikoa,812. Lursaila. Berreaga 1,48160 Derio (Bizkaia)(0034) 944 03 43 [email protected]

OBETO BANPRO, S.L.Astintze Kalea, 2 1ºC (Centro Elor) 48160 Derio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 454 06 12www.banpro.es/[email protected]


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ROBOTIKER-TecnaliaParke Teknologikoa. 202 Eraikina. 48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 600 22 [email protected]

SODENA - Sociedad deDesarrollo de NavarraKarlos III Zintzoa, 36. 1go esk. 31003 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848 42 19 [email protected]

SPRI S.A. - Sociedad para lapromoción y reconversiónindustrialGran Via 35 3.a Plta. 48009 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 403 70 00 / 94 403 70 [email protected]

TECNALIA - CorporaciónTecnológicaBizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa. Geldo, 700. Eraikina. 48160 Derio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 404 14 [email protected]

TEKNIKER - ik444 Posta Kutxa. OtaolaEtorbidea, 20. 20600 Eibar (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 20 67 [email protected]

ULMA - Packaging TechnologyCenterGaribai Auzoa, 28. P.K. 145 20560 Oñati (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 73 92 [email protected]

Unitec AsociaciónColon de Larreategi 26 3A48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 423 35 [email protected]

INRA - Stationd´HydrobiologieQuartier Ibarron, Senpere64310 (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 51 59 [email protected]

Clusters

Cluster de la logística y elTransporte en Navarrawww.plantecnologico.com/es/plantecnologico/actividad/mesas/cluster/

BionavarraANAIN, Carlos III etorbidea, 11,1º esk. 31002 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948206776www.navarrainnova.com/es/clusters/bionavarra/

Cluster sector TICMocholi Industrialdea31110 Noain (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848426373www.clusterticnavarra.es

Cluster agroalimentarioMocholi Industrialdea31110 Noain (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848426373www.navarrainnova.com/es/clusters/agroalimentacion/

Cluster AutomociónMocholi Industrialdea31110 Noain (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 848426048www.navarrainnova.com/es/clusters/automocion

ACEDE Agrupación de Clusterde Electrodomésticos deEuskadi/ Euskadikoelektratresna clusterelkartea (EECE)Portal de Gamarra 1, 136,bulegoa, Deba Eraikina1013 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) [email protected]

CLUSPAP Asociación Clusterdel Papel de EuskadiDonostiako Parke Teknologikoa,Mikeletegi pasealekua, 56-3ºsolairua20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]

Cluster de EnergiaSan Vicente, 8. Eraikina, Albia1, 2 solairua48001 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

Agrupación cluster deconocimiento en gestiónempresarialZamudioko Parke Teknologikoa101 Eraikina48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 944209809clusterc@clusterconocimiento.comwww.clusterconocimiento.com

HEGAN - Cluster deAeronáutica y Espacio del País VascoBizkaiko Parke Teknologikoa,303 eraikina, Isuntza bidea48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 944 318 [email protected]

ACICAE - Agrupación clusterindustrias componentesautomoción EuskadiZamudioko Parke Teknologikoa101 Eraikina48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

AFM - Asociación cluster de máquina-herramientaDonostiako Parke Teknologikoa,Mikeletegi pasealekua, 5920009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 [email protected]

Asociación cluster del puertode BilbaoAlameda Urkijo, 9 1º esk.48008 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

GAIA - Asociación cluster de telecomunicaciones Portuetxe 14, 1º, IbaetaEraikina20018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 31 66 66www.gaia.es

ACLIMA - Asociación clusterde industrias de medioambiente Alda Rekalde 50, 348008 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) [email protected]

CLUSTERTIL - Asociacióncluster de transportes ylogística del País Vasco- Principal Eraikina, ArabakoParke Teknologikoa, Lumiere Anaiak, 11510 Miñao (Araba)(0034) [email protected]

Soziolinguistikako KlusterraMartin Ugalde Kultur Parkea z/g20140 Andoain (Gipuzkoa)(0034) [email protected]

Foro Maritimo VascoBuenos Aires 2, 1º ezk.48001 Bizkaia(0034) [email protected]

EIKEN - Cluster AudiovisualEuskadiZamudioko Parke Teknologikoa105 Eraikina, 2º48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034)[email protected]

EUROSIMA - cluster, EuropeanSurf Industry ManufacturersAssociationVilla Casa Mia, 9 Acacias Kalea40130 Capbreton (Frantzia)(0033)(0)[email protected]

GOAZEN - Euskal Herrikoturismo clusterra/ LeCluster Tourisme du PaysBasque50-51, Allées Marines - B.P. 21564102 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033)(0)[email protected]/index.php?Itemid=234

ConsumerAssociations

EKE - EuskadikoKontsumitzaileen ElkargoaJuan de Ajuriagerra, 9- 7 Esk.48009 Bilbao (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 424 64 20 / 94 424 92 [email protected]

EKA - EuskalherrikoKontsumitzaileenAntolaketaPlaza Barria, 7 - 1. esk.48005 Bilbao, (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 416 85 [email protected]

Donostiako ordezkaritzaBoulevar, 25 - behea - 8. dpt.20005 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 94 342 39 [email protected] ordezkaritzaFrantzia, 21-1. 3. Bulegoa 01002Gasteiz, (Araba)(0034) 94 528 31 [email protected] ordezkaritzaAmesti, 6- 1, 8. Bulegoa 48993 Getxo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 491 22 [email protected]

UCE - Euskadi - Unión de Euskadi

Arabako egoitzaJose Lejarreta, 49 bis01003 Gasteiz, (Araba)(0034) 94 526 47 [email protected] egoitzaHurtado de Amezaga, 27,11. 5. Bulegoa. 48008 Bilbao(Bizkaia)(0034) 94 421 55 [email protected] egoitzaIdiaquez, 2 - 1º 20004 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 94 343 11 [email protected]

Chambers ofCommerce

Arabako Merkataritza etaIndustri Etxe OfizialaDato, 38 01005 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 14 18 [email protected]

Bilboko Merkataritza,Industria eta ItsasketaGanberaGran Via, 13 48001 Bilbo (Bizkaia) (0034) 94 470 65 [email protected]

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Gipuzkoako Merkataritza,Industria eta ItsasketaBazkunde OfizialaTolosa Hiribidea, 7520018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa) (0034) 943 00 03 [email protected]

Nafarroako Merkataritza etaindustria ganbaraTxintxilla jenerala, 4.a 31001 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 07 70 70www.camaranavarra.com/[email protected]

Baiona-Euskal HerrikoMerkataritza Ganbara50-51 Allées Marines, 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 5 59 46 59 46www.bayonne.cci.fr

Akitaniako MerkataritzaGanbara 185, Cours du Medoc- BP 143- 33042 Bordele (Frantzia)(0033) 5 56 11 94 [email protected]

Technology Parks

CEIA Arabako Eraberrikuntza-IndustrialdeaCEIA eraikina. Albert Einstein, 15.Arabako Parke Teknologikoa. 01510 Miñao (Araba)(0034) 945 29 82 82www.ceia.es/[email protected]

Arabako Teknologi ParkeaLumiere anaiak, 11. 01510 Miñao (Araba)(0034) 94 501 00 [email protected]

Donostiako TeknologiElkartegiaMikeletegi Pasealekua, 5320009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 01 10 [email protected]

Bizkaiko Teknologi ParkeaParque Tecnologico, S.A.Ibaizabal bidea, 101 Eraikina48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 403 95 00www.parque-tecnologico.netparque-tecnologico@parque-tecnologico.net

Zamudioko ParkeTeknologikoaParque Tecnologico, S.A.Ibaizabal bidea, 101 Eraikina48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 403 95 00www.parque-tecnologico.netparque-tecnologico@parque-tecnologico.net

ANAIN-Agencia Navarra deInnovaciónKarlos III Etorbidea, 11-1.a Esk.31002 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 20 67 76

[email protected]

GARAIA - Berrikuntza GuneaUribe auzoa, 3 20500 Arrasate (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 71 91 [email protected]

Euskadiko ParkeTeknologikoen SareaEraikin Zentrala 101, 48170 Zamudio (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 403 95 [email protected]

Zuatzu Enpresa ParkeaJuan Fermin Gilisagasti kalea 1,Zurriola Eraikina, 2. Solairua,4-5 lokalak 20009 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 31 66 39www.zuatzuparkea.com/[email protected]

Allée du Parc Montaury Allée du Parc Montaury 64600 Angelu (Lapurdi)

Trade Unions

ELA - Euskal LangileenAlkartasunaBarrainkua, 13 48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 403 77 00 / 94 403 77 60www.ela-sindikatua.org

Arabako egoitzaManuel Iradier kalea, 25-behea 01005 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 15 80 76www.ela-sindikatua.orgBizkaiko egoitzaBarrainkua, 13 48009 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 403 77 00www.ela-sindikatua.org

Gipuzkoako egoitzaConsulado, 8, Behea 20014 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 00 50 [email protected] www.ela-sindikatua.orgNafarroa Garaiko egoitzaIturralde y Suit, z/g.31004 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 00 79 [email protected] www.ela-sindikatua.org

CCOO - Comisiones ObrerasUribitarte, 4 48001 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 424 34 [email protected]

Arabako egoitzaGaztelako atea, 5001007 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 13 13 22 / 945 13 13 05www.ccoo-euskadi.netBizkaiko egoitzaUribitarte, 4 48001 Bilbao, (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 424 34 24www.ccoo-euskadi.netGipuzkoako egoitzaCarlos I etorbidea, 1 eta 3 - Behea 20011 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 47 04 25www.ccoo-euskadi.netNafarroa Garaiko egoitzaZaragoza Etorbidea, 12 31003 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 24 42 50www.ccoo-euskadi.net

LAB - Langile AbertzaleenBatzordeakPokopandegi, 9- 2.a (Igara Auzoa) 20018 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 22 44 [email protected]

Arabako egoitzaFermín Lasuen, 13 - Behea01013 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 25 58 [email protected] www.labsindikatua.orgBizkaiko egoitzaRekalde zumarkalea, 62-behea48010 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 470 69 [email protected] www.labsindikatua.org

Nafarroa Garaiko egoitzaMartxelo Zelaieta, 75Iwer Etxea- B3 Eraikina2. Atea 22. Bulegoa 31014 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 22 11 [email protected] www.labsindikatua.orgIparraldeko egoitzaCoursic karrika, 7 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(00 33) 559 59 50 [email protected] www.labsindikatua.org

UGT - Euskadi - Unión Generalde TrabajadoresKolon de Larreategi, 46 BIS 6-A Solairua, 48011 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 425 52 52www.ugteuskadi.org

Arabako egoitzaSan Antonio, 45 Behea 01005 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 15 07 [email protected] egoitzaKolon de Larreategi, 46 BIS 6-A Solairua, 48011 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 425 52 [email protected] egoitzaErausoko Katalina, 7 eta 9 Behea 20010 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 44 58 [email protected] Garaiko egoitzaZaragoza Hiribidea 12, 1º 31003Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 94 829 12 [email protected]/

LSB-USO - Euskadi - LangileSindikal BatasunaPablo Picasso kalea, 2 solairuarte 48012 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 444 14 [email protected]

Donostiako egoitzaCarlos I Etorbidea, 2.a Zenbakia-Behea. P.K. 460 20011 Donostia(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 46 67 [email protected] egoitzaPalencia kalea, 24 Behea 01002 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 27 17 [email protected]

CGT - LanarenKonfederakunde NagusiaBailen 7, Solairuartea. 2, 3 eta bulegoak. 48003 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 416 95 [email protected] egoitza

Kutxa, 6- Solairuartea. 01012 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 28 40 [email protected] www.cgt-lkn.orgDonostiako egoitzaCristobal Gamon, 12 - behea20100 Errenteria (Gipuzkoa) (0034) 943 52 12 [email protected] www.cgt-lkn.orgNafarroa Garaiko egoitzaCompañia, 9 - 1. ezk.31001 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia) (0034) 948 22 47 [email protected] www.cgt-lkn.org

CNT - Confederación Nacionaldel Trabajo

Arabako egoitzaCorreria, 65 - behea - 1554 p.k.01001 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 28 29 [email protected] www.cnt.es/Gipuzkoako egoitzaPlaza Golf, 4 - 186 p.k.20160 Lasarte-Oria (Gipuzkoa) (0034) 943 37 08 [email protected] www.cnt.es/Nafarroa Garaiko egoitza5121 posta kutxa31010 Barañain (Nafarroa Garaia)

EILAS - EuskadikoIrakaskuntzaren LangileenSindikatua

Arabako egoitzaAhate Iturri plazatxoa, 1 - 3. C01001 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 14 11 04 / 945 01 33 [email protected] www.stee-eilas.orgBizkaiko egoitzaNikolas Alkorta, 3 - Zabalburu48003 Bilbo (Bizkaia) (0034) 94 410 02 98 / 94 601 52 [email protected] www.stee-eilas.orgGipuzkoako egoitzaUrbieta, 40 - 1. esk.20015 Donostia (Gipuzkoa) (0034) 943 46 60 00 / 943 01 84 [email protected] www.stee-eilas.orgNafarroa Garaiko egoitzaDescalzos, 72 - behea31001 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia) (0034) 948 21 23 [email protected] www.stee-eilas.org


CSI - CSIF Central SindicalIndependiente y deFuncionariosGeneral Egia, 48 - behea48013 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 427 16 [email protected]

Arabako egoitzaNieves Cano, 33 Gela 103.01006 Gasteiz (Araba) [email protected] www.csi-csif.esGipuzkoako egoitzaTeresa de Calcuta plaza, 1(Atotxa) - Justizi jauregia20071 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)[email protected] www.csi-csif.esNafarroa Garaiko egoitzaSerafin Olave, 29 Eskailera, ezk.31007 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 94 817 27 [email protected]

ESK - Ezker SindikalarenKonbergenziaESK Nafarroa GaraiaEstafeta 61, 2. esk.31001 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 94 822 00 [email protected]

Arabako egoitzaBeethoven 10 behe01012 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 94 521 [email protected] egoitzaGral. Concha 12, 1. esk48008 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 410 [email protected] egoitzaAlfonso VIII 3, 3. esk20005 Donostia (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 45 69 [email protected]

SATSE - Sindicato deEnfermería de EuskadiMadariaga Etorbidea, 81.Atzealdea, 1.a esk. 48014 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 474 54 [email protected]

Arabako egoitzaSan Bizente Paulekoaren kalea,5 - behea 01001 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 94 525 18 [email protected] www.satse.es

Bizkaiko egoitzaMadariaga Etorbidea, 81.Atzealdea, 1.a esk. 48014 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 474 54 [email protected] www.satse.esGipuzkoako egoitzaZarautz Hiribidea, 82 - 5 Abulegoa 20018 Donostia(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 31 25 [email protected] www.satse.es

Euskadiko MedikuenSindikatuaAutonomia, 1 - 1D 48012 Bilbo (Bizkaia) (0034) 94 444 98 [email protected]

Arabako Medikuen SindikatuaGasteiz hiribidea, 32 - 6. eta 7.Bulegoak 01008 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 14 64 [email protected] MedikuenSindikatuaZarautz hiribidea, 82 - 3.a 2. Bulegoa 20009 Donostia(Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 21 72 [email protected] medikuen [email protected]

EHNE - Euskal HerrikoNekazarien ElkartasunaSimon Bolibar plaza, 14 - behea01003 Gasteiz (Araba) (0034) 945 27 54 [email protected]

EHNE BizkaiaMurueta, z/g. 48220 Abadiño (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 623 27 [email protected] GipuzkoaNafarroa etorbidea, 620400 Tolosa (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 65 42 [email protected] NafarroaIratxe Monastegi, 54 - behea31011 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia) (0034) 948 25 48 [email protected]

UAGA - Unión de Agricultoresy Ganaderos de ÁlavaSimon Bolibar plaza, 14. Behea01003 Gasteiz (Araba)(0034) 945 26 05 [email protected]

ENBA - Euskal NekazarienBatasuna

Gipuzkoako egoitzaTrinkete plaza, 2 behea20400 Tolosa (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 65 01 [email protected] www.enba.es/Bizkaiko egoitzaSan Pedro, 30 behea48340 Amorebieta-Etxano(Bizkaia)(0034) 94 630 07 [email protected] www.enba.es/

ELB - Euskal HerrikoLaborarien Batasuna1, Renaud karrika- P.K. 17,64220 Donibane Garazi(Nafarroa Beherea)(0033) 559 37 21 08

HIRU- Euskal HerrikoGarraiolari AutonomoenSindikatua

HIRU ArabaLos Llanos industrialdea, A 1301230 Langraiz (Araba)(0034) 945 36 16 [email protected] BizkaiaAretxalde auzoa, 6848196 Lezama (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 455 40 [email protected] GipuzkoaOria etorbidea, 10 - 406 bulegoa 20160 Lasarte-Oria (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 36 40 [email protected] www.hiru.orgHIRU NafarroaHego Morea industrialdea, 52-2. C31191 Beriain (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 28 10 [email protected]

SINTRABI - Sindicato deTransportistas Autónomosde BizkaiaZorrotza Geltokia, 1.a 48013 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 497 06 [email protected]

Unión De PequeñosAgricultores Y Ganaderos(U.P.A.)Zaragoza Etorbidea, 12-3.a31003 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 23 64 50 / 54 / 58 /948 69 80 [email protected]/

UAGN - Unión de Agricultoresy Ganaderos de NavarraZaragoza Etorbidea 21, Nagusia esk. 31003 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 94 824 47 [email protected]

CFDT10 Sainte Ursule plaza, 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 55 05 31www.cfdt.fr/mailto:[email protected]

CFE-CGCUnion Locale 10, Sainte Ursule plaza, 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 55 39 88

CFTC10, Sainte Ursule karrika, 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 55 45 01

CGPME1, Donzac karrika, 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 25 56 25

CGTUnion Locale 10, Sainte Ursule plaza, 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 55 04 89

UNSA EDUCATIONBourse du Travail, Sainte Ursule plaza,64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 55 15 77

F.O. Union Departementale 10,Sainte Ursule karrika, 64100 Baiona (Lapurdi)(0033) 559 55 04 546

Universities

EHU - Euskal HerrikoUnibertsitatea Sarriena auzoa, z/g.48940 Leioa (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 601 20 [email protected]

NUP - NafarroakoUnibertsitate PublikoaArrosadiko Campusa. 31006 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 16 90 [email protected]

Mondragon UnibertsitateaLoramendi, 4 20500 Arrasate (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 71 21 85www.mondragon.edu/[email protected] UnibertsitateaUnibertsitateetako Etorbidea, 2448007 Bilbo (Bizkaia)(0034) 94 413 90 [email protected]

IMH - Ingeniaritza EskolaAzkue Auzoa, 1 20870 Elgoibar (Gipuzkoa)(0034) 943 74 41 32www.imh.es/Ezkerrean/Heziketa/[email protected]

Universidad de NavarraUnibertsitate Kanpusa. 31080 Iruñea (Nafarroa Garaia)(0034) 948 42 56 [email protected]

Université de Pau et des Pays de l'AdourUPPA UnibertsitatearenHiribidea, bp 576. 64012 Paue (Frantzia)(0033) 559 57 41 11 / 559 57 41 [email protected]

London MetropolitanUniversity -Lea ArtibaiIkastetxean-Xemein Etorbidea 19 48270 Markina-Xemein(0034) 94 616 90 02www.uni.leartik.com/[email protected]


70

Catalogue ofpublications by Gaindegia

Catalogue of publications by Gaindegia

72

Syntetic publication on economy and society in Basque Country

Studies Bulletin on activitiesdirected to the economicand social development

of Basque Country

Sites web

1) Labour Market 2) Business demography 3) Regional indicators of theEuropean Union

4) Portrait of the NorthBasque Country

Academic and socioprofessional career ofyoung people in the North Basque Country.Experience of former Seaska students1984-2008

Socio-demographic portraitof the North Basque Country

Gaindegia Report

www.gaindegia.orgObservatory for thesocial and economicdevelopment of theBasque Country

www.atlasa.netAtlas of the economyand society of theBasque Country

gaindegia report 2009

Documents