fungi and plants - karl marsh cchs website · division deuteromycotadivision deuteromycota...
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Lecture 15
Lecture 16Lecture 16
Kingdoms Fungi& PlantaeKingdomsKingdoms Fungi& Plantae
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
Fungi and PlantsFungi and PlantsFungi and PlantsThree lines of evolution from Protistabased on mode of nutrition:
Animals: IngestionFungi: AbsorptionFungi: AbsorptionPlants: PhotosynthesisPlants: Photosynthesis
Fungi and PlantsFungi and PlantsFungi and Plants
Fungi have about 100,000 known species. Estimated 1.4 million total.Plants have about 300,000 known species. Estimated about 500,000 total.
FungiFungiFungi
RustsAtelocauda digitata, Endoraecium
hawaiense, Helminthosporium maydis, Ustilago cynodontis, ring
worm
Phytophthora, Plasmopara
Lecture 15
Spoilage and RotPenicillium on oranges,
Pycnoporous sanguineus, Merulius lacrymans
Edible Fungi
Magic Mushrooms Ergot of RyeLSDLSD
Medicinal FungiWhat is a Fungus (pl.=fungi)?What is a Fungus (pl.=fungi)?What is a Fungus (pl.=fungi)?
EukaryoticEukaryoticHeterotroph (decomposer, parasite, symbiosis)Derive nutrition by absorptionabsorption“Body” multicellular, specifically myceliummycelium or yeastyeast with cell wall composed of chitinchitinReproduce by sporesspores
Lecture 15
HeterotrophHeterotrophHeterotrophDecomposerDecomposer: Recycle non-living organic materialParasiteParasite: Derive nutrition from another living organism
SymbiosisSymbiosis: Lichen = fungus + alga or cyanobacteria
Mycelium and YeastMycelium and YeastMycelium and Yeast
Mycelium: branched filaments
Yeast: Single cells
HyphaHyphaHuman
hair
Cell wall composed of chitinchitin: Mechanical strength, prevents drying out.
AbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorption
Fungus lives in its “food”HyphaHypha
SporesSporesSpores
Spore: Reproductive structure composed of one to a few cells.
Flagellated spores can
swim
Flagellated Flagellated spores can spores can
swimswim
Kingdom FungiKingdom Kingdom FungiFungiDivision Oomycotamycota
Division Zygomycotamycota
Division Ascomycotamycota
Division Basidiomycotamycota
“Form Division” Deuteromycotamycota
Note: ending for divisions in fungi is “mycota” (Latin = fungi)Note: ending for divisions in Note: ending for divisions in
fungi is “fungi is “mycotamycota” (Latin = fungi)” (Latin = fungi)
Kingdom FungiKingdom Kingdom FungiFungi
Oomycota
Zygomycota
BasidiomycotaAscomycota
Deuteromycota?
Closely related to “Brown Closely related to “Brown Algae”= Algae”= ProtistaProtista
Lecture 15
Division OomycotaDivision Division OomycotaOomycotaWater Molds, e.g. downy mildew, potato blightRelated to “Brown” algaeSwimming sporeDecomposers & parasites
475 species
No “septa”
Downy Mildew
Late Blight of PotatoLate Blight of PotatoLate Blight of Potato Sexual SporesSexual SporesSexual SporesRemaining fungi characterized by sexual spores:
Zygomycota = ZygosporesAscomycota = Ascospores in asciBasidiomycota=Basidiospores on basidium
Division ZygomycotaDivision Division ZygomycotaZygomycotaZygote fungi, bread molds
Zygospore developed from “mated” hyphal strands
Live in soil, water
Some are parasites
600 species
Division ZygomycotaDivision Division ZygomycotaZygomycotaTwo hyphae designated as “+” and “-” requiredThe “+” and “-” strains grow together
Lecture 15
Mature ZygosporeMatureMature ZygosporeZygospore
Bread mold Asexual spores borne in balls at top
Division AscomycotaDivision Division AscomycotaAscomycotaSac fungi, includes truffles and morels
Sexual spores, Ascospores in asci
“Body” is yeast and/or mycelium
Beer > 6,000 years
Wine > 8,000 years
Decomposers, pathogens30,000 species
Sexual spores borne in a “sac”= ascus
ascusascospores
Division AscomycotaDivision Division AscomycotaAscomycotaSexual spores
YeastYeast cells reproducing
Division AscomycotaDivision AscomycotaAscomycota
Mycelium
Lecture 15
Truffles-they cost about $800/lb.
Truffles-they cost about $800/lb.
Truffle hunter with truffle pig
Truffle hunter with truffle pig Fruiting bodies
Sac & sexual spores borne in above mycelialstructures.
Sac & sexual Sac & sexual spores borne in spores borne in above above mycelialmycelialstructures.structures.
Phylum AscomycotaPhylum Phylum AscomycotaAscomycota
Fungus from which LSD was first isolated
Division BasidiomycotaDivision BasidiomycotaClub fungi, , mushrooms
Basidiospores borne on club-shaped basidia
Food
Decomposers and plant diseases
25,000 species
Lecture 15
Basidium and basidiospores
basidiosporesbasidiospores
basidiumbasidium
Division DeuteromycotaDivision DeuteromycotaDeuteromycota
“Imperfect fungi” – Includes many economically important fungi
Sexual reproduction unknown in this group!
25,000 species
PenicilliumPenicillium
Source of penicillinSource of Source of penicillinpenicillin
Candida albicans“yeast infection”
Helminthosporium maydisCause of corn epidemic in 1970
Botrytis: “Noble Rot”
Lecture 15
Plant-Fungal SymbiosisPlantPlant--Fungal SymbiosisFungal SymbiosisMycorrhizaeMycorrhizae: literally “fungus-roots”
> 90% of plants have this symbiotic association
Very important to enhancing uptake of nutrients
Soil surface
Plant roots
Mycorrhizae
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaePlantae
Eukaryotic
Embryo stage
Photosynthetic
Multicellular
Cell walls of cellulose
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae
Division BryophytaphytaDivision PteridophytaphytaDivision LycoDivision LycophytaphytaDivision SphenoDivision SphenophytaphytaDivision ConiferophytaphytaDivision Anthophytaphyta
Note: All divisions end in “Note: All divisions end in “phytaphyta””
Bryophyta
Pteridophytes
ConiferophytaPlant KingdomPlant Plant KingdomKingdom
Anthophyta
ChlorophytaChlorophytaChlorophyta=Green Algae=Green Algae
Plants evolved Plants evolved from Green from Green Algae ancestorAlgae ancestor
Lecture 15
Adaptation to LandAdaptation to LandAdaptation to LandAlgae must stay in water to survive. No means of retaining water.In order to live on land must at least have a means of retaining water and reproduce.
Division BryophytaDivision BryophytaBryophytes, Mosses, hornworts and liverworts
Plants short, growing close to soil.
16,000 species
CuticleCuticle present, , waxy layer that prevents water loss.
Reproduction by AirAir--borne sporesborne spores
Division BryophytaDivision BryophytaNo water and food transport No water and food transport tissue or support tissue.tissue or support tissue.
No roots, water diffuses into No roots, water diffuses into plant.plant.
This is why these plants are This is why these plants are short!short!
Very similar in appearance to Very similar in appearance to first land plants.first land plants.
Tollund Tollund Man from Man from Silkeborg Silkeborg MuseumMuseum
http://www.nawwal.orghttp://www.organics.pl.net
Niedersächsischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
Non-Seed Vascular PlantsNonNon--Seed Vascular PlantsSeed Vascular Plants
Includes the following divisions:Lycophyta (Club Mosses)Sphenophyta (Horse Tails)Pterophyta (Ferns)
Non-seed vascular plants commonly called Pteridiophytes
Lecture 15
PteridophytesPteridophyteshttp://www.science.siu.edu
Horse Tails
PteridophytesPteridophytes
Club Mosses
Ferns
Non-Seed Vascular PlantsNonNon--Seed Vascular PlantsSeed Vascular Plants
RootsRoots present
Support tissueSupport tissue present
Taller plants than Bryophyta. Better photosynthesis!Better photosynthesis!
Pteridophytes
Water and food transport tissues present
12,000 species
Disadvantage of Ferns and Bryophytes
Disadvantage of Ferns Disadvantage of Ferns and Bryophytesand Bryophytes
Sexual reproduction important!
Sperm must swim to egg!
So must have water in order to have sexual reproduction!
Moss life cycles summary
Lecture 15
Coal FormationCoal Formation
Artist conception of Carboniferous Period
Extinct PteridophytesExtinct Pteridophytes
Seed Plants:Seed Plants:Seed Plants:Gymnosperms: Cone plants seeds “naked”
Angiosperms: Flowering plants seeds borne in fruits
GymnospermsGymnospermsGymnospermsIncludes pines, douglas firs, red woods, cedars, etc.
Naked seedsseeds borne in a cones. Advantage?
Seed has food supply. Can wait until conditions are right to germinate.
PollenPollen delivers sperms to egg. Water not needed
500 species GymnospermsGymnospermsGymnospermsBoth seed and pollen can be air-borne.
Important source of wood, paper
Red WoodRed Wood
AngiospermsAngiospermsAngiospermsDivision: Anthophyta, “Flowering plants”Most number of species and most Most number of species and most successful plants! successful plants! Seeds borne in fruitsfruits.Fruit gives more mechanism of seed dispersal than conifers, e.g. water, animals and wind.
230,000 species
Some seeds need to pass through animals digestive system before germination.
Lecture 15
Division AnthophytaDivision AnthophytaAnthophytaPollen borne in flowerPollen borne in flowerEvolution of floral appearance, e.g. Evolution of floral appearance, e.g. shape, color, smell, etc. all for shape, color, smell, etc. all for pollination!pollination!Pollination can occur by wind, water, and various animals..
230,000 species
Humming bird pollinating flower.
MimicryMimicry: flowers mimic female insects