fundamentals of telecommunication ict – te - bvf- 4.1 hassan mesfer ict-te-7
DESCRIPTION
Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7. TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1. 22/08/2014. 1. Lecture 3. Transmission Media. TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1. 22/08/2014. 2. Overview. Physical path between transmitter and receiver Guided - wire Unguided - wireless - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamentals of Telecommunication
ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1
Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7
Fundamentals of Telecommunication
ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1
Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7
22/04/23 1TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 2: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lecture 3
Transmission Media
22/04/23 2TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 3: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
• Physical path between transmitter and receiver• Guided - wire• Unguided - wireless• Characteristics and quality of a data
transmission determined by medium and signal• For guided, the medium is more important• For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the
antenna is more important (directionality)• In designing of data transmission systems
— Key concerns are data rate and distance (greater better)
22/04/23 3TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 4: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Design Factors
• Bandwidth—Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
• Transmission impairments—Attenuation, limits the distance
• Interference— From competing signals in overlapping
frequency bands
• Number of receivers—In guided media—More receivers (multi-point) introduce more
attenuation
22/04/23 4TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 5: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
![Page 6: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Guided Transmission Media
• Twisted Pair• Coaxial cable• Optical fiber• The transmission capacity depends on:
— Distance — Point-to-point or multipoint
22/04/23 6TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 7: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media
Frequency Range
Typical Attenuation
Typical Delay
Repeater Spacing
Twisted pair (with loading)
0 to 3.5 kHz 0.2 dB/km @ 1 kHz
50 µs/km 2 km
Twisted pairs (multi-pair cables)
0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km @ 1 kHz
5 µs/km 2 km
Coaxial cable
0 to 500 MHz
7 dB/km @ 10 MHz
4 µs/km 1 to 9 km
Optical fiber 186 to 370 THz
0.2 to 0.5 dB/km
5 µs/km 40 km
22/04/23 7TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
W. Stalling, 7th Edition
Point-to-point applications
![Page 8: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP) is a four-pair wire medium
• Each of the 8 individual copper wires in the UTP cable is covered by insulating material.
• In addition, each pair of wires is twisted around each other.
• This type of cable relies solely on the cancellation effect produced by the twisted wire pairs, to limit signal degradation caused by EMI and RFI.
• CAT 5e is the one most frequently recommended and implemented in installations today.
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable
22/04/23 8TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 9: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Twisted Pair
22/04/23 9TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 10: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF – 4.1 10
• Unshielded twisted-pair cable has many advantages. • It is easy to install• Less expensive than other types of networking media.
• However, the real advantage is the size.• Small external diameter, UTP does not fill up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable.
• Disandvantages:• Low data rate• Short range
UTP Pros and Cons
![Page 11: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Unshielded Twisted Pair
22/04/23 11TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 12: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Twisted Pair - Applications• Most common• Telephone network
—Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)
• Within buildings—To private branch exchange (PBX)
• For local area networks (LAN)—10Mbps or 100Mbps
22/04/23 12TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 13: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics• Analog
—Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
• Digital— Use either analog or digital signals— Repeater every 2km or 3km
• Limited distance• Limited bandwidth (1MHz)• Limited data rate (100MHz)• Susceptible to interference and noise
22/04/23 13TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 14: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Near End Crosstalk• Coupling of signal from one pair to
another• Coupling takes place when transmit signal
entering the link couples back to receiving pair
• i.e. near transmitted signal is picked up by near receiving pair
22/04/23 14TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 15: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
UTP Categories• Cat 3
—Up to 16MHz—Voice grade found in most offices—Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
• Cat 4—Up to 20 MHz
• Cat 5—Up to 100MHz—Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings—Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
• Cat 5E (Enhanced)• Cat 6 - up to 200MHz
• Cat 7 - up to 600MHz
22/04/23 15TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 16: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF - 4.1 16
• Shielded twisted-pair cable (STP) combines the techniques of shielding, cancellation, and twisting of wires.
• Each pair of wires is wrapped in metallic foil. • The four pairs of wires are wrapped in an overall
metallic braid or foil.• STP affords greater protection from all types of
external interference, but is more expensive and difficult to install than UTP.
• The metallic shielding materials in STP need to be grounded at both ends.
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
![Page 17: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF – 4.1 17
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
![Page 18: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Unshielded and Shielded TP• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
—Ordinary telephone wire—Cheapest—Easiest to install—Suffers from external EM interference
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)—Metal braid or sheathing that reduces
interference—More expensive—Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
22/04/23 18TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 19: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF – 4.1 19
Coaxial Cable• Coaxial Cable consists of a hollow outer cylindrical
conductor that surrounds a single inner wire made of two conducting elements.
• One of these elements, located in the center of the cable, is a copper conductor.
• Surrounding the copper conductor is a layer of flexible insulation.
• Over this insulating material is a copper braid or metallic foil that acts as the second wire in the circuit and as a shield for the inner conductor.
![Page 20: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
22/04/23 20TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
Coaxial Cable
![Page 21: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF – 4.1 21
Speed and Throughput : 10-100 MbpsAverage cost per node : inexpensiveMedia and connector type : MediumMaximum cable length : 500m
Coaxial Cable
![Page 22: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Coaxial Cable Applications• Most versatile medium• Television distribution
—Ariel to TV—Cable TV
• Long distance telephone transmission—Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously—Being replaced by fiber optic
• Short distance computer systems links• Local area networks
22/04/23 22TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 23: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF – 4.1 23
• For LANs, Coaxial Cable offers several
advantages.
—It can be run longer distances than shielded
twisted pair, STP, and unshielded twisted pair,
UTP, cable without the need for repeaters.
—Coaxial Cable is less expensive than fiber-optic
cable, and the technology is well known.
Coaxial Cable Applications
![Page 24: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics
• Analog—Amplifiers every few km—Closer if higher frequency—Up to 500MHz
• Digital—Repeater every 1km—Closer for higher data rates
22/04/23 24TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 25: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF - 4.1 25
• Fiber Optics are cables that are made of optical fibers that can transmit large amounts of information at the speed of light.
Optical Fiber
![Page 26: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF – 4.1 26
Optical Fiber
![Page 27: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
22/04/23 27TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
Optical Fiber
![Page 28: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
04/22/23 TTC Riyadh, ICT - BVF – 4.1 28
Optical Fiber
![Page 29: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Optical Fiber - Benefits
• Greater capacity—Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
• Smaller size and weight• Lower attenuation• Electromagnetic isolation• Greater repeater spacing
—10s of km at least
22/04/23 29TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.2
![Page 30: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Telephones• Internet• LANs - local area networks• CATV - for video, voice and Internet
connections• Long-haul trunks• Metropolitan trunks• Rural exchange trunks• Subscriber loops• Security - closed-circuit TV• Military - everywhere!
Optical Fiber - Applications
22/04/23 30TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 31: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics• Act as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz
—Portions of infrared and visible spectrum
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)—Cheaper—Wider operating temp range—Last longer
• Injection Laser Diode (ILD)—More efficient—Greater data rate
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing
22/04/23 31TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 32: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Wireless Transmission Frequencies• 2G Hz to 40 GHz
— Microwave— Highly directional— Point to point— Satellite
• 30M Hz to 1 GHz— Omnidirectional— Broadcast radio
• 3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014
— Infrared— Local
22/04/23 32TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 33: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Broadcast Radio• Omnidirectional• FM radio• UHF and VHF television• Line of sight• Suffers from multipath interference
—Reflections
22/04/23 33TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 34: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Infrared• Modulate noncoherent infrared light• Line of sight (or reflection)• Blocked by walls• e.g. TV remote control, IRD port
22/04/23 34TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 35: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Wireless Propagation• Signal travels along three routes
—Ground wave• Follows contour of earth• Up to 2MHz• AM radio
—Sky wave• Amateur radio, BBC world service, Voice of America• Signal reflected from ionosphere layer of upper
atmosphere• (Actually refracted)
—Line of sight• Above 30Mhz• May be further than optical line of sight due to refraction• More later…
22/04/23 35TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 36: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Ground Wave Propagation
22/04/23 36TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 37: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sky Wave Propagation
22/04/23 37TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
b) Sky-wave propagation 2 -30 MHz
![Page 38: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Line of Sight Propagation
22/04/23 38TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1
![Page 39: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Line of Sight Transmission• Free space loss
—Signal disperses with distance—Greater for lower frequencies (longer wavelengths)
• Atmospheric Absorption—Water vapour and oxygen absorb radio signals—Water greatest at 22GHz, less below 15GHz—Oxygen greater at 60GHz, less below 30GHz—Rain and fog scatter radio waves
• Multipath—Better to get line of sight if possible—Signal can be reflected causing multiple copies to be received—May be no direct signal at all—May reinforce or cancel direct signal
• Refraction—May result in partial or total loss of signal at receiver
![Page 40: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
FreeSpaceLoss
![Page 41: Fundamentals of Telecommunication ICT – TE - BVF- 4.1 Hassan Mesfer ICT-TE-7](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/568157ef550346895dc567a4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Multipath Interference
Microwave line of sight
Mobile radio
22/04/23 41TTC Riyadh, ICT–BVF–4.1