fundamentals of quality
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Fundamentals of Quality. Chapter 1. Sections. Process Basics Definition of Quality The Quality environment Types of Quality Relationship between Quality and cost Relationship between Quality and Productivity Benefits of improving Quality. Definition of a Process. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Dr. Tahseen Al-Doori 1
Fundamentals of Quality
Chapter 1
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SectionsProcess BasicsDefinition of QualityThe Quality environmentTypes of QualityRelationship between Quality and costRelationship between Quality and
ProductivityBenefits of improving Quality
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Definition of a Process
A process is a collection of interacting components that transform inputs into outputs toward a common aim.
Let us go through few examples of processes
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Input
Component partsMachinesOperators
Customer receives product
Assembly of components into
final product
Ship to customer
Basic Process
Process
Output
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Inputs
ResumeInterview
Information from references, former
employers, and schools
Employee to fill vacant position
Synthesize information
Evaluate information
Make decisionHire applicant
Hiring Process
Process Outputs
Inform personnel decision-maker of strengths and weaknesses of employee to improve future hiring efforts
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Inputs
Manager dictates memo to secretary
Tells secretary to distribute it to everyone in the
organization
Employee to fill vacant position
Secretary types memo
Manager signs it
Secretary reviews employee listing to find out how many copies to
make
Secretary duplicates memo, making copies for
everyone on employee listing
Secretary distributes memo
Memo-Sending Process Process
Outputs
Responses to manager about memo
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Input
Component partsMachinesOperators
Customer receives product
Assembly of components into
final product
Ship to customer
Production Process
Process Output
Information on product performance
Feedback Loop
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Variation of a processThere are two types of variations that we are
interested in:1. Common Variation: Consider a process
such as getting ready for work or class in the morning.
Your process varies from day to day. This is Common variation.
2. Special Variation: if a construction project begins on highway you take to work or university
This is a special variation as it is caused by a change external to your “driving to work or university”
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The Funnel ExperimentIf management tampers with a process without profound knowledge of how to improve the process through statistical thinking, they will increase the process’s variations and reduce their ability to manage that process.
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Rule 1Rule 1: Set the funnel over the target at (0,0) and leave the funnel fixed through all 50 drops.This will produce a stable pattern of points on the surface as a circle Fig 1.7 below
Management’s use of rule 1 demonstrate an understanding of the distinction between special and common variation and between the different types of managerial action required for each type of variation.
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Rule 2Rule 2 states that the funnel should be moved the distance (-x,-y) from its last resting point. This is an adjustment rule with a memory of the last resting point.This rule will produce a circle with diameter which will be double the variance of rule 1. As shown in Fig. 1.8 below.
Rule 2 implies that the process is being tampered with by people with inadequate knowledge of how to manage the process to reduce its variation.Rule 2 is commonly used as a method of “attempting” to make things better in a process.
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Rule 2aRule 2a: states if (x , y) is within a circle centered at (0,0) with specific diameter D. do not adjust the funnel.But if (x , y) is out side the circle centered at (0,0) with specific diameter D, then use the adjustment rule specified in Rule 2.
Examples: Variance analysis Direct labor, direct materials, and overhead.
Variance analysis causes employees to react inappropriately to accounting variance.
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Rule 3Rule 3: The funnel is set over the target at (0,0) prior to the initial drop.Rule 3 states that the funnel should be moved a distance (-x , -y) from the target (0,0).Therefore, it is an adjustment rule with no memory of the last resting point.This rule will produce an unstable, explosive pattern of resting points on the surface. Which will produce the Bow-tie shaped pattern as in the Fig. 1.9 below.
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Rule 4Rule 4: The funnel is set over the target at (0,0) prior to the initial drop.Rule 4 states that the funnel should be moved to the resting point, therefore, it is an adjustment rule with no memory of either the last resting point or the position of the target at (0,0). This will produce an unstable, explosive pattern of resting points and moves farther away from the target (0,0) in one direction, as in the fig below
Rule 4 implies that the process is being tampered with by people with inadequate knowledge of how to manage the process to reduce its variation.It implies acting on common variation as if it were special variation.
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Home Work
In the book, in chapter 1, there is “the Red Bead Experiment” PP 14.
Read the experiment and explain it in your own words.
To be handed to me next lesson Tuesday
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Definition of Quality
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Example
An example of the goalpost view, the desired diameter of stainless steel ball bearing is 25 mm (the nominal value). A tolerance of 5 mm above or below 25 mm is acceptable to purchasers. Thus, if a ball bearing diameter measures between 20 and 30 mm (inclusive), it is deemed conforming to specifications. If a ball bearing diameter measures less than 20 mm or more than 30 mm, it is deemed not conforming to specification, and is scrapped at a cost of $1.00 per ball bearing.
Give me more examples on Quality
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Quality EnvironmentEmployees are the most critical stakeholders of an
organization. “in management, the first concern of the company
is the happiness of people who are connected with it. If people do not feel happy and can not be made happy, that company does not deserve to exist…The first order of business is to let the employees have adequate income. Their humanity must be respected, and they must be given an opportunity to enjoy their work and lead a happy life.”
Kaoru Ishikawa
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Types of Quality
There are three types of Quality:1. Quality of Design or redesign2. Quality of Conformance3. Quality of Performance.
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Quality of Design
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Quality of Conformance
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Quality of Performance
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Relationship between Quality and cost
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Relationship between Quality and Productivity
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Benefits of Improving Quality
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