fundamentals and applications of - · pdf filej. kasparian et al. , science 301 , 61 (2003)...
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Fundamentals and Applications of
Plasma Filaments
L. Wöste
Fachbereich Physik der Freien Universität
[email protected]@physik.fu-berlin.de
Coworkers Cooperation partnersK. Stelmaszczyk J.-P. WolfP. Rohwetter J. Kasparian
W. Nakaema, M. Rodriguez, M. Rodriguez, H. H. WilleWille, , R. R. BourayouBourayou,, H. Zuoquiang, T. Fujii,R. Sauerbrey, A. Mysyrowicz, W. W. KalknerKalkner, , GG.. MéchainMéchain, Y. Petit, S. Henin, , Y. Petit, S. Henin, J. Yu, E. Salmon, G. Méjean, Y.Y.--B. André,B. André, L. Klingbeil, K. L. Klingbeil, K. RethmeierRethmeier
TheTeramobile Project was financed by CNRS, DFG and SNF
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Fundamentals and Applications of
Plasma Filaments
Contents
− Formation of white light filaments− Formation of white light filaments− Properties and applications− Remote sensing of solid targets− Single and multiple filaments− White light analysis of the atmosphere− Filament-induced water condensation− Filament-based discharge control− Perspectives of lightning protection
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Let‘ s propagate a millijoule femtosecondlaser pulse in air or gas!
First time observed in the lab by:
A.Braun, G.Korn, G.Mourou et al. Opt. Lett., 20(1995),73
An amazing, white-light emitting filament emerges!
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E(t)Kerr:
n = n0 + n2 I(x,t)
How is the white light formed ?
E(t)( ) ( )
dt
tdIz
c
nt 02
0
ωωω −=
Self-Phase Modulation
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White-Light Continuum
J.Kasparian et al., Opt. Lett. 25, 1397 (2000)
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wavefront
n = n0 + n2I(r)
n2 = 3 10-19 cm2/W in air
rad
ius
ρc = 2 1021cm-3 in air
wavefront
rad
ius
Kerr Lens Plasma Lens
What is the filament formation mechanism?
c
In
ρρ )(−=∆
PropagationPropagation
Kerr Lens
Plasma
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PropertiesΦ = 100 µm
L > 300 m∆n <> 10-5
Theoretical calculation
…∆n larger than thermal turbuleces -> almost no influence on propagation !
∆n <> 10-5
E = 1-5 mJI = 1014 W/cm2
ρ = 1015 cm-3
ρρρρ
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Properties of these filaments
d = 100 µmL ~ 100 m, I = 1014 W/cm2,ρ = 1015 cm-3
When pumping @ 800nm
with 4mJ pulses of 60fs:
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…and they areelectrically conductive!
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Testing the EURO:
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An emerging industrial application:*
Filament cut @ 6m distance
* Patent * Patent No.:USNo.:US 8,097,830 B28,097,830 B2
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Filament Cut
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An emerging medical application:
Filament cut @ 2m distanceBone and
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Filament- induced breakdown spectroscopy (FIBS) on different metals
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FIBS on different Minerals Future Objects
- industrial deposits
- radioactive fallouts
- mineral analysis
- radioactive fallouts
- ground humidity
- plant stress detection
But how far can we go?
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Plasma-lines of copper observed at 100 meters distance
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Femtosecond laser
Filament
Screen
Optimizing the supercontinuum for remote FIBS(filament induced breakdown spectroscopy)
Filament
Filterwheel
Telescope
PMT
„Signal“Genetic
algorithm
„Loop“
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First preliminary results
Evolution graph
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„Optimal pulse shape“ increases Supercontinuum intensity by up to
~20% compared to the optimum linear chirp.
Observations suggest:
… and now let us work at higher energies !
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Mono-filamentation(<5 mJ)
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Multi-filamentation(>5 mJ)
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de-focussing plasma lens:
focussingKerr lens
Autoguided propagation
and multiple filamentation
At higher energies (>5 mJ): multiple filamentation
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Specs of our pump laser: 240mJ @ 60fs = 4 Terawatt
And now lets produce extended filament bundles to study the atmosphere
•
Careful: Since the spectral bandwidthof our filaments is rather broad, this has to be considered,
when propagating over long distances !
400 nm 800 nmWavelenghth
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fs pulse chirpedpulse
GVDno GVDcompensation
Group-Velocity Dispersion
Compensating
fs pulseanti-chirped (precompensed)
pulse
pulse
GVDwith GVDcompensation
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Principle of the fs - Lidar
Chirp control
Ultrashort
Laser
Time-resolved
spectrometer
Telescope
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The result:extended bundles of
FILAMENTS !
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The Teramobile:A mobile fs -TW Laser and LIDAR System
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Laser Titane-Saphire
Performances : 790 nm350 mJ à 10 Hz
60 fs5 TW
H. Wille et al., Eur. Phys. J. - A.P., 20, 183 (2002)J. Kasparian et al., Science 301, 61 (2003)
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Tautenburg Observatorium
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White Lightuntil
18 km
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Positive chirp (600 fs) GVD precompensation (-600 fs)
Control of the white-light generation
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Conical emission
Slight pre-compensation of GVD (-150 fs)
Ø
Ø
conical emissionh = 1900 m
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White-Light Continuum
J.Kasparian et al., Opt. Lett. 25, 1397 (2000)
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0.0
0.5
1.0
6800 6900 7000 7100 7200 7300 74000.0
0.5
1.0
White-light atmospheric absorption spectrum from 4 km altitude
O2
8600 8700 8800 8900 9000 9100 92000.0
0.5
1.0
8000 8100 8200 8300 8400 8500 86000.0
0.5
1.0
7400 7500 7600 7700 7800 7900 80000.0
H2O
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Simultaneous oxygen and water vapor measurement
814 815 816 8170.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Water vapor
Tra
nsm
issi
on
normalized measurement calculation
Water�Humidity
761 762 763 764 7650.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
814 815 816 817
Oxygen
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Wavelength /nm
normalized measurement calculation �Temperature
� RELATIVE humidity
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Time evolution of the Ozone profile22:0
022:3
023:0
023:3
000:0
000:3
001:0
0
01:30
02:00
03:00
05:30
06:00
06:30
07:30
Ozone (µg/m3) Lyon, 29-30/07/02
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What is the origin of theintensty of the observed return signals ?
Angular distribution measurementof the white-light emitted from a filament
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120140160180
180 178178 176176174172 174 172
non linear 2001 linear 2001
Inte
nsi
ty (
a.u
.)
Backward enhancement of the white light emission
020406080100
threshold at 178
p_pols_polInte
nsi
ty (
a.u
.)
Angle (°)
J.Yu et al, Opt. Lett. 26(8), 533-535 (2001)
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Filament-induced Condensation
P. Rohwetter et al., Nature Photonics, DOI 10.1038/NPHOTON.2010.115
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Diffusion cloud chamber
fs-source:
heater
water reservoir
fs-source:800 nm, 100 fs,220 mJ
cooler
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Optimization of droplet formationin th fog chambee
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Laser-produced Condensation
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Condensation mechanism with strong Laserlight
+
Laser
+
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Fiber bundle
Laser
Filaments
Firing sequence
…
…
Δt = 1 ms T = 200 ms
Test in the real atmosphere:
The pump&probe LIDAR
Teramobile:
800nm, 220 mJ,
120 fs, 5 Hz
LIDAR transmitter:
532nm, 5 mJ, 7 ns, 10 Hz
Optical
detection
Data
Acquisition
PC
Telescope
Ref. PD
Fiber bundletime
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Fiber bundle
Laser
filaments
The pump&probe LIDAR
Appearance of filament-formed droplets
Teramobile:
800nm, 220 mJ,
120 fs, 5 Hz
LIDAR transmitter:
532nm, 5 mJ, 7 ns, 10 Hz
Optical
detection
Data
Acquisition
PC
Telescope
Ref. PD
Fiber bundle
@ RH~70%!
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Mark Twain (1835-1910):
« Everyone talks about the
Let´s get back to him!
« Everyone talks about the weather, but no one triesto do something about it! »
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After the hail storm !
….what can be done?
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Hail flyers
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with Ag+I-
-
Condensation mechanism
+-
Do we want to contaminate our atmosphere wit expensiveAgI ?
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Chinese bureau for weather control
Weather control
北京市人工影响天气办公室
- 37 000 employees
- 7000 rocket lounge bases
- 210 km3 rain produced (claim)
- 1/8 increase of rain (claim)
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How about lightnings?
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Who is threatened by lightnings?
And what can be done?
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…he had the first idea!
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employingrockets
A moremodernsolution :
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We want to prevent this!
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Remember: Filaments areelectrically conductive!
…let´s test them !
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Laser guiding setup0 to —2 MV
Ground (plane electrode,Ø 3 m)
Adjustable focus
HV electrode(sphere, Ø 12 cm)
Ionized filaments
Adjustable focus
0,5 - 4 m
Contact
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Laser-control of high-voltage discharges
3 m
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1 MVolt 0.7 MVolt
without filament with filament
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1000
1500
2000
U50
with laser U
50 without laser
Lowest LIB voltage observed
Vo
ltag
e (
kV)
Discharge triggering
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,00
500
1000
Vo
ltag
e (
kV)
D istance beween electrodes (m)
M. Rodriguez et al., Opt. Lett. 27, 772 (2002)
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Filament-Triggered Discharges in RainWetting the Discharge Gap
in Rain
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Filament-induced Discharge in Rain
Probability reduced by 50 %Same threshold !
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Field campaignLangmuir laboratory,New Mexico TechAltitude 3200 m
Metallic hall:Faraday cage for TeramobileFaraday cage for Teramobile
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Experimental Setup
filaments
E-field ?RF
RF filamentsRF
RF
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Lightning Strikes
RF detectors(LMA)
Laser and filament
100 %
0 %Storm on Sept. 24/04Strong E-Field
Let us look for pulse-synchronized strikes!
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Laser-controlled lightning strikes
Detectors
Laser
100 %
der Luftfahrt
98 %
Laser–inducedlightning strikes!
J. Kasparian et al., Optics Express 16, 5757 (2008)
der Luftfahrt
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The future ofThe future of
lightninglightning controlcontrol
Laser
+ ++ ++
++
Laser
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Thank You ! Thank You ! Thank You ! Thank You ! To the Team
MonikaPawlowska FranzHagemann PhilipRohwetter TorstenSiebert
HaoZuoquiang LW GeorgAchazi FabianWeise
MatthieuLalanne FalkoSchwaneberg AlbrechtLindinger OliverGause JörgWichmann
AndreaMerli WaltherNakaema CristinaKaposta BrigitteOdeh ThomasGelot KamilStelmaszczyk
And to our cooperation Partners:
Jean-PierreWolf JeromeKasparian