fundamental of microcontrollers
DESCRIPTION
Fundamental of Microcontrollers. Waghmare Rahul G. Introduction. Purpose Provides an introduction to microcontrollers including usage and selection Objectives: Describes the functions of a microcontroller Briefly explains the history of microcontrollers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Fundamental of Microcontrollers
Waghmare Rahul G.
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Purpose◦ Provides an introduction to microcontrollers including
usage and selection Objectives:
◦ Describes the functions of a microcontroller◦ Briefly explains the history of microcontrollers◦ Describes the main components of microcontroller◦ Talk about trends seen in the microcontroller industry◦ Describe the current microcontroller offerings◦ Describe the some of the steps in first using a
microcontroller◦ Show usage of an Evaluation kit◦ Provide insight into how to choose a microcontroller for
your application
Introduction
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Microcontroller◦ Single chip device◦ System decision based on external
signals◦ Controls the behavior of a system
Always Contains:◦ Processor Core◦ Memory (RAM, ROM)◦ Input/output (I/O) Capability
Serial I/O interface◦ Various On-Chip Peripherals such as:
Timers Analog to digital converters Pulse width Modulators Many others
What is Microcontroller
MemoryI/O Peri
perals
Processor Core (CPU)
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Everywhere◦ Any application that has real world inputs and
outputs Examples:
◦ Washing Machine◦ ECG Machine◦ Networking equipments◦ PCOs◦ etc..
Where are Microcontrollers?
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What is difference between a Microcontroller and a Microprocessor?
CPU core with memory and peripherals integrated on chip
CPU core connects to external memory and peripherals
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What is difference between a Microcontroller and a DSP?
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History of the Microcontrollers
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History of the Microcontroller:Early Time
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General Instruments:◦ The famous PIC◦ Spun out chip Division - Microchip
Hitachi◦ 6300 line◦ Combined with Mitshibushi Electric to form
Renesas Zilog
◦ First the Z – 80 processor, then Z – 8 MCU
History of the Microcontroller:Other Early Entries
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Architecture
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CPU◦ Reads and Stores
data◦ Performs Basic Math
Operations◦ Performs Logical
functions (OR, AND etc)
◦ Controls flow of program execution
Processor Core
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Microcontroller bit definition
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CISC V/S RISC
Complex Instruction Set Computer
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
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Harvard V/S von Neumann
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Hardware to handle interrupt signals Important in real time system Interrupt latency in important to consider
◦ Hardware and software (OS) determine interrupt latency
◦ Interrupt service routine (ISR) is the part of OS
Interrupt controller
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ROM – Read-only Memory – for program storage◦ Masked ROM
Programmed during manufacture◦ PROM
Programmed by blowing fuse after manufacture◦ EPROM – Erasable ROM
Electrically programmed – Erased by UV light◦ OTP – One Time Programmable
PROM EPROM that is encapsulated
◦ EEPROM – Electrically Erasable ROM Electrically programmed – Erased with higher voltages
◦ FLASH Similar to EEPROM Write/Read/Erase in large blocks
System Memory: ROM
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RAM – Random Access Memory◦ Volatile or Non-permanent memory◦ Can be written to many times◦ Stores Temporary or changeable data◦ “Embedded” in MCUs
Types of RAM◦ SRAM
Static RAM Fast Access times / More Silicon area Common in MCUs
◦ DRAM Dynamic RAM Slower access time / Lesser Silicon area Less common in MCUs
System Memory: RAM
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Allow Communication with other devices◦ USB (Universal Serial Bus)◦ CAN (Controller Area Network)◦ SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)◦ I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit)◦ UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter)◦ LIN (Local Interconnect Network)◦ Ethernet◦ Also Wireless Interfaces
ZigBee Bluetooth
I/O: Serial Interface
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Timers LCD Controllers Touch screen
Controllers Keypad Controllers GPIO pins A/D Converter D/A Converter Analog Comparator Pulse Width Modulator
On chip Peripherals
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Trends andCurrent Offerings
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Low Power◦ Dynamic Power◦ Static Power◦ Low Power Modes◦ Lower Supply Voltage
Higher Integration◦ More Feature Incorporated
Microcontroller Trends
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32 bits◦ More Processing power
Flash Memory◦ May replace the traditional ROM
DSP Functionality◦ DSP or Microcontroller
Multi-core◦ Not just for PCs
Microcontroller Trends
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8051◦ NXP, Atmel, Silicon Labs, Dallas/Maxim, ST,
Rabbit and others ARM
◦ NXP, ST, Free-scale, Atmel, Samsung, Texas Instruments, OKI, Energy Micro and others
MIPS◦ Microchips
Sampling of Microcontroller offerings:Licensed cores
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NXP Renesas Microchip Free scale Atmel Infineon
Texas Instruments Samsung & ST
Microelectronics NEC Toshiba
Sampling of Microcontroller offerings:Broad range Vendors
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Analog Devices Cyan Maxim / Dallas Zilog Silicon Labs Cypress Energy Micro Rabbit
Sampling of Microcontroller offerings:Broad range Vendors (more..)
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Designing with Microcontrollers
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Editor◦ Text based window for editing high-level language
Compiler◦ Converts source code to object code
Assembler◦ Converts assembly code to binary code
Linker◦ Joins separate object code files for download
Simulator◦ Run linker output on a simulation of the MCU on host PC
Debugger◦ Allows engineer to monitor and halt program execution
Microcontroller Development Tools
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Integrated Development Environment (IDE)◦ Software package that contains all software tools integrated
In-Circuit Emulator◦ Replaces MCU with tool to allow viewing and control of
program as seen within the chip JTAG
◦ Interface for test and debug Evaluation / Development Kits
◦ Low cost Easy-to-use Evaluation and development tool 3rd Party tools
◦ Various tools by Non-MCU vendor that help in all aspects of development including development including kits and JTAG Debugging
Microcontroller Development Tools
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A software platform which manages task created by user◦ Design team may write their own OS
Drivers handle details of using I/O and peripherals◦ Makes programming easier; just call on drivers for I/O◦ Makes program reusable; MCU hidden from designer◦ Drivers control peripherals; simply pass data to them
Real time Operating System (RTOS)◦ Designed to execute multiple tasks with definite time
constraints and priorities
Operating System
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Programming code Compiler Memory Highly Integrated Microcontrollers make circuit design
easy but…◦ Must be programmed in order to perform a function◦ Code development is more than half the product development
A program is a sequence of instructions using the microcontroller’s unique instruction set◦ Families of MCUs may have a common instruction set◦ Typical Instruction includes:
Adding two numbers, and saving the result Comparing two numbers and branching to different subroutines if
equal or not equal Reading the value of an external pins
Code Development
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Compiler
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Evaluation Kit◦ Low cast kits◦ Evaluating the microcontroller
Development Kit◦ More comprehensive◦ For developing the system around the
microcontroller Reference design kits
◦ Application specific reference designs already complete
Evaluation/Development/Reference design kits
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Choosing a Microcontroller
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Marketing analyzes market needs, Drivers & develops new product specification
Environment sensors, motors, LCD Display, Keypad, etc
Engineering determines what functions of microcontrollers are required to meet specifications
Engineering team searches for MCU & other system components that will deliver end system to specification
Basics of Designing a System
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Up Front Design System◦ Spreadsheets◦ Feature Requirements◦ Tool Requirements◦ Evaluation boards
Hardware V/S Software◦ Complexity of MCU
Choosing a microcontroller:General Tips
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Features / On chip Peripherals◦ ADC◦ DAC◦ Analog Comparator◦ PWM◦ LCD Control◦ Timers◦ JTAG◦ I/Os
Communication Interface◦ USB◦ CAN◦ UART◦ SPI◦ Others…
Packages◦ Size◦ Pins
Choosing a microcontroller:Parametric aspects
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Power◦ Sleep Mode◦ Voltage◦ Current
Speed◦ Clock frequency◦ Critical Instruments◦ Interrupt latency
Reliability◦ Application demand
Memory◦ Size◦ Type
Familiarity◦ Personal experience◦ Senior Engineer
Choosing a microcontroller:Parametric aspects
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Price◦ Device◦ Volume◦ Software tools
IDEs Debug Compiler OS
Available Kits◦ Evaluation Kit◦ Development Kit◦ Reference design kits
Support◦ Documentation
White Papers Reference design Example code User Guide Errata
◦ Application Engineers Response time
◦ Community Portability
◦ Roadmap◦ Large Family◦ Abstraction Layer
Choosing a microcontroller:Parametric aspects
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Thank You