fundamental causes of the war
DESCRIPTION
Fundamental Causes of the War. Sectionalism and states’ rights Slavery Economic issues. The Dividing Union. Missouri Compromise (1820) Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law Kansas – Nebraska Act (1854) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Secession. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamental Causes of the War
• Sectionalism and states’ rights
• Slavery
• Economic issues
![Page 2: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Dividing Union• Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law
• Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854)
• Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
![Page 3: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Secession• South Carolina
was first to secede
• Several other states followed soon after
• Virginia seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter Seceding states appear in green
![Page 4: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Creation of the Confederacy
• Delegates met in Montgomery, Alabama
• Formed the Confederate States of America
• Jefferson Davis elected president, with Alexander Stephens as vice president
CSA President Jefferson Davis
![Page 5: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Buchanan’s Inaction
• Believed secession was illegal, but that acting to prevent it was also illegal
• Decided to let the incoming administration handle the problem
President James Buchanan
![Page 6: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
• March 4, 1861
• Promised not to interfere with slavery where it already existed
• Attempted to reconcile with the South
A crowd listens to Lincoln’s speech at the Capitol building
![Page 7: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Lincoln and Fort Sumter• Confederates demanded that the fort be surrendered
• Lincoln received urgent message from Ft. Sumter’s commander
• Lincoln faced with dilemma of resupplying Sumter
• Decided to send only “food for hungry men”
Fort Sumter
![Page 8: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The War Begins• Bombardment began on April 12, 1861
• Anderson surrendered to Gen. Beauregard, a close friend and colleague
Painting depicting the bombardment of Fort Sumter
![Page 9: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The “Anaconda Plan”The Union’s strategy:
• Naval blockade from Louisiana to Virginia
• Control of the Mississippi River
Confederate strategy primarily defensive
Cartoon about the “Anaconda Plan”
![Page 10: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Advantages & Disadvantages: The Union
Advantages:• Industry and railroads• Larger population• Legitimate government• Strong political
leadershipDisadvantages:
• Funding difficulties• Offensive war• Lack of skilled
military leaders
A Massachusetts factory
![Page 11: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Advantages & Disadvantages: The Confederacy
Advantages:• Defensive war on home turf• Common cause• Strong military tradition and
outstanding leaders
Disadvantages:• Weak economy• Smaller population• Ineffective central
government and leadership
Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
![Page 12: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
War Aims: North and South• The North: to preserve the Union
• The South: safeguarding states’ rights, as well as protecting the South from “Northern aggression”
Horace Greeley
Abraham Lincoln
![Page 13: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Recruiting Soldiers• Lincoln called
for 75,000 volunteers for three months’ enlistment
• Response was overwhelming
• Union also encouraged enlistment with bounties
New Yorkers line up to enlist
![Page 14: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ethnic Recruitment• Both sides appealed to
ethnic pride in order to recruit
• Many nationalities joined both sides
• Irish Americans among the most common
An enlistment poster aimed at Irish Americans
![Page 15: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bull Run
• First major battle of Civil War
• About 25 miles from Washington, D.C.
• “Stonewall” Jackson became famous
• Confederate victory
Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
![Page 16: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Trent Affair• Union forces seized two Confederate
diplomats from aboard a British ship, the Trent
• British contended the seizure was an act of war
• Union eventually released the diplomats
• Confidence built between the U.S. and British governments
• Britain refused to support Confederacy
The San Jacinto accosting the
Trent
![Page 17: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Shiloh• Union forces led
by Ulysses S. Grant
• Confederate attack nearly wiped out Union forces on first day
• Grant counterattacked the next day
• Union victoryA view of Shiloh after the battle
![Page 18: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ironclads• Confederates built
the Merrimack from a sunken Union ship
• Union quickly built the Monitor
• Monitor and Merrimack fought to a draw in first battle between ironclads A painting of the battle
![Page 19: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
New Technologies in Warfare• Minie ball
• Submarine
• Heavy artillery
• Aerial reconnaissance
• Gatling gun
• Trench warfare
A Gatling gun
![Page 20: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A New Union Commander
• McClellan selected as commander after Bull Run
• McClellan popular with troops
• A thorough administrator
• Overly cautious
Gen. George B. McClellan
![Page 21: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lee Takes Command
• General Joseph E. Johnston wounded
• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate army
• Lee proves an able commander
Gen. Robert E. Lee
![Page 22: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Antietam • Attempt by Lee to invade the North
• Near Sharpsburg, Maryland
• McClellan tipped off to Lee’s plans when a soldier found secret orders wrapped around cigars
• Single bloodiest day in American history
Artillery Hell, a painting of early morning hostilities at Antietam
![Page 23: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Antietam: Aftermath• Lincoln met with
McClellan after the battle
• Lincoln fired him, complaining that he “had the slows”
• McClellan replaced by series of commanders
Lincoln meets with McClellan at Antietam
![Page 24: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Alabama Claims
• Confederates purchased commerce raiders from Britain
• Alabama highly successful in disrupting Union shipping
• U.S. government demands compensation from Britain
• In 1872, an arbitration commission ordered Britain to pay $15.5 million
Painting of the CSS Alabama fighting the USS Kearsage
![Page 25: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Prelude to Emancipation
• At first, Lincoln did not believe he had the authority to end slavery
• However, every slave working on a plantation allowed a white Southerner to fight
• Lincoln saw emancipation as a strategic issue as well as a moral one
Slaves on a South Carolina plantation, 1862
![Page 26: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Advantages to Emancipation
• Cause “union” in the North by linking the war to abolishing slavery
• Cause disorder in the South as slaves were freed
• Kept Britain out of the war
Lincoln discussing emancipation with his cabinet
![Page 27: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln announced proclamation after Antietam
• Took effect on January 1, 1863• Freed slaves only in “territories
in rebellion”
A cartoon celebrating emancipation
![Page 28: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dealing With Dissent
• Copperheads
• Led by Rep. Clement Vallandigham of Ohio
• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus
Rep. Clement Vallandigham
![Page 29: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
African American Enlistment
• Congress allowed black enlistment in 1862
• 54th Massachusetts commanded by Colonel Shaw
• Half of 54th killed in assault on Ft. Wagner
• Helped spur further enlistment
Col. Robert Gould Shaw
Memorial to the 54th Massachusetts
![Page 30: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Manpower for the War
• Mostly volunteers
• Conscription needed to sustain troop levels
• In the North, draftees could hire substitutes or pay $300 to opt out
An illustrated sheet music cover protesting the inequities of the draft
![Page 31: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
New York Draft Riots• July 1863• Rioters mainly poor
whites and Irish immigrants
• Attacked the rich and blacks over 100 killed
• Felt that if they went to war blacks would take their jobs
• Opposed to freeing slaves
Rioters loot a New York store
![Page 32: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Sanitary Commission
• Poor health conditions in army camps
• U.S. Sanitary Commission created
• Purposes included improving hygiene and recruiting nurses
• Developed better methods of transporting wounded to hospitals
A Civil War field hospital
![Page 33: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Civil War Medicine
• Infection often deadlier than the wounds
• Amputations more common
• Anesthesia widely used
A surgeon at the Camp Letterman field hospital at Gettysburg prepares for an
amputation
![Page 34: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Andersonville
• Confederate POW camp in Georgia
• 32,000 prisoners jammed into 26 acres
• One-third of all prisoners died
• Superintendent was executed as a war criminal Severely emaciated POWs rescued
from Andersonville
![Page 35: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Chancellorsville
• Jackson’s forces surprised Union troops
• Confederates won unlikely victory
• Jackson hit by “friendly fire” and died a week later
• Lee pressed on to Pennsylvania A painting of the battle
![Page 36: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Gettysburg: Prelude
• Lee crossed into Pennsylvania
• Sent troops for supplies
• Confederates encounter Union force outside Gettysburg Gettysburg battlefield: view from Culp’s Hill
![Page 37: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gettysburg: Day One
• Small Union force led by Buford delayed a larger Confederate force
• Buford held high ground at Seminary Ridge
• Buford’s stand allowed time for reinforcements to arrive
![Page 38: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Gettysburg: Day Two
• Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
• Defense of Little Round Top
• 20th Maine repelled Confederates and saved Union position
Colonel (later Major General) Joshua L. Chamberlain
![Page 39: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Gettysburg: Day Three
• Lee believed Union lines were still vulnerable
• Ordered Pickett’s forces to attack center of Union lines
• “Pickett’s Charge” resulted in over 6500 Confederate casualties
Artist’s rendition of the battlefield during Pickett’s charge
![Page 40: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Impact of Gettysburg
• Confederates lost 28,000men (one-third of army)
• Union lost 23,000 men(one-quarter of army)
• Town overwhelmed by dead and wounded soldiers
• Lee unable to rebuild army
• Turning point of the warA Confederate soldier lies dead at
“Devil’s Den”
![Page 41: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Siege of Vicksburg
• Key to total Union control of the Mississippi River
• Several attempts by Grant to take the city failed
• Grant barraged the city for two months
• Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863
Union troops surround Vicksburg during the siege
![Page 42: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Gettysburg Address
• Lincoln invited to attend cemetery dedication
• Everett the principal speaker
• At the time, Lincoln’s two-minute speech was considered great by some, a failure by others
The only known picture of Lincoln (lower center) at the Gettysburg
Cemetery dedication
![Page 43: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The “Wilderness Campaign”• Grant came to support
“total war”• Sought to crush Lee’s
army in Virginia• Fought in dense forest
near Fredericksburg• Grant criticized for
taking high losses• In one battle he lost
7,000 men in one hour
Grant at Cold Harbor during the Wilderness Campaign
![Page 44: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
• Sherman sought to break the South’s ability to make war
• Captured Atlanta in September 1864
• Led the March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah
• Took Savannah by Christmas 1864
Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
![Page 45: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Election of 1864• Lincoln sought
reelection
• Democrats nominated McClellan
• Union victories helped Republican campaign
• Lincoln won by large margin
A political cartoon shows Lincoln and Davis tearing a U.S. map while McClellan tries to intercede
![Page 46: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The 13th Amendment
• Proposed and co-authored by Senator Henderson of Missouri
• Approved by Congress in January 1865
• Ratified by 27 states by December 1865
• Abolished “involuntary servitude”
Illustration depicting the Senate debate over the 13th Amendment
![Page 47: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Surrender at Appomattox• Lee realized his position was hopeless
• Asked to meet with Grant
• Met in Appomattox on April 9, 1865
• Lenient surrender terms
An artist’s rendition of the meeting
![Page 48: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lincoln’s Assassination• On Good Friday, April 14,
1865, at Ford’s Theater
• Shot by actor John Wilkes Booth
• Booth killed 12 days later
• Vice President Andrew Johnson became president
• Lincoln was universally mourned
An illustration of Lincoln’s assassination
![Page 49: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Impact of the War: the Union• 111,000 killed in action
• 250,000 killed by non-military causes (mostly disease)
• Over 275,000 wounded
• Estimated cost in today’s dollars: $6.19 billion
Union dead at Gettysburg
![Page 50: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Impact of the War: the Confederacy
• 93,000 killed in battle
• 165,000 killed by non-military causes
• Over 137,000 wounded
• Estimated cost in today’s dollars: $2.10 billion Destruction in Atlanta after Sherman’s
troops took the city
![Page 51: Fundamental Causes of the War](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070402/5681386a550346895da01aba/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The Road to Reconstruction• Lincoln’s assassination led
to rise of “Radical Republicans”
• Conflict over how to best deal with the former Confederate states
• Reconstruction period brought about great political upheaval
• South “punished” for causing the war
President Andrew Johnson