STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION RESEARCH REPORT

Functional analysis of AEBP2, a PRC2 Polycomb protein, revealsa Trithorax phenotype in embryonic development and in ESCsAnne Grijzenhout1, Jonathan Godwin1, Haruhiko Koseki2, Michal Ryszard Gdula1, Dorota Szumska3,Joanna F. McGouran4,*, Shoumo Bhattacharya3, Benedikt M. Kessler4, Neil Brockdorff1,‡ andSarah Cooper1,‡

ABSTRACTThe Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 are keymediators of heritable gene silencing in multicellular organisms.Here, we characterise AEBP2, a known PRC2 co-factor which,in vitro, has been shown to stimulate PRC2 activity. We show thatAEBP2 localises specifically to PRC2 target loci, including theinactive X chromosome. Proteomic analysis confirms that AEBP2associates exclusively with PRC2 complexes. However, analysisof embryos homozygous for a targeted mutation of Aebp2unexpectedly revealed a Trithorax phenotype, normally linked toantagonism of Polycomb function. Consistent with this, we observeelevated levels of PRC2-mediated histone H3K27 methylation attarget loci in Aebp2 mutant embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Wefurther demonstrate that mutant ESCs assemble atypical hybridPRC2 subcomplexes, potentially accounting for enhancement ofPolycomb activity, and suggesting that AEBP2 normally plays arole in defining the mutually exclusive composition of PRC2subcomplexes.

KEY WORDS: Chromatin, Polycomb, Trithorax, PRC2, AEBP2,Mouse

INTRODUCTIONPolycomb group proteins, which were initially identified for theirrole in heritable silencing of Hox gene clusters in Drosophilamelanogaster, are highly conserved in vertebrates (Simon andKingston, 2009). There are ∼1500-2000 Polycomb target genes inmouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and the majority of theseencode important developmental regulators (Ku et al., 2008).Polycomb proteins confer epigenetic repression by modification ofchromatin. The Trithorax group proteins act to antagonisePolycomb function and have a role in developmental geneactivation (Steffen and Ringrose, 2014).

There are two major Polycomb repressive complexes, PRC1 andPRC2, which ubiquitylate histone H2A lysine 119 (H2AK119u1)and methylate histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me1/2/3), respectively.Six major variant PRC1 complexes, defined by the presence ofdifferent Polycomb group RING-finger subunits (Gao et al., 2012),are present in mammals and are thought to have distinct roles intargeting/maintenance of H2AK119u1 (Isono et al., 2013;Blackledge et al., 2014). The PRC2 core complex consists of thecatalytic SET domain-containing subunit EZH1/2 and core subunitsEED, SUZ12 and RbAp46/48 (also known as RBBP7/4).Additionally, there are non-stoichiometric accessory factors thatassociate with PRC2. In mammals, these include AEBP2, JARID2,PHF1 (PCL1), MTF2 (PCL2), and PHF19 (PCL3) (Shen et al.,2009; Casanova et al., 2011; Ballaré et al., 2012; Cai et al., 2013;Alekseyenko et al., 2014).

The roles of the different PRC2 accessory proteins are not welldefined, although there is evidence that they can stimulate thecatalytic activity of the core complex or can play a role in PRC2recruitment (Cao and Zhang, 2004; Nekrasov et al., 2007;Casanova et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011; Brien et al., 2012;Hunkapiller et al., 2012). For example, human PCL1 (PHF1) hasbeen shown to enhance enzymatic activity of PRC2 in vitro, andPCL1 knockdown leads to reduced levels of H3K27me3 (Caoet al., 2008; Sarma et al., 2008). JARID2 depletion has no effecton global H3K27me3 levels, although both reduced and increasedH3K27me3 levels have been reported to occur at Polycomb targetgenes in Jarid2 knockouts or knockdowns (Peng et al., 2009;Shen et al., 2009; Landeira et al., 2010; Li et al., 2010; Pasiniet al., 2010). Interestingly, a recent report has implicated a PRC2complex containing the substoichiometric subunits AEBP2 andJARID2 in binding to nucleosomes containing the modificationdeposited by PRC1, H2AK119u1 (Kalb et al., 2014). Moreover,AEBP2, and to a lesser extent JARID2, were found to stimulatePRC2 activity on H2AK119u1-modified nucleosomes in vitro.

The substoichiometric PRC2 subunit AEBP2 has a long and shortisoform, both containing a zinc-finger domain and a K/R-richdomain, which are highly conserved in mammals. These domains arealso present in the C terminus of a homologous protein (Jing) inDrosophila. AEBP2 was first identified in a screen for factors thatbind to the upstream region of the adipose aP2 gene (also known asFabp4) (He et al., 1999). Based on the proposed ability of the zinc-finger domain to bind to DNA, it has subsequently been suggestedthat AEBP2 could play a role in recruitment of PRC2 (Kim et al.,2009). Homozygous Aebp2 loss of function led to early embryoniclethality but Polycomb phenotypes were not reported (Kim et al.,2011). Therefore, the role of AEBP2 in Polycomb biology remainslargely undefined.

In Drosophila, removal of Jing leads to a variety ofdevelopmental phenotypes, including a defect in border cellReceived 10 March 2015; Accepted 7 June 2016

1Developmental Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford,Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. 2Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center forIntegrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045,Japan. 3Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Wellcome Trust Centre forHuman Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. 4TDI MassSpectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department ofMedicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.*Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ,UK.

‡

Authors for correspondence (neil.brockdorff@bioch.ox.ac.uk;sarah.cooper@bioch.ox.ac.uk)

S.C., 0000-0001-9659-578X

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionLicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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migration and in differentiation of CNS midline neurons and glia.Interestingly, Culi et al. (2006) showed that jingmutants geneticallyinteract with mutants in the PRC1 component Polycomb anddisplay a similar yet milder phenotype in the wing. A recent studyreported that heterozygote Aebp2 mutant mice display an array ofdefects indicative of a role for AEBP2 in neural crest development(Kim et al., 2011).Here, we report that homozygous mutant Aebp2 mice

unexpectedly display a Trithorax phenotype. Consistent with this,we observe an increase of H3K27me3 at PRC2 target genes inAebp2 mutant mouse (m)ESCs. Our biochemical analysis showsthat AEBP2 is exclusively in the PRC2 complex and is present at thepromoters of PRC2 target genes. Importantly, we demonstrate a rolefor AEBP2 in defining PRC2 accessory subunit composition. Wesuggest that perturbance of this function in Aebp2mutant ESCs maylead to aberrant PRC2 activity, which could account for theobserved increase of H3K27me3 at PRC2 targets and the Trithoraxphenotype.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRemoval of AEBP2 in mice leads to a Trithorax phenotypeTo investigate the role of AEBP2 within the PRC2 complex, weestablished a knockout mouse model that truncates Aebp2transcripts for both the long and short isoforms before exon 2(Aebp2tr), resulting in a protein that does not contain the conservedzinc-finger and KR domains (Fig. 1A; Fig. S1A). As expected, noAebp2 transcripts containing downstream exons 3-8 were detected

in homozygous mESCs (Fig. 1B). In crosses between Aebp2tr/+

heterozygote mice, no Aebp2tr/tr homozygotes were recovered afterweaning (compared with 45 Aebp2+/+ and 85 Aebp2tr/+),demonstrating a requirement for AEBP2 in normal development.We went on to characterise embryos isolated at differentdevelopmental stages. Aebp2tr/tr homozygotes were recovered upuntil late gestation/early postnatal stages (8 Aebp2+/+, 18 Aebp2tr/+

and 7 Aebp2tr/tr at E15.5; 22 Aebp2+/+, 50 Aebp2tr/+ and 16Aebp2tr/tr at E18.5). This finding contrasts with a previous analysisof an Aebp2 gene trap mouse line (inserted into intron 1) in whichembryonic lethality occurred before E10.5 (Kim et al., 2011). Thisdifference may be attributable to use of a dissimilar geneticbackground and/or mutant allele, particularly given that theauthors also observed enlarged colon and hypopigmentation inheterozygotes, which we do not observe. To investigate post-natallethality in Aebp2tr/tr animals further, we carried out magneticresonance imaging (MRI) and micro computed tomography(microCT) analysis at E15.5 (Fig. S1B). Although we did notobserve major defects, mutant embryos (5/7) had enlarged jugularlymphatic sacs and two embryos also showed oedema, whichtogether may indicate abnormal cardiac function.

A classical Polycomb phenotype in mice is posteriortransformation of the skeleton, which is associated withmisexpression of Hox cluster genes, and is seen in several PRC1and PRC2 mutant embryos (van der Lugt et al., 1994; Suzuki et al.,2002; Li et al., 2011). Surprisingly, we observed that Aebp2tr/tr

embryos exhibit the converse phenotype, anterior transformation

Fig. 1. Aebp2 truncation leads to perinatallethality and anterior homeotic transformations.(A) Insertion of the splice acceptor cassette in front ofexon 2 leads to trapping of the transcript and a proteinproduct that contains the first 217 amino acids (aa) ofAEBP2, encoded in exon 1b, fused to greenfluorescent protein (GFP) and aminoglycoside 3′phosphotransferase (NeoR). (B) The levels of Aebp2mRNA transcripts containing exons downstream ofthe trapping cassette are severely reduced inAebp2tr/tr mESCs compared with the parental WTAebp2 mESCs. Error bars indicate s.d. (C) Lateralviews of the occipito-cervical region (top panels) andventral views of the rib cage (bottom) of Aebp2 WT(left) and Aebp2tr/tr (right) foetuses. In Aebp2tr/tr

foetuses, the ventral region of the atlas (C1, indicatedby a green arrowhead) is fused to that of the axis(C2). Ventral ossification centre of the atlas waslaterally expanded and acquired similar features tooccipital bone. The dorsal region of the axis wascranio-caudally expanded and partially bifurcated(indicated by blue arrows). The proximal region of therib associated with the first thoracic vertebra (Th1)was not formed (indicated by a red arrowhead). Theprominent dorsal process, which is associated withthe Th2 in theAebp2WT (indicated by a red arrow), isnot formed in the Aebp2tr/tr. Bottom panel alsoshows association of the 8th rib to the sternum.(D) Schematic summary for homeotictransformations of the axis in the Aebp2tr/tr foetuses.

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(Fig. 1C,D; Table 1), which is normally associated with mutation ofTrithorax factors that oppose Polycomb function (Ringrose andParo, 2004). This observation is unexpected given evidence fromin vitro assays demonstrating that AEBP2 stimulates PRC2 activity(Cao and Zhang, 2004; Kalb et al., 2014).

AEBP2 is exclusively part of the PRC2.2 subcomplexTo investigate whether AEBP2 might interact with previouslyundefined factors that could account for the Trithorax phenotype,we analysed the AEBP2 interactome. We purified Flag-2xStrepII-tagged (FS2) AEBP2 expressed in mESCs and used tandem massspectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyse interacting proteins. Weidentified core PRC2 and JARID2 subunits but found no Trithoraxproteins or any other major interacting proteins (Table 2). Inaddition, gel filtration analysis demonstrated that AEBP2 co-fractionates with PRC2 core components only (Fig. S2A,B).Together, these data suggest that AEBP2 is principally a subunitof PRC2 complexes.Notably, we did not detect PCL1/2/3 or the C17ORF96

homologue protein, which have previously been identified asPRC2 interactors (Table 2). This is consistent with reports in whichpurification of PCL1/2/3 and C17ORF96 did not detect AEBP2(Casanova et al., 2011; Brien et al., 2012; Cai et al., 2013; Smitset al., 2013; Alekseyenko et al., 2014). We validated our massspectrometry analysis by endogenous immunoprecipitation.Although EZH2 clearly immunoprecipitated PCL2 (Fig. 2A),there was no detectable PCL2 in the AEBP2 immunoprecipitateand JARID2 showed a very weak interaction with PCL2. We alsoused stably expressing FS2-AEBP2 and FS2-C17ORF96homologue mESC lines to show that tagged AEBP2 did notimmunoprecipitate PCL2, and that tagged C17ORF96 homologuedid not immunoprecipitate AEBP2 or JARID2 (Fig. 2B). Therefore,consistent with previous studies (Alekseyenko et al., 2014), weconclude that there are two major PRC2 subcomplexes, containingPCL/C17ORF96 and JARID2/AEBP2, that we refer to as PRC2.1and PRC2.2, respectively (Fig. 2C). Furthermore, AEBP2 isexclusively part of this PRC2.2 complex.

AEBP2 defines PRC2 accessory subunit compositionTo investigate PRC2 subunit composition in the absence of AEBP2,we analysed homozygous mutant Aebp2 mESCs. The Aebp2tr/tr

mESCs exhibited normal growth characteristics, cellularmorphology and self-renewal capacity (Fig. S3A). Gel filtrationanalysis indicated that core PRC2 complexes are not significantlyaltered in Aebp2tr/tr compared with wild-type (WT) mESCs(Fig. S3B). Co-immunoprecipitation analysis, however, revealedtwo compositional differences in the association of accessory PRC2factors in Aebp2tr/tr mESCs. First, association of JARID2 with

PRC2 was clearly reduced (Fig. 2D, blue boxed bands). Second, weobserved relatively high levels of PCL2 in JARID2-containingcomplexes (Fig. 2D, green boxed bands). These compositionalchanges suggest that AEBP2 plays a role in promoting JARID2inclusion into PRC2.2 and that, in the absence of AEBP2, there areelevated levels of a hybrid PRC2 complex containing both PCL2and JARID2 subunits (Fig. 2E).

AEBP2 is enriched at PRC2 targets and the inactive XchromosomeTo investigate the genome-wide binding profile of the specificAEBP2-containing PRC2.2 complex, we performed chromatinimmunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis in mESCs,both for epitope-tagged and endogenous AEBP2, and, as a control,SUZ12 and H3K27me3. The broad occupancy over CpG islandtarget promoters observed for other PRC2 components is alsoevident for AEBP2, for example at theHoxA locus (Fig. 3A) and theGata6 promoter (Fig. S3C). Recruitment of AEBP2 to the Hoxgenes is consistent with the homeotic transformations observed inthe Aebp2tr/tr embryos. The majority of AEBP2-bound sites are alsobound by SUZ12 and H3K27me3 (Fig. 3B), suggesting that AEBP2does not localise to sites other than PRC2 targets. Similarly, themajority of SUZ12 sites show enrichment for AEBP2 (Fig. 3C) and,consistent with this, 79.2% of published bivalent promoters(Brookes et al., 2012; Mikkelsen et al., 2007) that contain anH3K27me3 peak in our cells also contain a peak of AEBP2(Fig. S3D). Peaks of PCL3, a component on PRC2.1, almostentirely overlap with AEBP2 and JARID2 peaks (Fig. 3D),suggesting that PRC2.2 binds to the same sites as PRC2.1.

Both PRC1 and PRC2 proteins are highly enriched on theinactive X chromosome (Xi) in cells of female mammals (Mak et al.,

Table 1. Overview of scored homeotic transformations

Transformation DescriptionAebp2tr/tr

(n=15)Aebp2+/+

(n=15)Aebp2+/tr

(n=10)

a C1→occipitalbone

Laterally directed expansion of ossification centre of C1 vertebralbody

3 0 0

b C2→C1 Fusion of C2 vertebral body with that of C1 and cranio-caudallyexpanded neural arch of the C2

3 0 0

c Th1→C7 Loss of proximal rib from Th1 1 0 0d Th2→Th1 Loss of prominent dorsal process from Th2 3 0 0e Th8→Th7 Association of the 8th rib to the sternum 8 0 0f L1→Th13 Association of the rib to the presumptive L1 vertebra 9 1 0g L6→S1 Association of the presumptive L6 vertebra with the pelvic girdle 0 2 1

a-g indicate position of transformation as indictated in Fig. 1D.

Table 2. Proteins identified by tandem mass spectrometry in twoindependent immunoprecipitation experiments

ProteinNumber ofpeptides

Mascot Mowsescore

AEBP2 46, 52 1686, 1694SUZ12 64, 60 1822, 1393EZH2 49, 38 1129, 826EZH1 15, 10 292, 147EED 37, 33 692, 606JARID2 17, 19 640, 532RbAp48 25, 10 411, 172RbAp46 12, 8 184, 138PHF1/PCL1 0, 0 0, 0MTF2/PCL2 0, 0 0, 0PHF17/PCL3 0, 0 0, 0C17ORF96 0, 0 0, 0

Results from each experiment are separated by a comma.

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2002; de Napoles et al., 2004). Mouse female trophoblast stem cellscontain an inactivated X chromosome that can be visualised byimmunofluorescence of H3K27me3. In these cells, we showed thatAEBP2, similar to EZH2 and SUZ12, is enriched on the inactive Xchromosome (Fig. 3E,F). Taken together with our genome-wideChIP-seq data, this suggests that the PRC2.2 subcomplex localisesto the majority of all PRC2 sites in stem cells.

Loss of AEBP2 leads to a small increase of H3K27me3 atPRC2 target genesMutations in PRC2 core components result in a complete loss ofH3K27me3, whereas removal of JARID2 shows no difference inglobal H3K27me3 levels. Similarly, we observed that Aebp2tr/tr

mESCs showed no detectable variation in global levels ofH3K27me1/2/3 (Fig. 4A) and no changes in the expression ofPRC2, PRC1 or Trithorax-group proteins (Fig. S4A). Consistentwith this observation, expression of PcG target genes in Aebp2tr/tr

mESCs was largely unaffected (Fig. S4B). Aebp2tr/tr mESCs wereable to differentiate into embryoid bodies following withdrawal ofleukaemia inhibitory factor (Fig. S4C). This latter observationcontrasts with Jarid2 null mESCs, which fail to differentiate, andmESCs mutant for core components Ezh2 and Eed, which are ableto differentiate albeit with gene expression defects (Shen et al.,

2008, 2009; Peng et al., 2009; Landeira et al., 2010; Leeb et al.,2010; Li et al., 2010; Pasini et al., 2010).

ChIP-seq analysis in Aebp2tr/tr mESCs did not reveal obviousdifferences in distribution or localisation of PRC2 (SUZ12 andH3K27me3) in Aebp2tr/tr compared with WT mESCs. Examples ofthe CpG island promoter of Sfrp1 and across the HoxA cluster areshown in Fig. 4B and Fig. S4D. Thus, AEBP2 is not required forPRC2 recruitment to known target sites.

Interestingly, meta-analysis of all AEBP2 target sites revealedelevated levels of H3K27me3 in the mutant compared with WTmESCs. There was no consistent change in occupancy levels for thecore PRC2 subunit SUZ12 (Fig. 4C; Fig. S4E), indicating thatelevated H3K27me3 is linked to increased specific activity ofPRC2. An increase of H3K27me3 at Polycomb loci in the Aebp2tr/tr

mESCs is an effect that has been observed in Trithorax mutants andis therefore consistent with the phenotypes we see in Aebp2tr/tr

embryos (Fig. 1C,D; Table 1). Given that a previous report indicatedthat AEBP2 could stimulate, rather than inhibit, PRC2 activityin vitro (Kalb et al., 2014), we speculate that the lack of AEBP2within the PRC2 complex would be unlikely to account for anincrease of H3K27me3. Instead, we hypothesise that the formationof a hybrid JARID2/PCL2-PRC2 complex formed in the absence ofAEBP2 could potentially account for the Trithorax phenotype of

Fig. 2. AEBP2 is part of the PRC2.2 subcomplex and defines accessory substoichiometric subunit association. (A) Immunoprecipitation of endogenousPRC2 subunits EZH2, JARID2 and AEBP2 in E14 mESCs. Bands of different molecular weight seen in the immunoblots of PCL2 and EED represent differentisoforms of the proteins. (B) Immunoblot of co-immunoprecipitation of FS2-tagged AEBP2 (PRC2.2) and FS2-tagged C17ORF96 (PRC2.1) using either theFlag-2xStrepII (FS2) antibody, or the JARID2 antibody, illustrating that each complex associates with different PRC2 factors. The red asterisks indicatecross-reacting bands (see also Fig. S2B). (C) Schematic of PRC2.1 and PRC2.2 subcomplexes. (D) Immunoblot analysis of co-immunoprecipitation experimentsto analyse the composition of PRC2 complexes. The blue box highlights the lanes that show a decreased association of EZH2 and JARID2 in Aebp2tr/tr mESCs,and the green box highlights the lanes showing an increased association of PCL2 and JARID2 upon loss of AEBP2. (E) Model of altered complexcomposition after AEBP2 depletion.

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null embryos and elevated H3K27me3 in Aebp2tr/tr mESCs.However, we cannot exclude other possibilities that may causethis effect including over-activity of PRC1 at specific sites (eventhough there is no global change in H2AK119u1) or a reducedturnover of PRC2.

ConclusionsHere, we present a detailed characterisation of the PRC2 subunitAEBP2. We show that AEBP2 is exclusively present in a PRC2

subcomplex that also contains JARID2 and which localises to allPolycomb target sites in mESCs and on the inactive X in femalemouse trophoblast stem cells. Despite our evidence that AEBP2 actssolely in the PRC2 complex, we observed an unexpected Trithoraxphenotype in Aebp2tr/tr mice. Consistently, we also detected anincrease of H3K27me3 levels at Polycomb target sites in Aebp2tr/tr

mESCs.Notably, therewas no loss of SUZ12 enrichment at Polycombtarget sites in Aebp2tr/tr mESCs, suggesting that AEBP2 does notfunction in recruitment of PRC2. We do, however, find that AEBP2

Fig. 3. AEBP2 is enriched at PRC2target sites. (A) ChIP-seq profile forSUZ12, H3K27me3, AEBP2 and input,and FS2-AEBP2 and input at the HoxAlocus. Two repeats of ChIP-seq for theendogenous proteins were performed.Traces from one repeat are shown.(B) Heat-map analysis of AEBP2 peaks(1846), showing ChIP-seq signal for FS2-tagged AEBP2, AEBP2, H3K27me3 andSUZ12 at a 10 kb region centred over theAEBP2 peaks. (C) Heat-map analysis ofSUZ12 peaks (5364), showing ChIP-seqsignal for FS2-tagged AEBP2, AEBP2and SUZ12 at a 10 kb region centred overthe SUZ12 peaks. AEBP2 and FS2-AEBP2 are enriched at SUZ12 sites.(D) Overlap of peak datasets of JARID2(Peng et al., 2009), AEBP2 and PCL3(Brien et al., 2012).(E) Immunofluorescence imagesindicating overlap of H3K27me3, whichmarks the inactive X chromosome introphoblast stem cells, and the PRC2proteins EZH2, SUZ12 and AEBP2.Scale bar: 5 µm. (F) Quantification of thenumber of trophoblast stem cellsobserved with inactive X focus. Aminimum of 300 cells were counted inthree biological repeats. Error barsindicate s.d.

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orchestrates the accessory subunit composition of PRC2, as loss ofAEBP2 leads to a reduction of JARID2 association and formation of ahybrid complex including PCL2. This is consistent with the centralpositioning of AEBP2 within the PRC2 complex as analysed byelectron microscopy (Ciferri et al., 2012). Future structural studies ofPRC2, including accessory subunits, will be essential to elucidate therole of AEBP2 in defining accessory subunit composition.

MATERIALS AND METHODSMiceMice were housed in the Biomedical Sciences Building at the University ofOxford, where all procedures were approved by local ethical reviewcommittee and licensed by the Home Office under the Animals (ScientificProcedures) Act 1986. For details of transgenic line production, seesupplementary Materials and Methods.

Cell cultureCell lines used in this study are listed in Table S1. Cell culture methods aredescribed in supplementary Materials and Methods. Analysis of mRNAtranscripts was carried out as detailed in the supplementary Materials andMethods (see Table S4 for primers).

The Aebp2tr/tr allele and mouse skeletal preparationsThe Aebp2tr/tr allele was created by targeting a vector containing an in-frameSTOP cassette to mm9 genomic coordinates 140580317-140580630 (fulldetails of targeting vector are provided in the supplementary Materials andMethods). Targeting the Aebp2 locus was carried out using standardprocedures and is detailed in the supplementary Materials and Methods.Skeletal preparations were made from embryonic day (E)18.5 mice andanalysed under a stereomicroscope as described previously (Akasaka et al.,1996).

Mass spectrometry analysis of eptitope-tagged AEBP2 proteincomplexesFull-length mouse AEBP2 (496 amino acids) with an N-terminal Flag-StrepII (FS2) tag was expressed from the mammalian expression plasmidpCAG in E14 mESCs (for details, see supplementary Materials andMethods and Table S2 for primers). Nuclear cell extract was prepared andFS2-containing protein complexes immunoprecipitated in the presence ofbenzonase as described by Farcas et al. (2012). The analysis ofimmunoprecipitated digested material was performed by LC-MS/MS (full

details in supplementary Materials and Methods). Full details of sizeexclusion chromatography are included in the supplementary Materials andMethods.

AntibodiesRabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised (Eurogentec) against full-lengthmouse AEBP2 and purified using protein A. For details, see supplementaryMaterials and Methods and for validation of antibody see Fig. S2. SeeTable S3 for details of other antibodies used.

Chromatin immunoprecipitationChIP for FS2-tagged AEBP2 was performed as described (Farcas et al.,2012) except that we used rProtein A Sepharose beads (GE Healthcare) thathad been blocked for 1 h at 4°C with 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin and1 mg/ml yeast tRNA (Sigma). ChIP for endogenous proteins was performedas described (Stock et al., 2007), except approximate concentration aftersonication wasmeasured bymeasuring absorbance using the Nanodrop ND-1000 (ThermoScientific) and 200 µg of chromatin was used perimmunoprecipitation and after the washes DNA was purified using ChIPDNAClean & Concentration columns (Zymo Research) and eluted in 10 µlvolume. Preparation of ChIP-seq libraries and bioinformatics analysis isdescribed in the supplementary Materials and Methods.

MRI and microCTEmbryos were analysed by MRI and micro-CT. E15.5 embryos, generatedby timed mating of Aebp2 heterozygous mice, were dissected into warmHANKS BSS without calcium/magnesium (Sigma, H4641) with 5 mMEDTA, warmed to 37°C, for culling by exsanguination in ice-cold PBS.Embryos were fixed for 3 days in 4% paraformaldehyde with 2 mM Gd-DTPA (gadolinium) as a contrast agent and MRI was performed aspreviously reported (Schneider et al., 2004). For higher resolution images,following MRI scan, selected embryos were scanned by microCT. Prior tomicroCT, embryos were incubated in 100% Lugol’s solution for 4 days (toachieve soft tissue contrast) and embedded in a tube with 1% agarose.Datasets generated by both scanning techniques were analysed using Amira5.3.3 software (FEI Visualization Sciences Group, Merignac, France).

AcknowledgementsWe thank Rob Klose and Anca Farcas for the FS2 antibody, Arie Otte for the EEDantibody, and members of the Brockdorff and Klose labs for advice and fruitfuldiscussions. We thank the High-Throughput Genomics Group at theWellcome TrustCentre for Human Genetics (Wellcome Trust grant 090532/Z/09/Z and Medical

Fig. 4. Aebp2tr/tr cells show a small increase in H3K27me3at PRC2 target sites. (A) Immunoblot of global H3K27me0/1/2/3 levels in Aebp2 WT and Aebp2tr/tr mESCs. (B) ChIP-seqprofile for H3K27me3, SUZ12 and input in Aebp2 WT andAebp2tr/tr mESCs at the Sfrp1 gene. (C) A metaplot ofH3K27me3 ChIP-seq signal at AEBP2 sites in Aebp2WT andAebp2tr/tr mESCs plotted across a 10 kb window for tworepeats of the ChIP-seq experiment.

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Research Council Hub grant G0900747 91070) for the generation of the sequencingdata. The Mascot Server for proteomics data analysis is maintained by theComputational Biology Research Group, Oxford, UK.

Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing or financial interests.

Author contributionsA.G., N.B. and S.C. designed the experiments. A.G., J.G., H.K., D.S., J.F.M., S.B.,B.M.K. and S.C. performed the experiments. A.G., M.G., N.B. and S.C. analysed thedata and A.G., N.B. and S.C. wrote the manuscript.

FundingThis work was funded by the Wellcome Trust [090019/Z/09/A, 081385 andWT103768AIA]; and the European Research Council [340081]. Deposited in PMCfor immediate release.

Data availabilityThe complete ChIP-seq dataset is available at Gene Expression Omnibus withaccession number GSE83082.

Supplementary informationSupplementary information available online athttp://dev.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/dev.123935.supplemental

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