fruit tree crops phenology
TRANSCRIPT
Phenological Monitoring of Selected Horticultural Fruit Tree Crops
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern RegionResearch Centre Ranchi
Project Code: ICAR-RCER/RC Ranchi/2015
PI : Sridhar Gutam
Project duration: Sept. 2015 to August, 2020
Station IRC 2016
18-19, July 2016
Objectives Standardization of phenological monitoring
methods to track tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops.
To evaluate the response of tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops to changing climate.
To evaluate the best management practice for manipulation of the climate change effect on horticultural fruit crops.
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Station IRC 2016 18-19, July 2016
Selected Fruit Trees Bael (Aegle marmelos) Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
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Technical Programme (2015)Objectives Activity Start End Output
Standardization of phenological monitoring methods to track tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops
Designing the experiment with the help of published methods for phenological monitoring of tree species.
09/15 11/15 Standardised protocol for data recording on all aspects of tree phenology
Daily recording of weather parameters of the experiment location.
09/15 09/20 Weather parameters database
To evaluate the response of tree phenology to changing climate
Periodic recording of phenological observations.
12/15 12/20 Leafing, flowering and fruiting dates of trees
Periodic testing of stem C:N ratios 12/15 12/20 Season & tree wise C:N ratio
Perioidc ‘Ionomics’ - measurement of the total elemental composition of tree branches.
12/15 12/20 Tree Ionomics
Annual data analysis and interpretation
12/15 12/20 Processed data and Publications
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Salient findings5
Station IRC 2016 18-19, July 2016
Weather @ RCER Ranchi
Station IRC 2016
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18-19, July 2016
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Minimum Temperature (°c) Maximum Temperature (°c) Accumulative Precipitation (mm)
Source: http://www.awhere.com/products/weather-awhere
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1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 1011111211311411511611711811912012112212312412512612712812913013113213313413513610
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Min.Temp.(°c)2015 Min.Temp.(°c)2016 Min.Temp.(°c)Avg2008-16Max.Temp.(°c)2015 Max.Temp.(°c)2016 Max.Temp.(°c)Avg2008-16
Weather @ RCER Ranchi
Year AttributeMin. Temp.
(°c)Max. Temp.
(°c)Precip. (mm) Min. RH (%)
Max. RH (%)
Solar Rad. (wh/m2)
2015 Average 19.14 30.66 4.02 45.49 87.21 4688.36
2016 Average 20.09 32.96 3.12 36.82 83.34 5238.67
2015 Count 365 365 365 365 365 365
2016 Count 203 203 203 203 203 203
2015 Max 27.78 42.23 111.4 83.44 100 7235.77
2016 Max 27.27 42.3 92.66 79.28 100 7210.55
2015 Min 5.17 19.34 0 12.93 49.6 2139.26
2016 Min 6.35 18.03 0 6.97 29.03 2105.77
2015 StdDev 5.5 4.57 12.01 15.19 8.15 1131.73
2016 StdDev 5.58 5.32 8.95 16.29 12.55 1200.4218-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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BBCh Scale (Extended/Modified)
BBCH-scale - to identify the phenological development stages.
BBCH officially stands for "Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie".
The abbreviation unofficially represents Bayer, BASF, Ciba-Geigy and Hoechst.
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Source: Wikipedia
BBCH scales for Plants
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Source: Wikipedia
BBCH (Scale Proposed)Growth stage Code Description
0: Sprouting/ Bud development
00 Dormancy: leaf buds and the thicker inflorescence buds closed and covered by dark brown scales
01 Beginning of bud swelling
03 End of bud swelling: green scales slightly separated
07 Beginning of bud burst
09 Green leaf tips visible
1: Leaf development 10 First leaves separating: green scales slightly open, leaves emerging
11 First leaves visible
15 More leaves visible, not yet at full size
19 First leaves fully expanded
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BBCH (Scale Proposed)Growth stage Code Description
3: Shoot development
31 Beginning of shoot growth: axes of developing shoots visible
32 Shoots about 20% of final length
39 Shoots about 90% of final length
5: Inflorescence emergence
51 Inflorescence buds swelling: buds closed, light green scales visible
53 Bud burst: scales separated, floral tips visible
55 Flowers visible, still closed
56 Flower petals elongating; sepals covering half corolla (white bud)
57 Sepals open: petal tips visible; flowers with white or purplish petals, still closed
59 Most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball
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BBCH (Scale Proposed)Growth stage Code Description
6: Flowering 60 First flowers open
61 Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open
62 About 20% of flowers open
63 About 30% of flowers open
64 About 40% of flowers open
65 Full flowering: 50% of flowers open; first petals falling
67 Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen
69 End of flowering: all petals fallen
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BBCH (Scale Proposed)Growth stage Code Description
7: Development of fruit
71 Fruit set; beginning of ovary growth;
72 Green fruit surrounded by sepal crown
73 Some fruits slightly yellow: beginning of physiological fruit drop
74 Fruits about 40% of final size. Dark green fruit: end of physiological fruit drop
75 Fruit about half final size
76 Fruit about 60% final size
77 Fruit about 70% final size
78 Fruit about 80% final size
79 Fruits about 90% of final size
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BBCH (Scale Proposed)Growth stage Code Description
8: Maturity of fruit 81 Beginning of fruit colouring (colour-break)
83 Colouring advanced
85 Fruit ripe for picking
89 Fruit ripe for consumption: fruit have typical taste and firmness
9: Senescence, beginning of dormancy
91 Shoot growth complete; foliage fully green
92 Leaves begin to discolour
93 Beginning of senescence and abscission of old leaves
95 50% of leaves discoloured
97 All leaves fallen
99 Harvested product
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Bael (Aegle marmelos)
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Bael (Aegle marmelos)
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71 74 7572
51 52 53 57
Bael (Aegle marmelos)Date Phenophases Percent
Population Trees
30/10/2015 Fruiting 100%22/12/2015 Leafing (Copper Leaf) 60%08/03/2016 Leafing (Green), Fruiting (Mature) 80%25/04/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Growth Green),
Inflorescence – Tiny Bud100%
26/04/2016 Flowering Opening, Leafing (20% New Fresh Green Leaves)
100%
05/05/2016 Leafing (50% New Fresh Green Leaves) 100%08/06/2016 Leafing (100% New Fresh Green Leaves) 100%13/07/2016 Fruiting (Developing), Leafing (100% Fully
Developed Green Leaves)100%
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Bael Flowering Trees
Obs. Tree No. Inflorescence Remarks1 Yes Flower Buds2 Yes Flower Buds, Flower Opening3 Yes Flower Buds4 Yes Flower Buds5 Yes Flower Buds
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Bael Tree Canopy (Leaf Growth) – Pixel Analysis by ImageJ Software
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05-05-2016 08-06-2016 13-07-2016
Mean StdDev Mean StdDev Mean StdDev
136.56 58.156 106.482 83.405 128.257 92.384
108.079 69.098 107.031 43.88 97.22 75.922
124.552 66.242 103.048 76.825 104.217 42.451
104.571 59.545 139.284 88.184 115.664 75.407
117.605 66.26 99.001 53.005 105.267 52.031
Jamun (Syzygium cumini)
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11th June 2016
4th May 2016
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73 74 79
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Jamun (Syzygium cumini)Date Phenophases Percent of Population04/05/2016 Flowering 100%
Fruit Set (Fertilised Ovary, Fallen Petals, Anthers),
100%
Fruiting (Green) 100%Fruiting (Purple) 100%Fruiting (Black) 100%
04/06/2016 Fruiting (Ripened, Black) 100%
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Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Date Phenophases06/01/2016 Fruiting (Developing)04/06/2016 Fruiting (Ripen Fruits)
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Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
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31 32 39
50 51 54 55
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
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60 6968 71
72 79 91
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)Date Phenophases
03/09/2015 Leafing (100% Fully Developed Green Leaves), Fruiting
11/09/2015 Leafing (Emergence on Old Wood), Fruiting
21/09/2015 Leafing (100% Fully Developed Green Leaves), Fruiting
28/09/2015 Leafing (100% Fully Developed Green Leaves), Fruiting
12/01/2016 Leafing (Emergence on Old Wood)30/03/2016 Senescence (Yellow Leaves)
25/04/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Growth Leaves), Flower Bud
05/05/2016 Leafing (100% Fully Developed New Fresh Growth Green Leaves), Flowering
13/07/2016 Leafing (New), Leafing (100% Fully Developed New Fresh Growth Green Leaves), Flowering, Fruit Development
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Tamarind Phenology 9/6/2016Obs. No.
New Leaf Length (cm)
Mature Leaf Length (cm)
No. of Flowering Panicles
Buds/Panicle
Flowers/Panicle
30 18 15 3 8 249 24 15.5 0 0 047 24 16.2 0 0 043 18.4 11.5 0 0 040 21 30 0 0 045 13 18.5 0 0 049 26.5 15 1 7 242 16 16 2 15 239 23 18 0 0 038 24 15 0 0 0
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Tamarind Phenology 9/6/2016Obs. No.
New Leaf Length
(cm)
Mature Leaf Length (cm)
No. of Flowering Panicles
Buds/Panicle
Flowers/Panicle
33 21.2 22.2 5 12 334 25.3 19.8 5 22 228 17 16.5 3 14 129 40 18.5 2 8 317 26 25.5 2 6 118 28 23 4 8 214 17.5 14 2 8 016 23 14 0 0 0
8 12.5 10 0 0 04 12.5 10 0 0 0
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Mango (Mangifera indica)Variety/Tree Number Date Phenophases (BBCH Scale)
IB/928 Swarnarekha 22/12/2015 514, 517
IB/885 Vanraj 22/12/2015 517
IB/741 Bangalora 22/12/2015 517
IB/895 Kesar 22/12/2015 315
IB/778 vanraj 02/01/2016 517
IB/767 Zardalu 30/03/2016 619
IB/807 Fazali 30/03/2016 701
Jardalu 21/04/2016 615, 800
Amrapali 21/04/2016 800
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Other Tree CropsFruit Tree Date Phenophases
Cashew 25/04/2016 Flowering, Fruiting
Plum 04/03/2016 Leafing, Flowering (100%)
30/03/2016 Leafing (100%), Fruiting (Green)
21/04/2016 Leafing (100%), Fruiting (Orange)
Citrus 08/03/2016 Flower Buds, Flower Opening30/03/2016 Flower Buds, Flower Opening, Fertilized Ovary
Guava 01/11/2014 Flowering, Leafing (Old Leaves)
30/03/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Leaf Growth), Flower Bud
13/07/2016 Flowering, Leafing (New Leaves)
Peach 12/11/2014 Flowering
30/10/2015 Leafing
30/03/2016 Leafing (Bud), Fruiting
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Other Tree CropsFruit Tree Date Phenophases
Pear 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves), Flowering, Fruit Set
Pomegranate 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves)
26/05/2016 Flowering
Sapota 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves), Flower Bud, Flower Opening, Fruit Set, Fruit (Development)
Teak 09/07/2016 Flowering
Bamboo 14/01/2016 Flowering (Ranchi)
03/03/2016 Flowering (Bundu)
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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Pear (Pyrus sp.) Phenology
Technical Programme (2016)Objectives Activity Start End Output
Standardization of phenological monitoring methods to track tree phenology of horticultural fruit crops
Designing the experiment with the help of published methods for phenological monitoring of tree species.
09/15 11/15 Standardised protocol for data recording on all aspects of tree phenology
Daily recording of weather parameters of the experiment location.
09/15 09/20 Weather parameters database
To evaluate the response of tree phenology to changing climate
Periodic recording of phenological observations.
12/15 12/20 Leafing, flowering and fruiting dates of trees
Periodic testing of stem C:N ratios 12/15 12/20 Season & tree wise C:N ratio
Perioidc ‘Ionomics’ - measurement of the total elemental composition of tree branches.
12/15 12/20 Tree Ionomics
Annual data analysis and interpretation
12/15 12/20 Processed data and Publications
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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THANK YOU
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern RegionResearch Centre Ranchi
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18-19, July 2016