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    May 2005 19

    G rays monitor lizards are a unique and poorly understoodspecies. Endemic to the Southern Luzon Faunal Region of the Philippines, this elusive creature was first described in1845 from a single preserved specimen. Historically thought to beextinct, Grays monitor lizard was rediscovered in 1976 by the lateprofessor Walter Auffenberg of the University of Florida.

    Grays monitor lizard is one of a handful of fruit-eating lizardspecies. Many lizard species will eat fruit incidentally; however,only a few species are adapted for a diet of almost entirely fruit.The Grays monitor lizards dietary habitats are even more interest-ing considering nearly all other members of the Varanus genus areeither carnivorous or insectivorous. In fact, there is only one othermember of this genus that is frugivorous the Mabitangs moni-tor lizard. This lizard is only known from the Island of Panay inthe western Visayas Region of the Philippines and was only described within the last two years.

    Grays monitor lizard is one of only two monitor lizards listed by the IUCN. The other is the Komodo monitor lizard, which hasbeen the subject of considerable atten-tion from many scientists and conserva-tion organizations. In contrast, Graysmonitor lizard has been almost entirely neglected. The unique evolutionary biology of the animal and its status asthe largest and most vulnerable frugi-vore in the forests of the Philippinessuggest that the studies aimed at under-standing the biology of this lizardshould be considered a priority.

    Staff of the Cincinnati Zoo &Botanical Garden are currently involvedin a broad biodiversity conservation

    program in the Philippines with Grays monitor lizard being identified as an important flagship species for the Southern LuzoFaunal Region. The Philippine archipelago is one of the few placin the world where reptiles are considered among the more conspicuous terrestrial vertebrates in a given ecosystem. Monitor lizarare by far the largest obligate frugivores in the Philippines and havmuch lower powers of dispersal than other animals that depend oyear-round supplies of fruit. However, the amount and quality o

    forest required to maintain populations isunknown.

    The geography of the Philippines is complex. There are six distinctive faunal regionidentified by the distribution and evolutionary relationships of mammals within thesislands that were previously connected bland bridges. These faunal regions harbor myriad of species considered among thrarest in the world. The massive island oLuzon also has smaller satellites Catanduanes, Alabat, Marinduque and thePolillo group, which collectively comprithe Greater Luzon faunal region.

    b y W I NS TO N C A R D

    PHOTO PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PROGRA

    PHOTO RUSTON HARTDEGEN / DALLAS ZOO

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    Numerous conservationorganizations including the World ConservationUnion, Fauna & Flora International (FFI), WorldConservation Monitoring Center, and ConservationInternational have des-

    ignated the Philippines as a high priority area for con-servation. Further, recentsurveys of marine environ-ments surrounding thePhilippines (Carpenter and Springer , in press) suggestthat this area is an impor-tant center of marinebiodiversity. In addition,according to Birdlife International (Birdlife Conservation Series #4),the Philippine archipelago is one of the few locations in the worldnearly completely covered with Important Bird Areas. In fact, thegroup identifies the Philippines as having the third highest numberof threatened bird species in the world, behind Brazil and Indonesia respectively. However, if sub-species are counted, the Philippinesmove to number one on the list.

    In response to the growing conservation crises in the Philippines,particularly in the Central Visayas, Mindoro and Southern Luzonregions, The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Program (PBCP)

    was established in 1990. This program is managed under theumbrella of Fauna and Flora International and is comprised of a consortium of international zoos and conservation organizations.These include the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden; TheOklahoma City Zoological Park; West of England ZoologicalSociety (Bristol Zoo, U.K.); Dallas Zoological Society (USA);Decin Zoo (Germany); Dresden Zoo (Germany); Gessellschaft zumSchutz der Eulen e.V. (Society for Conservation and Research of Owls); Landau Zoo (Germany); Loro Parque Fundacion (Tenerife,Spain); Melbourne Zoo (Australia); North of England ZoologicalSociety (Chester Zoo, U.K.); ParcZoologique et Botanique de la Ville de Mulhouse (MulhouseZoo, France); and the RotterdamZoo (Netherlands).

    The broad vision of the PBCPis to establish a series of conserva-tion centers staffed by Filipino

    biologists, educators and otherrelevant personal within the mostcritical conservation regions.These include Panay, Cebu,Negros, Mindoro and Polillo(Southern Luzon). Staff at these

    centers will implement all the regional conservation programs. These include forest warden schemes, biologicsurveys, captive breeding programs and conservation education programs.

    Beginning in January 2000, a wide-ranging rapid assesment of the Southern Luzon Faunal Region was undertaken in collaboration with biologists from PBCP and SilimaUniversity. The project encompassed a total of 12

    provinces in the region including Marinduque, Rapu-rapuBurias and Cataduanes Islands. One of the primary objectives of this survey was to determine the range and currenconservation status of Grays monitor lizard.

    The survey encompassed almost all areas known obelieved likely to support Grays monitor and other focaspecies; the only exceptions being parts of the Bondoc anCamaroan Peninsulars which were deemed unsafe to visdue to the presence of active insurgents. This survey wfunded through the AZAs Conservation Endowment Fund

    (CEF), The Dallas Zoo and the Melbourne Zoo in Australia.The project identified a number of priority areas for more

    detailed follow-up surveys and other conservation-related activitiemost of which have been overlooked in the past. The most important of these sites is Mt. Malinao in Albay, which comprises the single largest remaining track of forest in the region. A detaile16-week follow-up survey of Mt. Malinao was conducted in 200confirming the regions importance. The Mount MalinaoBiodiversity Expedition was also funded through a generous grafrom the CEF.

    More detailed studies of the biology of this unique lizard are curently being conducted on an isolated, insular population locateon the Island of Polillio, which lies off the east coast of SoutherLuzon. The study sight is situated within the boundaries of one othe PBCP forest reserves. This work is being done in collaboratio

    with and funded in part by the PBCP. Methods include the use ofglobal positioning system data loggers, fixed camera traps and visal observations.

    Researchers will also assess the current status of the recentdescribed Mabitangs monitor lizard on the island of Panay

    A survey to identify the range and currentconservation status of Grays monitor lizard identified

    a number of priority areas for more detailedfollow-up surveys, the most important of which is

    Mt. Malinao in Albay: the single largest remainingtrack of forest in the region.

    PHOTO PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PROGRAM

    20 communi

    u

    One of several the many teachers workshops held during the Education

    Assessment of the PBCP conducted by Shasta Back in 2004.

    PHOTO SHASTA BACK / CINCINNATI ZOO

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    Considering the limitedtracts of remaining forest onPanay, this species may befunctionally extinct if itsrange is confirmed to berestricted to the island.

    Staff of the CincinnatiZoo & Botanical Garden, in

    collaboration with staff of thePBCP, are currently in theinitial phase of developing a unique and ambitious educa-tion initiative associated with the ongoing conservation efforts inthe Philippines. An educational needs assessment, which consistedof interviews with PBCP staff as well as local teachers, was con-ducted in May 2004 by staff of the Cincinnati Zoo. All agreed thatbiodiversity conservation is critically important and that education

    will play a significant role. The major needs identified center onaccessible resources particularly reference materials and curricu-la on Philippines biodiversity and training on how to connectstudents and communities to their natural heritage. While a num-ber of PBCP education projects are underway, constraints on fund-ing and skilled personnel have led to a lack of sustainedcoordination to maximize impact across all sites. It was determinedthat this would require the full-time efforts of a dedicated Filipinoeducation professional.

    Shasta Back, Interpretive Media Manager for The CincinnatiZoo and Botanical Garden, will be taking the lead role in develop-ing this program and will also provide logistical support and train-ing for the individual that fills the position. The PBCP EducationalCoordinator will be directly accountable to staff of the CincinnatiZoo and will work closely with William Oliver, FFIs Coordinatorfor the PBCP, who is based full-time in the Philippines.

    A team of PBCP biologists will be dispatched to the Batanes-Babuyan Islands in late 2005. The Batanes andBabuyan island groups are clusters of smallislands (< 200 sq km) located on the northern-most tip of the Philippine archipelago, and lie

    within the Luzon strait that connects Luzon with Taiwan. Both groups represent one of three known secondary areas of endemic birdareas (EBA-SA 094) in the Philippines. Bothalso represent one of the faunal sub-regions of the Philippines; known as the Greater Batanes-Babuyan Faunal Sub-region, separate fromGreater Luzon Faunal Region. This region con-

    tains an interesting and unique faunal (and flo-ral) assemblage largely different from the rest of the country due to its close Palaearctic links

    with Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands. Rumors

    persist that an additional undescribed species of frugivorous monitor lizard may also occur in this region. Thiproject was made possible primarily through supporbeing provided by the Oklahoma City Zoological Park

    Although the PBCP has many goals, the Grays monitor lizard continues to be the focal species for thCincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden and PBCPs effortsin the Southern Luzon Region of the Philippines

    However, effective conservation efforts must focus on more thaone species. Accordingly, our efforts aim at preserving and protecing the system Grays monitor lizard represents and the broader ecological communities throughout the relevant areas of thPhilippines.

    Additional funding for the projects mentioned in this article habeen provided by the Riverbanks Zoo and Garden, Columbus Zooand Aquarium and the Pittsburg Zoo and Aquarium.

    Winston Card is Reptile, Amphibian and Aquatic Conservation Manager atCincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden

    and Chair of AZAs Lizard TAG.

    May 2005 21

    One of the PBCP primary tenets is thatthe future of the Philippines lies in the hands

    of the countries children.PHOTO SHASTA BACK / CINCINNATI ZOO

    Conservation efforts for Grays monitor lizard include captive breeding programs, as well as forest warden schemes, biological surveys and conservation education programs.PHOTO RUSTON HARTDEGEN / DALLAS ZOO


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