From Unsustainableto Inclusive Citiesedited by

David Westendorff

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From Unsustainable toInclusive Cities

edited byDavid Westendorff

An UNRISD publication in association withthe Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

UNRISDUNITED NATIONSRESEARCH INSTITUTEFOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

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From Unsustainable to Inclusive Cities

This United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)book has been prepared with the support of the Swiss Agency forDevelopment and Cooperation. UNRISD also acknowledges the governmentsof Denmark, Finland, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UnitedKingdom for their contributions to the Institute’s core funding.

Copyright © UNRISD. Short extracts from this publication may be reproducedunaltered without authorization on condition that the source is indicated.For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made toUNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISDwelcomes such applications.

The designations employed in UNRISD publications, which are in conformitywith United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein donot imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNRISDconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of itsauthorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the author(s), andpublication does not constitute endorsement by UNRISD.

UNRISD publications are available from the Reference Centre, UNRISD,Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland; phone +41 (0)22 9173020;fax +41 (0)22 9170650; info@unrisd.org; www.unrisd.org.

ISBN 92-9085-048-5

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Contents

Contributors viiAbbreviations ixIntroduction

Sustainable Cities: Views of Southern PractitionersDavid Westendorff 1

PART 1: CASE STUDIESChapter 1

Promoting Environmentalism, Participationand Sustainable Human Development inCities of Southeast AsiaAdrian Atkinson 15

Chapter 2Sustainable Urban Development in India:An Inclusive PerspectiveDarshini Mahadevia 57

Chapter 3Metropolization and the Ecological Crisis:Precarious Settlements in Ho Chi Minh City,Viet NamSebastian Wust, Jean-Claude Bolay and Thai Thu Ngoc Du 87

Chapter 4Sustainable Development in an UrbanTanzanian ContextBatilda Burian and Alphonce T. Kyariga 107

Chapter 5Unsustainable Development:The Philippine ExperienceKarina Constantino-David 127

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From Unsustainable to Inclusive Cities

Chapter 6Sustainable Development and Democracyin the MegacitiesJaime Joseph 145

PART 2: INTERNATIONAL TRENDS AND ACTORSAFFECTING SUSTAINABILITYChapter 7

Alliances in International Co-operation: A Changeof Paradigm in Urban Governance?Isabelle Milbert 173

Chapter 8Sustainable Development for Urban Poor: Applyinga Human Rights Approach to the ProblemDavid Westendorff 191

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Contributors

Adrian Atkinson is a visiting professor at the TechnicalUniversity in Berlin. He is also associated with the DevelopmentPlanning Unit (DPU) at University College London, where hedeveloped courses in urban environment over many years.

Jean-Claude Bolay is the Director of International Co-operation,Federal Polytechnic University in Lausanne, Switzerland, andlecturer and researcher at that institution’s Institute for Research onthe Built Environment.

Batilda Burian is the Co-ordinator of the Sustainable CitiesProgramme, Dar Es Salaam, and a Member of Parliament of theRepublic of Tanzania.

Karina Constantino-David is Professor of CommunityDevelopment at the University of the Philippines, former Secretaryof Housing and Urban Development from 1998–1999 and aPhilippine NGO leader.

Jaime Joseph is a member of Centro Alternativa, an action-research NGO that works primarily in the Northern Cone of Lima,and is co-ordinator of a school for community leaders.

Alphonce Kyariga is a Programme Manager for the SustainableCities Programme in Tanzania.

Darshini Mahadevia teaches courses on housing andenvironment at the Centre for Envrionmental Planning andTechnology in Ahmedabad, India, and is currently working on urbanpoverty issues in India.

Isabelle Milbert is Professor at the Graduate Institute ofDevelopment Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, and a consultant onmultilateral and bilateral technical assistance for urbandevelopment.

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Ngoc Du Thai Thi is Professor of Geography at the NationalUniversity of Social Sciences in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, andDirector of the Women’s Studies Program at the Open University inthe same city.

David Westendorff was a research co-ordinator at UNRISDfrom 1991 to 2001. He is now a researcher and consultant on urbangovernance issues based at the Center for the Study of Modern Chinaat Tsinghua University in Beijing, China.

Sebastian Wust is a Ph.D. candidate at the Federal PolytechnicUniversity in Lausanne, Switzerland and a consultant on socialaspects of environmental protection in low-income settlements.

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AA Aguas ArgentinasADB Asian Development BankAECI Spanish Agency for International Co-operationAFP Area Functioning Participatory ApproachAFVP French Association of Volunteers for ProgressAGUACAR Aguas de CartagenaAMC Ahmedabad Municipal CorporationAPRA American Popular Revolutionary AllianceASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsBAPPENAS National Development Planning BoardBDC Barangay Development CouncilBMR Bangkok Metropolitan RegionBOT Build-Operate-TransferCBO community-based organizationCEPT Centre for Environmental Planning and TechnologyCESCR United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and

Cultural RightsCMD Calcutta Metropolitan DistrictCNG compressed natural gasCUPE Canadian Union of Public EmployeesDAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)DANIDA Danish International Development AssistanceDCC Dar es Salaam City CouncilDENR Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDFID Department for International DevelopmentDPRD Legislative CouncilDPU Development Planning UnitDWUCA Development of Women and Children in the Urban

AreasECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social CouncilEIU Economist Intelligence UnitENCO Environmental Committee

Abbreviations

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ENDA Environnement et Développement du Tiers-MondeEPFL Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPM Environmental Planning and ManagementEU European UnionFDI foreign direct investmentFF French francsFIRE Financial Institutions Reform and ExpansionFKLH Environmental Communication ForumFKPB Sustainable Development ForumFKS Surabaya Urban ForumFLACSO Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias SocialesFTAA Free Trade Agreement of the AmericasGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP gross domestic productGNP gross national productGOI Government of IndiaGRET Group of Research for Technological ExchangeGTZ German Agency for Technical Co-operationHCMC Ho Chi Minh CityHCP Healthy Cities ProgrammeHIC Habitat International CoalitionHRG Housing and Resettlement GroupHSA Hemispheric Social AllianceHSMI Housing Settlement Management InstituteIADB Inter-American Development BankIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and

DevelopmentICIJ International Consortium of Investigative JournalistsICLEI International Council for Local Environmental

InitiativesICPQL Independent Commission on Population and Quality

of LifeIDP Integrated Development PlanningIFC International Finance CorporationIFIs international financial institutionsHIS Institute for Housing and Urban Development StudiesIHT International Herald TribuneILO International Labour OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundIMM Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo (Montevideo

municipality)

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INCHRITI International NGO Committee for Human Rights inTrade and Investment

ITS Surabaya Institute of TechnologyIUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and

Natural Resources (now known as the WorldConservation Union)

IUDP Integrated Urban Development ProjectsIULA International Union of Local AuthoritiesKIP Kampung Improvement ProgrammeKKN corruption, collusion and nepotismLA21 Local Agenda 21LDC Local Development CouncilLGC Local Government CodeLGU Local Government UnitLIFE Local Initiative Facility for Urban EnvironmentLoI Letters of IntentMAI Multilateral Agreement on InvestmentMEIP Municipal Environmental Infrastructure ProgrammeMERCOCIUDADES Mercosur city networkMERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market (Argentina, Brazil,

Paraguay, Uruguay)MFEI Municipal Finance for Environmental InfrastructureMIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee AgencyMOI Ministry of InteriorMMT methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonylMTBE methyl tertiary butyl etherMVA Motor Vehicle ActN-AERUS Network Association of European Researchers on

Urbanization in the SouthNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementNEDA National Economic Development AuthorityNESDP National Economic and Social Development PlanNGO non-governmental organizationNICs newly industrialized countriesNIUA National Institute of Urban AffairsNRC National Research CouncilNWFP North West Frontier ProvinceODA Overseas Development Agency (now DFID)OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and DevelopmentOED Operations Evaluation Department (of the World Bank)OEPP Office of Environmental Policy and Planning

Abbreviations

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OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner forHuman Rights

ONG non-governmental organizationOUP Oxford University PressPCs programme co-ordinatorsPCBs polychlorinated biphenylsPCSD Philippine Council for Sustainable DevelopmentPDHRE People’s Decade for Human Rights EducationPER Plano Estrategico RosarioPIL public interest litigationsPlc public limited companyPO people’s organizationPPPs public-private partnershipsPRC Programme Review CommitteePRSPs Poverty Reduction Strategy PapersPSI Public Services InternationalPSIRU Public Services International Research UnitPUMC Philip Utilities Management CorporationR rupeeRTAs regional trade agreementsRWE Rheinisch-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk

AktiengesellschaftSAP structural adjustment programmeSCP Sustainable Cities ProgrammeSDC Swiss Agency for Development and CooperationSDP Sustainable Dar es Salaam ProjectSEWA/MHT Self-Employed Women’s Association/Mahila

Housing TrustSJSRY Golden Jubilee Urban Employment ProgrammeSNP Slum Networking ProjectSPARC Society for the Promotion of Area Resource CentresSPM suspended particulate matterSRS Slum Redevelopment SchemeSUDP Surabaya Urban Development ProjectSWM solid waste managementTNC transnational corporationTRIMs Trade-Related Investment MeasuresTRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsUASU Urban Authorities Support UnitUCDO Urban Community Development OfficeUDHR Universal Declaration of Human RightsUEF Urban Environment Forum

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UK United KingdomUMP Urban Management ProgrammeUNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and

DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

OrganizationUN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social

DevelopmentUNV United Nations VolunteersUPS United Parcel Service of America Inc.URB-AL Urban Management Programme of the European Union and

Latin AmericaURDI Urban Research and Development InstituteUSA United States of AmericaUS-AEP United States-Asia Environmental PartnershipUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUW United WaterWACAP World Alliance of Cities Against PovertyWACLAC World Association of Cities and Local Authorities

CoordinationWCED World Commission on Environment and DevelopmentWHO World Health OrganizationWMC Waste Management CollectionWRI World Resources InstituteWSTB Water Science and Technology BoardWTO World Trade OrganizationYUVA Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action

(Titles in italics are English translations of the original names)

Abbreviations

This volume brings together case studies by urban development practitionerswho have contributed to efforts to achieve dignified living and working con-

ditions for some of the most vulnerable groups in large cities of the South, fromAsia to Africa to Latin America. The authors reflect on the actual content ofsustainable development as practiced in, and how they would envision sustain-able development for, their cities. What efforts, official and unofficial, are beingmade in the name of achieving sustainable development? What are the short-comings of the actors and institutions expected to partake in realizing this goal?And what steps are required to move forward?

Chapters by researchers who have worked closely with, or studied efforts by, theinternational community to influence urban development complement the countryand city analysis.

The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an au-tonomous agency engaging in multidisciplinary research on the social dimensions ofcontemporary problems affecting development. Its work is guided by the convictionthat, for effective development policies to be formulated, an understanding of the

social and political context is crucial. The Institute attempts to provide governments, developmentagencies, grassroots organizations and scholars with a better understanding of how developmentpolicies and processes of economic, social and environmental change affect different social groups.Working through an extensive network of national research centres, UNRISD aims to promote origi-nal research and strengthen research capacity in developing countries.

Current research programmes include: Civil Society and Social Movements; Democracy, Govern-ance and Human Rights; Identities, Conflict and Cohesion; Social Policy and Development; andTechnology, Business and Society.

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phone 41 (0)22 9173020 ! fax 41 (0)22 9170650info@unrisd.org ! www.unrisd.org