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From Structural Analysis to FEM Dhiman Basu

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Page 1: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

From Structural Analysis to FEM

Dhiman Basu

Page 2: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Following text books were consulted whileFollowing text books were consulted while preparing this lecture notes:

• Zienkiewicz O C and Taylor R L (2000) “The Finite ElementZienkiewicz, O.C. and Taylor, R.L. (2000).  The Finite Element Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐Heinemann. 

• Yang, T.Y. (1986). “Finite Element Structural Analysis”, Prentice‐Hall Inc.

• Jain A K (2009) “Advanced Structural Analysis” Nem ChandJain, A.K. (2009).  Advanced Structural Analysis , Nem Chand& Bros.

Page 3: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

IntroductionIntroductionStructural Modeling• Line element• Line element• Refined Line Element• Detailed Finite Element

Line elementLine element

Page 4: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

LiRefined lineLine 

elementline element

FEM: Discretization over entire volume in general

Analysis

•Conventional Structural AnalysisLine elementRefined line element

•FEMVolume discretization

Page 5: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

OrganizationOrganization

• Conventional Structural AnalysisConventional Structural Analysis

• Revisit to Conventional Analysis

i f C l i f S l• Brief Conceptual Review of FEM Structural Analysis

• Similitude between both Analyses

Page 6: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Element EquilibriumElement Equilibrium

{ } { }e e eK⎡ ⎤

2 2

12 6 12 6L L L L

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫

EA EA⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥

{ } { }e e eq K a⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

1 1

1 1

2 22 2

6 64 2

12 6 12 6

Y vM EI L LY vL

L L L LM

θ

θ

⎢ ⎥⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪−⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪=⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪− − −⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

3 2 3 21

1

0 0 0 0

12 6 12 60 0

6 4 6 20 0

EA EAL L

EI EI EI EIX L L L LY EI EI EI EI

⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

−⎢⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪ −⎪ ⎪ ⎢

1

1

uv

⎥ ⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎥2 26 62 4

L L L LM

L L

θ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

2 21

2

2

23 2 3 2

0 0

0 0 0 0

12 6 12 60 0

M L L L LX EA EA

L LYEI EI EI EIM

L L L L

−⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢=⎨ ⎬ ⎢⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪ −⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢⎪ ⎪ − − −⎩ ⎭ ⎢

1

2

2

2

uv

θ

θ

⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎥⎨ ⎬⎥⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎥⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭⎥( ),eK i j Force along j‐th dof when unit 3 2 3 2

2 2

6 2 6 40 0

L L L LEI EI EI EIL L L L

⎢⎢⎢⎢ −⎢⎣ ⎦

⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥

( )jdisplacement is applied i‐th dofwhile all others are restraint

Page 7: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Local and Global Coordinate SSystems

Local coordinate

l b l

Non‐orthogonally aligned element axis

Global coordinate

Coordinate transformation by rotationby rotation

Page 8: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Orthogonal TransformationOrthogonal Transformation

{ } [ ]{ }'

' '

'

cos sin 0sin cos 00 0 1

x xy y

θ θθ θ δ λ δ

θ θ

⎧ ⎫⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥= − ⇒ =⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎣ ⎦⎪ ⎪

[ ] [ ] 1

0 0 1T

θ θ

λ λ −

⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭ ⎣ ⎦⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭

=

Page 9: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Element Equilibrium in Gl b l C diGlobal Coordinate

Transformation of displacement and force vectors

{ }

1 11 1

1 11 1

cos sin 0 0 0 0sin cos 0 0 0 0

L

u Xu Xv Yv Y

φ φφ φ

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ { }G

Transformation of displacement and force vectors

{ }1 11 1

2 22 2

2 22 2

0 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 cos sin 00 0 0 sin cos 0

eL ea TMMu Xu Xv Yv Y

θθφ φφ φ

⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢⎣⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥= ⇒⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

{ }{ } { }

eG

eL e eG

a

q T q

⎥⎦⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

2 22 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 MM θθ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦

Transformation of Equilibrium Equation

{ } { } { } { } { } { }{ } { } and

TeL eL eL e eG eL e eG eG e eL e eG

TeG eG eG eG e eL e

q K a T q K T a q T K T a

q K a K T K T

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤= ⇒ = ⇒ =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤= =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦{ } { }q ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Size of the problem remains same

Page 10: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Direct Stiffness MethodDirect Stiffness MethodStep‐1: Element Equilibrium in Local Coordinate

{ } { }6 1 6 16 6

ii ieL eL eLq K a× ××

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

i f h fi d d f d l dinegative of the fixed end forces due to span loading

Step‐2: Element Equilibrium in Global Coordinate

{ } { }

{ } { } { } { }6 1 6 16 6

6 1 6 1 6 1 6 16 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

, ,

ii ieG eG eG

i T i T Ti i i ieG ei eL ei eG ei eL eG ei eL

q K a

K T K T q T q a T a

× ××

× × × ×× × × × × ×

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤= = =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Step‐3: Element Equilibrium in Expanded Global Coordinate

{ } { }ii iE G E G E G⎡ ⎤{ } { }3 1 3 13 3

ii iExp eG Exp eG Exp eG

N NN Nq K a

× ××⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ Assuming a plane frame of N nodes

Page 11: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Step‐4: Assemble in Element Equilibrium in Expanded Global Coordinate

{ } { }( )3 1 3 13 3

M M ii iExp eG Exp eG Exp eG

N NN Nq K a

× ××⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦∑ ∑{ } { }( )3 1 3 13 3

1 1N NN N

i i× ××

= =⎣ ⎦∑ ∑

{ } { } { }*

3 1 3 1 3 13 3

G G G

N N NN Nq q K a

× × ××⎡ ⎤+ = ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Accounting for directly applied nodal concentrated forces

Step‐5: Effect of Restraints

{ } [ ] { }1 1S S S Sq K a

× × ×=

Step‐6: Solution for Displacement

{ } [ ] { } { }1

1 1 3 1

GS S S S N

a K q a−

× × ×= ⇒{ } [ ] { } { }1 1 3 1S S S S N

q× × × ×

Page 12: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Step‐7: Solution for Element Response

{ } { }

{ } { } { }6 1 6 16 6

i ieL ei eG

ii i ieL eL eL eL

a T a

F K a q

× ××⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥

Displacement in Local coordinate

Member end forces in Local coordinate{ } { } { }6 1 6 1 6 16 6

F K a q× × ××

⎡ ⎤= −⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ Member end forces in Local coordinate

Step‐8: Calculation of Reaction Forcesp f

0r rr rs rr rs s

s sr ss s

q K K aq K a

q K K a⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫=⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥= ⇒ =⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭ ⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭s sr ss s⎩ ⎭ ⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

Page 13: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Numerical ExampleNumerical Example

EA=8000 kN/m2 and EI= 20000 kNm2

Page 14: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)
Page 15: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)
Page 16: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Solution vector: {‐0.00356, 0.00275, ‐0.0058, 0.00178}T. 

Page 17: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Member end forces but in global coordinate

Page 18: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Revisit to Stiffness MatrixRevisit to Stiffness Matrix4

4 0v∂=

∂Equilibrium of a beam element (constant EI) in the unloaded region4x∂ unloaded region

( ) 2 31 2 3 4v x x x xα α α α= + + + Assumed solution

1 1

2 2

and at 0

and at

vv v xxvv v x L

θ

θ

∂= = =

∂∂

= = =

Boundary conditions

2 2 and at v v x Lx

θ∂

1 0 0 0v α⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 3 0 0 0L⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪1 1

1 22 3

2 32

1 0 0 00 1 0 010 1 2 3

v

v L L LL L

αθ α

αθ α

⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥=⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦

{ } [ ]{ }

31 1

32 1

3 2 23 2

0 0 00 0 013 2 32 2

vLL

H avL L L L L

L L

αα θ

ααα θ

⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥= ⇒ =⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪− − −⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦2 40 1 2 3L Lθ α⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ 4 22 2L Lα θ−⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭⎣ ⎦

Solution for coefficients

Page 19: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 1 1 2 2 3 2 4v x v f x f x v f x f xθ θ= + + + Displacement profile

( )2 3

1

2

1 3 2x xf xL L⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜= − +⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞( )

( )

2

2 3

1 2

3 2

x xf x xL L

x xf

⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜= − +⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜( )

( )

3

2

4

3 2f xL L

x xf x xL L

⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜= −⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜= − +⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜( )4f L L⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Specific case

θ θ

( ) ( )1 1 2 2

1

1.0, 0, 0, 0,v vv x f x

θ θ= = = =

⇒ =

Displacement profile associated with first column of stiffness matrix

Page 20: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Application of Castigliano’s Theorempp f g

ii

UPa

∂=

22

202

LEI vU dxx

⎛ ⎞∂ ⎟⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜∂⎝ ⎠∫ Assuming only flexural deformation

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 2'' '' '' '' ''

1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 12 21 10 0

'' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''

L L

L L L

U v vY EI dx EI v f x f x v f x f x f x dxv x v x

θ θ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞∂ ∂ ∂ ∂⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜ ⎡ ⎤⎟ ⎟= = = + + +⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎜ ⎜⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜∂ ∂ ∂ ∂⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡

∫ ∫

∫ ∫ ∫L

⎤∫( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )'' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 4

0 0 0

v EI f x f x dx EI f x f x dx v EI f x f x dx EI f x f xθ θ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡= + + +⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦∫ ∫ ∫0

11 1 12 1 13 2 14 2

dx

K v K K v Kθ θ

⎤⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

= + + +

First equation of equilibrium in local coordinate

( ) ( )'' ''

0

L

ij i jK EI f x f x dx⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦∫ ij‐th element of stiffness matrix 

For example,'' '' 22 3 2 3

11 2 3 30 0

6 12 121 3 2 1 3 2L Lx x x x x EIK EI dx EI dx

L L L L L L L

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎢ ⎥= − + − + = − + =⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎢ ⎥⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦∫ ∫

Page 21: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Application of Rayleigh Ritz Method

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

2 3 ''1 2 3 4 3 4

2 2 2 2 33 4 3 3 4 4

2 6

2 6 2 6 62

L

v x x x x v x x

EIU x dx EI L L L

α α α α α α

α α α α α α

= + + + ⇒ = +

= + = + +∫ Strain energy( ) ( )02 ∫

{ } { } { }

1

2

0 0 0 00 0 0 01 1 T k

αα⎧ ⎫⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ Q d i f{ } { } { }2

1 2 3 4 23

2 34

2

1 10 0 4 62 20 0 6 12

TU kEIL EILEIL EIL

Uk

α α α α α ααα

⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥= =⎨ ⎬ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭∂

=

Quadratic form

iji j

kα α

=∂ ∂

{ } [ ] [ ]( ){ }12

T TU a H k H a⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ { } { } [ ]{ }

1

11 1 T

YM

W Kθ θ

⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎨ ⎬

External work done

{ } [ ] [ ]( ){ }2 ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ { } { } [ ]{ }1

1 1 2 22

2

2 2W v v a K a

YM

θ θ ⎪ ⎪= =⎨ ⎬⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭

T ⎡ ⎤[ ] [ ] [ ]TK H k H⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Page 22: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

[ ]

3 3

3 3

23 32 2 2 2

0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 01 10 0 4 63 2 3 3 2 3

TL L

L LK

EIL EILL LL L L L L L L L

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥= ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥[ ] 23 32 2 2 2

2 3

2 2

0 0 4 63 2 3 3 2 30 0 6 122 2 2 2

12 6 12 6

EIL EILL LL L L L L L L LEIL EILL L L L

L L L L

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥− − − − − −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥− −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡⎢ −⎢⎢⎢

⎤⎥⎥⎥⎥

2 2

6 64 2

12 6 12 6

6 6

EI L LL

L L L L

⎢⎢

−⎢=

− − −

⎥⎥⎥

⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥

Same as before

6 62 4L L

−⎣⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎦

Page 23: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

FEM: A Preliminary RevisitFEM: A Preliminary Revisit

Nodal

Displacement function

{ }T

i xi yia u u=

Nodal displacement

( ) ( ){ }, ,T

xi yiu u x y u x y=

Displacement at any point

e⎧ ⎫

ˆ ....

e

ie e

k k i j jk

au u N a N N a Na

⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎡ ⎤≈ = = =⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪∑

An example of a plane‐stress problem

.

.⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭

Shape functions

( ) 1 i jN δ

⎧ =⎪⎪( ),0i j j ij

jN x y

i jδ ⎪= =⎨⎪ ≠⎪⎩

ˆ eu u Na≈ = In general

Page 24: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Strain‐Displacement Relation

{ } { } [ ]{ }ˆ S uε ε≈ = For plane stress problem

0xu⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪∂ ∂⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪

{ }

0

0

x

xxxy

yyy

xy

x xuuuy y

εε ε

ε

∂⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥∂⎪ ⎪ ∂⎧ ⎫ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎧ ⎫∂⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ∂⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎥= = =⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪∂ ∂⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭ ∂ ∂ ∂⎪ ⎪∂

{ } { } [ ]{ } [ ][ ]{ } [ ]{ }[ ] [ ][ ]

ˆ e eS u S N a B aε ε≈ = = =

yyx uu

y xy x

⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭ ∂ ∂ ∂⎪ ⎪∂ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪+⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ∂ ∂∂ ∂ ⎣ ⎦⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭

[ ] [ ][ ]B S N=

Constitutive RelationFor plane stress problem

{ } [ ]{ } { }0 0Dσ ε ε σ= − +

For plane stress problem

{ } [ ]1 0xx E

σ ν⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥{ } [ ]( )

2 and 1 01

0 0 1 2yy

xy

EDσ σ νν

τ ν

⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥= =⎨ ⎬ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ −⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥−⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭

Page 25: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

External Loading

• Distributed body force• Distributed surface loading• Concentrated load directly acting on the nodes

Element Equilibrium (Using Virtual Work Principle) 

{ }eaδ Virtual displacement at nodal points of an element

{ } [ ]{ } { } [ ]{ } and e eu N a B aδ δ δε δ= = At any point within the element

Equating External and Internal works (without the concentrated nodal loads)Equating External and Internal works (without the concentrated nodal loads)

{ } { } { } { } { } { } 0e e

T T Te e

V A

u b dV u t dAδε σ δ δ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤− − =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦∫ ∫

{ } { }[ ] [ ][ ]

e e e

Tee

q K a

K B D B dV

⎡ ⎤= ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤ =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ∫ Element 

{ } [ ] [ ]{ } [ ] { } [ ] { } [ ] { }0 0

e

e e e e

V

T T T Tee e e e

V V V A

q B D dV B dV N b dV N t dAε σ ⎡ ⎤= − + + ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦∫ ∫ ∫ ∫Equilibrium in Local coordinate

Page 26: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Overall Analysis

Nodal Displacement VectorConceptually, remaining steps followed in direct stiffness method will lead  to the solution for nodal displacement  vector of the whole structure

Stress at Any Point

{ } [ ][ ]{ } [ ]{ } { }eD B a Dσ ε σ= +{ } [ ][ ]{ } [ ]{ } { }0 0D B a Dσ ε σ= − +

Page 27: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

FEM: Without Assembling l ilib iElement Equilibrium

• Virtual work principle could have been applied directly on the whole structure

• Governing equation of equilibrium could be derived bypassing explicitly element equilibriumexplicitly element equilibrium

• Conceptually, similar to formation of stiffness matrix of the entire structure

Page 28: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

FEM: From the Minimization f i lof Potential Energy

Replace virtual quantities by ‘variation’ of real quantitiesReplace virtual quantities by  variation  of real quantities

{ } { } { } { } { } { }*T T T

V A

W a q u b dV u t dAδ δ⎛ ⎞⎟⎜ ⎟⎜− = + + ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

∫ ∫ Due to external load

V A⎝ ⎠

{ } { }T

V

U dVδ δ ε σ= ∫ Due to strain energy

( ) ( ) 0W U U Wδ δ δ δ Π− = ⇒ + = = Stationarity of total potential energy

0T

Π Π Π⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪∂ ∂ ∂⎪ ⎪ Formulation of equilibrium equations1 2

. . 0a a aΠ Π Π∂ ∂ ∂⎪ ⎪= =⎨ ⎬⎪ ⎪∂ ∂ ∂⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭

Formulation of equilibrium equations

Page 29: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Example: FEM formulation of Stiffness f B El tof a Beam Element

St St i R l ti i li d f M t C t R l tiStress‐Strain Relation          in generalized form          Moment‐Curvature Relation

σ ε− M κ−2

2

2

d vdx

d

ε κ≡ =−

2

2

d vM EIdx

D EI

σ ≡ =−

{ } { }T

Tei i i

dva v vdx

θ⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪= =⎨ ⎬⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎩ ⎭

Nodal displacement vector at a typical node‐ith

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 2 3 4, , ,i jN f x f x N f x f x⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤= =⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ Shape functions derived at two end nodes

Page 30: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Formulation of Stiffness

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

'' '' '' ''1 2 3 4

'' '' '' ''

, , ,i jB f x f x B f x f x

B B B f f f f

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤= − − = − −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 2 3 4i jB B B f x f x f x f x⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⇒ = = − − − −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] ( )[ ] ( ) ( )'' ''

e

T Tee i j

V L L

K B D B dV B EI B dx EI f x f x dx⎡ ⎤ = = =⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ∫ ∫ ∫

Same as derived when revisiting direct stiffness method

Page 31: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

RemarksRemarks

• FEM when applied to beam element led toFEM when applied to beam element led to exactly same results

• This is not true in general• This is not true in general

Page 32: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)

Thank You

Page 33: From Structural Analysis to FEMevents.iitgn.ac.in/2013/fem-course/handouts/From... · Method”, Vol. 1: The Basis, Fifth edition, Butterworth‐ Heinemann. • Yang, T.Y. (1986)