from ptolemy skies to flrw cosmology hierarchy of physical quantities and theory structures the...
TRANSCRIPT
•From Ptolemy skies to FLRW cosmology
•Hierarchy of physical quantities and theory structures
• The Dynamic Universe: The overall energy balance – cosmological and local consequences
• Conclusions
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
The Dynamic Universe - from whole to local
Friedman
From Earth centered to everywhere-centered universe
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
m F a
Claudius Ptolemy († 168)
Nicolaus Copernicus († 1543)
Johannes Kepler († 1630)
Galileo Galilei († 1642)
Isaac Newton († 1727)
Bohr
De BrogliePlanck
Dirac
Schrödinger
Heisenberg
Aristarchus
Aryabhata
2' 1dt dt v c
2' 1dr dr v c
Minkowski
Albert Einstein († 1955)
time
velocityc
velocity
time
c
Contemporary physics
Hierarchy of physical quantities and theory structures
rv
Dynamic Universe
tds
distance [m]time [s]
dt
mE gE
p
Zero-energy balance
Erest(0)
- Redefinition of time and distance- Constancy of the velocity of light- Relativity principle- Equivalence principle- Cosmological principle- Lorentz invariance
QM basis: Resonant mass wave structures
3 20 00 2 kgmh e h cm h
Cosmology
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
distance [m]time [s] substance [kg]
m
Spherically closed homogeneous space
Re: Kaarle ja Riitta Kurki-Suonio, Fysiikan merkitykset ja rakenteet
Conservation of total energy in local structure buildupRelativity and gravitation
are expressed in terms of modified metrics
Cosmology
Celestial mechanics
Relativity is expressed in terms of locally available energy
ThermodynamicsElectromagnetismCelestial mechanics
Relativity between object and observer Relativity between local and the whole
- Maxwell equation- Planck equation Dirac / Klein-Gordon- QM basis: Schrödinger equation
Erest(local) Eg(local)
Ekin ECoulomb Eradiation
4
The Dynamic Universe
• Spherically closed space, zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation
• Buildup of total energy in spherically closed homogeneous space
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
5
In search of the structure of space …
Einstein 1917, ”Cosmological considerations of the general theory of relativity”
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
In search of a finite structure …
Feynman ” Lectures on gravitation in 1960’ ”
“...One intriguing suggestion is that the universe has a structure analogous to that of a spherical surface. If we move in any direction on such a surface, we never meet a boundary or end, yet the surface is bounded and finite. It might be that our three-dimensional space is such a thing, a tridimensional surface of a four sphere. The arrangement and distribution of galaxies in the world that we see would then be something analogous to a distribution of spots on a spherical ball.”
… If now we compare the total gravitational energy Eg= GM 2tot/R to the total rest
energy of the universe, Erest = Mtotc 2, lo and behold, we get the amazing result that GM 2
tot/R = Mtotc 2, so that the total energy of the universe is zero.... — Why this should be so is one of the great mysteries — and therefore one of the important questions of physics. After all, what would be the use of studying physics if the mysteries were not the most important things to investigate”
… and energy balance in space …
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
gE
contraction
Energy of gravitation
Energy of motion
time
Contraction Expansion
expansion
20mE M c
2
4g
GME
R
Zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
" 0.776M M
20 0 0mE c c m mcp c
0c
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
4
"g
GME m
R
Zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation
20
4
"GMc
R
4
"g
GME m
R
" 0.776M M
20 0 0mE c c m mcp c
0c
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0c
20
4C
cF m
R
24
"g
GMF m
R
Zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation
20
4
"GMc
R
The Dynamic Universe
• Mass as wavelike substance for the expression of energy
• Unified expression of energy
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Quantum as the minimum dose of electromagnetic radiation
“A radio engineer can hardly think about smaller amount of electromagnetic radiation than emitted by a single oscillation cycle
of a unit charge in a dipole.“
1. We solve Maxwell’s equation for the energy of one cycle of radiation emitted by a single electron transition in a dipole
2. We apply the solution to a point source as a dipole in the fourth dimension
3. We apply the result for a unified expression of energies
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
i
Br
E
E
0z
2 4 2 420 0 0 0
ave 2 2sin
1232s s
dEP c dS dS
dt cr c
E
22 2 2 4 4
2 3 20 0 00
16 22
12 3
N e z f zPE N e c f
f cf
0 , 1z N
3 2 2 200 02
hE e c f hf h cf c m c
kg
The energy of one wavelength of radiation emitted by a dipole
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
20
3 30
1 1 1
2 1372 2 1.1042 4
e
h
h
Unified expression of energy
00 0 0
hE c cc c m c
p
Coulomb energy
ic ic
1 2 0 0c 0 1 2 0 0 c4 2
q q hE c c N N c c c m c
r r
00 4 0 0rest
m
hE c c mc c c
p
A unit cycle of radiation
The rest energy of mass
0 00 0 0kin tot
m
h hE c c m c c m c c c
pKinetic energy
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
14
The Dynamic Universe
• Conservation of energy in the buildup of local structures in space
• The system of nested energy frames
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation
M”= 0.776 M
m
0 0 00"mE c c mc p
0
""
"g
GmME
R
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Conservation of energy in interactions in space
M”= 0.776 M
Im0
mRe0
0restE
m
0
""
"g
GmME
R
0"gE
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0 0 00"mE c c mc p
M”= 0.776 M
Im0
mRe0
17
Im
Re
restE
0
"cos 1 "
"g
g
g
EE
E
m
0restE
0"gE "gE 0
""
"g
GmME
R
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0 0 00"mE c c mc p
Conservation of energy in interactions in space
M”= 0.776 M
m
18
m
M
r
cos 1 " 1 1g
GmME
r
"gE
0 1rest restE E
0" " 1g gE E
0
""
"g
GmME
R
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0 0 00"mE c c mc p
Conservation of energy in interactions in space
M”= 0.776 M
19
Im0
mRe0
m
0
""
"g
GmME
R
0"gE
mc
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0 0 00"mE c c mc p
Conservation of energy in interactions in space
M”= 0.776 M
Im0
mRe0
m
0
""
"g
GmME
R
0"gE "gE
mc mv
21mc v c mc
21mc v c
0 2
11
1totE c mc
v c
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0 0 00"mE c c mc p
Conservation of energy in interactions in space
M”= 0.776 M
21
Im0
mRe0
0restE
m
0
""
"g
GmME
R
0"gE
m c
0restE
"gE
restE
mv mv
0totE c c m m
rp v m m
totp c m m
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0 0 00"mE c c mc p
Conservation of energy in interactions in space
The system of nested energy frames
Hypothetical homogeneous space
2
0 00,0restE m c
20,0 1 1XG XGrest XG restE E
21 1MW MWrest MW rest XGE E
21 1S Srest S rest MWE E
21 1E Erest E rest SE E
21 Arest A rest EE E
21 Ionrest Ion rest AE E 2
(0,0),1
1 1n
rest i irest n ni
E E
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Clocks in DU space
Substitution of the rest energy of electron
into Balmer’s equation results in characteristic frequencies
of atomic clocks
2,4 0
1
1 1n
i irest n resti
E E
20,0
1
1 1n
local i ii
f f
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
The system of nested energy frames
Hypothetical homogeneous space
20,0
1
1 1n
local i ii
f f
0,0f
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
The system of nested energy frames
Hypothetical homogeneous space
2, 0,0DU: 1 1local localf f
2
, 0,0GR: 1 2local localf f
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0,0 localf
, localf
Satellite in Earth gravitational frame (ECI frame)
2 2 40 0
2,0 ,0
11 1
2 281 1 1DUf f f
2 2 4
0 02
,0 ,0
11
2 8 2
11 2 1GRf f f
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0,8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
GR DU
2 = 1
f, /f
Near-Earth clocks
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Experiments with atomic oscillators
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
- Hydrogen ions in canal-ray tube (Ives & Stilwell) 1939
- Mössbauer experiments with centrifuges in 1960th
- Mössbauer experiments in tower in 1960th
- Cesium clocks in airplanes (Hafele & Keating) 1971
- Hydrogen maser to 10 000 km, Scout D (Vessot) 1976
- GPS satellite system 1980 –
- TAI, International Atomic Time laboratories
- Lunar Laser Ranging, annual perturbations
Properties of locally tilted space
Basis of celestial mechanics in GR space and in DU space:
- the velocities of orbital motion and free fall- perihelion advance- orbital periods in the vicinity of black holes
Shapiro delay, bending of light near mass centers
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Free fall and orbital velocity in Schwarzschild space:
0
0.5
1
40 30 20 10 02
GMr
c
Limit for stable orbits
orb Schw
Free fall and orbital velocityin DU space:
c DUr
40 30 20 10 02
GMr
c
ff Newton
orb DU
0
0.5
1
slow orbits
ff DU
M ff Newton
0ff
M
31orb DU
2 1 1 2ff DU
ff Schw
2 1 2ff Schwd
1 2
1 3orb Schwd
ff Schw
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
ff Newton
Dynamic UniverseGR, WeberGR, Berry
Gravitational factor r/rc = 20Eccentricity e = 0.5
Development of elliptic orbit in GR and DU
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Development of elliptic orbit in GR and DU
GR DU
Dj
2
2
2 2
1
1 sin 3 cos cos 31
a er
GMe e e e
c a e
D j
20 0
0 20
1 6 1 cos
1 cos 1
ca e err
e e
Equation (5.37) in J. Weber’s book:
The increase of the orbital radius and the perturbation of the elliptic shape are due to term 3j in the nominator
DU equation for elliptic orbits:
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Development of elliptic orbit in GR and DU
Dj
2
2
2 2
1
1 sin 3 cos cos 31
a er
GMe e e e
c a e
Rotation of Mercury perihelion direction by j = 45 occurs in about 0.5 million years
D j (0)
20 0
0 20
1 6 1 cos
1 cos 1
ca e err
e e
Equation (5.37) in J. Weber’s book:
The increase of the orbital radius and the perturbation of the elliptic shape are due to term 3j in the nominator
DU equation for elliptic orbits:
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
GR DU
Orbital period near black hole
0
20
40
60
0 4 8 1062 r /rc
min.
Observed 16.8 min rotation period at Milky Way Center, Sgr A* [R. Genzel, et al., Nature 425, 934 (2003) ]
0 4 8 1062 r /rc
Schwarzschild
2
c DU
r cP
r
r
3
2
1c DU c DU
r cP
r r
r r
DU:
Sgr A*: M 3.7 million solar massesrc(DU) 5.3 million kilometers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7xl_zjz0o8&NR=1
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
34
Geometry of local dents, Shapiro delay, bending of light
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
The 4D depth profile of the planetary system
Distance from the Sun (light minutes)
0 100 200 300 400
MercuryVenusEarthMars
JupiterSaturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Sun
dR" x 1000 km
50
100
150
200
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
The velocity of light in the vicinity of the Earth
-2.9
-3.0
-3.1
-3.2
Sun Moon
Earth
Dc [m/s]
c0d
c(Earth)
Distance from the Earth x 1000 km
-400 -200 200 400
-2.8
0 00 0 0
1 1 ee
GMc c c
r c c
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Shapiro delay of radio signal
GR:
DU:
DA DB
Md
, 3 2
2 4Δ ln
A B
A BD D
GM D DT
c d
, 3 2
2 4Δ ln 1
A B
A BD D
GM D DT
c d
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Mariner 6 and 7 experiments
10 20 25
Sivuaminen
50
5 150
Mariner 6
Mariner 7
100
150
200
250
Conjunction
Distance from Earth [light minutes]
10 20 25
Conjunction
50
5 150
Mariner 7
100
150
200
250
Mariner 6
Shapiro delay [s]
GR prediction Sun
Earth
Mariner
8.3 min
14.2 min
Sun
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Mariner 6 and 7 experiments
Earth
Mariner
8.3 min
14.2 min
Sun
10 20 25
Conjunction
50
5 150
Mariner 7
Sun
Distance from Earth [light minutes]
100
150
200
250
Mariner 6
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Shapiro delay [s]
DU prediction
40
Observation of electromagnetic radiation
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Signal transmission from Earth satellite
0 0 LL L L v TLT
c c c c
0
1 L
TT
v c
Sagnac delay
Sagnac effect in satellite communication
O
Lωr
h
rΦ
B
A
C
ψ
drBO
At0
Bt1
drr
Bt0
rA(t0)→B(t1)
ψ
2
2Δ ABO
ω Earth
ωAT
c
0
ˆ
1
ABAB tAB
B
Tc β r
r r
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Observation of radiation in a moving frame
Sagnac delayed signal Doppler shifted radiation
0 1
1v Dopplerv
TT T
v c f
0
1v Doppler
L
v c
0c
v
vc
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
0
1SagnacL
TT
v c
0
1SagnacL
LL
v c
0 0 0v v vc f f c Phase velocity in moving frame
Observation of radiation in a moving frame
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
v0
0
1opt SagnacL
LL L
v c
Momentum in observer’s frame 0 0
0
1v v vv
h h v
c
p c c
0 0 0v v vc f f c Phase velocity in moving frame
Momentum in propagation frame 00 0
0
h
p c
v
2
0Re Re
0
1½
1
h
p c
Im
0ReRe
0ReRe
½
½
IC
IC
h
h
p c
p c
Internal (rest) momentum External momentum
Re –
Re +
c
0Re Re Re2
0 1eff
hm
p p p c v
c
Mass object as Compton resonator
0
20 1
C
h
m
20
Re Re0
1½
1
h
p c
The double slit experiment
0 0external
dB
h h
p v c
Absorption patternMass object
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Hydrogen atom: Electron energy minima as resonant mass wave states
2
,0 0
1 1restZ n
n ZE E
k r k r
0 0 0
2
h h nћp c c c
r n r
22
min 1 1tot
ZE mc
n
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
2 2 2 20tot
Z ћE c mc p mc c
r
2 222
2
Z Zmc R hc
n n
r/r0
Kinetic energy Coulomb energy
22 20 0
2Coulomb
Ze Z ћE c c
r r
2 200 0
0rest
hE c ћ k c
Cosmological properties of spherically closed space
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
t
FLRW cosmology Dynamic Universe
GR / FLRW space and DU space
0c
4R
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Expanding and non-expanding objects in DU-space.
Electromagnetic objects, like atoms, conserve their dimensions
R0R0
R0(1)
emitting object
R0(2)
t(2)
t(1)
Gravitational systems expand with the expansion of space
The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation propagating in space increases in direct proportion to the expansion
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Annual increase of the Earth to Moon distance
50
GR DU
Measured 38 mm 38 mm
Expansion of space 0 28 mmTidal interactions 38 mm 10 mm
Lunar Laser Ranging
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
t
51
FLRW cosmology Dynamic Universe
Light path
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Virtual image Distances
GR / FLRW space and DU space
Light path
Angular size of galaxies and quasars
0.01 0.1 1 10 z0.001
log
(LA
S)
Standard model
Collection of data: K. Nilsson et al., Astrophys. J., 413, 453 (1993)
Dynamic Universe:
Euclidean 0
4
1r
R z
0
20
11
1 1 2
z
Hm
rz dz
R z z z z
FLRW cosmologyWm= 1
DU: Euclidean
log
(LA
S)
galaxiesquasars
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
DistancesVirtual image
30
35
40
45
50
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10
+ SN Ia observationsStandard model with m = 1, = 0Standard model with m = 0.3, = 0.7
Suggested correction:m = 0.3 = 0.7 (dark energy)
Data: A. G. Riess, et al., Astrophys. J., 607, 665 (2004)
z
m
Magnitude versus redshift: Supernova observations
0 2
5log10 pc
15 log 1
1 1 2
H
z
m
R
z dzz z z z
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
30
35
40
45
50
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10
m
Magnitude versus redshift: Supernova observations
Zero-energy spaceDU space
4
2
5log10 pc
2.5log1
R
z
z
Data: A. G. Riess, et al., Astrophys. J., 607, 665 (2004)
0 2
5log10 pc
15 log 1
1 1 2
H
z
m
R
z dzz z z z
+ SN Ia observations
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Magnitude versus redshift
How does the dark energy hypothesis change the angular diameter prediction?
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Angular size of galaxies and quasars
0.01 0.1 1 10 z
log
(LA
S)
0.001
log
(LA
S)
Standard model
Collection of data: K. Nilsson et al., Astrophys. J., 413, 453 (1993)
Dynamic Universe:
Euclidean 0
4
1r
R z
0
20
11
1 1 2
z
Hm
rz dz
R z z z z
FLRW cosmologyWm= 1WL= 0
Wm= 0.3WL= 0.7
Suggested explanation: high z galaxies are young; sizes are still developing (not supported by spectral data!)
galaxiesquasars DU: Euclidean
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
From Earth centered to 4-sphere centered universe
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Claudius Ptolemy († 168)
Nicolaus Copernicus († 1543)
Johannes Kepler († 1630)
Galileo Galilei († 1642)
Isaac Newton († 1727)
Aristarchus
Aryabhata
R4
M”
Gottfried Leibniz († 1716)
20 0 0
0
"GMm c m
R
0c
Heraclitus († 475 BCE)
kr
k0
Re
Dk
k0
Im
0 0m h ћ k
2 20 0,
1
1 1n
i irest n ni
E m c
Albert Einstein († 1955)
Bohr
De BrogliePlanck
Dirac
Schrödinger
Heisenberg
The Dynamic Universe
- Offers a holistic – from whole to local approach for describing physical reality
- Relies on a few fundamental postulate
- Covers a wide range phenomena - from microstructures to cosmological dimensions – in a unified formalism
- Produces accurate predictions with straightforward mathematics and clear logic
- Produces a comprehensive picture of physical reality
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola
Development paths of physics and astronomy
2000
0
-1000
Aryabhata
Local approaches / reductionism
System of nested energy frames
Unified expression of energy
DYNAMIC UNIVERSE
Aristarchus
Earth centered universe
Ptolemaios
Local system linked to the
whole
QUANTUM MECHANICS
RELATIVITY THEORYFLRW-COSMOLOGY
Holistic approaches / emergent processes
Logos: intelligence, concluding
EuclidPlato
AristotelesSokrates
Parmenides
Atomists Epikuros
LeucippusDemokritos
AnaxagorasAnaximanderApeiron
Galilei
Space-time
Local system independent of the whole
Mach
Newton
MaxwellKant
HubbleLorentz
PlanckHeisenbergDirac
SchrödingerEinsteinMinkowski
Wrigth LaplaceDe Broglie
HeraclitusLogos: law of nature
Zeno
Brahman
Manifestation via buildup of
opposites
Zero-energy
Ibn ash-Shatir
Leibniz
KopernikusKepler
Friedman
TAO: yin, yang
Nous
1000
Bohr
The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy: Models in physics and cosmology, Helsinki 27-28.9.2010 T. Suntola