Fresco 1

Fresco

Fresco within the of Church of St Nicholas inMala Strana in Prague

Fresco by Dionisius representing Saint Nicholas in aFerapontov Monastery.

Dante Domenico di Michelino's Divine Comedy inDuomo of Florence.

Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural paintingexecuted upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is used as thevehicle for the pigment and, with the setting of the plaster, thepainting becomes an integral part of the wall. The word fresco(Italian: affresco) is derived from the Italian adjective frescomeaning "fresh". Fresco may thus be contrasted with secco muralpainting techniques, on plasters of lime, earth, or gypsum, orapplied to supplement painting in fresco. The fresco technique hasbeen employed since antiquity and is closely associated withItalian Renaissance painting.[1][2]

Technology

Buon fresco pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, freshplaster plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, isused. Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a binder isnot required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sinkinto the intonaco, which itself becomes the medium holding thepigment. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster; after anumber of hours, the plaster dries and reacts with the air: it is thischemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster.The chemical processes are as follows:[3]

calcination of limestone in a lime kiln: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 slaking of quicklime: CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 setting of the lime plaster: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2OIn painting buon fresco, a rough underlayer called the arriccio isadded to the whole area to be painted and allowed to dry for somedays. Many artists sketched their compositions on this underlayer,which would never be seen, in a red pigment called sinopia; thesedrawings are also called sinopia. Later,Wikipedia:Manual ofStyle/Dates and numbers#Chronological items techniques fortransferring paper drawings to the wall were developed. The mainlines of the drawing were pricked over with a point, held againstthe wall, and a bag of soot (spolvero) banged on them on produceblack dots along the lines. If a previous fresco was being paintedover, the surface would be roughened to give a key. On the day of painting, a thinner, smooth layer of fine plaster,the intonaco, is added to the amount of wall that can be expected to be completed in a day, sometimes matching thecontours of the figures or the landscape, but more often just starting from the top of the composition. This area iscalled the giornata ("day's work"), and the different day stages can usually be seen in a large fresco, by a sort ofseam that separates one from the next.

Fresco 2

Fresco in the church Mari Verkndigung in Fuchstal,Bavaria, Germany from Thomas Springer

Fresco Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, Rome, Italy.

Buon frescoes are difficult to create because of the deadlineassociated with the drying plaster. Generally, a layer of plaster willrequire ten to twelve hours to dry; ideally, an artist would begin topaint after one hour and continue until two hours before the dryingtimegiving seven to nine hours working time. Once a giornata isdried, no more buon fresco can be done, and the unpaintedintonaco must be removed with a tool before starting again thenext day. If mistakes have been made, it may also be necessary toremove the whole intonaco for that areaor to change them later secco.

A technique as seen in the popular frescoes of Michelangelo andRaphael is to actually scrape into certain areas of the plaster whilestill wet to increase the illusion of depth and to accent certain areasover others. The eyes of the people of the School of athens aresunken-in using this technique which causes the eyes to seemdeeper and more pensive. Michelangelo used this technique as partof his trademark 'outlining' of his central figures within hisfrescoes.

In a wall-sized fresco, there may be ten to twenty or even moregiornate, or separate areas of plaster. After centuries, thesegiornate (originally, nearly invisible) have sometimes becomevisible, and in many large-scale frescoes, these divisions may beseen from the ground. Additionally, the border between giornatewas often covered by secco painting, which has since fallen off.

One of the first painters in the post-classical period to use thistechnique was the Isaac Master in the Upper Basilica of SaintFrancis in Assisi. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist.

Other types of wall painting

A secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster (secco is "dry"in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such asegg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. It isimportant to distinguish between a secco work done on top ofbuon fresco, which according to most authorities was in factstandard from the Middle Ages onwards, and work done entirely asecco on a blank wall. Generally, buon fresco works are more durable than any a secco work added on top of them,because a secco work lasts better with a roughened plaster surface, whilst true fresco should have a smooth one. Theadditional a secco work would be done to make changes, and sometimes to add small details, but also because not allcolours can be achieved in true fresco, because only some pigments work chemically in the very alkalineenvironment of fresh lime-based plaster. Blue was a particular problem, and skies and blue robes were often added asecco, because neither azurite blue nor lapis lazuli, the only two blue pigments then available, works well in wetfresco.[4]

It has also become increasingly clear, thanks to modern analytical techniques, that even in the early Italian Renaissance painters quite frequently employed a secco techniques so as to allow the use of a broader range of pigments. In most early examples this work has now entirely vanished, but a whole fresco done a secco on a surface

Fresco 3

roughened to give a key for the paint may survive very well, although damp is more threatening to it than to buonfresco.A third type called a mezzo-fresco is painted on nearly dry intonacofirm enough not to take a thumb-print, says thesixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzoso that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. By the end ofthe sixteenth century this had largely displaced buon fresco, and was used by painters such as Gianbattista Tiepolo orMichelangelo. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of a secco work.The three key advantages of work done entirely a secco were that it was quicker, mistakes could be corrected, andthe colours varied less from when applied to when fully dryin wet fresco there was a considerable change.For wholly secco work, the intonaco is laid with a rougher finish, allowed to dry completely and then usually givena key by rubbing with sand. The painter then proceeds much as he would on a canvas or wood panel. The two typesof fresco painting are buon fresco and fresco secco. Buon fresco is painting into wet plaster, which makes a paintinglast a long time. Fresco secco is painting onto dry plaster, which does not last as long.

History

The 18th-century BC fresco of the Investiture ofZimrilim discovered at the Royal Palace of

ancient Mari in Syria

Ancient Near East

The earliest known examples frescoes done in the Buon Fresco methoddate at around 1500 BC and are to be found on the island of Crete inGreece. The most famous of these, The Toreador, depicts a sacredceremony in which individuals jump over the backs of large bulls.While some similar frescoes have been found in other locations aroundthe Mediterranean basin, particularly in Egypt and Morocco, theirorigins are subject to speculation.Some art historians believe that fresco artists from Crete may havebeen sent to various locations as part of a trade exchange, a possibilitywhich raises to the fore the importance of this art form within thesociety of the times. The most common form of fresco was Egyptianwall paintings in tombs, usually using the secco technique.

Fresco 4

Fresco of "Sappho" from Pompeii, c. 50 CE.

Etruscan fresco of Velia Velcha from the Tombof Orcus, Tarquinia.

Classical antiquity

Frescoes were also painted in ancient Greece, but few of theseworks have survived. In southern Italy, at Paestum, which was aGreek colony of the Magna Graecia, a tomb containing frescoesdating back to 470 BC, the so-called Tomb of the Diver wasdiscovered on June 1968. These frescoes depict scenes of the lifeand society of ancient Greece, and constitute valuable historicaltestimonials. One shows a group of men reclining at a symposiumwhile another shows a young man diving into the sea.

Roman wall paintings, such as those at the magnificent Villa deiMisteri (1st century B.C.) in the ruins of Pompeii, and others atHerculaneum, were completed in buon fresco.

Late Roman Empire (Christian) 1st-2nd century frescoes werefound in catacombs beneath Rome and Byzantine Icons were alsofound in Cyprus, Crete, Ephesus, Cappadocia and Antioch. Romanfrescoes were done by the artist painting the artwork on the stilldamp plaster of the wall, so that the painting is part of the wall,actually colored plaster.

Also a historical collection of Ancient Christian frescoes can befound in the Churches of Goreme Turkey.

Indian fresco

Fresco from the Ajanta caves built and painted duringthe Gupta Empire in the 6th century AD

Thanks to large number of ancient rock-cut cave temples, valuableancient and early medieval frescoes have been preserved in morethan 20 locations of India.[5]

The frescoes on the ceilings and walls of the Ajanta Caves werepainted between c. 200 BC and 600 and are the oldest knownfrescoes in India. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of theBuddha's life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The narrativeepisodes are depicted one after another although not in a linearorder. Their identification has been a core area of research on thesubject since the time of the site's rediscovery in 1819. Otherlocations with valuable preserved ancient and early medievalfrescoes include Bagh Caves, Ellora Caves, Sittanavasal,Armamalai Cave, Badami Cave Temples and other locations.Frescoes have been made in several techniques including temperatechnique.

Fresco 5

Chola Fresco of Dancing girls. Brihadisvara Temple c.1100

Fresco in the Church of the Monastery of Saint Mosesthe Abyssinian in Syria

The later Chola paintings were discovered in 1931 within thecircumambulatory passage of the Brihadisvara Temple in Indiaand are the first Chola specimens discovered.

Researchers have discovered the technique used in these frescos.A smooth batter of limestone mixture is applied over the stones,which took two to three days to set. Within that short span, suchlarge paintings were painted with natural organic pigments.During the Nayak period the Chola paintings were painted over.The Chola frescos lying underneath have an ardent spirit ofsaivism expressed in them. They probably synchronised with thecompletion of the temple by Rajaraja Cholan the Great.

The frescoes in Dogra/ Pahari style paintings exist in their uniqueform at Sheesh Mahal of Ramnagar (105km from Jammu and35km west of Udhampur). Scenes from epics of Mahabharat andRamayan along with portraits of local lords form the subjectmatter of these wall paintings. Rang Mahal of Chamba (HimachalPradesh) is another site of historic Dogri fresco with wall paintingsdepicting scenes of Draupti Cheer Haran, and Radha- KrishnaLeela. This can be seen preserved at National Museum at NewDelhi in a chamber called Chamba Rang Mahal.

Frescoes also can be found in Sigiriya, situated in the centralMatale District of Sri Lanka,[6] which are reminiscent of theAjanta Caves of India. The frescoes were created in the 5-6thcenturies. They are considered a masterpiece of ancient frescoes.

Middle ages

Myrrhbearers on Christ's Grave, c 1235 AD, Mileevamonastery in Serbian

The late Medieval period and the Renaissance saw the mostprominent use of fresco, particularly in Italy, where most churchesand many government buildings still feature fresco decoration. InDenmark too, church wall paintings or kalkmalerier were widelyused in the Middle Ages (first Romanesque, then Gothic) and canbe seen in some 600 Danish churches as well as in churches in thesouth of Sweden which was Danish at the time.[7]

One of the rare examples of Islamic fresco painting can be seen inQasr Amra, the desert palace of the Umayyads in the 8th centuryMagotez.

Early modern Europe

Northern Romania boasts about a dozen painted monasteries,completely covered with frescos inside and out, that date from the second quarter of the 16th century. The mostremarkable are the monastic foundations at Humor (hoo mor), Moldovia (mol do vee' tsa), Arbore (are' bo ray) andVorone (vo ro nets). Sucevia (sue che vee' tsa), dating from 1600, represents a late return to the style developedsome 70 years earlier. The tradition of painted churches continued into the 19th century in other parts of Romania,although never to the same extent.[8]

Fresco 6

Andrea Palladio, the famous Italian architect of the 16th century, built many mansions with plain exteriors andstunning interiors filled with frescoes.Henri Clment Serveau produced several frescos including a three by six meter painting for the Lyce de Meaux,where he was once a student. He directed the cole de fresques at l'cole nationale suprieure des beaux-arts, anddecorated the Pavillon du Tourisme at the 1937 Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la VieModerne (Paris), Pavillon de la Ville de Paris; now at Muse d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.[9] In 1954 herealized a fresco for the Cit Ouvrire du Laboratoire Dbat, Garches.[10] He also executed mural decorations for thePlan des anciennes enceintes de Paris in the Muse Carnavalet.[11]

The Foujita chapel in Reims completed in 1966, is an example of modern frescos, the interior being painted withreligious scenes by the School of Paris painter Tsuguharu Foujita. In 1996, it was designated an historic monumentby the French Government.

Mexican muralismJos Clemente Orozco, Fernando Leal, David Siqueiros and Diego Rivera the famous Mexican artists, renewed theart of fresco painting in the 20th century. Orozco, Siqueiros, Rivera and his wife Frida Kahlo contributed more to thehistory of Mexican fine arts and to the reputation of Mexican art in general than anybody else. Together with worksby Orozco, Siqueiros, and others, Fernando Leal and Rivera's large wall works in fresco established the artmovement known as Mexican Muralism.Among contemporary artists, Fernando Leal Audirac has developed a technique of transportable frescos.

Selected examples of frescoes

The Chapel of the Holy Cross in WawelCathedral in Krakw is decorated with Byzantine

Frescoes.

Italian Early Medieval

CastelseprioItalian Late Medieval-Quattrocento

Panels (including Giotto(?), Lorenzetti, Martini and others) in upperand lower Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi

Giotto, Cappella degli Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua Camposanto, Pisa Masaccio, Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena Piero della Francesca, Chiesa di San Francesco, Arezzo Ghirlandaio, Cappella Tornabuoni, Santa Maria Novella, Florence The Last Supper, Leonardo Da Vinci, Milan (technically a tempera on plaster and stone, not a true fresco[12]) Sistine Chapel Wall series: Botticelli, Perugino, Rossellini, Signorelli, and Ghirlandaio Luca Signorelli, Chapel of San Brizio, Duomo, OrvietoItalian "High Renaissance"

Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling Raphael's Vatican Stanza Raphael's Villa Farnesina Giulio Romano's Palazzo del T, Mantua Mantegna, Camera degli Sposi, Palazzo Ducale, Mantua The dome of the Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore of Florence

Fresco 7

FERNANDO LEAL Miracles of the Virgin ofGuadalupe, Fresco Mexico City

Italian Baroque

The Loves of the Gods, Annibale Carracci, Palazzo Farnese Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power, Pietro da

Cortona, Palazzo Barberini Ceilings, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, (New Residenz) Wrzburg,

(Royal Palace) Madrid, (Villa Pisani) Stra, and others; Wall scenes(Villa Valmarana and Palazzo Labia)

Nave ceiling, Andrea Pozzo, Sant'Ignazio, RomeCzech Republic

The Ducal Rotunda of the Virgin Mary and St Catherine in Znojmo, Czech RepublicMexico

Fresco Cycle of The Miracles of the Virgin of Guadalupe by Fernando Leal, at Basilica of Guadalupe, MexicoCity, Mexico

Fresco Cycle of Bolivar's Epic by Fernando Leal, at Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City, MexicoSerbian Medieval

Visoki Deani

Conservation of frescoesThe climate and environment of Venice has proved to be a problem for frescoes and other works of art in the city forcenturies. The city is built on a lagoon in northern Italy. The humidity and the rise of water over the centuries havecreated a phenomenon known as rising damp. As the lagoon water rises and seeps into the foundation of a building,the water is absorbed and rises up through the walls often causing damage to frescoes. Venetians have become quiteadept in the conservation methods of frescoes.The following is the process that was used when rescuing frescos in La Fenice, a Venetian opera house, but it is thesame process for similarly damaged frescoes. First, a protection and support bandage of cotton gauze and polyvinylalcohol is applied. Difficult sections are removed with soft brushes and localized vacuuming. The other areas that areeasier to remove (because they had been damaged by less water) are removed with a paper pulp compress saturatedwith bicarbonate of ammonia solutions and removed with deionized water. These sections are strengthened andreattached then cleansed with base exchange resin compresses and the wall and pictorial layer were strengthenedwith barium hydrate. The cracks and detachments are stopped with lime putty and injected with an epoxy resinloaded with micronized silica.[13]

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References[4] All this section - Ugo Procacci, in Frescoes from Florence,pp. 15-25 1969, Arts Council, London.[5] Ancient and medieval Indian cave paintings - Internet encyclopedia (http:/ / www. wondermondo. com/ Best/ As/ IndMedCavePaint. htm) by

Wondermondo. Retrieved 4 June 2010.[6] Bandaranayake, Senake. Sinhalese Monastic Architecture. 1974, page 321[7] Kirsten Trampedach, "Introduction to Danish wall paintings - Conservation ethics and methods of treatment from the National Museum of

Denmark" (http:/ / www. natmus. dk/ cons/ walls/ chrchpnt. htm). Retrieved 2 March 2010.[8][8] Anca Vasiliu, "Monastres de Moldavie (XIVme-XVIme sicles)", Paris Mediterrane, 1998[9] Ministre de la Culture (France) - Mdiathque de l'architecture et du patrimoine, Exposition internationale des arts et techniques de 1937

(http:/ / www. culture. gouv. fr/ public/ mistral/ memoire_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER& FIELD_1=REF& VALUE_1=00258615)[10] Conseil rgional d'Ile-De-France - Service de l'Inventaire gnral du patrimoine culturel (http:/ / www. culture. gouv. fr/ public/ mistral/

mersri_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER& FIELD_1=REF& VALUE_1=IA00048574)[11] Waterhouse & Dodd Fine Art 1850-2000 (http:/ / www. waterhousedodd. com/ clement-serveau)[12] Restoration of the Last Supper 1498 - Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 - The Last Supper St. Apostle John Comparison (http:/ / www.

bringyou. to/ apologetics/ LeonardoLastSupper. htm)[13] Ciacci, Leonardo., ed, La Fenice Reconstructed 19962003: a building site in the city, (Venezia: Marsilio, 2003),118.

External links Museum of Ancient Inventions: Roman-Style Fresco, Italy, 50 AD (http:/ / www. smith. edu/ hsc/ museum/

ancient_inventions/ hsc16b. htm) Sigiriya Frescoes, The Mary B. Wheeler Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library (http:/ / www. library.

upenn. edu/ collections/ sasia/ mbw/ sri_lanka/ Sri Lanka Lecture Pages/ frescoes. htm) Fresco Paintings (http:/ / artpaintingartist. com/ category/ painting/ media/ fresco/ )Fresco technique described Fresco Techniques (http:/ / www. fresco-techniques. com) Painting a Fresco, Lessons and Examples: Buon and Secco Fresco by Donald A. Jusko (http:/ / www.

realcolorwheel. com/ fresco. htm) Fresco School (http:/ / www. frescoschool. org) High Fresco - The Art of Ben Long (http:/ / www. storytellersmediagroup. com/ High Fresco/ High Fresco. htm) The Art of Fresco Recaptured by Steve Bogdanoff (http:/ / www. bogdanoff. com/ about_video. htm) Web gallery of Art (http:/ / www. wga. hu/ ) The Fresco Portrait of Pope John Paul II by Fernando Leal Audirac (http:/ / www. leal-audirac. com/ en/ projects/

filmato_opera_papa_giovanni_paolo_ii. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsFresco Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=552904356 Contributors: 10metreh, 1exec1, A. B., A2Kafir, AWhiteC, Achowat, Acjelen, AdRock, Aff123a, Ajdebre, AlainV,Alfie66, Alsandro, AmateurEditor, Amorim Parga, Andre Martinez, Angela, Angusqlong, Ani053, Anonymous Dissident, Avoided, Aziz1005, BMAH07, Balthazarduju, Bejnar, Belovedfreak,Bgag, Bjankuloski06en, BlackTerror, Bogdangiusca, Bogdanoff, Bro(sv), Buggie111, CARAVAGGISTI, Caesar Rodney, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Centerstage430, Ceoil, Cfee146,Charivari, Chezhiyan, ChrisGualtieri, Chrisch, Christos Vittoratos, Closedmouth, Cobain, Coldcreation, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Copy spoke RTM, Csernica,Cutler, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Daarznieks, Deeptrivia, Denghu, DennisIsMe, Dilcoe, DocSigma, Don4of4, Dr Aaij, Dragon Lost In Mexico, Earthsound, EdJohnston, Ela669, Ev, Fiejolien,Filos96, Furrykef, GVOLTT, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, Gavrun, Gerbrant, Ghirlandajo, GorillaWarfare, GregJackP, Grey Shadow, Gyozilla, Gkhan, Hadija, HalfShadow, Highjynx75, Hkyaa,HolyT, Howcheng, Hunadam, IGeMiNix, Insiriusdenial, Ipigott, Iridescent, Ithinkhelikesit, Janhb1, Jncraton, JoJan, John, JohnMorra, Johnbod, Jose Ramos, Joshvp, Jpbowen, Kf4bdy, Klausok,Kubigula, Kunchan, LISKellyF, Larry Rosenfeld, Leal Audirac, Lokal Profil, LoveMonkey, Maculosae tegmine lyncis, Mandarax, Manytexts, Marek69, Marxtone, Matthew hk, Mattissa,Mattisse, Meursault2004, Michael Hardy, MichaelTinkler, Michelletaylor91, Mikhailcazi, Mladifilozof, Modeha, Modernist, Mogism, Monica Perin, Mschel, Nascar1996, Nehwyn, NeilN,Neutrality, Nivix, Noidner, Numbo3, OldakQuill, Olivier, Orestek, Oxymoron83, PAK Man, Patrick, PhilVaz, Physicistjedi, Piano non troppo, Piotrus, Pit, Plamoa, Poetaris, Quadell, Qxz,RHaworth, RadioFan, Raven4x4x, RexNL, Romanm, Ronnlund, S.bossy, SDC, Salvor, Sampson901, Schubox, Senjuto, Sfdan, Shehal, Sluzzelin, Snowynight, Some jerk on the Internet, Sparkit,Starnestommy, SteinbDJ, Sternarthur3, Steve2011, Stifle, Tail, Tellyaddict, Thane, Thatguyflint, Tide rolls, Tkgd2007, Tlumaczek, Trydonteventry, Typhlosion, Uirdhein, Utcursch, Uttaddmb,Vald, Vberger, Vianello, Waqcku, Weedwhacker128, Wereon, Wiki-uk, Will Beback, Woohookitty, WpZurp, Yopie, Zack9, ZayZayEM, Zello, Zibernetika, Zoicon5, Zozo2kx, Zweifel, ,, 332 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Fresco within the of Church of St Nicholas in Mala Strana in Prague.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fresco_within_the_of_Church_of_St_Nicholas_in_Mala_Strana_in_Prague.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Heinz-Josef LckingFile:Ferapontov.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ferapontov.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Amandajm, Butko, Demidow, Fransvannes,Ghirlandajo, Gugganij, Lna, Ranveig, Shakko, 1 anonymous editsFile:Dante Domenico di Michelino Duomo Florence.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dante_Domenico_di_Michelino_Duomo_Florence.jpg License: Public DomainContributors: User:JastrowFile:Mariae Verkuendigung Fuchstal Fresko Magnifikat 1.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mariae_Verkuendigung_Fuchstal_Fresko_Magnifikat_1.JPG License:Public Domain Contributors: thomas springerFile:Sistine jonah.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sistine_jonah.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Adam sk, Butko, DenghiComm, Diligent,G.dallorto, Mattes, Oscar ., Rdiger Wlk, Sailko, 1 anonymous editsFile:Mari fresco Investiture Zimri Lim 0210.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mari_fresco_Investiture_Zimri_Lim_0210.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: RamaFile:Herkulaneischer Meister 002.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herkulaneischer_Meister_002.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Albedo-ukr,Amandajm, AnRo0002, AnonMoos, Bibi Saint-Pol, DenghiComm, G.dallorto, Gryffindor, Jacklee, Mattes, Mmcannis, Origamiemensch, Pieter Kuiper, Wst, 4 anonymous editsFile:Velia Velcha Orcus II.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Velia_Velcha_Orcus_II.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:User:RonnlundFile:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indischer_Maler_des_6._Jahrhunderts_001.jpg License: Public DomainContributors: BlackIceNRW, Gryffindor, Imz, Ismoon, Jastrow, Johnbod, Julia W, Roland zh, 2 anonymous editsFile:chola fresco.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chola_fresco.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Durga, Ranveig, Roland zh, Tetraktys, Venu62, 1anonymous editsFile:Church of Deir Mar Musa 03.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Church_of_Deir_Mar_Musa_03.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Bernard GagnonFile:Beli andjeo2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beli_andjeo2.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Sneana TrifunoviFile:Holy Cross Chapel, frescoes.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holy_Cross_Chapel,_frescoes.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0Contributors: ed_and_donFile:FERNANDO LEAL Miracles of the Virgin of Guadalupe, Fresco Mexico City.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FERNANDO_LEAL_Miracles_of_the_Virgin_of_Guadalupe,_Fresco_Mexico_City.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Fernando Leal

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FrescoTechnologyOther types of wall paintingHistoryAncient Near EastClassical antiquityIndian frescoMiddle agesEarly modern EuropeMexican muralism

Selected examples of frescoesConservation of frescoesReferencesExternal links

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