french revolution & napoleon ch. 11. the three estates first estate the church second estate...
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French Revolution & Napoleon
Ch. 11
The Three Estates
First Estate The Church
Second Estate Rich Nobles
Third Estate- “everyone else” Bourgeoisie- merchants, well-educated, paid high taxes Cooks, Servants- were paid low wages, frequently out of work Peasants- half of income went to nobles, tithes, & taxes
The Rulers Louis XVI
Liked to spend time hunting instead of governing
Marie Antoinette From Austria (France’s
enemy) Madame Deficit- spent
a lot of money on gowns, jewels, gifts, and loved gambling
The Revolution is coming!
People began to use the words like equality, liberty, democracy The success of the American
Revolution inspired them
Causes: heavy burden of taxes High cost of living Bad weather caused crop failures
Price of bread doubles
The Estates-General
Louis XVI tried to tax the
Second Estatecalled a meeting
of the representatives of the three estates
The Estates-General continued..
Under medieval law- each estate would meet in a separate room & vote
3rd. Estate always outvoted They establish the National Assembly
Proclaimed the end of absolute monarchy & the beginning of a representative govt.
Tennis Court Oath National Assembly was locked out of their meeting room one day Broke onto a
tennis court (hand-ball court)
Pledged to stay until a constitution was written
Storming of the Bastille
Louis XVI stationed an army in Paris
Rumors flew that the troops were going to massacre the citizens
July 14- a mob tried to get weapons/gunpowder from the Bastille (a Paris prison) Freed a few prisoners,
killed the guards Symbolic act of
revolution! July 14- French
equivalent to our July 4
The Revolution Brings Reform & Terror
The National Assembly reforms FranceAug. 1789- the
peasants took away all the power of the 1st & 2nd. Estates (& took over church lands)
A “sans-culotte”
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Statement of revolutionary ideals
adopted by the National Assembly Men are born & remain free &
equal Preservation of the natural
rights of men- life, property, security, & resistance to oppression
Liberté, égalité, fraternité- became the slogan of the Revolution
(Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)
The Great Fear Rebellion spread Mobs broke into
noble‘s houses; burned their service papers & the houses
March on Versailles
Oct. 1789- Parisian women rioted over the high cost of bread Approx. 6,000 women (and some men joined) Took approx. 6 hours to walk from Paris to Versailles Marched on Versailles & forced Louis XVI and his family to go
to Paris-------------------------------------------------------------------------- During their stay in Paris, the King and his family tried to
escape (disguised as peasants), but they were caught & brought back to Paris
Legislative Assembly Created a limited constitutional monarchy-
stripped the king of his authority & L.A. had the power to create lawsDespite this new govt., old problems still
remained:
1. Food Shortages
2. Debt
Legislative Assembly Radicals (“the left”, “The Mountain”)
Opposed the king & monarchy
Moderates (“the middle”)- wanted some changesin govt, but not as much as the radicals
Conservatives (“the right”, “Girondins”) Wanted a limited monarchy & few changes in govt.
The Mountain & Girondins- Formed the Jacobin Club
The Death of the King
National Convention met
in Paris (Sept. 1792)-
abolished the monarchy & declared France a republic (all males had the right to vote)
Louis XVI put on trial for treason, found guilty, & beheaded by the guillotine (Jan. 21, 1793)
The Guillotine http://www.guillotine.dk/
Execution device Used to execute EVERYONE
in an equal manner (in a humane way) More people executed by the guillotine from the
3rd estate than the others (the same people the Revolution was supposedly carried out for)
The Reign of Terror July 1793-July 1794
Committee of Public Safetydecided who was an
enemy of the republicTried people in the
morning & executed them in the afternoon
Danton & Robespierre- leaders of the Committee
Reign of Terror continued… Most famous victim- Queen
Marie Antoinette 3,000 were executed in
Paris (40,000 overall) 85% were peasants/middle
class
*Members of the National Convention turned on Danton & later Robespierre (they were executed)-Robespierre’s execution officially ended the Reign of Terror
The Directory 1795- new plan
of govt. created Upper-middle
class with a two house legislature & an executive body of five men
Napoleon Bonaparte part of that executive body