freedom struggle notes

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhW

1857185718571857----k; Mz;L k; Mz;L k; Mz;L k; Mz;L ngUk; fyfkngUk; fyfkngUk; fyfkngUk; fyfk ; ; ; ;

fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs; � rk;gs xOq;fPl;L Kiw � ly;n`rp gpuGtpd; RtPfhuk;

,of;Fk; Nfhl;ghL � ehLfis ,izj;jy; � ,d NtWghL � epyr;rl;lq;fs; � Mq;fpNyah;fs; “rjp” my;yJ

cld;fl;il VWjy; vd;w gof;fj;jpw;F rl;l hPjpapy; jil nfhz;L te;J mk;Kiwia xopj;jdh;.

� cldbf; fhuzk;: nfhOg;G cldbf; fhuzk;: nfhOg;G cldbf; fhuzk;: nfhOg;G cldbf; fhuzk;: nfhOg;G jltpa Jg;ghf;fpj; jltpa Jg;ghf;fpj; jltpa Jg;ghf;fpj; jltpa Jg;ghf;fpj; Njhl;lf;fs;jhdNjhl;lf;fs;jhdNjhl;lf;fs;jhdNjhl;lf;fs;jhd;.

Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F:Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F:Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F:Gul;rpapd; Nghf;F:

� Nk 10 1857-k; Mz;L kPul;by; ,Ue;j giltPuh;fs; ntspg;gilahf fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. Nk 11y; ,f;fhyg; gil jpBnud by;ypf;F tpiue;J nrd;wJ. mq;F by;yp muz;kizia ifg;gw;wp gfJ}h;~hit ,e;jpag; Nguuruhf gpufldk; nra;jdh;. gpd;G> [hd; epf;fy;rd; by;ypia jpUk;gTk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

� gpd;G ,f;fyfk; fhd;G+h;> mNahj;jp> Fthypah kw;Wk; tlfpof;F ,e;jpah mjhtJ fy;fj;jh tiu nrd;wJ.

fyfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; KbTk;fyfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; KbTk;fyfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; KbTk;fyfj;jpd; jd;ikAk; KbTk;

� 1857-k; Mz;L fyfk;

Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkplg;gltpy;iy. � rpy ,lq;fis jtpu

nghJkf;fspy; MjuT fpilf;ftpy;iy.

� Mq;fpy muRf;F rpy kd;dh;fis MjuT njhptpj;jdh;.

� ,J xU Njrpa ,af;fkhf guttpy;iy.

� Mq;fpy murpd; mlf;FKiw Gul;rpia ntFthf ghjpj;jJ.

� tq;fhsj;jpy; gilapdh; gy ,lq;fspy; fpsh;r;rp nra;jdh;. vq;FNk nghJkf;fspd; MjuT fpilf;ftpy;iy.

tpisTtpisTtpisTtpisT::::

� INuhg;gpa giltPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. gPuq;fp gil INuhg;gpahpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

� 1858-k; Mz;L etk;gh; khjj;jpy; tpf;Nlhhpa kfhuhzpahh; gpufldgb ,e;jpah ,q;fpyhe;jpd; Neub Ml;rpapy; te;jJ vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhq;fpu]; fhq;fpu]; fhq;fpu]; fhq;fpu]; kfhrig kfhrig kfhrig kfhrig

mikg;gpw;F mikg;gpw;F mikg;gpw;F mikg;gpw;F Kd;G Njhd;wpa Kd;G Njhd;wpa Kd;G Njhd;wpa Kd;G Njhd;wpa mikg;Gfsmikg;Gfsmikg;Gfsmikg;Gfs;

� tq;fhstq;fhstq;fhstq;fhs epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs; epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs; epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs; epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs; mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G

• 1853-k; Mz;L etk;gh; 12k; ehs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

• ,jd; fpis ,yz;ldpy; Jthufehj jh$hpdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

� tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jptq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jptq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jptq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa r%fka r%fka r%fka r%fk;

• 1843 Vg;uy; 20k; ehs; tq;fhs epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs; mikg;NghL Nrh;e;J tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa r%fk; vd;w mikg;G cUthdJ.

• ,e;j mikg;gpw;F [hh;[; [hh;[; [hh;[; [hh;[; jhk;g;]d;jhk;g;]d;jhk;g;]d;jhk;g;]d; vd;w Mq;fpNyah; jPtpukhf gzpahw;wpdhh;.

� gpd;G tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpa r%fk; fp.gp.1851k; Mz;L gphpl;b~; ,e;jpad; rq;fkhf ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

� rprph; Fkhh; Nfh~; vd;gth; tq;fhsj;jpy; 1875k; Mz;L brk;gh; 23k; ehs; ,e;jpah yPf; - I Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.

� Rnue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> Mde;Nkhfd;Ngh]; Kaw;rpahy; 1876k; Mz;L [{iy 26k; ehs;

2

STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM , PHONE NO - 04146 226417

fy;fj;jh My;gh;l; kz;lgj;jpy; ,e;jpah fhd;gud;i] Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ,e;jpa rptpy; gzpf;fhd Njh;T vOJk; taij Fiwf;fTk; ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;it elj;jTk; nghpJk; ghLgl;lJ.

gk;gha;:gk;gha;:gk;gha;:gk;gha;:

� gk;gha; fofk; 1852k; Mz;L

Mf];L 26k; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. � ,f;fofj;ij Kd;khjphpahf

nfhz;L G+dh rh;t[dpG+dh rh;t[dpG+dh rh;t[dpG+dh rh;t[dpf; rig f; rig f; rig f; rig ePjpgjePjpgjePjpgjePjpgjp p p p uhdNluhdNluhdNluhdNl Kaw;rpahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

� jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; Kaw;rpahy; ,yz;ldpy; ,yz;ldpy; ,yz;ldpy; ,yz;ldpy; fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk;fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; fp.gp.1866k; Mz;L ,e;jpahit gw;wpa nra;jpia gphpl;b~; kf;fSf;F mspg;gjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

� gk;gha; uh[jhdpf;fofk; 1885k; Mz;L [dthp 31k; ehs; gf;UjPd;jpahg;[p> ngNuh]; - ~h – Nkj;jh mth;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrd;idnrd;idnrd;idnrd;id ::::

� tq;fhs gphpl;b~; ,e;jpaf;fofj;jpd; fpisahf Jtf;fg;gl;l nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fk; 1852k; Mz;L gpg;uthp 26k; ehs; jdpr;rq;fkhf cjak; Mapw;W.

� nrd;id kfh[drig 1884 Nk 16k; ehs; Mh;. nuq;ifahehALit jiytuhfTk; vk;. tp[pauhfthr;rhhpAk;> gp. Mde;jr;rhh;Yk; mjd; nrayh;fshth;fs;.

Mz;L ,lk; jiyik 1885 gk;gha; lgps;A+. rp. ghdh;[p 1886 fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; nesNuh[ 1887 nrd;id gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p 1888 myfhghj; [hh;[; A+Ny 1889 fy;fj;jh jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

(%d;W Kiw fhq;fpuRf;F jiyik nghWg;Ngw;wth;)

1906 #uj; (fhq;fpu]; gpsT) uh~;gpfhhp Nfh~; 1916 yfNdh

(kpjthjp-jPtputhjp ,izT)

mk;;gpfh ruz; k[{k;jhh;

1917 fy;fj;jh lhf;lh;.md;dpngrd;l; Kjy; ngz; fhq;fpu]; jiytp

1922 fah (fhq;fpu]; gpsT-Rauh[;a fl;rp Njhw;wk;)

rp.Mh;.jh];

1924 ngy;fhk; kfhj;kh fhe;jp 1938 `hpGuh Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; 1939 jphpGuh

(fhe;jpapd; Mrpngw;w gl;lhgp rPj;jhuhka;ah) fhq;fpu]; jiyik Njh;jy; Nghl;bapy; Njhy;tp – Rgh]; ntw;wpg;ngw;whh;.

Rgh]; re;jpuNgh];

1947 kPul; n[.gp. fpUghydp 1950 ehrpf; GUNrhj;jkd; jh]; lhd;ld;.

3


Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf gaq;futhj ,af;fk;gaq;futhj ,af;fk;gaq;futhj ,af;fk;gaq;futhj ,af;fk;

� Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;jpy;

gaq;futhj ,af;fq;fspd; gq;F kpfTk; Kidg;Gld; gzpahw;wpAs;sJ. ,e;j mikg;Gfs; md;dpa Ml;rpia KbTf;F nfhz;L tu td;Kiwapd; kPJ ek;gpf;if nfhz;L nray;gl;ldh;.

kfhuh~;buj;jpy; ,ufrpa kfhuh~;buj;jpy; ,ufrpa kfhuh~;buj;jpy; ,ufrpa kfhuh~;buj;jpy; ,ufrpa

,af;fq;fs;,af;fq;fs;,af;fq;fs;,af;fq;fs; � 1897Mk; Mz;L G+dhitr; rhh;e;j

jhNkhjh; rNgfh. ghyfpU~;z rNgfh; Mfpa ,U rNfhjuh;fs; nghJ kf;fspd; frg;Gf;Fs;shd ,U gphpl;b~; mjpfhhpfis nfhd;wpUe;jdh;.

� 1899k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,ufrpa mikg;G kpj;uh Nksh kpj;uh Nksh kpj;uh Nksh kpj;uh Nksh rthh;fh;rthh;fh;rthh;fh;rthh;fh; rNfhjuh;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

� 1904k; Mz;L tp.b. rthh;fh; tp.b. rthh;fh; tp.b. rthh;fh; tp.b. rthh;fh; ehrpf;fpy; mgpdt ghuj;ehrpf;fpy; mgpdt ghuj;ehrpf;fpy; mgpdt ghuj;ehrpf;fpy; mgpdt ghuj; vd;w mikg;gpd; ,ufrpa fofk; mikj;jhh;.

� ,e;j mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdh; kjd;thy; bq;fuh. ,th; ,e;jpa muR mjpfhhpahd fh;rd; tpy;yp vd;gtiu ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1909Mk; Mz;L [{iy 1k; ehs; Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;.

tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ufrpa tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ufrpa tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ufrpa tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ufrpa

,af;fq;fs;,af;fq;fs;,af;fq;fs;,af;fq;fs;:::: � mDrPyd;mDrPyd;mDrPyd;mDrPyd; rkpjp fy;fj;jhtpy; rkpjp fy;fj;jhtpy; rkpjp fy;fj;jhtpy; rkpjp fy;fj;jhtpy;

gpNue;jpuFkhh; Nfh~;> gpNue;jpuFkhh; Nfh~;> gpNue;jpuFkhh; Nfh~;> gpNue;jpuFkhh; Nfh~;> [bd;e;jpuehj; ghdh;[p[bd;e;jpuehj; ghdh;[p[bd;e;jpuehj; ghdh;[p[bd;e;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> > > > gpuNkhj gpuNkhj gpuNkhj gpuNkhj kpj;uhkpj;uhkpj;uhkpj;uh MfpNahuhy; 1902Mk; Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

� fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; lhf;fh mDrPyd; rkpjp GmDrPyd; rkpjp GmDrPyd; rkpjp GmDrPyd; rkpjp Gype;jh];ype;jh];ype;jh];ype;jh]; vd;gtuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

� mDrPyd; rkpjiar; Nrh;e;j Fh;jpuhk; Ngh]; kw;Wk; gpu/g;y;yh rhf;fpAk; Krhg;G+h; Mq;fpy k[p];l;Nul; fpq;];Nghh;L vd;gtUf;F gjpyhf nfd;db vd;gtiu Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;.

� gpu/g;y;yhrhf;fp jd;idj;jhNd Rl;Lf;nfhz;L ,we;jhh;. Fh;jpuhk;Ngh]; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.

� ,e;J];jhd; FbauR rq;fk; 1924k; Mz;L mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; Kjd; Kjypy; rr;rpd; re;ahy; n[fjp];re;jpu rl;lh;[pahy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

� ,e;j mikg;igr; rhh;e;jth;fs; kPJ ,uapy; nfhs;is tof;fhfpa fhf;Nfhhp rjp tof;F njhlug;gl;lJ. uhk;gpurhj; gp];kpy; Nuh~d;yhy;> m~;tf;Fy;yh MfpNahh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.

� gpd;dh; 1928Mk; Mz;L ,e;j mikg;ig re;jpuNrfu Mrhj; ,e;J];jhd; Nrh~ypr FbauR fofk; vd;W ngah; khw;wk; nra;jhh;.

� irkd; fkp~d; vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhty;Jiwahy; jhf;fg;gl;L gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; yhyh gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; yhyh gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; yhyh gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; yhyh y[gjpuha;y[gjpuha;y[gjpuha;y[gjpuha; ,we;J (1928 mf;Nlhgh; 30ehs;) Nghdhh;. mjw;F gopthq;Fk; tpjkhf ,e;j mikg;ig Nrh;e;j gfj;rpq; Mrhj;> gfj;rpq; Mrhj;> gfj;rpq; Mrhj;> gfj;rpq; Mrhj;> uh[FU MfpNahh; jbabia uh[FU MfpNahh; jbabia uh[FU MfpNahh; jbabia uh[FU MfpNahh; jbabia elj;jpa fhty; mjpfhhpahd elj;jpa fhty; mjpfhhpahd elj;jpa fhty; mjpfhhpahd elj;jpa fhty; mjpfhhpahd rTd;lh; vd;gtiu Rl;bf; rTd;lh; vd;gtiu Rl;bf; rTd;lh; vd;gtiu Rl;bf; rTd;lh; vd;gtiu Rl;bf; nfhd;wdh;. nfhd;wdh;. nfhd;wdh;. nfhd;wdh;.

� gfj;rpq;> gp.Nf. lj; Mfpa ,UtUk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ghh;itahsh; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,uz;L ntbFz;il tPrpdh;. mth;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;. 1931Mk; Mz;L khh;r; 23k; gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt; uh[FUTk; J}f;fpy; ,lg;gl;ldh;.

� ,ufrpaf; ifjpfis khpahijahf elj;Jk; nghUl;Lk;> rpiwapd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;jTk; [l;bd;jh]; vd;gth; 63 ehl;fs; cz;zhtpukpUe;J caph;ePj;jhh;.

� tq;fhsj;jpy; #hpahrd; vd;gth; #hpahrd; vd;gth; #hpahrd; vd;gth; #hpahrd; vd;gth; rpl;;lfhq; MAj fplq;fpy;rpl;;lfhq; MAj fplq;fpy;rpl;;lfhq; MAj fplq;fpy;rpl;;lfhq; MAj fplq;fpy; 1930k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; GFe;J MAjq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L kPjpia mopf;fTk; nra;jhh;.

ntspehl;by; gaq;futhjkntspehl;by; gaq;futhjkntspehl;by; gaq;futhjkntspehl;by; gaq;futhjk ;; ;;

4


� 1905 ,yz;ldpy; rahk;[p fpU~;zth;kh ,e;jpa khzth;fSf;fhf ,e;jpah ,y;yk; njhlq;fpdhh;. ,e;jpad; r%ftpayh; vd;w ,jioAk; elj;jpaJ. 1907 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah,y;yk; tp.b. rh;thh;fuhy; nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L elj;jg;gl;lJ.

� ghhp]py; Nklk; fhkhTk; ngh;ypdpy; tPue;jpuehj; rl;Nlhg;ahah ,ufrpa fofk; mikj;J ,af;fpdhh;.

� 1913Mk; Mz;L fhjh; ,af;fk; Nrhfd;rpq; ghf;uhTk;> yhyh `h;jahs;k; MfpNahuhy; A.v];.v. kw;Wk; fdlhtpy; grpgpf; fiuNahukhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghd;ikNahh; rPf;fpa Njhl;l njhopyhsh;fshthh;fs;.

� fhjh; vd;w thuhe;jphpia cUJ> kw;Wk; FUKfp nkhopapYk; Kjypy; ntspapl;ldh;.

� fhkhfhlkhU fg;gy; jhafk; jpUk;gpNahh; gpur;rid fhjh; fl;rpAld; njhlh;GilaJ.

gaq;futhj ,af;gaq;futhj ,af;gaq;futhj ,af;gaq;futhj ,af;fj;jpdhpd; fj;jpdhpd; fj;jpdhpd; fj;jpdhpd;

Kf;fpa nray;fs;Kf;fpa nray;fs;Kf;fpa nray;fs;Kf;fpa nray;fs; � 1907Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpy;

Jiz epiy MSeh; /g;y;yiu nfhy;y Kaw;rp nra;J Njhy;tpaile;jhh;.

� jiyefiu nly;ypf;F khw;Wk; epfo;r;rpapy; 1912Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 23k; ehs; ele;jJ. md;W uh~;gpfhhpNgh]; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duy; `hh;be; gpuGtpd; kPJ nly;yp Eiothapypy; ntbFz;il tPrpdhh;.

� [f;rd; ehrpf; Fw;wtpay; eLth; rhthh;f;fiu jz;bj;jjhy; 1909 Mk; Mz;L Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

Kf;fpa jPtputhj ,jo;fsKf;fpa jPtputhj ,jo;fsKf;fpa jPtputhj ,jo;fsKf;fpa jPtputhj ,jo;fs ;; ;;

� Afd;jhh; ghpe;jpuFkhh; Nfh~; ghpe;jpuFkhh; lj; 1906y; tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtpdh;.

� re;jah 1906y; gpuNkhge;jg; cgj;ah – tq;fhsk;

� fy; - kfhuhl;buh

� “te;Nj khjuk;” Nklk; fhkh> ghhp];

� jy;thh; - tPue;jpuehj; rl;Nlhgj;aha;> ngh;ypd;

� fhjh; - fhjh; ,af;fk;> rhd;gpuhrp];Nfh

� ,e;J];jhd; tpLjiy – jhuhfehj; jh];> ntd;Fah;

fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g fhyfl;lk; fhyfl;lk; fhyfl;lk; fhyfl;lk; (1885(1885(1885(1885----1905)1905)1905)1905)

kpjthjpfs; fhyfl;lk;kpjthjpfs; fhyfl;lk;kpjthjpfs; fhyfl;lk;kpjthjpfs; fhyfl;lk;

� Mq;fpNya muRf;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; Fe;jfk; Vw;glhky; ,e;jpah;fspd; gpul;ridfis jPh;f;fTk;> epthuzq;fisg; ngwTk;> mjid Fwpj;J tpthjk; nra;J mikjpahd topapy; ngWk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;Nlhh;fs;;. jPh;khdq;fSk; tpz;zg;gq;fSk;> rl;lhPjpahd topKiwfSk; mth;fspd; toptifahf ,Ue;jJ.

kpjthj jiyth;fskpjthj jiyth;fskpjthj jiyth;fskpjthj jiyth;fs; ; ; ;

� jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> vk;.[p. uhdNl> RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p> /g;nuhrh Nkj;jh> gf;UjPd;jpahg;[p [p.Nf. NfhFNy> b. lgps;A+> ghr;rh> Mde;jNkhfd; Ngh];> uh~;gpfhh; Nfh~; MfpNahh; Kf;fpakhd jiyth;fshthh;fs;.

rhjidfs; rhjidfs; rhjidfs; rhjidfs;

� kf;fsplk; Njrpa czh;it tsh;j;J murpay; fy;tpia Gfl;bdh;.

� [dehafk;> Njrpak; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fspilNa gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;.

� gphpl;b~pd; nghUshjhu Ruz;lhy;fis kf;fSf;F njhpag;gLj;jpdh;.

� nghJthd murpay;> nghUshjhu gpur;ridia itj;J kf;fis $l;b murpay; Nghuhl;lk; elj;j gapw;rp mspj;jdh;.

jPtputhj fhyfl;lk; (1906jPtputhj fhyfl;lk; (1906jPtputhj fhyfl;lk; (1906jPtputhj fhyfl;lk; (1906----18)18)18)18)

� kpjthjpfspd; nray;Kiwfspy; ek;gpf;if ,oe;J gphpl;b~; murpd;

5


mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs;> rPh;nfl;l eph;thfKiw kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhf jPtpukhf murpd; Nghf;if vjph;f;f Kide;jth;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gphpl;b~; mlf;FKiwfs;:gphpl;b~; mlf;FKiwfs;:gphpl;b~; mlf;FKiwfs;:gphpl;b~; mlf;FKiwfs;:

� murpw;F vjpuhd gpur;rhu jilr;rl;lk; (1898)

� ,e;jpa mYty; ,ufrpar; rl;lk; (1904) gj;jphpf;iffis fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.

� muRf;F vjpuhf kf;fis J}z;bajhf jpy;fiu (1897) ifJ nra;jJ.

� tprhuizapd;wp ehL fplj;jpaJ. (1897)

� nfhLk; gQ;rj;jpw;Fk;> gpNsf; Neha;f;Fk; rhpahd epthuzk; toq;fhik

� fy;fj;jh gy;fiyfofr; rl;lk; (1904)

� fh;rd; gpuGtpd; tq;fg; gphptpid (1905)

� jPtputhjpfspd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; G+uz Rauh[;[pak; ngWtNj MFk;.

jPtputhjpfspd; topKiwfsjPtputhjpfspd; topKiwfsjPtputhjpfspd; topKiwfsjPtputhjpfspd; topKiwfs ;; ;;::::

� vjph;g;G Kiwfs;: v.fh.xj;Jioahik> md;dpag; nghUl;fs; gfp~;fhpg;G muRg;gzpfs; ePjpkd;wk;> gs;sp> fy;Y}hpfs; Gwf;fzpg;G

� RNjrp ,af;fk; elj;Jjy; � Gjpa Njrpa fy;tp Kiwia

gpd;gw;Wjy; MfpadthFk;. � jpyfh; rka tpohf;fs; %yk;

(tpehafh; tpoh (1893) rpth[p tpoh (1895)) Njrpa xw;WikiaAk; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;igAk;> murpay; fy;tpiaAk; ,jd; %yk; GFj;jpdh;.

� jkpo;ehl;by; t.c. rpjk;guk; gps;is mth;fs; “RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNfrd; fk;ngdp” vd;w fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdj;ij J}j;Jf;Fbapy; njhlq;fpdhh;.

tq;fg;gphptpid (1905)tq;fg;gphptpid (1905)tq;fg;gphptpid (1905)tq;fg;gphptpid (1905) � fh;rDf;F Kd;G tq;fg;

gphptpidiag; gw;wpa jpl;lj;ij Kd;nkhope;jth; mrhk; jiyik Mz;ah; tpy;ypak; thh;l; vd;gtuhthh;. 1874k; Mz;L tq;fshj;jpypUe;J mrhik gphpf;f MNyhrid toq;fpdhh;.

� tq;fhs uh[jhdpia jpwikahf eph;tfpf;f Kbahj msTf;F nghpjhf ,Ue;jJ.

� fpof;F tq;fhsk; tsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia Nghf;fp mjd; tsh;r;rpia Jhpjg;gLj;Jjy;.

� cz;ikahd fhuzk; tsh;e;J tUk; Njrpa vOr;rpf;F tq;fhsk; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf tpsq;fpaJ. mij jil nra;tjw;F tq;fg;gphptpidia muR nra;jJ.

� gphptpid jpl;lk; 1905Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 16Mk; ehs; mKYf;F te;jJ.

gphptpid vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lkgphptpid vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lkgphptpid vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lkgphptpid vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lk;;;;

� gphptpid vjph;g;G ,af;fk; 1905Mk; Mz;L Mf];L 7k; ehs; fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s lTd; `hypy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

� 1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 gphptpidia mKy; nra;j md;W Njrpa Jf;f jpakhf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

RNjrp RNjrp RNjrp RNjrp ,af;fk; ,af;fk; ,af;fk; ,af;fk;

� tq;fhsj;jpy; jPtpukhf RNjrp ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdh;. gy RNjrp nethiyfs; tq;fpfs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld. gp.rp. uha; “nghq;fy; nfkpf;fy; RNjrp ];Nlhh; njhlq;fpdhh;.

� Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ ntspehl;L nghUl;fs;> rh;f;fiu> kUe;Jfs;> Jzpfs; Nghd;witfis gad;gLj;jhky; jtph;g;gJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; vhpf;fTk; nra;jdh;.

� ehL KOtJk; njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fshy; Nkw;F kw;Wk; fpof;F tq;fhsk; 1911k; Mz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

� Kjd;Kiwahf xU nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf kf;fs; jq;fs;

6


Nfhhpf;ifia epiwNtw;Wk; Nehf;NfhL Nghuhbdhh;. Njrpa ,af;fk; kf;fs; ,af;fkhf cUntLj;jJ.

� tq;fhsk; ,izf;fg;gl;l mNj rkak; gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh vd;w ,U Gjpa khepyq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

fh;rd; gpuGtpd; fh;rd; gpuGtpd; fh;rd; gpuGtpd; fh;rd; gpuGtpd; eph;thfr; eph;thfr; eph;thfr; eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

� gQ;rj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fis MAs; nra;a rh;. me;Njhzp kf;Nlhdy; vd;gth; jiyikapy; gQ;rk; gw;wpa FO mikj;jhh;. me;j FO 1901y; mwpf;ifia rkh;gpj;jJ.

� 1905y; gPfhhpy; cs;s G+rh vd;Dkplj;jpy; tptrha Muha;r;rp fofj;jpw;F mbf;fy; ehl;bdhh;.

� ghrd trjpia ngUf;fTk; mjw;fhd rhj;jaf;$Wfis MuhaTk; rh;.Nthg;gpd; ];fhh;l; khd;fphpg; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; 1901y; ghrd trjpf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

� thzpgk; kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiwia 1905y; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

� uapy;Nt eph;thfj;ij rPh;gLj;j ,uapy;Nt FOit rh;jhk]; ,uhgh;r;rd; vd;gth; jiyikapy; epakpj;jhh;.

� fy;tpj;Jiwapd; FiwghLfis fisa fy;tpf;FO xd;iw rh; jhk]; ,uhNg vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; 1901y; ghrd trjpf;FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

� thzpgk; kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiwia 1905y; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

� uapy;Nt eph;thfj;ij rPh;gLj;j ,uapy;Nt fy;tpf;FO xd;iw rh; jhk]; ,uhNg vd;gthpd; fPo; xU FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

� mf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb 1904Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; rl;lk; cUthapw;W.

� fhty;Jiw eph;thfj;ij Nkk;gLj;j 1902y; fhty; FO gpNurh; vd;gthpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

� fhty;Jiw eph;thfj;ij Nkk;gLj;j 1902y; fhty; FO gpNurh; vd;gthpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

� njhy;nghUs; Jiwia Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. mjd; jiytuhf rh;.[hd; khh;ry; vd;gtiu epakpj;jhh;.

� 1904Mk; Mz;L Guhjdr; rpd;dq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

� ,e;jpa ehzar; rl;lk; 1899Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb ,e;jpa &ghapd; kjpg;G jq;f mstPl;L Kiwf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

� 1904Mk; Mz;L $l;LwT fld; rq;fq;fspd; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

fhq;fpu]; #uj; gpsTk; fhq;fpu]; #uj; gpsTk; fhq;fpu]; #uj; gpsTk; fhq;fpu]; #uj; gpsTk; ---- yf;Ndh yf;Ndh yf;Ndh yf;Ndh

,izTk;,izTk;,izTk;,izTk; � 1907Mk; Mz;L $l;lk; ehfGhpapy;

eilngWtjhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; jPtputhjpfspd; nry;thf;F kpf;f ,lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; $l;lj;jpd; ,lk; #uj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

� 1907y; brk;gh; 26> 27 Mfpa ,uz;L ehl;fspYk; $l;lq;fspy; Fog;gk; eilngw;wJ. brk;gh; 28Mk; ehs; lhf;lh;. uh~;gpfhhp Nfh~pd; jiyikapy; kpjthjpfSk;> mutpe;jNfh~pd; jiyikapy; jPtputhjpfSk; jdpj;jdpNa $bdhh;. ,JNt #uj; gpsT vdg;gLfpwJ.

yf;yf;yf;yf;Ndh ,izTNdh ,izTNdh ,izTNdh ,izT

� #uj; gpsTf;F gpd;G fhq;fpu]; nray;ghL Fd;wpaJ. jpyfh; rpiwapypUe;j NghJ jPtputhjpfs; nraypoe;J epd;whh;.

� jpyfUk;> NfhFNyAk; Nkw;nfhz;l ,izg;G Kaw;rp /g;Nuh~hNkj;jhtpd; vjph;g;ghy; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.

� 1916k; Mz;L yf;Ndhtpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; kpjthjpfSk; jPtputhjpfSk; ,ize;jdh;. ,jw;F jpyfUk;> md;dpngrd;l;Lk; ngUk; gq;fhw;wpdh;.

7


K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Njhw;wk;K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Njhw;wk;K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Njhw;wk;K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Njhw;wk; � tq;fhs ehthg; rypKy;yhf;fhd;

,e;jpa K];yPk; kf;fSf;fhd mikg;G mikf;Fk; Nahridia ntspapl;lhh;. mjd;gb 1906Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 30Mk; ehs; mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; epue;jpu jiytuhf Mfhfhd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.

� kpd;Nlh kpd;Nlh kpd;Nlh kpd;Nlh – khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk; khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk; khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk; khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk; � 1909k; Mz;L ,e;jpa tptfhur;

nrayh; khh;yp gpuG ,e;jpa rl;lkd;wq;fspy; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;ag; Nghtjhf mwptpj;jhh;.

� mur jPtputhjpfisAk;> gaq;futhjpfisAk; mlf;fpaJ. kpjthjpfis Mjhpj;J ghpR toq;fpaNj ,e;j rPh;jpUj;jk;.

� �� க�� தனி இட

ஒ��கீ� – வ��வா�

பிரதிநிதி��வ�

yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1916yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1916yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1916yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; 1916

� 1916y; yf;Ndh khehl;bd; NghJ fhq;fpu]{k; - K];yPk; yPf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. nghJf;fUj;Jld; murpay; rPh;jpUj;jj;ij ngw Kay;tJk; gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;fj;ij kj;jpapYk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhhpaJ.

jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 1916191619161916

� jpyfh; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij

1916k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; njhlq;fpdhh;. md;dpngrd;l; 1916Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; khjk; njhlq;fpdhh;.

� jpyfhpd; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; kfhuh~;buk; (gk;gha; ePq;fyhf) fh;ehlfk;> kj;jpa khepyk; kw;Wk;

gPuhh; gFjpfspy; nray;gl;L 14>000 cWg;gpdh;fis ngw;wJ.

� md;dpngrd;l; jpyfhpd; gFjp ePq;fyhf kw;w midj;J ,e;jpag; gFjpfspYk; nray;gl;lJ. 27>000 cWg;gpdh;fis ngw;wJ.

� nrd;bd; jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpw;F lgps;A+.gp thbahTk; mUz;NlYk; nghpJk; ghLgl;ldh;.

� ntyd;ild; rpNuhy; vd;gth; jpyfiu gw;wp vOjpa ‘ghjh; Mg; ,e;jpd; md;nu];;l;’ Gj;jfj;;ij vjph;j;J tof;F njhlu jpyfh; ,yz;ld; nrd;wjhy; jpyfhpd; ,af;fk; jiyik ,y;yhky; nraypoe;jJ.

kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Muk;gfhy fl;lMuk;gfhy fl;lMuk;gfhy fl;lMuk;gfhy fl;lk;k;k;k;

� fhe;jpapd; tsh;r;rpf;F fhuzq;fs;

njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; 1893-1914 tiu mth; ngw;w mDgtk;.

� fhe;jp 1916Mk; Mz;L mfkjhghj;jpy; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;ij epWtpdhh;: mjd;%yk; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F cz;ikiaAk; kw;Wk; mfpk;iriaAk; gapw;Wtpj;jhh;.

rk;gpuhd; rj;jpahfpufkrk;gpuhd; rj;jpahfpufkrk;gpuhd; rj;jpahfpufkrk;gpuhd; rj;jpahfpufk::::;; ;;

� ,e;jpahtpd; fhe;jpapd; Kjy; murpay; Nrhjid Nghuhl;lkhf mike;jJ.

� 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; rpd;jl;bf; rhak; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpwF ,z;bNfh mjd; re;ij kjpg;ig ,oe;jJ. Mdhy; Njhl;l mjpgh;fs; ,z;bNfh tptrhapfis tpLtpf;fhky; epyFj;jifia mjpfhpj;Jk; NkYk; rl;lG+h;tkw;w topapy; tpLtpf;f fl;lzk; t#ypj;jdh;.

� ,jid vjph;j;J ,uh[;Fkhh; Rf;yhTk; ~k;gPh; KfkJTk; fhe;jpa mioj;jdh;.

� fhe;jp vjph;j;J ,uh[;Fkhh; Rf;yhTk; ~k;gPh; KfkJTk; fhe;jpia mioj;jdh;.

8


� fhe;jp rk;guhDf;F ,uhN[e;jpugpurhj;> kh];̀ h; - cy;; - `{f; fpUghyhdp kw;Wk; kfhNjt; Njrha; cld; nrd;W tprhuhiz nra;jhh;. Muk;gj;jpy; muR fhe;jpia vjph;j;jJ. gpd;dh; mtiuNa tprhuiz FOtpw;F cWg;gpduhf epakpj;jJ.

� jPd;fhj;jpfh Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ. tptrhapfsplk; Kiwaw;W t#y;

nra;ag;gl;l njhifapy; 35% Cjpa cah;it mspf;f Kd;te;jdh;.

Nfjh rj;jpafpufk; 1918:Nfjh rj;jpafpufk; 1918:Nfjh rj;jpafpufk; 1918:Nfjh rj;jpafpufk; 1918:

� Nfjh khtl;lj;jpy; (F[uhj;) Vw;gl;l twl;rpapd; fhuzkhf tptrhapfs; thpjs;Sgbia murplk; Ntz;bdh;. Mdhy; muR thpia js;Sgb nra;ahky; thpt#y; nra;a gyhj;fhuj;ij gad;gLj;jpaJ.

� fhe;jp tptrhapfsplk; thpnfhLf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W miog;G tpLj;jjhy; Mq;fpy muR gyj;ij gad;gLj;jp gpd;dh; thp t#iy epWj;jp itf;f ,ufrpa Mizia gpwg;gpj;jJ. Mifahy; F[uhj; tptrhapfsplk; fhe;jpapd; Gfo; ngUfpaJ.

� ,;e;j %d;W Nghul;lq;fSf;F fhe;jpf;F ntw;wpia Njbf;nfhLj;jjhy; mth; mfpy ,e;jpa jiyth; epiyia mile;jhh;. midtuhYk; Vw;;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;.

khz;NlF khz;NlF khz;NlF khz;NlF – nrk;];Nghh;l; nrk;];Nghh;l; nrk;];Nghh;l; nrk;];Nghh;l;

rPh;jpUj;jk;rPh;jpUj;jk;rPh;jpUj;jk;rPh;jpUj;jk; � vl;tpd; khz;NlF vd;W Gjpa

,e;jpa tptfhuj;Jiw nrayh; ,e;jpa Njrpathjpfis mikjpgLj;j 1917Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 20Mk; ehs; murpd; eph;thff; nfhs;ifia (Mf];L mwpf;if) mwptpj;jhh;.

� 1919Mk; Mz;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;gb khepyq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

� 1921Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; Kjy; ehspypUe;J nrd;id> tq;fhsk;> gk;gha;> If;fpa khfhzk;> gQ;rhg;>

gPfhh;> kj;jpa khfhzk;> m];]hk; Mfpa vl;L khepyq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp mKy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

� kj;jpapy; ,uz;L mitfs; cila rl;lrig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. khepyq;fs; mit> kj;jpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig.

� ,yz;ldpy; Gjpjhf ,e;jpa cah; Mizah; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhe;jpapd; jPtpu nray;ghLfsfhe;jpapd; jPtpu nray;ghLfsfhe;jpapd; jPtpu nray;ghLfsfhe;jpapd; jPtpu nray;ghLfs ;; ;;

nusyl; rl;lKk; [hypad; nusyl; rl;lKk; [hypad; nusyl; rl;lKk; [hypad; nusyl; rl;lKk; [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyAkthyhghf; gLnfhiyAkthyhghf; gLnfhiyAkthyhghf; gLnfhiyAk;

� cyfg;Nghh; Kbe;jTld; gaq;futhjj;ij mlf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ePjpgjp rpl;dp nusyl; jiyikapy; 1917 brk;gh; 10k; ehs; xU FO mike;jJ. me;j FO 1918 Vg;uy; 15Mk; ehs; mwpf;ifia rkh;gpj;jJ.

� mjd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb 1919 khh;r; 18Mk; ehs; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mr;rl;lj;jpd;gb>

� rpwg;G ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gLk;. � ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,ufrpa tprhuiz

elj;jg;gLk;. � tprhuizapd;wp xUtiu ,uz;L

Mz;L fhyk; rpiwapy; itf;fyhk;.

� eph;thf mjpfhhpfs; vtiuAk; re;Njfj;jpd; Nghpy; ifJ nra;ayhk;.

� nusyl; rl;lj;ij fUg;G kNrhjh vd;W mioj;jdh;.

� ,e;j rl;lj;ij fhe;jpabfs; vjph;j;J rhj;tPfg; Nghul;lj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;.

� 1919k; Mz;L khh;r; 30k; ehs; rj;jpahfpuf ehshf ehnlq;Fk; mDrhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;. gpd;dh; nrd;idapy; itj;J rj;jpahfpuf ehis Vg;uy; 6f;F js;sp itj;jhh;.

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

� nusyl; rl;lj;jpid vjph;j;J ele;j rj;jpahfpufj;ij xl;b gQ;rhg;gpd; Gfo;kpf;f

9


jiyth;fshfpa lhf;lh; irGjPd; fpl;RYTk; lhf;lh; rj;jpa ghYk; ehLflj;jg;gl;ldh;.

� ,jid fz;bj;J kf;fs; Nghul;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;. muR fLikahd mlf;FKiwia ifahz;lNjhL> kdpj chpikfs; kpf nfhba Kiwapy; kPwg;gl;lJ.

� murpd; fPo;j;jukhd mlf;FKiwfis fz;bj;J 1919Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 13k; ehs; igrhfp jpdj;jd;W [hypad; thyhghf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; %d;W gf;fk; Kba xU G+q;fhtpy; nghJ $l;lk; ele;jJ.

� nghJf;$l;lk; eilngw;W nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ n[duy; lah; ve;j xU Kd;dwptpg;Gk; ,d;wp Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl cj;jutpl;lhh;. murpd; mwpf;ifapd;gb 379Ngh; ,we;jdh;. Mdhy; 1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhh; ,we;jdh;.

� ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; ,e;j nfh^ur;nray; fz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. ,utpue;jpu ehj; jh$h; iel; P̀l; gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh;.

� ,g;gLnfhiy gw;wp tprhuiz nra;a xOq;fpd;ik tprhuiz FOit ePjpgjp `z;lh; gpuGtpd; jiyikapy; mikj;jJ. FOtpd; 7 cWg;gpdh;fspy; %th; ,e;jpah;fshth;fs;.

� 7.fhq;fpu]{k; tprhuiz FOit epakpj;jJ. Nkhjpyy; NeU> rp.Mh;. jh];> kfhj;kh fhe;jp mjd; cWg;gpdh;fshthh;fs;.

fpyhgj; ,af;fk; (1919)fpyhgj; ,af;fk; (1919)fpyhgj; ,af;fk; (1919)fpyhgj; ,af;fk; (1919)

� nrt;u~; cld;gbf;if JUf;fpia J}z;bajhy; ,e;jpa K];yPk;fs; gphpl;b~; Nguurpd; kPJ NfhgKk;> ntWg;Gk; nfhz;ldh;. mjd; tpisNt fpyhgj; ,af;fkhFk;.

Nehf;fkNehf;fkNehf;fkNehf;fk; ; ; ;

� fpyhgj; ,af;fk; ,uz;L mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;lJ.

� Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;F Kd;G ,Ue;j epiyapNyNa JUf;fpapy; Nguurpd; vy;iyfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

� JUf;fp Ry;jhdpd; rkaj;jiyik Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ,uz;Lk; Kd;gpUe;jgbNa cWjpnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

� fpyhgj; khehL 1919 nrg;lk;gh; 21Mk; ehs; yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;wJ. myp rNfhjh;fSk; KfkJ myp> ~Tf;fj; myp nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;Jk; mk;khehl;bd; Kf;fpa jiyth;fshth;.

� 1919Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17k; ehs; fpyhgj; jpdkhf ehL KOtJk; miog;G tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

� ,uz;lhtJ fpyhgj; khehL nly;ypapy; 1919Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 23> 24Mk; ehs; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; fhe;jpabfs; $l;lj; jiytuhf Njh;e;J vLf;fg;gl;lhh;.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1919xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1919xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1919xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; (1919----1922)1922)1922)1922)

� fhe;jpapd; mwpf;ifapd;gb fpyhgj;

khehL epakpj;j FO xj;Jioahik jpl;lj;ij gw;wpa mwpf;ifia rkh;gpj;jJ.

� me;j mwpf;ifapd;gb eltbf;ifia vLf;f fy;fj;jhtpy; yhyh y[gjpuha; jiyikapy; 1920Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 4Mk; ehs; rpwg;Gf;$lk; $l;lg;gl;lJ xj;Jioahik jPh;khdk; epiwNtwg;gl;lJ.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;fhd xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;fhd xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;fhd xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzkfhuzkfhuzkfhuzk;;;;

� [hypad; thyghf; gLnfhiyAk; mJgw;wp tprhuiz nra;j `z;lh; FOtpd; Nkk;Nghf;fhd mwpf;ifAk;.

� fpyhgj; gpur;rid Rauh[;[pa Nfhhpf;ifiaAk; Nrh;j;J xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijAk; gphpl;b~; muRf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpj;jhh;.

10


jpl;lk; jpl;lk; jpl;lk; jpl;lk; � xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; Neh;kiw

kw;Wk; vjph;kiw jpl;lk; ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;lJ.

� Neh;kiwj;jpl;lj;jpy; RNjrp> fjh; E}w;wy;> nea;jy; Cf;Ftpj;jy;> jPz;lhik ePf;fk; %yk; rKjhar; rkj;Jtk;> ,e;J K];yPk; xw;Wik Mfpait mlq;Fk;.

� vjph;kiw jpl;lj;jpy; rl;lkd;w ePjpkd;w> fy;tpepiya NghyP];> ,uhZtg; Gwf;fzpg;G> tpNjrpa nghUs; tpyf;fk;> thpnfhlhik Mfpait mlq;Fk;.

� etk;gh; 1921- gpg;uthp 1922 � fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; G+uz

Rauh[;[paj;ijf; Nfhhpdh;. fhe;jp thpnfhlhik ,af;fj;ij gh;Njhypapy;> Muk;gpf;f miog;G tpLj;jhh;.

xj;Jioahikia ,af;fk;xj;Jioahikia ,af;fk;xj;Jioahikia ,af;fk;xj;Jioahikia ,af;fk; tpyf;fp nfhs;sg;glytpyf;fp nfhs;sg;glytpyf;fp nfhs;sg;glytpyf;fp nfhs;sg;gly; ; ; ;

� 1922 Mk; Mz;L 1922 Mk; Mz;L 1922 Mk; Mz;L 1922 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp 5k; ehs; gpg;uthp 5k; ehs; gpg;uthp 5k; ehs; gpg;uthp 5k; ehs; nrshp nrshp nrshp nrshp – nrsuhnrsuhnrsuhnrsuh vd;w ,lj;jpy; tpNjrp nghUl;fs; Gwf;fzpg;G Nghuhl;lj;ij xl;b vOe;j td;Kiwapy; 22 fhtyh;fSk;> fhty;epiyaKk; jPf;fpiuf;F cs;shdJ. mij njhlh;e;J fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij epWj;jpdhh;.

� gh;Njhypapy; 1922k; Mz;L gpg;uthp gh;Njhypapy; 1922k; Mz;L gpg;uthp gh;Njhypapy; 1922k; Mz;L gpg;uthp gh;Njhypapy; 1922k; Mz;L gpg;uthp 12k; ehs; $ba fhq;fpu]; 12k; ehs; $ba fhq;fpu]; 12k; ehs; $ba fhq;fpu]; 12k; ehs; $ba fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO fhe;jpapd; nraw;FO fhe;jpapd; nraw;FO fhe;jpapd; nraw;FO fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij epWj;jaij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. epWj;jaij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. epWj;jaij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. epWj;jaij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

Rauh[;[pa fl;rpapdhRauh[;[pa fl;rpapdhRauh[;[pa fl;rpapdhRauh[;[pa fl;rpapdh; ; ; ;

� rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Eiotjw;F rp.Mh;. rp.Mh;. rp.Mh;. rp.Mh;.

jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> tpj;jy;gha; jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> tpj;jy;gha; jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> tpj;jy;gha; jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> tpj;jy;gha; gl;Nly;gl;Nly;gl;Nly;gl;Nly; Nghd;Nwhh;fs; MjuT fUj;ijf; nfhz;ldh;.

� 1922k; Mz;L fhahtpy;1922k; Mz;L fhahtpy;1922k; Mz;L fhahtpy;1922k; Mz;L fhahtpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; mjd; jiytuhd rp.Mh;. jh]; (rpj;juQ;rd; jh];) rl;lkd;w EioT gw;wpa jPh;khdj;ij nfhzh;e;jhh;. Mdhy; jPh;khdk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

� 1923k; Mz;L 1k; ehspy; fhq;fpu]; - fpyhgj; Rauh[;[paf;fl;rp rp.Mh;.jhi] jiytuhfTk;> Nkhjpyhy; NeUit nrayhshuhfTk; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

� 1923k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 14k; ehs; Njh;jy; mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ. Njh;jypy; tq;fhsk;> gk;gha;> gPfhh;> If;fpa khfhzj;jpYk; kpfnghpa ntw;wpia ngw;wJ. gQ;rhg;> xhp]h> nrd;id khepyq;fspy; kl;LNk ngUk;ghd;ik ngwtpy;iy.

� jkpofj;jpy; v];.rj;jpa%h;j;jpapd; jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; fpyhgj; Rauh[;[pafl;rp mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ikia nrd;idapy; ngw;wJ.

� 1925 y; rp.Mh;.jh]; ,we;j gpd;G Rauh[;[pafl;rp mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,oe;jJ.

� Rauh[;[paf; fl;rpapdNu Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G mikf;f tl;lNki[ khehl;il $l;lNtz;Lnkd xU jPh;khdj;jpd; %yk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ldh;.

� ,th;fspd; Ntz;Ljypd; Nghpy; khz;NlF – nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;j;jpUj;jjpd; eilKiw nray;ghLfis Muha ,q;fpyhe;J mnyf;rhz;lh; Kl;bkd; jiyikapy; xU FOit mDg;gpitj;jJ.

� ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1919Mk; Mz;L nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J gphpT 84d; gb 10 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J (1929) xU rl;lFO mikj;J rl;lj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;Jk; Rahl;rp mikf;f ,Uf;Fk; rhj;jpa $Wfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

� mjd;gbNa Mdhy; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng Ma;T nra;a VO cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fis rh; [hd; irkd; (ypguy;fl;rp) jiyikapy; 1927k; Mz;L etk;gh; 26k; ehs; mike;jJ.

11


irkd; vjph;g;Gf;F fhuzk;irkd; vjph;g;Gf;F fhuzk;irkd; vjph;g;Gf;F fhuzk;irkd; vjph;g;Gf;F fhuzk;

� FOtpy; xUth; $l ,e;jpah; FOtpy; xUth; $l ,e;jpah; FOtpy; xUth; $l ,e;jpah; FOtpy; xUth; $l ,e;jpah; ,y;iy.,y;iy.,y;iy.,y;iy.

� FOtpd; mikg;G ,e;jpah;fSf;F ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig gw;wpa Kbtpy; fye;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpikia kiwKfkhf kWf;fpwJ vd;Wk; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhh;fs;. vjph;g;Gvjph;g;Gvjph;g;Gvjph;g;G

� 1927k; Mz;L brk;ghpy; nrd;idapy; md;rhhp jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; $baJ.

� irkid “jpUk;gpNgh” vd;w Nfh~kpl;L fUg;G nfhbia fhl;bdh;.

� yh$hpy; yhyhy[gjpuha; jiyikapy; eilngw;w Mh;ghl;lj;jpy; fhty; mjpfhhp rhz;lh;]; jiyikapy; fhtyh;fs; jbab elj;jpdhh;. mjpy; yhyhy[gjpuha; jiyapYk; fLk;fhak; Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; fhuzkhf mth; jd; ,d;Dapiu ePj;jhh;.

� irkd;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1930Mk; Mz;L Nk 27k; ehs; rkh;gpj;jJ. mjd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,q;fpyhe;jpy; %d;W tl;lNkir khehL eilngw;wJ.

NeU mwpf;ifNeU mwpf;ifNeU mwpf;ifNeU mwpf;if

� irkd;FOtpd; tUiff;F ,e;jpah;fspd; vjph;g;ig njhlh;e;J mg;NghJ ,e;jpa nrayuhf ,Ue;j gph;fd; n`l; gpuG vd;gth; “,e;jpahtpy; vy;yhj; jug;gpduhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpw tifapy; Xh; murpaiyg;gpid ,e;jpah; jahhpj;J fhl;ll;LNk ghh;f;fyhk;” vd;W rthy; tpl;lhh;.

� kPz;Lk; 1928Mk; Mz;L Nk 19k; ehs; gk;ghapy; $ba gpujpepjpfspd; $l;lk; murpay; mikg;gpid cUthf;f Nkhjpyhy; NeU jiyikapy; xU FOtpid mikj;jJ. mjpy; xd;gJ cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.

� Mdhy; K];yPk; yPf;Fld; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. ,dr;rpf;fy; gw;wpa tp~aNk MFk;.

G+uz Rauh[;[paj; jPh;khdkG+uz Rauh[;[paj; jPh;khdkG+uz Rauh[;[paj; jPh;khdkG+uz Rauh[;[paj; jPh;khdk; ; ; ;

� 1929k; Mz;L yh$hpy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F [t`h;yhy; NeU jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.

� 1929k; Mz;L brk;gh; 31k; ehs; eLeprp Ntisapy; ,uhtp Mw;wq;fiuapy; %tz;z Njrpaf;nfhbia [th;̀ h;yhy; NeU Vw;wpdhh;.

� 1930Mk; Mz;L [dthp 26k; ehs; g+uz Rje;jpu jpdkhf mwptpj;J g+uz Rje;jpu gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lhh;.

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fkrl;lkWg;G ,af;fkrl;lkWg;G ,af;fkrl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; ; ; ;

� 1930 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthpapy; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; $ba fhq;fpu]pd; nraw;FO Gjpa fl;l rl;lkWg;G Nghul;lj;ij fhe;jpia jiyikNaw;W ele;j midj;J mjpfhuj;ijAk; toq;fpaJ.

jz;bahj;jpiu jz;bahj;jpiu jz;bahj;jpiu jz;bahj;jpiu

� 1930Mk; Mz;L khh;r; 12k; ehs; 78 Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Mrpukr; rPlh;fSld; rgh;kjpapypUe;J 385fp.kP njhiytpy; jz;bf;F ghj ahj;jpiuahfg; Gwg;gl;lhh;.

� 24ehl;fs; eilg;gazj;Jf;F gpd;dh; Vg;uy; 5k; ehs; fhiy fhe;jpabfs; jz;bia mile;jhh;. mLj;jehs; mjhtJ Vg;uy; 6k; ehs; fhiy fhe;jpabfs; jz;bia mile;jdh;. mLj;jehs; mjhtJ Vg;uy; 6k; ehs; fhiyapy; cg;ig ms;sp cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwp rj;jpahfpufj;ijj; Jtq;fpdhh;.

� jkpo;ehl;by;rp. uh[Nfhghyr;rhhpah; E}W njhz;lh;fSld; jpUr;rpapy; ,Ue;J Ntjhuz;aj;jpw;F nrd;W cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpdhh;.

� b. gpufhrKk;> Nf. ehNf];tuhTk; nkhpdh flw;fiuapy; cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; nra;jdh;.

� 1930Mk; Mz;L Nk 4k; ehs; fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L Vuthlh rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.

12


� mjd; gpd;G rNuh[pehAL jiyikNaw;W mtUk; jh;rdh cg;Gkz;b Kw;Wifapy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

Kjy; Kjy; Kjy; Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL tl;lNkir khehL tl;lNkir khehL tl;lNkir khehL (1930)(1930)(1930)(1930)

� Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL ,yz;ldpy; njhlq;fpaJ. fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

� 1930 etk;gh; 12 Kjy; 1931 [dthp 19 tiu Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL eilngw;wJ.

� 89 gpujpepjpfs; fye;Jf;nfhz;ldh; gphpl;b~; gpujkh; uhk;Nr kf; nlhdhy;L jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.

fhe;jp fhe;jp fhe;jp fhe;jp ---- ,h;tpd; cld;gbf;if (1931),h;tpd; cld;gbf;if (1931),h;tpd; cld;gbf;if (1931),h;tpd; cld;gbf;if (1931)

� ,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; jPtpukile;jjhy; it];uha; ,h;tPd; fhe;jpiaAk; gpw nraw;FO cWg;gpdh;fisAk; tpLjiy nra;jhh;.

� rhg;U> nraf;fh; rPdpthr rh];jphp mth;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; fhe;jp ,h;tPd; gpuGit re;jpf;f rk;kjpj;jhh;. mjd; fhuzkhf fhe;jp ,h;tPd; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.

xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; xg;ge;jj;jpd; rhuhk;rk;

� gfj;rpq; kw;Wk; mtuJ $l;lhspfs; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l kuz jz;lizia Fiwf;f ,e;e xg;ge;jk; tifnra;atpy;iy vd;Wk; Nghul;lj;jpd; NghJ ele;j Nghhpy;> ,uhZt mj;JkPwy;fs; gw;wp vJTk; $whjjhy; xg;ge;jk; gw;wp kf;fspilNaAk; jiyth;fsplKk; vjph;g;G ,Ue;jJ.

,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL (1931)(1931)(1931)(1931)

� ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL ,yz;ldpy; 1931k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 7Kjy; brk;gh; 1k; Njjp tiu eilngw;wJ.

� fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; mjd; xNu gpujpepjpahf fhe;jpabfs; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. kPz;Lk; Nghuhl;lk; (1932 [dthp3)kPz;Lk; Nghuhl;lk; (1932 [dthp3)kPz;Lk; Nghuhl;lk; (1932 [dthp3)kPz;Lk; Nghuhl;lk; (1932 [dthp3)

� ,h;tPd; gpuGTf;F gpd;G itu];uhahf te;j nty;ypq;ld; gpuG fhe;jp - ,h;tPd; xg;ge;jj;ij

iftpl;lhh;. mlf;FKiwia ifahz;lhh;.

� thpnfhlhf; fpsh;r;rpapy; <Lgl;l NeU> n~h;thdp> Nghd;NwhUk;> tq;fhsj;jpy; Rgh];re;jpuNghRk; muRf;nfjpuhd eltbf;iffSf;fhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;.

� ,itahTk; fhe;jp yz;ldpy; ,Ue;jNghJ eilngw;witahFk;. fhe;jp ,e;jpah jpUk;gpaTld; it];uhia re;jpf;f Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpafs; gyd; mspf;ftpy;iy. Mifahy; fhe;jp kPz;Lk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij 1932k; Mz;L [dthp 3k; ehs; Jtq;fpdhh;.

� fhe;jp Vuthlh rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.

tFg;G thhpj; jPh;TtFg;G thhpj; jPh;TtFg;G thhpj; jPh;TtFg;G thhpj; jPh;T

� ,uz;lhk; tl;l khehl;by; tFg;G thhpj; jPh;T Fwpj;J cld;ghL Vw;glhjjhy; gphpl;b~; gpujkh; kfnlhdhy;L jdJ tFg;G thhpj; jPh;it Mf];l; 17k; ehs; mwptpj;jhh;.

� mjw;nfjpuhf fhe;jpabfs; rhFk; cz;zhtpujj;ij 1932k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 20Mk; ehs; Jtq;fpdhh;.

�dh xg;ge;jk; dh xg;ge;jk; dh xg;ge;jk; dh xg;ge;jk;

� ,e;j cld;ghL 1932 nrg;lk;gh; 26k; ehs; nly;ypapYk; ,yz;ldpYk; murhy; Vw;fg;gl;L xNu rkaj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

%d;whtJ %d;whtJ %d;whtJ %d;whtJ tl;lNkir khehL tl;lNkir khehL tl;lNkir khehL tl;lNkir khehL

� 1932k; Mz;L etk;gh; 17Kjy; brk;gh; 24tiu eilngw;wJ.

� fhq;fpu]; mjpy; fye;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

� %d;W tl;lNkir khehL gw;wpa nts;is mwpf;ifia 1933 khh;r; khjk; gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rkh;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa 1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;fr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

� fhe;jp 1934 Nk 20k; ehs; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij epue;jukhf epWj;jptpl;lhh;.

13


fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; mjd; khepy fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; mjd; khepy fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; mjd; khepy fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; mjd; khepy murhq;fq;fSkmurhq;fq;fSkmurhq;fq;fSkmurhq;fq;fSk; ; ; ;

� 1935k; Mz;L rl;lj;ij fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shtpl;lhYk; Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl KbT nra;jJ.

� 1937k; Mz;L eilngw;w Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu]; If;fpa khfhzk;> kj;jpa khfhzk;> nrd;id> gPfhh;> xhp];]h Mfpa 5 khepyq;fspy; mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wJ.

� gk;gha;> m];]hk;> tlNkw;F vy;iy khfhzk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; jdpg;ngUk; fl;rpahf ntw;wpg;ngw;wJ.

� gQ;rhg;gpy; A+dpadp];L fl;rp ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;ijg; ngw;wJ.

� tq;fhsj;jpy; K];yPk; gpu[hfl;rp (41,lq;fs;) K];yPk; yPf; (40) Nrh;e;J K];yPk; Ml;rpia epWtpdh;.

� fhq;fpu]; 7 khepyq;fspy; Ml;rpia epWtpaJ. nkhj;jk; 11 khepyq;fspy; 4 khepyq;fspy; gpw fl;rpapdh; Ml;rpia mikj;jhh;.

� rpe;Jtpy; kl;LNk K];yPk; yPf; fl;rp Ml;rp mikj;jJ. m];]hkpy; K];yPk; $l;lzp muR epWtg;gl;lJ.

� khey fhq;fpu]; muRfis xUq;fpizj;J jiyikaplj;jpd; fl;Lf;Fs; itf;fTk; xUkpj;j Ml;rp vy;yh khepy muRf;fSf;fpilNa Vw;glTk; 1937k; Mz;L khh;r; xU ghuhSkd;wj;Jizf; FOit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

� ,e;j FOit fhq;fpu]; Nkyplk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; nksyhdh Mrhj;> ty;ygha; gl;Nly; MfpNahh; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fs;.

� Rahl;rg;ngw;w khepy muRfs;> epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;jk;> kJtpyf;F> fy;tp> mhp[d eyd; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;W gy jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jpdhh;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAkfl;rpAkfl;rpAkfl;rpAk;;;;

� 1939k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; Kjy;ehs; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; %z;lJ.

� ,e;jpa it];uha; ypd;ypj; gpuG ,e;jpa jiyth;fis fye;J MNyhrid nra;ahky; ,e;jpahit Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpdhh;.

� ,e;j nts;is mwpf;ifapy; jpUg;jpailahky; fhq;fpu]; Ml;rpnra;j midj;J khepyq;fspYk; gjtp tpyfpaJ. NkYk; Nghh; eltbf;iffis vjph;;;j;jJ.

� fhq;fpu]; muR gjtp tpyfpa jpdj;jpid K];yPk; yPf; tpbT ehs; Mf nfhz;lhbaJ. Mf];L nfhilMf];L nfhilMf];L nfhilMf];L nfhil

� ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG 1940 Mk; Mz;L 8k; ehs; xU mwptpg;ig ntspapl;lhh;. ,JNt Mf];L nfhil vdg;gl;lJ.

� Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l jiyth;fSk;> jpahfpfs; kl;LNk jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; rl;lkwpay; ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl mDkjpf;fg;ngw;wdh;. ,JNt jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; vdg;gl;lJ.

� 1940k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 17k; ehs; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufg; Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jp njhlq;fpitj;jhh;.

� Kjy; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufpahf tpNdhghtpw;Fk; mtiu njhlh;e;J [t`h;yhy;NeU> ty;ygha; gl;NlYf;Fk; jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.

fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO

� fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO 1942k; Mz;L khh;r; 22k; ehs; ,e;jpah te;J Nrh;e;jJ.

‘nts;isaNd ntspNaWnts;isaNd ntspNaWnts;isaNd ntspNaWnts;isaNd ntspNaW’ ,af;fk,af;fk,af;fk,af;fk ;; ;;

� Rgh]; re;jpuNgh]; [g;ghd; MjuthsuhfTk;> [t`h;yhy; NeU gphpl;lDld; rkur Ngr;R thh;j;ijia Jtf;fTk; ,uh[h[p Njrpa murhq;fj;ij mikf;fTk; typAWj;jpdh;.

� fhe;jp jdJ jhf;fkhd Kbit Kbiy mhp[d; gj;jphpf;ifapy; vOjpdhh;. gphpl;ld; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpdhy; [g;ghd;> ,e;jpahit jhf;Ftjw;fhd

14


Kfhe;jpuk; vJTk; ,Uf;fhJ vd;gij vOjp gphpl;ld; ntspNaw Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;fpdhh;.

� mj;jPh;khdk; xU rpy khw;wq;fSld; gk;ghapy; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b Mf];l; 7-8 (1942)k; ehs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

� mj;jPh;khdk; epiwNtwpa ,uT my;yJ mjw;F kWehs; mjpfhiyapy; fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

,uh[h[p jpl;lk; ,uh[h[p jpl;lk; ,uh[h[p jpl;lk; ,uh[h[p jpl;lk; (1944)(1944)(1944)(1944)

� Nghh;f;fhyj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; ,ilf;fhy Njrpa muir mikg;gjw;F K];yPk; yPf; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk;.

� [pd;dh ,e;j jpl;lj;ij epuhfhpj;jhh;.

[pd;dh fhe;jp re;jpg;G [pd;dh fhe;jp re;jpg;G [pd;dh fhe;jp re;jpg;G [pd;dh fhe;jp re;jpg;G

� 1944k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 9Kjy; 27k; Njjptiu eilngw;wJ.

� [pd;dh fhe;jpia Kjd; Kiwahf ‘kfhj;kh’ vd;W mioj;jhh;. fhe;jp [pd;dhit fha;Nj m]hk; vd;whh;.

� [pd;dh jdJ ,Uehl;L nfhs;ifapy; tplhg;gpbahf ,Ue;jhh;.

Ntty; jpl;lk; (1945)Ntty; jpl;lk; (1945)Ntty; jpl;lk; (1945)Ntty; jpl;lk; (1945)

� gphpl;b~; gpujkh; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tptfhur; nrayUld; ,e;jpa murpay; epiyg;gw;wp tpthjpj;J xU jpl;lj;ij 1945 [{iy 14y; thndhyp ciuapy; ntspapl;ldh;.

rpk;yh khehL (1945 [{d; 25)rpk;yh khehL (1945 [{d; 25)rpk;yh khehL (1945 [{d; 25)rpk;yh khehL (1945 [{d; 25)

� Ntty; gpuG 1945 [{d; 25k; ehs; rpk;yhtpy; Ntty; jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa jiyth;fspd; kehl;il $l;bdhh;.

mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO ((((1946)1946)1946)1946)

� ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Kbe;j gpd;G ele;j Njh;jypy; njhopyhsh; fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;W fpnsnkd;l; ml;yp gpujkuhdhh;.

� ,jd; mbg;gilapy; mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOit ,e;jpa tptfhuj;Jiw nrayh; ngjpf; yhuz;]; gpuG th;j;jf mikr;rh; rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;]; flw;gil mikr;rh; V.tp. mnyf;rhz;lh; MfpNahUk; ,e;jpa it];uha; Ntty; gpuGTk; ,;lk; ngw;wdh;.

,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;

� mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb ,ilf;fhy muR vd;fpw FWfpa fhyj;jpl;lj;jpid nray;gLj;jp Ntty; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

� gpd;dh; Ntty; xU jpl;lj;jpid 1964y; [{d; 16y; ntspapl;L mjd;gb murikf;fg;gLk; vd;whh;. fhq;fpu]; ,jid vjph;j;jJ. gpd;dh; mikr;riuit J}Jf;FOtpd; ePz;lfhyj; jpl;lj;jpid Vw;W ,ilf;fhy murpy; gq;Nfw;f rk;kjpj;jJ.

� 1946k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 2k; ehs; K];yPk; yPf; ,y;yhky; fhq;fpu]; ,ilf;fhy muir mikj;jJ.

� 1946y; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 25k; ehs; K];yPk; yPf; ,ilf;fhy murpy; Nrh;e;jJ.

Neub eltbf;if ehs; (16 Neub eltbf;if ehs; (16 Neub eltbf;if ehs; (16 Neub eltbf;if ehs; (16 Mf];l; 1946)Mf];l; 1946)Mf];l; 1946)Mf];l; 1946)

� ,ilf;fhy murpy; NrukWj;j yPf; 1946k; Mz;L Mf];;l; 16k; ehs; - I Neub eiltbf;if ehshf kw;Wk; fUg;G jpdkhf nfhz;lhl Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpy muRf;nfjpuhf njhLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;if ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf Gdpj Nghuhf khwpaJ.

,ilf;fhy muR ,ilf;fhy muR ,ilf;fhy muR ,ilf;fhy muR kw;Wk; Neub kw;Wk; Neub kw;Wk; Neub kw;Wk; Neub

eltbf;if ehseltbf;if ehseltbf;if ehseltbf;if ehs;;;; � 1946k; Mz;L Ntty; gpuG

NeUtpd; jiyikapy; mikr;ruit (,ilf;fhy muR) mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLj;jjpd;Nghpy; ke;jphp rig mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

15


� ,e;j ,ilf;fhy muir vjph;j;J K];yPk; yPf; [pd;dhtpd; jiyikapy; Mf];L 16k; ehis Neub eltbf;if ehs; vd ehL KOtJk; fpsh;r;rp nra;jJ.

� ,jdhy; ,e;J K];yPk; fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ.

� jiyth;fs; ,e;jpahitg; gphpg;gJjhd; xU top vd KbT vLj;jdh;.

gk;gha; fytuk;gk;gha; fytuk;gk;gha; fytuk;gk;gha; fytuk;

� 1946y; gk;gha; flw;gilapy; fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ. kTd;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;kTd;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;kTd;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;kTd;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;

� ,e;J K];yPk; xw;Wik Vw;gl topapy;iy vd;gij Ghpe;J

nfhz;l kTz;l; Ngl;ld; ,e;jpahit ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; vd gphpg;gJ. tq;fhsk;> gQ;rhg;> Nghd;w vy;iyfis eph;zapj;jy; Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf 1947 [{d; 3k; ehs; jd; jpl;lj;ij ntspapl;lhh;.

� ,J kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lkhFk;. � fhe;jpabfs; ,jid Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. � gphpl;b~; ghuhSkd;wk; ,jid

[{iy 18> 1947 md;W epiwNtw;wpaJ.

� ,jd;gb Rje;jpuk; vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;L Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,ilf;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; mikr;ruimikr;ruimikr;ruimikr;ruitttt

[th;fh;yhy; NeU

gpujk mikr;rh;> ntsp tptfhuk; kw;Wk; fh;kd; nty;j; ehLfspd; cwTfs; kw;Wk; mwptpay;-Ma;T

rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; cs;Jiw> nra;jp kw;Wk; xspgug;G kw;Wk; khepyq;fs;

lhf;lh; ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj;

czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik

nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;

fy;tp

lhf;lh; [hd; kj;jha; ,uapy;Nt kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq; uhZtk; rfrPtd;uhk; njhopy; rp.vr;. ghgh tzpfk; ugp mfkJ fpj;tha; njhlh;Gfs; uh[;Fkhhp mkphpj; fTy; Rfhjhuk; lhf;lh; gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fhh; rl;lk; Mh;.Nf.rz;Kfk; nrl;bahh;

epjp

lhf;lh; rpahk; gpurhj; Kfh;[p

njhopy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfk;

vd;.tp. fhl;fpy; Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; rf;jp

� ,e;jpahtpy; 565RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd,e;jpahtpy; 565RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd,e;jpahtpy; 565RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd,e;jpahtpy; 565RNjr muRfs; ,Ue;jd � mj;jifa muRfis ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;Fk; gzpia rh;jhh; ty;ygha;

gl;Nly; epiwNtw;wpdhh;. � rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;NlYf;F ,Uk;G kdpjh; vd;W ngah;. � rh;jhh; Kaw;rpahy; 552 rk];jhdq;fs; ,ize;jd. � jhkhf Kd;te;J ,e;jpahTld; ,iza njhptpj;j muRfs; ghl;bahyh>

Fthypah;> gNuhlh. � ,e;jpahTld; ,iza kWj;j rk];jhdq;fs; - i`juhghj;> [Pdhfhj;> fh~;kPh;>

jpUtpuhq;$h; ,itfis ,izj;j ngUik gNliyr; rhUk;.

16


� [Pdhfhj; vd;W rpw;wuR kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; Nru kWj;jhh;. Mdhy; kf;fs; ,e;jpahTld; Nru fpsh;r;rp nra;jdh;. vdNt 1948y; thf;F fzpg;G elj;jp Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

� i`juhghj; - ep[hk; ,e;jpa A+dpaDld; Nru kWj;jhh;. vdNt n[duy; nrsj; jiyikapy; xU gilia gNly; mDg;gpdhh;. 3 ehl;fspy; ep[hk; fhrpk; u];tp gzpe;jhh;. 1948 nrg;lk;ghpy; ,uhZt eltbf;if %yk; ,e;jpa A+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

� fh~;kPh; - fh~;kPiu ghfp];jhd; jd; trg;gLj;j tpUk;gpaJ. Mdhy; fh~;kPh; kd;dh; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza tpUk;gpdhh;. mjd; gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. (ghfp];jhd; trKs;sJ Mrhj; fh~;kPh; vdg;gLfpwJ)

� fhiuf;fhy;> ghz;br;Nrhp> kh`p> Vdhk;> re;jpueh$h; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; trkpUe;jd. ,g;gFjpfs; 1954 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa a+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

� Nfhth> ilA+> lhkd; Mfpa gFjpfs; Nghh;j;JfPrpah; trkpUe;j ehLfshFk;. � gpuhd;R muirg; Nghd;W Nghh;j;JfPrpa ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa gil

,g;gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpaJ. � rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f; vdg;Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.

MODERN INDIA

BOOKS, JOURNALS & NEWS PAPERS

� Annie Beasant – New India and Commonweal

� Bipin Chndra Pal – New India

� Bankim Chandra Chatterji – Annanda Math

� Dange – The Socialist, Gandhi versus Lenin

� Dadabhai Naoroji – Poverty and Un – British Rule in India

� Din Bhandhu Mitra – Neel Darpan

� Evr Naicker Periyar – Kudi Arasu

� Jawahar Lal Nehru – Soviet Russia, Wheither India, Discovery of India

� Jyotibhai Phule – Ghulam Gri

� J.P. Narayan – To all Fighters of freedom, why Socialism

� Khan Abdul Gafar Khan – Pakhtun

� K Ramakrishna Pillai – Swadeshabhimani

� Lala harkrishna Lal – Traibune.

� Lala Lajpat Rai – The People, The Punjabi, Bande Mataram, Young India, Unhappy

India

� Gandhi – Hind Swaraj, My Experiments with Truth. The Harijan

� G.G. Agarkar – Co – edited with Tilak the Kesary and Maratha, and Edit Sudharak

� Gulam Husain – Inquilab

� Hunter – Indian Mussalmaris

� M.N.Roy & Ambani Mukharjee – India Transition

� Madame Cama – Bande Matharam (Paris)

� Rabindra Nath Tagore – Gare, Ghari Baire letters from Russia

� R.C Dutta – Peasantry of Bengal, Economic History of India

� R.P. Dutta – India Today

� Sachin Sanyal – Bandi Jiban

17


� Surendra Nath Banerji – Bengali

� Shyamji Krishna Verma Indian Socialogist.

� Subhas Chandra Bose – The Indian Struggle

� Sigaravelu – Labour Kisan Gazetter

� Vivekananda – Karamyoga, Rajyoga, Bhakti Yoga

� W.C.Banerjee – Indian Politics.

BOOK/JOURNAL AND THEIR AUTHORS � Hindi Swaraj (Mahathma Gandhi)

� My Experience with Truth (Mahathma Gandhi)

� Discovery of India (J.L. Nehru)

� Gulam Giri (Jotiba Phule)

� Poverty and Un – British rule in India (Dadabhai Nauroji)

� Ganadevata (Tarashankar Bandhopadgya)

� Neel Darpan (Din Bandhu Mitra)

� India Wins Freedom (Maulana Azad)

� Anand Math (Bankim Chandra Chatterjee)

� Patha Panchali (Bibhuti bhushan Bandopadhay)

� A night of eternal gloom of India (Nabin Chandra Sen)

� Som Prakash (Ishwar Chandra vidhya Sagar)

� Tazib – Al – akhlaq (Sayyid Ahmad Khan)

� Indian Unrest (Valientine Chirol)

� Ghare Bhaire(Rabindra Nath Tagore)

� Kudi Arasu (E.V.R. Naicker)

� The Indian Struggle (Subhas Chandra Bose)

� Saraswathi Chandra (Goverthan Rani)

� Why I am an Athiest (Bhagata Singh)

� Indu Lekha (Chander Monon)

� Tamil chatholicism (Viraghavacharya)

� Indian National Evolution (Ambika Charan Majumdar)

� Bandi Jivan (Saraswati Chandra)

� Vanguard of Indian Independence (M.N. Roy)

� Goverdan Ram (Saraswati Chandra)

� Henry Cotton (New India)

ONGRESS PRESIDENTS � 1885- Bombay – W.C.Bannerji

� 1886- Culcatta – Dadabhai Naoroji (first parsi) � 1887-Madras-Syed Badruddin Tyabji (hrst muslim) � 1888-Allahabad-George Yule (first Europian) � 1889-Bombay – Sri William Weduerburn � 1890- Culcatta – Sir Phirozedshah Metta � 1891- Nagpu – Ananda Chrlu � 1892-Allahabad-W.C.Banerji � 1893-Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji � 1894-Madras – A. Webb

18


� 1895-Poona – Surrederanath Banerji � 1896-Calcatta – M. Rahimtullah Sayani � 1897-Amroati-G.Sankaran Nair � 1898-Madras-Ananda Mohan Bose � 1899-Lacknow-Ramachandra Dutt � 1900-Lahore- N.G.Chandravarkar � 1901-Calcatta – E.D.Wacha � 1902-Ahmedabad-Surendaranath Bannerji � 1903-Madras – Lalmohan Bose � 1904-Bombay – Sir Henry Cotton � 1905-Benares – G.K.Gokhale � 1906-Calcutta – Dadabhai Naoroji � 1907-Surat-Rashbehari Ghosh (broken up) � 1916-Lucknow – A.C.Majumdar � 1917-Calcutta – Mrs.Annie Besant � 1920-Calcutta(Special)- Lala Lajpati Rai � 1924-Belgaon – M.K.Gandhi � 1925-Kanpur-Mrs.Sarojini Naidu � 1927-Madras – M.A. Ansari � 1933-Calcutta – Mrs. Nellie Sengupta � 1936-Lucknow – Pt.Jawaharlrl Nehru � 1937-Faizpur-Pt. Jawaharlrl Nehru � 1938-Hari Pura – Subhash Chandra Bose � 1939-Tripuri – Subhash Chandra Bose � 1947-Kiripalani

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS � Regulating Act (1773):

• Subjected the Company’s actions to the supervision of the British Governments

of Bengal to be carried on by a Governor – General (President) and his council

(4members); establishment of a Supreme Court at Culcutta.

� Pitt’s India Act (1784)

• A Board of Control, including two Cabinet Ministers, to guide and supervise

the affairs of the Company of India; three members in Governor – General’s

Council; Madras and Bombay were Subordinated to the Governor – General

and his council of Bengal in matters of diplpmacy were and revenue;

commander – in – chief as one of the three members of the council.

� Charter Act of 1813

• Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade

monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China; a sum of Rs. 1 lakh

annually for education.

19



• End of Company monopoly on China Trade and tea trade Governor – General

of Bengal of Governor-General of India; Governments of Madras and Bombay

deprived of legislative powers; a fourth member (Law Member) added to the

Council; a law commission constitued.


• Service were thrown open to competitive examinations, a commission under

Macaulay appointed to enforce this; Legislative and Executive councils

separated; Law Member made a full members and 6 new members added for

legislative purpose.

� Government of India Act, 1858:

• Goverment of India passed from the Company to the Crown and Governed

through Secretary of State of India and a Council of 15 members; Governor –

General received the title of Viceroy.

� Indian Councils Act. 1861

• A fifth member added to the Viceroy’s Executive Council; portfolio system

introduced by Lord Canning; for legislation 6 to 12 additional members to be

added to the Executive Council by Viceroy; legislative powers of Madras and

Bombay restored by Governor – General’s assent and made compulsory;

Governor – General empowered to issue ordinances to be in force for not more

than 6 months.

� Indian Council Act, 1892:

• The Act exclusively dealt with the Legislative Councils in India; additional

members in Central Legislature to be from 10 to 16; two – fifth of total

members to be non-official; council to have right to discuss budget and ask

questions on matters of public importance; some members to be elected

directly; Indian leaders like G.K.Gokhale, Asutosh mukherjee, Rash Behari

Ghosh and S.N. Bannerjee found their way in Legislative Council.

� Indian Councils Act, 1919 (Montague-Chemsford Reforms)

• Number of Indians in Governor – General’s Executive Council raised to 3 in a

council of 8; division of subjects into central and Provincial lists, bicamercial

legislature at the centre the council of state (Upper House) and Central

Legislative Assembly (Lower House); members enjoyed freedom of speech;

diarchy in provines subjects to be dealt with the Provincial government were

divided into was heads; Reserved and Transferred; reserved subjects to be

administered by Governor with Executive Council; transferred subjects to be

20


administered by Governor with ministers; at least 70% of the members of

Provincial Councils to be directly elected; under the Meston Award, the

Provincial Governments were required tomake certain contributions to be

Government of India; first election under new Act in 1920; dyarchy continued

from April 1921 to April 1937.

� Government of India Act, 1935:

• Provided for an All India Federation comprising provisions and those Indian

which might accede; diarchy for the Federal Executive; Federal Legislative to

have two chambers Council of State and Federal Assembly; Coucil of State to

be permanent body; provision of a Federal court; British Government to be sole

authority to amend the Constitution; diarchy in the provinces abolihsed; the

Federation as visualized in the Act never came into being; after the election of

1937 under this Act; Congress formed Government in 7 provinces.

� IMPORTANT COMMISSION /COMMITTEES

� Charles wood Despatch (1854) Education

� Hunter Commission (1882) Education

� Raleigh Commission Education

� Sadler Commission (1917) Education

� Hartog Commission (1929) Education

� Sargeant Plan (1944) Education

� Cockerell (1866) Famine

� Statchey (1880) Famine

� Lyall (1896) Famine

� Mac Donell Famine

� Atchison Public Services

� Islignto Public Services

� Lee Commission Public Services

� Hunter Commission (1919) Punjab Disturbances

� Rowlatt Commission (1909) Sedition

� Fraser Commission (1902) Police

� Peel Commission Federal Structure

� Linlithgow Commission (1928) Agriculture

� Whitely Commission (1929) Labour

� Sapru Commission (1935) Delimination

� Butler Commission (1927) Indian States

� Flood Commission (1940) Tenancy of Bengal

� Webley Commission Interrogated Dadabhai

EUROPEAN TRADING COMPANY

Chronological order of Europians coming to India

21


� Portuguese

� Dutch

� English

� Danes

� French

PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS

� Cochin 1501

� Cannanore 1502

� Goa 1510

� Diu & Daman 1534

� Hugly (lost in 1632)

� Bombay (give to English 1662)

DUTCH SETTLEMENTS

� Musolipatnam (1605)

� Pulicat (1610)

ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS

� Surat (1608)


� Pulicat (1620)

� Madras (1639)

� Sultanati, Calicut, Govindpur (1698)

FRENCH SETTLEMENTS

� Surat (1668)


� Pondichery (1673)

IMPORTANT ORGANISATION & PARTIES

Parties & Organisations Founders, Year & Place � Muslim League Agr Khan, the Nawab of Dacca and mohsin u

Mulk (1906-Dacca)

� Lok Seva Mandal Lala Lajpat Rai, Punjab,

� Independent Congress Party Madan Mohan Malviya (1926)

� Hindu Association Annie Besant

� Hindu Mahasabha Founded in 1917, Revived by Madan Jana Singh

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.

freedom struggle notes

Documents

mzl gphplb

mzl gpguthp

mzl kpulby

mzl dthp

mzl brkgh

mzl mfl

mzl fyfk kd

ejptqfhs gphplb