BLACK FREEDOM STRUGGLE1950S AND 1960S

1955, MURDER OF EMMETT TILL

Emmet TillMose Wright

1955 ROSA PARKS ARRESTED

1956 MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

1957 “LITTLE ROCK NINE”

LUNCH COUNTER SIT-INS

FREEDOM RIDES

1963 MURDER OF MEDGAR EVERS

1963 MARCH ON WASHINGTON

SELMA TO MONTGOMERY MARCHES 1965

SNCC, STOKELY CARMICHAEL

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Among its leaders: James Lawson, Ella Baker, Stokely Carmichael

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality

Organized Freedom Rides

MAJOR CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION

Civil Rights Act of 1964, guaranteed access of all Americans to public accommodations, public education, employment, and voting

WHAT DID CONGRESS DO? Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 opening of the War on Poverty

Voting Rights Act, 1965, banned literacy tests and ensured access to the voting booth

National Housing Act of 1968, authorized increase in funding for affordable housing

Civil Rights Act, 1968, banned discrimination in housing and jury service

AFTER PASSAGE OF CIVIL RIGHTS ACT

Black protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality. It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle.

Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

RADICALIZING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTBlack protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality.

It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle.

Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

MALCOLM XInitially a member of the Nation of Islam, “black muslims”; called for separation from white society;

In 1964 he left the Nation of Islam and worked with integrationists

Assassinated by three black muslims in 1965 at a Harlem rally.

BLACK PANTHER PARTYHuey Newton and Bobby Seale organized the Black Panther Party after an unarmed teen was killed in SF in 1966

Founded in Oakland

White backlash to Black Panther Party

BLACK PANTHER PARTY

FEMINISM 1960S AND 1970S

DURING KENNEDY’S “NEW FRONTIER”President Kennedy established the President’s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) in 1961

First chairwoman: Eleanor Roosevelt

Equal Pay Act 1963

DURING JOHNSON’S “GREAT SOCIETY”

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination based on gender in hiring and extended affirmative action to women.

It was not enforced, called a “fluke”

Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966

NOW ORGANIZING COMMITTEE, 1966

CONGRESSWOMAN SHIRLEY CHISHOLM

First Black woman elected to Congress

WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT

Inspired by successes of SNCC

More radical than NOW

Cellestine Ware founded New York Radical Feminists and called the predominately white leadership of women’s groups to work for issues of minority women.

MS.

Women’s magazine founded by Gloria Steinem

ERA

Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972

“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”

It was endorsed by President Nixon

It was never ratified

OPPONENTS

Conservative wing Republican Party

Spokewoman Phyllis Schlafly

She believed God predetermined women’s roles and that the Congress or legal structure should not regulate them

SCHLAFLY