II

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S I

L

MA

CM

ILL

AN

AN

DC

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LIM

ITE

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LO

ND

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BO

MB

AY

CA

LC

UT

TA

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DR

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ME

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OU

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TD

.

BA

LD

ER

TH

EB

EA

UT

IFU

L

THE

FIR

E-FE

STIV

ALS

OF

EUR

OPE

AN

DTH

ED

OC

TR

INE

OF

THE

EXTE

RN

AL

SOU

L

BY

J.G

.F

RA

ZE

R,

D.C

.L.,

LL

.D.,

LIT

T.D

.

FE

LL

OW

OF

TR

INIT

YC

OL

LE

GE

,C

AM

BR

IDG

E

PR

OF

ES

SO

RO

FS

OC

IAL

AN

TH

RO

PO

LO

GY

INT

HE

UN

IVE

RS

ITY

OF

LIV

ER

PO

OL

TNT

WO

VO

LU

ME

S

VO

L.

I

MA

CM

ILL

AN

AN

T)

CO

.,L

IMIT

ED

ST

.M

AR

TIN

’SS

TR

EE

T,

LO

ND

ON

1919

7

PR

EF

AC

E

INth

isconclu

din

gp

art

of

The

Go/

deit

IJo

uJt

Iha

ved

is

cuss

edth

epr

oble

mw

hich

give

sit

sti

tle

toth

ew

ho

lew

ork.

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amri

ght,

the

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den

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ghov

erw

hich

the

Kin

gof

-th

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ood,

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na’s

prie

stat

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cia,

kep

tw

atch

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d

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YE

IGH

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ithi

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esa

cred

grov

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das

the

pluc

king

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ebo

ugh

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ane

cess

ary

prel

ude

toth

edauhte

rof

the

prj

et,

I

BL

have

been

led

toin

stit

ute

apa

rall

elbet

ecu

the

Kin

gof

310

the

Woo

dat

Nem

ian

dth

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orse

god

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was

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ped

ina

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edgr

ove

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19

11

fior

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way

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vepe

rish

edby

ast

roke

v.1

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mis

tlet

oe,

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chal

one

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lth

ings

onea

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heav

encop.2

coul

dw

ound

him

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nth

eth

eiry

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su,g

ete

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th

Bal

der

and

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gof

the

‘Woo

dpe

rson

ifie

din

ase

nse

the

sacr

edoa

kof

our

Ary

anfo

refa

ther

s,an

dbo

thha

d

tde

posi

ted

thei

rli

ves

orso

uls

for

sale

tin

the

Par

asit

ehi

ch

som

etin

es,

though

rare

ly,

isfo

und

goin

ing

onan

akan

d

byth

eve

ryra

rity

ofit-

sap

pea

rance

exei

tes

11w

onder

md

stim

ulat

esth

ede

voti

onof

ignora

nt

men

.T

hough

Iam

now

less

than

ever

dip

ose

dto

lay

wei

ght

onth

ean

Jog

y

betw

een

the

Ital

ian

prie

stan

dth

eN

oise

god,

1h

ae

allo

wed

itto

stan

dbe

caus

eit

furn

ishe

sm

ew

ith

apI

Lte

xt

for

disc

ussi

ngnot

only

the

gene

ral

ques

tion

ofth

eex

tern

al

soul

inpo

pula

rsu

per

:tit

ion,

but

also

the

fire

-fes

tiva

Lof

‘-E

urop

c,si

nce

fire

play

eda

par

tbo

thin

the

myth

ofB

alde

rra

fld

inth

eri

tual

ofth

eA

rici

angr

ove.

Th

us

Bal

der

the

V

viP

RE

FA

C’E

PI?

EF

AC

E

Bea

utif

ulin

my

hand

sis

ljtt

len

ioe

than

ast

alki

ng—

hors

e

toca

rry

two

heav

ypa

e1.—

luaJ

fact

s.A

ndw

hat

istr

ue

ofB

alde

rap

plie

seq

uall

yto

the

prie

stof

Nei

nihi

mse

lf,

the

nom

inal

hero

ofth

elo

ngtr

aged

yof

hum

anfo

lly

and

suff

erin

gw

hich

has

unro

lled

itse

lfbe

fore

the

read

ers

ofth

ese

volu

mes

,an

don

whi

chth

ecu

rtai

nis

now

abou

t

tofa

ll.II

c,tc

o,fo

ral

lth

equ

aint

garb

hew

ears

and

the

grav

ity

wit

hw

hich

hest

alks

acro

ssth

est

age,

ism

erel

ya

pupp

et,

and

itis

tim

eto

unm

ask

him

befo

rela

ying

him

up

inth

ebo

x.

lodro

pm

etap

hor,

whi

leno

min

ally

inves

tigat

ing

a

par

ticu

lar

prob

lem

ofan

cien

tm

ytho

logy

,I

have

real

ly

been

disc

ussi

nglu

esti

ons

ofm

ore

gene

ral

inte

rest

whi

ch

conc

ern

the

grad

ual

evol

utio

nof

hum

anth

ou

gh

tfr

om

sava

gery

toci

vili

zati

on.

The

enquir

yis

bese

tw

ith

cIi—

cult

ies

ofm

any

kind

s,fo

rth

ere

cord

ofm

an’s

men

tal

dev

elopm

ent

isev

enm

ore

impe

rfec

tth

anth

ere

cord

ofhi

s

phys

ical

deve

lopm

ent,

and

itis

har

der

tore

ad,

not

only

by

reas

onof

the

inco

mpar

ably

mor

esu

btle

and

com

plex

nat

ure

ofth

esu

bjec

t,bu

tbe

caus

eth

ere

ader

’sey

esar

eap

tto

be

dim

med

byth

ick

mis

tsof

pass

ion

and

prej

udic

e,w

hich

clou

din

afa

rle

ssde

gree

the

fiel

dsof

com

para

tive

anat

om

y

and

geol

ogy.

My

contr

ibuti

on

toth

ehis

tory

ofth

ehu

man

min

dco

nsis

tsof

litt

lem

ore

than

aro

ugh

and

pure

lyp

ro

visi

onal

clas

sifi

cati

onof

fact

sga

ther

edal

mos

ten

tire

lyfr

om

prin

ted

sour

ces.

Ifth

ere

ison

ege

nera

lco

nclu

sion

whi

ch

seem

sto

emer

gefr

omth

em

ass

ofpar

tici

iars

,I

vent

ure

to

thin

kth

atit

isth

ees

sent

ial

sim

ilar

ity

inth

ew

orki

ngof

the

less

deve

lope

dhu

man

min

dam

ong

all

race

s,w

hich

corr

e

spon

dsto

the

esse

ntia

lsi

mil

arit

yin

thei

rbo

dily

fram

e

reve

aled

byco

mpar

ativ

ean

atom

y.B

utw

hile

this

gene

ral

men

tal

sim

ilar

ity

may

,I

beli

eve,

beta

ken

ases

tabl

ishe

d,w

e

mus

tal

way

sbe

onou

rgu

ard

agai

nst

trac

ing

toit

am

ult

i

tude

ofp

arti

cula

rre

sem

blan

ces

whi

chm

aybe

and

ofte

nar

e

due

tosi

mpl

edi

ffus

ion,

sinc

eno

thin

gis

mor

ece

rtai

nth

an

that

the

vari

ous

race

sof

men

have

borr

owed

fro

mea

ch

oth

erm

any

ofth

eir

arts

and

craf

ts,

thei

rid

eas,

cust

oms,

and

inst

itut

ions

.T

osi

ftou

tth

eel

emen

tsof

cult

ure

whi

ch

ara

ceha

sin

dep

enden

tly

evol

ved

and

todi

stin

guis

hth

em

accu

rate

lyfr

omth

ose

whi

chit

has

deri

ved

from

othe

rra

ces

isa

task

ofex

trem

edi

ffic

ulty

and

deli

cacy

,w

hich

prom

ises

tooc

cupy

studen

tsof

man

for

alo

ngti

me

toco

me

;in

deed

soco

mpl

exar

eth

efa

cts

and

Sc)

impe

rfec

tin

mos

tca

ses

isth

ehi

stor

ical

reco

rdth

atit

may

bedo

ubte

dw

heth

eriu

rega

rdto

man

yof

the

low

erra

ces

we

shal

lev

erar

rive

at

mor

eth

at)

prob

able

conj

ectu

res.

Sin

ceth

ela

sted

itio

nof

The

Gol

den

Bou

ghw

aspub

lish

edso

me

thir

teen

yea

rsag

o,

Iha

vese

enre

ason

toch

ange

my

view

son

sev

eral

mat

ters

dsc

uss

edin

this

conc

ludi

ng

part

ofth

ew

ork,

and

thou

ghI

have

call

edatt

enti

on

to

thse

chan

ges

inth

ete

xt,

itm

aybe

wel

lfo

rth

esa

keo

f

clea

rnes

sto

reca

pit

ula

teth

emhe

re,

Inth

efi

rst

plac

e,th

ear

gum

ents

ofD

r.E

dwar

dW

este

r

mar

ckha

vesa

tisf

ied

me

that

the

sola

rth

eory

ofth

eE

uro

pea

n

fire

—fe

stiv

als,

whi

chI

acce

pted

from

\V.

i\la

nn

har

dt,

isve

ry

slig

htly

,if

atal

l,su

pport

edby

the

evid

ence

and

ispr

obab

ly

erro

neou

s.Ih

etr

ueex

pla

nat

ion

ofth

efe

stiv

als

Ino

w

beli

eve

tobe

the

one

advoca

ted

byD

r.W

este

rinar

ckhi

m-

self

,na

mel

yth

atth

eyar

cpu

rifm

cato

ryin

inte

ntio

n,th

efi

re

bein

gde

sign

edno

t,as

Ifo

rmer

lyhe

ld,

tore

info

rce

the

sun’

s

light

and

hea

tby

sym

pat

het

icm

agic

,bu

tm

erel

yto

burn

or

repe

lth

enoxio

us

thin

gs,

whet

her

conce

ived

asm

ater

ial

or

spir

itua

l,w

hich

thre

ate

nth

eli

feo

fm

an,

ofan

imal

s,an

dof

lant

sfh

isis

pcet

ofth

eflu

efe

stiv

dsh-

cdno

tw

holl

y

esca

ped

me

info

rmer

ed

itio

ns

,I

poin

ted

itou

tc\

pll

citl

y,

but,

bias

sed

per

hap

sby

the

gre

atau

thori

tyof

i\ia

nmih

ardt

,I

trea

ted

itas

seco

ndar

yan

dsu

bord

inat

eim

uste

acl

ofpri

mar

y

and

dom

inan

t.O

ut

ofde

fere

nce

toM

annhar

dt,

for

who

se

wor

kI

ente

rtai

nth

ehi

ghes

tre

spec

t,an

dbe

caus

eth

e

den

cefo

rth

epu

rifl

cato

ryth

eory

ofth

efi

res

isper

hap

s

I

vhi

1’J

EJ’i

UE

.

not

quit

eco

nclu

sive

,I

have

inth

ised

itio

nre

peat

edan

d

even

emfo

rced

the

argum

ents

or

the

sola

rth

eory

ofth

e

lest

ival

s,so

that

the

read

erm

ayse

efo

rhi

mse

lfw

hat

can

be

saId

onboth

side

sof

the

ques

tion

and

may

draw

his

own

Con

clus

ion

but

for

my

par

t1

cannot

but

thin

kth

atth

e

argum

ents

kr

the

puri

fica

tory

theo

ryfa

rou

twei

ghth

e

argum

ents

for

the

sola

rth

eory

.1)

r.W

este

rmar

ckba

sed

his

crit

icis

ms

larg

ely

onhi

sow

nob

serv

atio

nsof

tOe

Moh

am—

nied

anfi

re—

fest

ival

sof

Mor

occo

,w

hich

pres

ent

are

mar

kabl

e

rese

mbl

ance

toth

ose

of

Chri

stia

nE

urop

e,th

ough

ther

e

seem

sno

reas

on

toas

sum

eth

athe

rein

Afr

ica

has

borr

owed

from

Euro

pe

orE

uro

pe

from

Afr

ica.

So

far

asE

uro

pe

is

com

lccrm

mcz

(l,th

eev

iden

cete

nds

stro

ngly

tosh

ewth

atth

e

gran

dev

ilw

hich

the

fest

ival

sai

med

atco

mba

ting

was

wit

chcr

aft,

and

that

they

wer

eco

ncei

ved

toat

tain

thei

ren

d

hvac

tual

lyburn

ing

the

wit

ches

,w

heth

ervi

sibl

eor

invi

sibl

e,

inth

efl

ames

.If

that

was

so,

the

wid

epr

eval

ence

and

the

imm

ense

popula

rity

ofth

efi

re—

fest

ival

spr

ovid

esus

wit

ha

mea

sure

for

esti

mat

ing

the

exte

nt

ofth

eho

ldw

hich

the

1che

fin

wit

chcr

aft

had

onth

eE

uro

pea

nm

ind

befo

reth

e

rise

ofC

hri

stia

nit

yor

rath

erof

rati

onal

ism

;fo

rC

hris

tian

ity,

hot I

iC

atho

lic

and

Pro

test

ant,

acce

pted

the

old

beli

efan

d

enfo

rced

itin

the

old

way

byth

efa

ggot

and

the

stak

e.It

was

not

unti

lhum

anre

ason

atla

staw

oke

afte

rth

elo

ng

slum

ber

ofth

eM

iddl

eA

ges

that

this

drea

dful

obse

ssio

n

gra

dual

lypa

ssed

away

like

ada

rkcl

oud

from

the

inte

l

lect

ual

In)rm

zon

ofE

urop

e.

Yet

we

shou

ldde

ceiv

eou

rsel

ves

ifw

eim

agin

edth

atth

e

beli

etin

wit

chcr

aft

isev

enno

wde

adin

the

mas

sof

the

peop

leon

the

contr

ary

ther

eev

iden

ceto

shew

that

iton

lyhi

bern

ates

unde

rth

ech

illi

ngin

flue

nce

of

rati

onal

ism

,an

dth

atit

wou

ldst

art

into

acti

velif

eif

that

infl

uenc

ew

ere

ever

seri

ousl

yre

laxe

d.T

he

truth

seem

sto

beth

atto

this

day

the

pea

sant

rem

ains

apgau

and

sava

ge

athe

art

;hi

sci

vili

zati

onis

mer

ely

ath

inve

neer

whi

chth

e

PA

EF

l(J’

.’ix

hard

knoc

ksof

life

soon

abra

de,

exposi

ng

the

soli

dco

reof

pasm

and

sava

gery

hdow

,T

heda

nger

crea

ted

bya

bott

omle

ssla

yer

ofig

nora

nce

and

supe

rsti

tion

unde

rth

e

crus

tof

civi

lize

dso

ciet

yis

less

ened

,no

ton

lyby

the

natu

ral

torp

idit

yan

din

erti

aof

the

buco

lic

min

d,bu

tal

soby

the

prog

ress

ive

decr

ease

ofth

eru

ral

asco

mpa

red

wit

hth

eur

ban

popu

lati

onin

mod

ern

stat

es;

fcr

Ibe

liev

eit

will

befo

und

that

the

arti

sans

who

congre

gat

ein

tow

nsar

efa

rle

ss

rete

ntiv

eof

prim

itiv

em

odes

of

thought

than

thei

rru

stic

bret

hren

.In

ever

yag

eci

ties

have

been

the

cent

res

and

as

itw

ere

the

ligh

thou

ses

from

whi

chid

eas

radia

tein

toth

e

surr

ound

ing

dar

knes

s,ki

ndle

dby

the

fric

tion

of

min

dw

ith

min

din

the

crow

ded

hau

nts

ofm

en;

and

itis

nat

ura

lth

at

atth

ese

beac

ons

ofin

tell

ectu

alli

ght

all

shou

ldpar

take

in

som

em

easu

reof

the

gene

ral

illu

min

atio

n.N

odo

ubt

the

men

tal

ferm

ent

and

unre

stof

gre

atci

ties

have

thei

rda

rkas

wel

las

thei

rbri

ght

side

;bu

tam

ong

the

evil

sto

beappre

hend

edfr

omth

emth

ech

ance

sof

apa

gan

revi

val

need

har

dly

bere

ckon

ed.

Anoth

erpoin

ton

whi

chI

have

chan

ged

my

min

dis

the

nat

ure

ofth

egre

atA

ryan

god

who

mth

eR

oman

sca

lled

Jupit

eran

dth

eG

reek

sZ

eus.

‘Whe

reas

Ifo

rmer

lyar

gued

that

hew

aspri

mar

ily

ape

rson

ific

atio

nof

the

sacr

edoa

k

and

only

inth

ese

cond

plac

ea

per

sonif

icat

ion

ofth

eth

under

ing

sky,

Ino

win

vert

the

orde

rof

his

divi

nefu

nct

ions

and

beli

eve

that

hew

asa

sky-

god

befo

rehe

cam

eto

beas

soci

ated

wit

hth

eoa

k.In

fact

,I

reve

rtto

the

trad

itio

nal

view

of

Jupit

er,

reca

nt

my

here

sy,

and

amgat

her

edli

kea

lost

shee

p

into

the

fold

of

myt

holo

gica

lort

hodoxy.

The

good

shep

herd

who

has

bro

ught

inc

back

ism

yfr

iend

Mr.

\V,

\Var

deF

ow

ler

He

has

rem

oved

the

ston

eov

erw

hich

1st

um

ble

din

the

wil

dern

ess

byex

pla

inin

gin

asi

mpl

ean

dnat

ura

lw

ayho

w

ago

dof

the

thunder

ing

sky

mig

htea

sily

com

eto

beaft

er

war

dsas

soci

ated

wit

hth

eoa

k.T

he

expla

nat

ion

turn

son

the

gre

atfr

eque

ncy

wit

hw

hich

,as

stat

isti

cspr

ove,

the

oak

xP

RE

FA

C’E

isst

ruck

byli

ghtn

ing

beyo

ndan

yoth

ertr

eeof

the

woo

din

Eur

ope.

To

our

rude

fore

fath

ers,

who

dwel

tin

the

gloo

my

dep

ths

ofth

epr

irna

eval

fore

st,

itm

ight

wel

lse

emth

atth

e

rive

nan

dbl

acke

ned

oaks

mus

tin

deed

befa

vour

ites

ofth

e

sky-

god,

who

soof

ten

desc

ende

don

them

from

the

mur

ky

clou

din

afl

ash

ofli

ghtn

ing

and

acr

ash

ofth

under

,

Th

isch

ange

ofvi

ewas

toth

egr

eat

Ary

ango

dn

eces

sari

lyaf

fect

sm

yin

terp

reta

tio

nof

the

Kin

gof

the

Woo

d,

the

prie

stof

Dia

naat

Ari

cia,

ifI

may

take

that

disc

arde

d

pu

pp

etou

tof

the

box

agai

nfo

ra

mom

ent.

On

my

theo

ry

the

prie

stre

pres

ente

dJu

pit

erin

the

fles

h,an

dac

cord

ingl

y,

ifJu

pit

erw

aspr

imar

ily

ask

y-go

d,hi

spr

iest

cannot

have

been

am

ere

inca

rnat

ion

ofth

esa

cred

oak,

but

mus

t,li

keth

e

deit

yw

hose

com

mis

sion

hebo

re,

have

been

inve

sted

inth

e

imag

inat

ion

ofhi

sw

orsh

ippe

rsw

ith

the

pow

erof

over

cast

ing

the

heav

enw

ith

clou

dsan

del

icit

ing

stor

ms

ofth

un

der

and

rain

from

the

cele

stia

lva

ult.

The

attr

ibuti

on

ofw

eath

er-

mak

ing

pow

ers

toki

ngs

orpr

iest

sis

very

com

mon

inpri

mi

tive

soci

ety,

and

isin

deed

one

ofth

epr

inci

pal

leve

rsby

whi

chsu

chpe

rson

ages

rais

eth

emse

lves

toa

posi

tion

of

super

iori

tyab

ove

thei

rfe

llow

s.T

here

isth

eref

ore

noim

pro

bab

ilit

yin

the

supp

osit

ion

that

asa

repre

senta

tive

of

Jupit

erth

epr

iest

ofD

ian

aen

joye

dth

isre

puta

tion,

though

posi

tive

evid

ence

ofit

appe

ars

tobe

lack

ing.

Las

tly,

inth

epre

sent

edit

ion

Iha

vesh

ewn

som

egr

ound

s

for

thin

kin

gth

atth

eG

olde

nB

ough

itse

lf,

orin

com

mon

parl

ance

the

mis

tlet

oeon

the

oak,

was

supp

osed

toha

vedr

oppe

dfr

omth

esk

yup

onth

etr

eein

afl

ash

ofli

ghtn

ing

and

ther

efor

eto

conta

inw

ithi

nit

self

the

seed

ofce

lest

ial

fire

,a

sort

ofsm

ould

erin

gth

under

bolt

.T

his

view

ofth

epr

iest

and

ofth

ebo

ugh

whi

chhe

guar

ded

atth

epe

ril

of

his

life

has

the

adv

anta

ge

of

acco

unti

ng

for

the

import

ance

whi

chth

esa

nct

uar

yat

Nem

iac

quir

edan

dth

etr

easu

rew

hich

itam

asse

dth

rough

the

offe

ring

sof

the

fait

hful

;fo

rth

esh

rine

wou

ldse

emto

have

been

toan

cien

tw

hat

Lor

eto

has

been

tom

oder

nIt

aly,

apl

ace

ofpi

lgri

mag

e,w

here

prin

ces

and

nobl

esas

wel

las

com

mon

ers

pour

edw

ealt

h

into

the

coff

ers

ofD

iana

inhe

rgr

een

rece

ssam

ong

the

Alb

anhi

lls,

just

asin

mod

ern

tim

eski

ngs

and

quee

nsvi

ed

wit

hea

chot

her

inen

rich

ing

the

blac

kV

irgin

who

from

l:ier

loly

Hou

seon

the

hill

side

atL

ore

tolo

oks

out

onth

ebl

ue

Adri

atic

and

the

purp

leA

penn

ines

.S

uch

piou

spro

dig

alit

y

beco

mes

mor

ein

tell

igib

leif

the

gre

ates

tof

the

gods

was

inde

edbe

liev

edto

dwel

lin

hum

ansh

ape

wit

hhi

sw

ife

amon

gth

ew

oods

ofN

emi.

Thes

ear

eth

epri

nci

pal

poin

tson

whi

chI

have

alte

red

my

opin

ion

sinc

eth

ela

sted

itio

nof

my

book

was

publ

ishe

d.

The

mer

ead

mis

sion

ofsu

chch

ange

sm

aysu

ffic

eto

indi

cate

the

doubt

and

unce

rtai

nty

whi

chat

tend

enqu

irie

sof

this

natu

re.

The

who

lefa

bric

ofan

cien

tm

yth

olo

gy

isso

fore

ign

toou

rm

oder

nw

ays

ofth

ought,

and

the

evid

ence

conc

erni

ng

itis

for

the

mos

tpar

tso

frag

men

tary

,ob

scur

e,an

dco

nfl

ict

ing

that

inou

rat

tem

pts

topi

ece

toget

her

and

inte

rpre

tit

we

can

har

dly

hope

tore

ach

conc

lusi

ons

that

will

com

plet

ely

sati

sfy

eith

erou

rsel

ves

orot

hers

.In

this

asin

oth

erhr

adch

es

ofst

udy

itis

the

fate

ofth

eori

esto

bew

ashe

daw

ayli

ke

chil

dren

’sca

stle

sof

sand

byth

eri

sing

tide

ofkn

owle

dge,

and

Iam

not

sopre

sum

ptu

ous

asto

expec

tor

desi

refo

r

min

ean

exem

pti

on

from

the

com

mon

lot.

Iho

ldth

emal

l

very

ligh

tly

and

have

used

them

chie

fly

asco

nven

ient

pegs

onw

hich

tohan

gm

yco

llec

tion

sof

fact

s,F

or

Ibe

liev

e

that

,w

hile

theo

ries

are

tran

sito

ry,

are

cord

offa

cts

has

a

per

man

ent

valu

e,an

dth

atas

ach

roni

cle

ofan

cien

tcu

stom

s

and

beli

efs

my

book

may

reta

init

suti

lity

whe

nm

yth

eori

es

are

asob

sole

teas

the

cust

oms

and

beli

efs

them

selv

es

dese

rve

tobe

.

Ica

nnot

dism

iss

wit

hout

som

enat

ura

lre

gret

ata

sk

whi

chha

soc

cupi

edan

dam

used

me

atin

terv

als

for

man

y

year

s.B

utth

ere

gret

iste

mpe

red

byth

ankfu

lnes

san

d

hope

.I

amth

ankfu

lth

atI

have

been

able

toco

nclu

de

I

I’A

’JgJ

G!E

atle

ast

one

chap

ter

ofth

ew

ork

Ipr

ojec

ted

alo

ngti

me

ago.

[am

hope

ful

that

Im

ayno

tno

wbç

tak

ing

afi

nal

leav

eof

my

indulg

ent

read

ers,

but

that

,a;

Iam

sens

ible

__

__

__

__

ofli

ttle

abat

emen

tin

my

bodi

lyst

rength

and

ofno

nein

my

ardour

for

stud

y,th

eyw

illbe

arw

ith

me

yet

aw

hile

itI

shou

ldat

tem

pt

toen

tert

ain

them

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hfr

esh

subj

ects

of

laughte

ran

dte

ars

draw

nfr

omth

eco

med

yan

dth

etr

aged

y

ofm

an’s

endl

ess

ques

taf

ter

hap

pin

ess

and

truth

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OF

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es

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uro

pe

the

pea

sants

have

been

accu

stom

edfr

om

tim

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mem

oria

lto

kind

lebo

nfir

eson

cert

ain

days

.of

the

year

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dto

danc

ero

und

orle

apov

erth

em.

Cus

tom

sof

this

kind

can

betr

aced

back

onhi

stor

ical

evid

ence

toth

e

Mid

dle

Age

s,’

and

thei

ran

alogy

tosi

mil

arcu

stom

sob

serv

ed

inan

tiquit

ygo

esw

ith

stro

ng

inte

rnal

evid

ence

topr

ove

that

thei

ror

igin

mus

the

sought

ina

peri

odlo

ngpr

ior

toth

e

spre

adof

Chri

stia

nit

y.

Inde

edth

eea

rlie

stpro

of

ofth

eir

obse

rvan

cein

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her

nE

uro

pe

isfu

rnis

hed

byth

eat

tem

pts

mad

eby

Chr

isti

ansy

nods

inth

eei

ghth

centu

ryto

put

them

dow

nas

hea

then

ish

rite

s.2

Not

unco

mm

only

effi

gies

are

burn

edin

thes

efi

res,

ora

pret

ence

ism

ade

ofbu

rnin

ga

livi

ngpe

rson

inth

em;

and

ther

ear

egr

ound

sfo

rbe

liev

ing

that

anci

entl

yhum

anbe

ings

wer

eac

tual

lybu

rned

onth

ese

occa

sion

s.A

gene

ral

surv

eyof

the

cust

oms

inqu

esti

onw

ill

brin

gou

tth

etr

aces

of

hum

ansa

crif

ice,

and

will

serv

eat

the

sam

eti

me

toth

row

ligh

toi

lth

eir

mea

nin

g.

3

The

seas

ons

of

the

yea

rw

hen

thes

ebo

nfir

esar

em

ost

com

mon

lyli

tare

spri

ng

and

mid

sum

mer

;bu

tin

som

epl

aces

they

are

kind

led

also

atth

een

dof

autu

mn

orduri

ng

the

TH

EL

EJV

TE

JVF

IRE

S107

cour

seof

the

win

ter,

par

ticu

larl

yon

Hal

low

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n(t

heth

irty

-

firs

tof

Oct

ober

),C

hris

tmas

Day

,an

dth

eE

veof

Tw

elft

h

Day

.W

esh

all

cons

ider

them

inth

eor

der

inw

hich

they

occu

rin

the

cale

ndar

year

.T

he

earl

iest

ofth

emis

the

win

ter

fest

ival

ofth

eE

ve

ofT

wel

fth

Day

(the

Iftl

lof

Januar

y);

but

asit

has

been

alre

ady

desc

ribe

din

anea

rlie

r

par

tof

this

work

we

shal

lpa

ssit

over

here

and

begi

n

wit

hth

efi

re-f

esti

vals

ofsp

ring

,w

hich

usua

lly

fall

onth

e

firs

tS

unday

ofL

ent

(Qua

drag

esi.w

aor

]iz

vocavit

),

2E

aste

r

Eve

,an

dM

ayD

ay.

The

cust

omof

kin

dli

ng

bonf

ires

onth

efi

rst

Sunday

inC

usto

n,

Lenti

ias

prev

aile

din

Bel

gium

,th

enort

hof

Fra

nce,

and

man

ypar

tsof

Ger

man

y.T

hus

inth

eB

elgi

anA

rden

iies

the

firs

t,,

Sun

day

in

for

aw

eekr

afo

rtnig

ht

befo

reth

eday

ofth

egre

atfi

re,L

asit

isca

llcd

chil

dren

goab

out

from

farm

tofa

rmco

llec

ting

Beb

ian

fuel

.A

tG

rand

sH

alic

ux

any

one

who

refu

ses

thei

rre

ques

tA

idL

airs

.

ispu

rsue

dnex

td’

byth

ech

ildr

en,

who

try

tobl

acke

nhi

s

face

wit

hth

eash

es

qf

the

exti

nct

fire

.W

hen

the

day

has

com

e,th

eycu

tdo

wn

ush

es,

espe

cial

lyju

nip

eran

dbr

oom

,

and

inth

eev

enin

ggre

tbo

nfir

esbl

aze

enal

lth

ehe

ight

s.

Itis

aco

mm

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ying

th

seve

nbo

nfir

essh

ould

bese

enif

the

vill

age

isto

besa

fefr

onic

onfi

agra

tions.

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eM

euse

hap

pen

sto

befr

ozen

hard

attl

eti

me,

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ires

arc

lit

also

onth

eic

e.A

tG

rand

Hall

euxhey

set

upa

pole

call

ed

rnak

rai,

or“t

he

wit

ch,”

inth

em

idt

5of

the

pile

,an

dth

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re

iski

ndle

dby

the

man

who

was

last

War

ned

inth

evi

llag

e.

Inth

ene

ighb

ourh

ood

of

Mor

lanw

elz

atr

aw

man

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rnt

inth

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re.

Young

peop

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ndar

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and

sing

roun

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nfir

es,

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leap

over

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bers

pse

cure

good

crop

sor

ahap

py

mar

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ew

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Bra

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enan

dm

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sed

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mal

eat

tire

scd

to

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ith

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ing

torc

hes

toth

efi

elds

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here

they

danc

ednd

sang

com

icso

ngs

for

the

purp

ose,

asth

eyal

lege

d,of

driv

ifig

away

“the

wic

ked

sow

er,”

who

ism

enti

oned

inth

eG

osp

et

for

the

day.

At

Mae

seyc

kan

din

man

yvi

llag

esof

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-

CH

AP

.IV

1tr

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SL

uof

kin

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ng

bonir

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iCe

,tall

lay

ofth

year

,daneig

round

them

idlc

mg

over

Etl

igie

sar

e5,l

,leti

lttC

s

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itii

the

fire

s.

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sons

of

the

year

nw

lwh

the

hoil

ires

are

ht.

I [

1S

eeJa

Cob

Grt

tunt

,Dei

asck

eJl

yllio

—

loçie

4(B

erli

n,18

75—

1878

),i.

502,

510,

5th

.W

.M

annhar

dt,

Der

b’uu

rnku

ltus

der

G,m

unen

vsnd

jhnr

jV.’

clj6

ars1

am,n

e

(Ber

lin,

1875

),PP

i8

si.

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eM

iow

ing

surv

eyof

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e

ttre

-Cus

totn

,I

toll

owch

iefl

yV

.M

an,s

bar

th,

Der

b’a

um

kal

ius,

kap.

vi.

pp.

4q7

sqq.

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par

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Gri

mm

,

i)utx

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Myth

ulo

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4i.

5oo

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ter

K,

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ly,

Cur

iosi

ties

of

ho/a

Eur

opea

nT

radit

ion

and

Fol

k-

lore

(Lon

don,

1863

),pp

.46

sqq.;

F.

Vog

t,

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eiben

trei

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nun

dF

ruhli

ngsf

euer

,”

Zei

tsth

rift

des

Ver

eins

fur

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kski

end,

,

iii.

(189

3)PP

’349-3

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ibid

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(189

4)pp

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I57,

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46),

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859

.;

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gesi

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roun

dth

epo

le,

and

two

young

men

,w

hom

ust

bebro

ther

sor

mus

tha

veth

esa

me

bapt

ism

alna

me,

and

mus

tbe

ofth

esa

me

age,

pulltl

1een

ds

ofth

ero

peba

ckw

ards

and

forw

ards

soas

tom

ake

the

pole

revo

lve

rapid

ly,

till

sin

kcsp

irks

issu

efro

mth

etw

o

hole

sin

the

door

—po

sts.

The

spar

ksar

eca

ught

and

blow

n

upw

ith

tinder

,an

dth

isis

the

new

and

pure

fire

,th

e

aupea

rance

ofw

hich

isgr

eete

dw

ith

crie

sof

joy.

Ilea

ps

of

corn

hust

ible

mat

eria

lsar

eno

wig

nite

dw

ith

the

new

fire

,an

d

blaz

ing

bund

les

arc

ila

ced

onboar

ds

and

sent

floa

ting

dow

n

the

broo

k.T

he

boys

light

:to

rche

sat

the

new

fire

and

run

nao

tofu

mig

ate

the

past

ures

.T

his

isbe

liev

edto

driv

eaw

ayal

l

°‘‘Y

the

dem

ons

and

wit

ches

that

mol

est

the

catt

le.

Fin

ally

the

d,i

i,ons

torc

hes

are

thu

wn

ina

heap

onth

em

eado

wan

dal

low

edto

”I

III

burn

out

(in

thei

rw

iyb

n.I

thc

bo

SS

tiL

Wth

eis

hes

over

the

fiel

ds,

whi

chis

supp

osed

tom

ake

them

fert

ile,

Ifa

farm

erha

sta

ken

poss

essi

onof

ane

who

use,

or1if

serv

ants

have

chan

ged

mas

ters

,th

ebo

ysfu

mig

ate

the

ne\v

abod

ean

ti

ime

iew

nded

byth

efa

rmm

wIt

hsu

ppcr

Ml

Inhil

m_sm

ifr

omth

outh

est

crn

p’r

iof

the

Sudet

en

im

gIm

dno

>th

1st

wtr

d-e

fn

sL

ausi

tith

em

ounta

ins

are

abla

zew

ith

bonf

ires

anM

idsr

6m

erE

ve;

and

from

the

vall

eys

and

the

plai

lls

roun

daS

out

Leo

bsch

Utz

,N

eust

adt,

/oh

(id

Sir

idat

hIr

pla.

1.‘

Lnw

(mi

tvhr

e’tv

inklu

tiuio

ugh

the

dI

imw

‘lo

om\V

lule

they

nesm

ould

erin

gm

ud

send

ing

fort

hvo

lum

ctgo

fsm

oke

acro

ssth

efi

elds

,yo

ung

men

kind

lebr

oom

—st

umps

,so

aked

inpi

tch,

atth

ebo

nfir

esan

d

then

,bra

ndis

hin

gth

est

umps

,w

hich

epit

show

ers

ofsp

arks

,

they

chas

eon

ean

oth

eror

danc

ew

ith

the

girl

sro

und

the

hum

no

pmk

,hots

too

iiSm

edm

dsh

out’

,I

used

fhe

tire,

the

swhk

e,th

esh

ots,

and

the

shou

tsar

eal

lin

tended

to

scar

eaw

ayth

ew

itch

es,

who

are

let

lous

eon

this

wit

chin

g

lay,

nd

who

wou

ldce

rtai

nly

wor

kha

rmto

the

crop

san

dth

e

catt

le,

ifth

eyw

ere

not

det

erre

dby

thes

esa

luta

rym

easu

res.

>C

.L

.l,

chii

oIz

,I6

uls

iwG

IIid

wund

Thac,

(Ber

lin,

1867

),ii.

144

sqq.

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eco

nta

ctw

ith

tile

fire

brin

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lso

rts

ot

bie-

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hen

cew

hen

the

bonf

ire

isburn

ing

low

,th

ela

dsle

ap—

over

it,

and

the

high

erth

eyho

und,

the

bet

ter

isth

elu

ckin

stor

efo

r

them

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ew

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rpas

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his

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ws

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roof

the

day

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ism

uch

adm

ired

bytim

evi

llag

e,gi

rls.

Itis

also

thought

tobe

very

good

for

the

eyes

tø’t

arc

stea

dily

atth

ebo

nfir

e

wit

hout

blin

king

;m

oreo

vt’r

hew

hodo

esso

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not

drow

se

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ash

ci>

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elo

utw

inte

lev

enin

gsO

n

Mid

sum

mer

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,th

ew

indo

wS

and

door

soi

hous

esit

tS

esi

a

are

crow

necL

itl’

ufl

ower

s,es

peci

ally

wit

hth

ebl

ueco

rn—

flow

ers

and

the

bri

ght

corn

-ctc

kles

;in

sum

evil

laes

long

stim

ngc

ofg

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nds

amid

nose

s>

5uc

stre

tched

LC

IOS

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e

stre

ets.

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peop

lebe

liev

eth

aton

that

ijig

htS

t.Jo

hn

com

esdo

wn

from

heav

ento

bles

sth

efl

ower

san

dto

keep

all

evil

thin

gs

from

hous

ean

dhom

e.1

In”

Den

mar

kan

dN

orw

ayal

soM

idsu

mm

ertir

esw

ere

kind

led

onS

t.Jo

hn’s

Eve

onro

ads,

open

spae

eC,

and

hill

s,

Peo

ple

inN

orw

ayth

ought

that

the

flie

sba

nish

edsi

ckne

ss

from

amon

gth

eca

ttle

.1

Eve

nyet

the

fire

sar

esa

idto

be

ligh

ted

all

over

Nor

way

onth

eni

ght

ofJu

ne

the

twen

ty—

thir

d,M

idsu

mm

erE

ve,

Old

Sty

le.

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any

asfi

fty

or

six

tybo

nfir

esm

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ten

beco

unte

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ing

onth

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lls

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erge

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omet

imes

fuel

ispi

led

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tts,

igni

ted,

and

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wed

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ift

blaz

ing

acro

ssth

efo

rds

inth

eda

rkne

ssof

nigh

t.T

he

fire

sar

eth

ought

tobe

kind

led

inor

der

toke

epK

eepi

ng

off

the

wit

ches

who

mre

stid

tohe

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l111

ii

that

nig

ht

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lock

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Ol

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de,

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es/C

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lin,

NO

.),

p.

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dL

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I

have

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vill

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Ge,

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rul

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s!th

ime

(London,

iSb

;),pp

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s-qq

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(hen

ii

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ehei

ben

trei

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und

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hiin

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pp.

549-3

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ibid

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har

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mku

ltui

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p.vi

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.11

894)

pp.

195-1

97.

106

cour

seof

the

win

ter,

par

ticu

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yon

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low

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me

thir

ty-

firs

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hiis

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has

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unto

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fuel

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tra

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leux

any

one

who

refu

ses

thei

rre

ques

tU

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ispu

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day

byth

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ilcl

rcn

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try

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uus

ru/u

Snuu/u

ctI

nu/r

burr

nt

un

tine

tn/e

s

Seas

n’iro

ofik

eye

arnu

t

nvtn

iiuire

Iu/

uS

ru, S

lie

It.

1T

heSi

apuW

oa/,

pp.

316

su/q

.

2T

hefi

rst

Sunday

inL

ent

ISknow

n

asJa

vec

avit

from

the

lust

wor

dof

the

TH

EF

JRE

-F/S

ST

JVA

LS

01”

EU

RO

PE

lvT

HE

MID

SU

MM

ER

FIR

ES

173

CH

AP

.

InS

weden

the

Eve

ofS

t.Jo

hn(S

t.H

ans)

isth

em

ost

j)y

UU

Sni

ght.

ofth

ew

hole

year

.T

hro

ughout

som

epar

tsof

the

cou

ntr

y,

esp

ecia

lly

inth

epr

ovin

ces

ofB

ohus

and

Sca

nia

and

indi

stri

cts

bord

erin

gon

Norw

ay,

itis

cele—

bra

ted

1wth

efr

equen

td

isch

arg

eof

fire

arm

san

dby

huge

bo!l

bre-

,fo

rmerl

yca

lled

Bal

der’

sB

alef

ires

(Ba/

dir

’sB

J/ar

),w

hich

are

kind

led

atdu

skon

hill

san

dem

inen

ces

and

thro

wa

glar

eof

ligh

tov

erth

esu

rrou

ndin

gla

ndsc

ape.

The

po

ple

danc

ero

und

the

fire

san

dle

apov

eror

thro

ugh

them

.In

part

sof

Nor

rlan

don

St.

John

’sE

veth

ebon

fire

sar

eli

tat

the

cros

s-ro

ads,

Th

efu

elco

nsis

tsof

nine

clil

fere

ntso

rts

of

woo

d,an

dth

esp

ecta

tors

cast

into

the

flam

esa

kind

ofto

ad-s

tool

?3

irau

)in

orde

rto

counte

ract

the

pw

erof

the

Tro

lls

and

othe

rev

ilS

piri

ts,

who

are

beli

eved

tobe

abro

adth

atnig

ht

;fo

rat

that

mys

tic

seas

onth

em

ounta

ins

open

and

from

thei

rca

vern

ous

dep

ths

the

unca

nny

crew

pour

sfo

rth

toda

nce

and

dis

port

them

selv

esfo

ra

tim

e.T

he

pea

sants

beli

eve

that

shou

ldan

yof

the

Tro

lls

bein

the

vici

nity

they

will

shew

them

selv

es;

and

ifan

anim

al,

for

exam

ple

ahe

orsh

ego

at,

happ

ens

tobe

SC

Cfl

itea

rth

ebl

azin

g,cr

ackl

ing

pile

,th

epe

asat

tts

are

firm

lypers

ttle

dth

atit

isno

oth

erth

anth

eE

vil

One

inpe

rson

.’F

urt

her

,it

dese

rves

tole

rem

arke

dth

atin

Sw

eden

St.

John

’sE

veis

afe

stiv

al

ol

wate

ras

wel

las

offi

re;

for

cert

ain

holy

s)ri

ngs

arc

then

supp

osed

tohe

endo

wed

wit

hw

onde

rful

med

icin

alvi

rtue

s,an

dm

ati’

sick

peop

lere

sort

toth

emfo

rth

ehe

alin

gof

thei

rin

firm

itie

s.2

InS

wit

zerl

and

onM

idsu

mm

erfv

efi

res

are,

orus

edto

be,

kind

led

onhie

hpl

aces

inth

eca

nton

sof

Ber

n,N

euch

atel

,\TM

ais

,an

dG

enev

idIn

Aus

tria

the

mid

sum

mer

cust

oms

aud

supe

rsti

tion

sre

sem

ble

thos

eof

Ger

man

y.T

hu

sin

som

epar

tsof

the

Tyr

olbo

nfir

esar

eki

ndle

dan

dburn

ing

disc

shu

rled

into

the

air

.4

Inth

elo

wer

vall

eyof

the

Inn

ata

ter—

(lem

alia

nef

figy

isca

rted

abo

ut

the

vill

age

onM

idsu

mm

er1

L.

Llo

yd,

Jia

sat

!/e

inSw

eden

imn

ola

tia

“(L

.L

loyd

,op

.ci

t.p.

(I)i

tdO

fl,

18

70

),PP

.2

59

,z6.

26

2L

.ll

oyd,

c/.

cit.

pp.

261

sq.

F.

IIoft

man

n-k

rayer

,F

m/c

nod

1lose

spii

are

-alc

d‘‘

sacri

tic

isI

Ii

iit,

hc’

des

.Srh

zuei

serz

’e/k

es(Z

uric

h,Pu

t-i’

’(C/i

rkà

.’m

)an

Iir

e‘‘

sotI

lled

19

I31

,P.

1114

.be

caus

eii

iIi

eatl

wii

tim

es

the

lim

bsof

1Jg

naz

V.

Zin

gerl

e,S

it/e

n,

Rrd

ucii

eth

esl

angli

terd

vict

im,

whet

her

man

‘nod

Jlie

inun

gcn

des

7’ir

oier

Vde

kes

2or

beas

t,w

ere

here

was

hed

prio

rto

(Innsb

ruek

,18

71),

ii.p.

159,

§1

35

4.

Day

and

then

burn

ed.

He

isca

lled

the

Lett

er,

whi

chha

sE

ttigi

es

been

corr

upte

din

toL

uth

er.

At

Am

bras

,on

eof

the

vii

ages

whe

reM

arti

nL

uth

eris

thus

burn

edin

effi

gy,

they

say

that

ifyo

ugo

thro

ugh

the

vill

age

betw

een

elev

enan

dtw

elve

onS

t.Jo

hn’s

Nig

ht

and

was

hyours

elf

inth

ree

wel

ls,

‘o

ui

will

see

all

who

are

todi

ein

the

foll

owin

gyea

r.1

c\t

Gra

tzon

St.

John

’sE

ve

(the

twen

ty-t

hir

dof

June)

the

com

mon

peop

leus

edto

mak

ea

puppet

call

edth

eT

ater

man

n,w

hich

they

dra

gged

toth

ebl

each

ing

grou

nd,

and

pel

tel

wit

hIi

nrui

ngbe

som

sti

llit

took

fire

.2

At

Reu

tte,

intI

eT

vrol

,pe

ople

beli

eved

that

the

flax

wou

ldgr

owas

high

asth

eyle

aped

over

the

mid

sum

mer

bonf

ire,

and

they

took

pie

ces

of

char

red

woo

dfr

omth

efi

rean

dst

uck

them

inth

eir

flax

-fie

lds

the

sam

eni

ght,

leav

ing

them

ther

etil

lth

etax

harv

est

had

been

got

in.

3In

Low

erA

ust

ria

fire

sar

elit

inth

efi

elds

,co

mm

only

infr

ont

of

acr

oss,

and

the

peop

leda

nce

and

sing

roun

dth

eman

dth

row

flow

ers

into

the

ilam

es.

Bef

ore

each

hand

ful

offl

ower

sis

toss

edin

toth

efi

re,

ase

tpcc

cbis

mad

e;

then

the

danc

eis

resu

med

and

the

danc

ers

sing

inch

orus

the

last

wor

dsof

the

spee

ch.

At

even

ing

bo

nfi

res

are

kind

led

onth

ehe

ight

s,an

dth

ebo

ysca

per

roun

dth

em,

bra

ndis

hin

gli

ghte

dto

rche

sdr

ench

edin

pitc

h.W

ho

ever

jum

ps

thri

ceac

ross

the

fire

will

not

suff

erfr

on

feve

rw

ithi

nth

eye

ar.

Car

t-w

heel

sar

eof

ten

smea

red

wit

hpi

tch,

Bur

ning

igni

ted,

and

sent

roll

ing

and

blaz

ing

dow

nth

ehii

loid

es.

4A

llov

erB

ohem

iabo

nfir

esst

ill

burn

on

Mid

sum

mer

do

wn

hIt

Eve

.In

the

afte

rnoo

nbo

ysgo

about

wit

hhan

dca

rts

Mid

from

hous

eto

hous

eco

llec

ting

fuel

,su

chas

stic

ks,

bru

sh-

woo

d,ol

dbe

som

s,an

dso

fort

h.T

hey

mak

eth

eir

recl

uest

Beh

em

it.

atea

chho

use

inrh

ym

ing

vers

es,

thre

aten

ing

wit

hev

ilco

nseq

uenc

esth

ecu

rmud

geon

sw

hore

fuse

them

ado

le.

Som

etim

sth

eyoung

men

fell

ata

llst

raig

ht

fir

inth

ew

oods

an

set

itup

ona

heig

ht,

whe

reth

egi

rls

deck

itw

ith

nose

gays

,w

reat

hsof

leav

es,

and

red

ribb

ons.

The

nbr

ushw

ood

ispi

led

about

it,an

dat

nigh

tfal

lth

ew

hole

isse

ton

fire

.W

hile

the

flam

esbr

eak

out,

the

young

men

clim

b

172

1I.

V.

Zin

gerl

e,e.

cit.

).

I59

,§

1353

,1

35

5.

1356;

W.

Man

nh

ard

t,.D

erB

au,,r%

’Ult

us,

p.5

13

.2

wM

annhar

dl,

i.e.

F.

Pan

zer,

Bei

trag

zzcr

deut

sche

Jfy

iIo

/g1ic

(Munic

h,

1848

1855

),i.

p.2

10

,§

23

1.

rhod

‘irn

alk

eit

,le

’t%

nunit

Bra

ise/

icde

sId

ikcs

inQ

este

rrei

chi

(Vie

nna,

1859

),pp

.307

sq.

TH

EF

JRE

EE

ST

JVA

LS

OF

EU

A’O

I’]f

cirr

.

the

tree

and

htc

hdo

wn

the

wre

aths

whi

chth

egi

rls

had

plac

edon

it.A

fter

that

,la

dsan

dla

sses

stan

don

oppo

site

side

sof

the

fire

and

look

aton

ean

oth

erth

rough

the

wre

aths

tose

ew

heth

erth

eyw

illbe

true

toea

choth

eran

dm

arry

wit

hin

the

year

.A

lso

the

girl

sth

row

the

vre

aths

acro

ss

the

flam

esto

the

men

,an

dw

oeto

the

awkw

ard

swai

nw

ho

fail

sto

catc

hth

ew

reat

hth

row

nhi

mby

his

swee

thea

rt.

When

the

blaz

eha

sdi

eddo

wn,

each

coup

leta

kes

hand

s.

and

leap

sth

rice

acro

ssth

efi

re.

He

orsh

ew

hodo

esso

will

befr

eefr

omag

ueth

roughout

the

year

,an

dth

efl

ax

will

grow

ashi

ghas

the

youn

gfo

lks

leap

.A

girl

who

sees

flif

lCbo

ntir

eson

Mid

sum

mer

Eve

will

mar

rybe

fore

the

year

isou

t.T

he

sing

edw

reat

hsar

eca

rrie

dho

me

and

care

full

y

pres

erve

dth

roughout

the

year

.D

urin

gth

under

storm

sa

bit

ofth

ew

reat

his

burn

edon

the

hea

rth

wit

ha

pra

yer

som

eof

itis

give

nto

kine

that

are

sick

orca

lvin

g,an

dso

me

ofh

serv

esto

fum

igat

eho

use

and

cattl

e—st

all,

that

man

and

beas

tm

ayke

epha

lean

dw

ell.

Som

etim

esan

old

cart

whe

elis

smea

red

wit

hre

sin,

igni

ted,

and

sent

roll

ing

dow

n

the

hill.

Oft

enth

ebo

ysco

llec

tal

lth

ew

orn-

out

beso

ms

they

can

get

hold

of,

dip

them

inpi

tch,

and

havi

ngse

tth

em

onfi

rew

ave

them

abou

tor

thro

wth

emhi

ghin

toth

eai

r.

Or

they

rush

dow

nth

ehi

llsi

dein

troo

ps,

bra

ndis

hin

gth

e

flam

ing

broo

ms

and

shou

ting

,on

lyho

wev

erto

retu

rnto

the

bun

fire

onth

esu

mm

itw

hen

the

broo

ms

have

burn

tou

t.

The

stum

ps

ofth

ebr

oom

san

dem

bers

from

the

fire

are

pre

serv

elan

dst

uck

inca

bbag

egar

den

sto

pro

tect

the

cabb

ages

froi

iica

terp

illa

rsan

dgu

am.

Som

epe

ople

inse

rt

char

red

stic

ksa

nd

ashe

sfr

omth

ebo

nfir

ein

thei

rso

wn

fiel

dsan

dm

eado

ws,

inth

eir

gard

ei

and

the

roof

sof

thei

r

hous

es,

asa

tali

sman

agai

nst

lightn

ing

and

foul

wea

ther

orth

eyfa

ncy

that

the

ashe

spl

aced

inth

ero

ofw

illpre

ven

t

any

fire

from

brea

king

out

inth

eho

use.

Inso

me

dis

tric

ts

they

crow

nor

grtl

them

selv

esw

ith

mug

wor

tw

hile

the

mid

sum

mer

fire

isbu

rnin

g,fo

rth

isis

supp

osed

tobe

apro

tect

ion

agai

nst

ghos

ts,

wit

ches

,an

dsi

ckne

ss;

inpa

rtic

ular

,

aw

reat

hof

mug

wor

tis

asu

repr

even

tive

ofso

reey

es.

Som

etim

esth

egi

rls

look

atth

ebo

nfir

esth

rough

garl

ands

ofw

ildfl

ower

s,pra

yin

gth

efi

reto

stre

ngth

enth

eir

eyes

and

eyel

ids.

She

who

does

this

thri

cew

ill

have

noso

reey

es

ivT

i/F

MJJ

J.U

JtJi/

I/F

1FfR

E.S

all

that

year

.In

soni

cpar

tsof

Boh

emia

they

used

todr

ive

cate

e

the

cow

sth

rough

the

mid

sum

mer

fire

togu

ard

them

agai

nst

wit

chcr

aft.

’v.

aje

rait

.

The

Ger

man

sof

Mor

avia

inli

kem

anner

stil

lli

ght

The

Miii

bonf

ires

onop

engr

ound

san

dhi

ghpl

aces

onM

idsu

mm

er

Eve

;an

dth

eyki

ndle

beso

ms

inth

efl

ames

and

then

Mor

avia

,

stic

kth

ech

arre

dst

um

ps

inth

eca

bbag

e-fl

clds

as

a

pow

erfu

lpro

tect

ion

agai

nst

cate

rpil

lars

.O

nth

esa

me

the

diat

tict

myst

icev

enin

gM

orav

ian

gir

lsgath

er

flo

wers

of

nine

sort

s

and

lay

them

under

thei

rpi

llow

whe

nth

eygo

tosl

eep

thei

ith

eydr

eam

ever

yon

eof

him

who

isto

behe

rpar

tner

for

life.

For

ii,

Mor

avia

mai

dens

inth

eir

beds

asw

ell

as

poet

sby

hau

nte

dst

ream

sha

veth

eir

i\1id

sum

iner

\ighit

’s

dre

ams.

2In

Aust

rian

Sil

esia

the

custo

mal

sopr

evai

lsof

lighti

ng

gre

atbo

nfir

eson

hill

tops

onM

idsu

mm

erE

ve,

and

here

too

the

boys

swin

gbl

azin

gbe

som

sor

hurl

them

hkh

inth

eai

r,w

hile

they

shou

tan

d:le

apan

dda

nce

wil

dly.

Nex

tm

orni

ngev

ery

door

isde

cked

wit

hfl

ower

san

dhi

rche

n

sapl

ings

.’In

the

dis

tric

tof

Cra

cow

,es

peci

ally

tow

ards

the

Car

pat

hia

nM

ount

ains

,gre

atfi

res

are

kind

led

bth

e

pea

sants

inth

efi

elds

oron

the

hei

ghts

atni

ghtf

all

on

Mid

sum

mer

Eve

,w

hich

amon

gth

emgo

esby

the

nam

eof

Kup

alo’

sN

ight

.T

he

fire

mus

tbe

kin

dle

dby

the

fric

tion

Fir

e

oftw

ost

icks

‘1.he

youn

peop

leda

nce

ion

ndo,

hp

oci

,

it;

and

aba

ndof

sturd

yfe

llow

sru

na

race

wit

hli

ghte

dof

woo

d,

torc

hes,

the

win

ner

bein

gre

war

ded

wit

ha

peac

ock’

sfe

athe

r,

whi

chhe

keep

sth

roughout

the

yea

rdi

stin

ctio

n.C

attl

e

also

are

driv

enro

und

the

tire

inth

ebe

lief

that

this

isa

char

mag

ainst

pest

ilen

cean

ddi

seas

eof

ever

yso

rt,

4

174

\Vre

ath

thro

wn

era

sti

elir

e. IYvi

tide

fth

e

ri1t

lr,.

Ftur

ititiO

roliu

dii

otv

ttli

ii.

trie

rsii

tie

hi

stii

akin

nil

hous

esas

ata

lon.

it

agai

ttat

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itni

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V&

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u,

slfy

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nund

Bré

iuch

cat

ss/.

dkcs

inO

utst

crri

chV

ienna,

1559

),p.

o8

Jose

phV

irgi

lG

rohm

ann,

A1tr

/ul:

n

imd

(;c/1

ZU

cii

Cail

sS

o/o

nto

and

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cu

(Pra

gue

and

Lei

joit

:,86

4),

p.So

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636

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eins

ier

g-I

)tir

ings

tdld

,

Just

-Fe/

code

rne

arB

ohm

en(P

ragu

e,

N.o.)

,pp

.306-3

11;

Br.

Jeli

nd:,

Mat

eria

lien

cur

Vor

gesr

hich

tete

nd

\Tolk

slutn

de

I d1tt

nen

s,”

JJJi

tthci

lunç

re,e

dee

anth

ropo

/çgi

sche

nG

ese/

lsch

aft

in(‘

Vie

n,xx

i.(1

891)

p.13

;A

bs

John,

Sdt

e,Ir

auch

un,:i

Vi/k

sg/d

eehe

/to

i/eu

ro/e

nIf

cat/

how

,:(I

ragu,

1905),

pp.

84.8

6

tVil

ljha

iil

Iiil

iir.

J?ei

f,dg

csti

r

Io/

eski

in/e

ocr

/)e:i

t(O

tis

en

_1!o

Ol5

ie

(Vie

nna

and

Oln

tttt

z,18

93),

pp.

263-

265.

Ant

uit

Pet

er,

1h/k

athe

sm/i

c/tc

sot

isO

ster

rczc

/usc

is-

Sc/i

/tsi:

n(T

ropp

itit

.it

.257.

‘J’h

.V

erna

leke

tt,

/biI

3en

toil

5,/

tic/c

aFt

f,/k

csin

On

terr

e/c

/i

(‘ti

emta

,18

59),

pp.

oS

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OF

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ES

17

The

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appl

ied

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man

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lavo

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nd;

even

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ohem

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RU

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the

mid

sum

mer

cele

brat

ion

isco

mm

onto

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ys

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man

s.W

eha

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read

yse

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atin

Rus

sia

the

sum

mer

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tice

orE

veof

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nis

cele

brat

edby

young

men

and

mai

dcnc

,w

hoju

mp

over

abo

nfir

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coup

les

carr

yin

ga

stra

wef

figy

ofK

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oin

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rar

ms.

1In

som

epar

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Rus

sia

anim

age

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upal

ois

burn

tor

thro

wn

into

ast

ream

onS

t.Jo

lJn’

sN

igh

t.2

Aga

in,

inso

me

dist

rict

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ussi

ath

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ung

folk

wea

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lands

offl

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san

d

gird

les

ofho

lyhe

rbs

whe

nth

eysp

ring

thro

ugh

the

smok

e

Cat

tle

orfl

ames

;an

dso

met

imes

they

driv

eth

eca

ttle

also

thro

ugh

tcte

dth

etu

ein

oid

uto

prot

(at

the

amm

usag

ainst

izard

san

dw

,ish

craf

t.w

itch

es,

who

are

then

rave

nous

afte

rm

ilk.

8In

Lit

tle

Rus

sia

ast

ake

isdr

iven

into

the

grou

ndon

St.

John

’sN

ight

,w

rapt

inst

raw

,an

dse

ton

fire

.A

sth

efl

ames

rise

the

casa

nt

wom

enth

row

birc

hen

boug

hsin

toth

em,

The

ttis

sayi

ng,

i\li

iym

yfl

axbe

asta

llas

this

boug

hI”

Inlid

1iY

Ruth

enia

the

bonf

ires

are

ligh

ted

bya

flam

epr

ocur

edby

ofw

ood,

the

fric

tion

ofw

ood.

Whi

leth

eel

ders

ofth

ep

arty

are

engag

edin

thu

s“c

hurn

ing”

the

fire

,th

ere

stm

ainta

ina

resp

ectf

ulsi

lenc

e;

but

whe

nth

efl

ame

burs

tsfr

omth

ew

ood,

they

brea

kfo

rth

into

joyo

usso

ngs.

As

soon

asth

ebi

infi

rcs

are

kind

led,

the

youn

gpe

ople

take

hand

san

dle

apin

isli

rsth

rou

gh

the

smok

e,if

not

thro

ug

hth

efl

ames

;an

daf

ter

that

the

catt

lein

thei

rtu

rnar

edr

iven

thro

ugh

the

fire

.5

The

Mid

-In

man

ypa

rts

ofP

russ

iaan

dL

ith

uan

iagre

atfi

res

are

unin

wr

kin

dle

do

nM

idsu

mm

erE

ve.

All

the

hei

ghts

are

abla

zeP

russ

iaan

dw

ith

them

,as

far

asth

eey

eca

nse

e.T

he

fire

sar

esu

ppos

edto

bea

prot

ecti

onag

ainst

witc

l’ic

raft

,th

unde

r,ha

il,

and

prot

ect

catt

ledi

seas

e,es

peci

ally

ifnex

tm

orni

ngth

eca

ttle

are

wit

chcr

aft,

driv

enov

erth

eP

lace

sw

here

the

fire

sbu

rned

.A

bove

all,

thun

der,

the

boni

ires

ensu

reth

efa

rmer

awai

nst

the

arts

ofw

itch

es,

hail

,an

dis

canto

who

try

tost

eal

the

mil

kfro

mhi

sco

ws

bych

arm

san

ddi

seas

e.

spel

ls.

Th

atis

why

next

morn

ing

you

may

see

tile

youn

gfe

llow

sw

holi

tth

ebo

nfir

ego

ing

from

hous

eto

hous

ean

dre

ceiv

ing

jugf

uls

ofm

ilk.

And

for

the

sam

ere

ason

they

stic

kbu

rsan

dm

ugw

ort

onth

ega

teor

the

hedg

eth

rough

whi

chth

eco

ws

goto

past

ure,

beca

use

that

issu

ppos

edto

bea

preservati

ve

again

st

wit

chcr

aft.

’In

Mas

uren

,a

dis

tric

tT

he

tire

).

..

kizt

da,d

byof

Eas

tern

Iru

ssia

inhab

ited

bya

bran

chof

the

1ol

ish

iii,

’fr

,to

nrn

ily

,it

isth

ecu

stom

onth

eev

enin

gof

Mid

sum

mer

Day

ofan

od.

toput

ou

tal

lth

efi

res

inth

evi

llag

e.T

hen

anoa

ken

stak

eis

driv

enin

toth

egr

ound

and

aw

heel

isfi

xed

onit

ason

anax

le.

Thi

sw

heel

the

vill

ager

s,w

orki

ngby

rela

ys,

caus

eto

revo

lve

wit

hg

reat

rapid

ity

till

fire

ispr

oduc

edby

fric

tion

.E

ver

yon

eta

kes

hom

ea

ligh

ted

bra

nd

from

the

new

fire

and

wit

hit

rek

indle

sth

efi

reon

the

dom

esti

chea

rth.

2In

tile

sixte

enth

centu

ryM

arti

nofLTrz

edow

,a

Pol

ish

prie

st,

deno

unce

dth

ehea

then

prac

tice

sof

the

wom

enw

hoon

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John

’sE

ve(M

idsu

mm

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ve)

kind

led

fire

sby

the

fric

tion

of

woo

d,da

nced

,an

dsa

ng

so

ng

sin

hono

urof

the

dev

il.

1A

mong

tile

Let

tsw

hoin

hab

itth

eB

alti

cpr

ovin

ces

ofT

heM

idsu

mm

erK

ussi

ath

em

ost

joyi

ulfe

stiv

alol

the

yea

ris

held

onM

idsu

mm

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ay.

ihe

peop

ledr

ink

and

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ean

dsi

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dth

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ens

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orn

them

selv

esan

dth

eir

hous

esw

ith

flow

ers

and

bran

ches

.C

hopp

edbo

ughs

of

fir

are

stre

wn

abou

tth

ero

om

s,

and

leav

esar

est

uck

inth

ero

ofs.

Inev

er’

tarn

l-va

i-d

abi

rch

tree

isse

tup

,an

dev

ery

pers

onof

the

nam

e’of

Jnlt

nw

hoen

ters

tile

farm

that

day

mu

stbr

eak

off

atw

igfr

om

the

tree

and

han

gup

onit

sbr

anch

esin

retu

rn

asm

all

pres

ent

(hr

the

fam

ily.

Whe

nth

ese

rene

twil

ight

of

the

sum

mer

nigh

tha

sve

iled

the

ian

dsc

pe,

bonf

imes

lcam

onal

lth

ehi

lls

nd

wil

dsh

outs

of“

Lig

hoI

igho

echo

from

the

woo

dsm

dfi

elds

.In

Rig

ath

eday

isa

fest

ival

offl

ower

s.F

rom

all

the

neig

hbou

rhoo

dth

epea

sants

stre

amin

toth

eci

tyla

den

wit

hfl

ower

san

dga

rlan

ds.

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arket

offl

ower

sis

held

inan

open

squar

ean

don

tile

chie

fbri

dge

over

the

rive

r;

here

wreath

so

fin

lmorte

lles

whi

chgr

oww

ild

inth

em

eadow

sand

wo

od

s,

are

so

ldin

great

profusio

nand

deck

the

hous

esW

.J.

A.

von

Tet

ixu

undJ,

D.

H.

AIa

zier

e,S

(Dan

zig,

1867

),p.

71.

Tem

me,

Die

Vol

kssa

ge,,

OS

tprC

:IS

SC

,ZS

,und

Wis

,-zu

sscn

s(B

erli

n,F’

.8.

Kra

uss,

Alh

,las-

jscb

e18

37),

p.2

77

.F

etie

rgew

innung”

Glo

ur,

lix.

(i8c

i)‘

M.

foppeu

,.l

1D

i1ii

/,’,

,3

iS.

Pt’

.V

ii.

VO

L.

1

17h

zD

ying

Gd

,p.

26

2.

Com

pare

M.

Kow

alew

sky,

inFo

lk-l

ore,

l.(1

890)

p.4

f7.

\\‘.

R.

S.R

alst

on

,&

ggs

‘f(li

eR

u,w

ian

Peop

le,

Sec

ond

Ed

itio

n(L

ou’

don,

iS

7),

p.240.

‘J.

Gri

mm

,D

euts

che

iWyt

holo

gie,

4i.

519;

V.

R.

S.R

alst

on,

Song

sof

the

Jt’u

.rsi

anPi

gple

(Lon

don,

88

72

),

pp.

240,

391.

‘tV.

FLS

.R

alst

nn,

op.

cit.

p.240.

‘.V.

R.

S.R

alst

on,

i.e.

N

178

CH

AP

.Iv

TH

EJI

!DS

UM

IIE

RF

IRE

S179

TI/

ifF

IR1

f-F

ES

TJL

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SO

FE

UR

OP

E

ofR

iafo

rlo

ngaf

terw

ards

.R

oses

,to

o,ar

eno

wat

the

prim

eof

thei

rbe

auty

,an

dm

asses

ofth

emad

orn

the

flow

er-

stal

ls.

Til

lfa

rin

toth

enig

ht

gay

crow

dspar

ade

the

stre

ets

tom

usic

orfl

oat

onth

eri

ver

ingo

ndol

asde

cked

wit

h

f1,w

ers)

So

long

ago

inan

cien

tR

ome

bar

ges

crow

ned

wit

hfl

ower

san

dcr

owde

dw

ith

reve

ller

sus

edto

floa

tdo

wn

the

Tib

eron

Mid

sum

mer

Day

,th

etw

enty

-fourt

hof

June,

2an

d

nodoubt

the

stra

ins

ofm

usic

wer

ew

afte

das

swee

tly

acro

ss

the

wat

erto

list

ener

son

the

ban

ks

asth

eyst

ill

are

toth

e

thro

ngs

ofm

erry

mak

ers

atR

iga.

Bon

fIre

sar

eco

mm

only

kind

led

byth

eS

outh

Sla

voni

an

pea

santr

yon

Mid

sum

mer

Eve

,an

dla

dsan

dla

sses

danc

e

and

shou

tro

und

them

inth

eus

ual

way

.T

he

very

nam

es

ofS

t.Jo

lin’s

Day

(fvan

jk)

and

the

St.

John

’sfi

res

(kri

es)

are

said

toact

like

elec

tric

spar

kson

the

hea

rts

and

min

ds

ofth

ese

swai

ns,

kin

dli

ng

ath

ousa

nd

wil

d,m

erry

,an

dhap

py

fanc

ies

and

idea

sin

thei

rru

stic

brea

sts.

At

Kam

enag

ora

inC

roat

iath

ehe

rdsm

enth

row

nine

thre

e-yea

rol

dvi

nes

into

the

bonf

ire,

and

whe

nth

ese

burs

tin

tofl

ames

the

youn

gm

en

who

are

candid

ates

for

mat

rim

ony

jum

pth

rough

the

blaz

e.

I Ic

who

succ

eeds

inle

apin

gov

erth

efi

rew

itho

utsin

gein

g

him

self

will

hem

arri

edw

ithi

nth

eye

ar.

At

Vid

ovec

in

Cro

atia

part

ies

oftw

ogi

rls

and

one

lad

unit

eto

kind

lea

Mid

sum

mer

bonf

ire

and

tole

apth

rough

the

flam

es;

heor

she

who

leap

sfu

rthe

stw

illso

ones

tved

.A

fter

war

dsla

ds

and

lass

esda

nce

inse

par

ate

rings,

but

the

ring

of

lads

bum

psup

agai

nst

the

rin

go

fgi

rls

and

brea

ksit

,an

dth

e

girl

who

has

tole

tgo

her

neig

hbou

r’s

han

dw

illfo

rsak

eh

er

true

love

her

eaft

er.

InS

ervi

aon

Mid

sum

mer

Eve

herd

s—

men

light

torc

hes

ofbi

rch

bark

and

mar

chro

und

the

shee

pfol

dsan

dca

ttle—

stal

ls;

then

they

clim

bth

ehi

lls

and

there

allo

wth

eto

rche

sto

burn

out.

1

Am

ong

the

Mag

yars

inH

ungar

yth

em

idsu

mm

erfi

re-

fest

ival

ism

arke

dby

the

sam

efe

atur

esth

atm

eet

usin

so

man

ypar

tsof

Eur

ope,

On

Mid

sum

mer

Eve

inm

any

IJ

0.

1oh1

,D

ieio

i/sc

hros

sisc

iiin

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ue.

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Iei

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,1

84

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l$O

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,sq

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igh

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anol

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alhe

nde

ity,

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yous

lev

it

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ng.

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o.

77

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esit

iscu

stom

ary

toki

ndle

bonf

ires

oii

hei

ghts

and

tole

apov

erth

em,

and

from

the

man

ner

inw

hich

the

yl/u

ngpe

ople

leap

the

byst

ander

spre

dic

tw

het

her

they

will

narr

yso

on.

At

Nog

rad

—L

udan

yth

eyo

ung

men

and

won

men

,ea

chcarryin

ga

trus

sof

stra

w,

repa

irto

am

eado

w,

whe

reth

eypi

leth

est

raw

inse

ven

ortw

elve

hea

ps

and

set

iton

fire

.T

hen

they

goro

und

the

fire

sing

ing,

and

h1d

abu

nch

ofir

on—

wor

tin

the

smok

e,w

hile

they

say,

No

boil

onm

ybo

dy,

nosp

rain

inm

yfo

ot“

This

hold

ing

ofth

efl

ower

sov

erth

efl

ames

isre

gard

ed,

we

are

old

,as

equal

lyim

port

ant

wit

hth

epra

ctic

eof

wal

king

thro

ugh

the

fire

bare

foot

and

sta

mpin

git

out.

On

this

day

also

man

yIl

ungar

ian

swin

eher

dsm

ake

fire

byro

tati

ng

aw

heel

toun

da

woo

den

axle

wra

pt

inhe

mp,

and

thro

ugh

the

fire

thus

mad

eth

eydr

ive

thei

rpi

gsto

pres

erve

them

from

sick

ness

.’In

vill

ages

onth

eD

anub

e,w

here

the

popu

lati

onis

atr

uss

betw

een

Mag

yar

and

Ger

man

,th

eyoung

men

and

mai

dens

goto

the

high

bank

sof

the

rive

ron

Mid

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mer

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the

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ing

them

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oat

the

end

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d,se

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emw

hirl

ing

thro

ugh

the

air

tofa

llin

toth

eD

anub

e.A

sli

edo

esso

,ea

chla

dsi

ngs

out

the

nam

eof

his

swee

thea

rt,

and

she

list

ens

wel

lpl

ease

ddo

wn

bel

ow

.2

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Est

honia

ns

of

Rus

sia,

who

,li

keth

eM

agya

rs,

belo

ng‘I

’iu

Mid

-to

the

gre

atfu

rania

nfa

mil

yo

fm

anki

nd,

also

cele

brat

eth

esuir

uner

sols

tice

inth

eus

ual

way

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nth

eE

veof

St.

John

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Est

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all

the

peo

pe

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afa

rm,

avi

llag

e,or

aimes

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alk

sole

mnl

yit

ipr

oces

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egi

rls

deck

edw

ith

flow

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men

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hle

aves

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carr

yin

gb

un

dle

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stra

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thei

rar

ms.

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yli

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rche

sor

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long

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the

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St.

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He

who

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his

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this

tles

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dhi

s

oats

full

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.”T

hre

elo

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eth

row

nin

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efi

re

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hsp

ecia

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rem

ony

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thro

win

gth

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rst

they

say,

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plea

sure

(ap

lan

tw

ith

yell

owfl

ower

s)in

toth

e

fire

“in

thro

win

gth

ese

cond

they

say,

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eeds

toth

e

utip

loug

hed

land

“bu

tin

thro

win

gth

eth

ird

they

cry,

hia

xon

nwfi

eld

“T

he

fire

issa

idto

keep

the

wit

ches

from

the

catt

le.’

Acc

ordi

ngto

othe

rs,

iten

sure

sth

atfo

r

the

who

leye

arth

em

ilk

shal

lbe

“as

pure

assi

lver

and

as

the

star

sin

the

sky,

and

the

bu

tter

asye

llow

asth

esu

n

and

the

fire

and

the

gold

.”‘

Inth

eE

sth

on

ian

isla

ndof

()es

el,

whi

leth

eyth

row

fuel

into

the

mid

sum

mer

fire

,th

ey

call

out,

Wee

dsto

the

fire

,fl

axto

the

fiel

d,”

orth

eyfl

ing

thre

ebi

llet

sin

toth

efl

ames

,sa

ying

,F

lax

grow

long

And

they

tak

ech

arre

dst

icks

from

the

bonf

ire

hom

ew

ith

them

and

keep

them

tom

ake

the

catt

leth

rive

.In

som

e

par

tsof

the

isla

ndth

ebo

nfir

eis

form

edby

pili

ngbr

ushw

ood

and

oth

erco

mbu

stib

les

roun

di

tree

,at

the

top

ofw

hich

a

flag

flie

s.\V

hoov

ersu

ccee

dsin

knoc

king

dow

nth

efl

ag

wit

ha

pole

befO

reit

begi

nsto

burn

will

have

good

luck

.

Form

erly

the

fest

ivit

ies

last

edti

llday

bre

ak,

and

ende

din

scen

esof

deb

auch

ery

whi

chlo

oked

doub

lyhi

deou

sby

the

grow

ing

ligh

tof

asu

mm

erm

orni

ng.’

Sti

llfa

rthe

rno

rth,

among

ape

ople

ofth

esa

me

Tura

nia

n

stoc

k,w

ele

arn

from

aney

e-w

itne

ssth

atM

idsu

mm

erN

ight

used

tow

itne

ssa

sort

ofw

itch

es’

sabbat

hon

the

top

ofev

ery

hill

inF

inla

nd.

The

bonf

ire

was

mad

eby

sett

ing

upfo

urta

llbi

rche

sin

asq

uare

and

pili

ngth

ein

term

edia

tesp

ace

wit

hfu

el.

Rou

ndth

ero

arin

gfl

ames

the

peop

lesa

ngan

dci

rank

and

gam

boll

edin

the

usw

ilw

ay,’

Far

ther

east

,in

the

vall

eyof

the

Vol

ga,

the

Che

rem

iss

cele

brat

eab

out

mid

sum

mer

afe

stiv

alw

hich

Hax

thau

sen

rega

rded

asid

enti

cal

wit

hth

em

idsu

mm

erce

rem

onie

sof

the

rest

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uro

pe.

Asa

cred

tree

inth

efo

rest

,ge

nera

lly

ata

llan

dso

lita

ryoa

k,m

arks

the

scen

eof

the

sole

mni

ty.

All

the

mal

esas

sem

ble

ther

e,hu

tno

wom

anm

aybe

pres

ent.

Ahea

then

prie

stli

ghts

seve

nfi

res

ina

row

from

nort

h-w

est

toso

uth

-eas

t;

catt

lear

esa

crii

ced

and

thei

rbl

ood

pour

edin

the

fire

s,ea

chof

whi

chis

dedi

cate

dto

ase

par

ate

deit

y.A

fter

war

dsth

eho

lyto

eis

illu

min

edby

ligh

ted

cand

ies

plac

edon

its

bran

ches

;th

e15

0pl

efO

ilon

thei

rkn

ees

and

wit

hfa

ces

bow

edto

the

eart

hpra

yth

atG

odw

ould

bepl

ease

dto

bles

sth

em,

thei

rch

ildr

en,

thei

rca

ttle

,an

dth

eir

bees

,g

ran

tth

emsu

cces

sin

trad

e,in

trav

el,

and

irjth

ech

ase,

enab

leth

emto

pty

the

Cza

r’s

taxe

s,an

dso

fort

h.

2 Vhe

nv

epa

ssI’m

omth

eis

tto

thc

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ot1

UI

ee

rs\1

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stil

lfi

ndth

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mm

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lsti

cece

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itcd

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mid

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e

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etee

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ng

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ires

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evai

led

soco

mm

only

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rance

that

ther

ew

ashar

dly

ato

wn

ora

vill

age,

we

are

told

,w

here

they

wer

eno

tki

ndle

d.T

hough

the

agnn

orig

inof

the

cust

omm

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me

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J.B.

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orp

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vii.

(187

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Pp

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sq.

Wie

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ann

also

obse

rves

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the

woo

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this

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deco

rous

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itud

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dcr

if/i

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p.36

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Fir

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als

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nera

l

Tii

ifo

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eyof

the

popu

lar

fire

-fes

tiva

lsof

Eur

ope

sugg

ests

som

ege

nera

lob

serv

atio

ns,

Inth

efi

rst

plac

ew

can

har

dly

help

bein

gst

ruck

byth

ere

sem

blan

cew

hich

the

cere

mon

ies

bear

toeach

othe

r,at

wha

teve

rti

me

ofth

year

and

inw

hate

ver

par

tof

Eu

rop

eth

eyar

ece

lebr

ated

Th

ecu

stom

ofki

ndli

ngg

reat

bonf

ires

,le

apin

gov

erth

enan

ddr

ivin

gca

ttle

thro

ugh

orro

und

them

wou

ldse

emto

have

been

pra

ctic

ally

univ

ersa

lth

rou

gh

ou

tE

urop

e,an

dth

esa

me

may

besa

idof

the

proc

essi

ons

orra

ces

wit

hbl

azin

gto

rche

sro

und

fiel

ds,

orch

ards

,pa

stur

es,

orca

ttle—

stal

ls.

Les

sw

ides

prea

dar

eth

ecu

stom

sof

hurl

ing

ligh

ted

disc

sin

toth

eai

r1

and

trund

lin

ga

burn

ing

whe

eldo

wn

hill

2fo

rtoj

byth

eev

iden

cew

hich

Iha

veco

llec

ted

thes

em

odes

ofdis

trib

uti

ng

the

bene

fici

alin

flue

nce

ofth

efi

reha

vebe

enco

nfin

edin

the

mai

nto

Cen

tral

Eur

ope,

The

cere

mon

ial

ofth

eY

ule

log

isd

isti

ng

uis

hed

from

that

ofth

eoth

erfir

e—fe

stiv

als

byth

epr

ivac

yan

ddom

esti

city

whi

chch

arac

teri

zeit

;bu

t,as

we

have

alre

ady

seen

,th

isdi

stin

ctio

nm

ayw

ell

hedu

esi

mpl

yto

the

roug

hw

eath

erof

mid

win

ter,

whi

chis

apt

not

only

tore

nder

apu

blic

asse

mbl

yin

the

open

air

dis

agre

eabl

e,bu

tal

soat

any

mom

ent

tode

feat

the

obje

ctof

the

asse

mbl

yby

exti

ng

uis

hin

gth

eal

l-im

po

rtan

tfi

reun

der

ado

wnp

our

ofra

inor

afa

llof

snow

.A

par

tfr

omth

ese

loca

lor

seas

onal

diff

eren

ces,

the

gene

ral

rese

mbl

ance

betw

een

1A

bove

,pp

.I

16sq

.,1

19

,14

3,ib

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6,

168

sq.,

172.

Abo

ve,

pp.

ii6

,1

17

rq.,

11

9,

the

fire

-fes

tiva

lsat

all

tim

es

of

the

year

and

inal

lpl

aces

is

tole

rably

clos

e.A

ndas

the

cere

monie

sth

emse

lves

rese

mble

each

oth

er,

sodo

the

ben

efit

sw

hich

the

peo

ple

exp

ect

tO

reap

from

them

.W

het

her

appl

ied

inth

efo

rmof

bonf

ires

blaz

ing

atfi

xed

poin

ts,

orof

torc

hes

carr

ied

about

from

plac

eto

plac

e,or

ofem

bers

and

ashe

sta

ken

from

the

smou

lder

ing

heap

offu

el,

the

fire

isbe

liev

edto

prom

ote

the

grow

thof

the

crop

san

dth

ew

elfa

reof

man

and

beast,

eit

her

posi

tive

lyby

stim

ula

ting

them

,or

nega

tive

lYby

aver

ting

the

dan

ger

san

dca

lam

itie

sw

hich

thre

aten

them

from

such

caus

es

asth

under

and

ligh

tnin

g,co

nf)a

grat

ion,

blig

ht,

mil

dew

,ve

rmin

,

ster

ilit

y,di

seas

e,an

dnot

leas

tof

all

wit

chcr

aft.

But

we

nat

ura

lly

ask,

How

did

itco

me

abou

tth

atbe

ne-

Tw

opia

fla

tOw

fits

sog

reat

and

man

ifol

dw

ere

supp

osed

tobe

atta

ined

bysu

gges

ted

mean

sosi

mple

?In

wha

tw

aydi

dpe

ople

imag

ine

that

oft

tire-

they

coul

dpr

ocur

eso

man

ygo

ods

or

avoid

som

any

ills

byg

the

appli

cati

on

offi

rean

dsm

oke,

ofem

bers

and

ashes

?In

shor

t,w

hat

theo

ryunder

lay

an

dpro

mpte

dth

epr

acti

ceof

1hey

tose

cUre

ath

ese

cust

oms?

Fo

rth

atth

ein

stit

uti

oll

ofth

efe

stiv

als

are

char

nO

was

the

ou

tco

me

of

ad

efi

nit

etr

ain

of

reaso

nin

gm

ay

be

supp

lyof

tak

en

for

gra

nte

d;

the

view

that

pri

mit

ive

man

acte

dfi

rst

and

inve

nted

his

reas

ons

tosu

ithi

sacti

on

saft

erw

ard

s,

isto

Dr.l

not

born

eou

tby

wha

tw

ekn

owof

his

nea

rest

livi

ngre

pre

sent

ativ

es,

the

sava

gean

dth

epe

asan

t.T

wo

diff

eren

tth

eyar

e

expla

nat

ions

of

the

fire

fest

iVal

Sha

vebe

engi

ven

bym

oder

n

enqu

irer

s.O

nth

eon

ehan

dit

has

been

held

that

they

are

bein

gin

-

sun-

char

ms

orm

agic

alce

rem

onie

sin

tended

,o

nth

ep

rin

cip

le

ofim

itat

ive

mag

ic,

toen

sure

ane

edfu

lsu

pply

of

suns

hineer

1aII

for

men

,an

imal

s,an

dpla

nts

bykin

dli

ng

fire

sw

hich

mim

icnf

luen

ces.

onea

rth

the

gre

atso

urce

ofli

ght

and

hea

tin

the

sky.

This

was

the

view

ofW

ilhe

lmM

annhar

dt.

’It

may

beca

lled

the

sola

rth

eory

.O

nth

eot

her

han

dit

has

been

main

tain

ed

that

the

cere

mon

ial

fire

sha

ven

on

ecessary

refe

renc

eto

the

sun

but

are

sim

ply

puri

fica

tory

inin

tenti

on,

bein

gde

sign

ed

tobu

rnup

and

des

troy

all

harm

ful

infl

uenc

es,

whe

ther

thes

e-

are

conc

eive

din

ape

rson

alfo

rmas

wit

ches

,de

mon

s,an

d

mon

ster

s,or

inan

impe

rson

alfo

rmasa

sort

ofpe

rvad

ing

tain

tor

corr

upti

on

ofth

eai

r.T

his

isth

ev

iew

of

Dr.

1W

.M

annh

ardt

,D

erlJ

au.i,

ikul

iia

dee

Ger

man

efl

und

ilu

er4y

wii

bar

’

s/am

ine

(Ber

lin,

t875

),pp

.521

sqq

.

14

1,

143,

i6,

16

2sq

.,16

3sq

.,i6

6,

17

3,

19

1,

201.

32

8

edit

ions

ofth

isw

ork

;bu

t

heW

cstc

nnar

ck,

‘M

idsu

mm

erC

usto

ms

inh

occo

,”So

/he/

ore,

xvi.

(1905)

pp.

44eg

g.;

dL,

The

Ori

gin

enS

Dev

e/ap

men

tof

the

Mor

alid

eas

(Lo

nd

on

,1906

1908

),1.

56;

id,,

Css

m,m

ies

and

Be/

iefr

conn

ecte

dw

ith

.dir

icu/

ture

,ce

rtai

nD

ates

of

the

Sol

arL

iar,

and

the

1’ f/c

othe

rin

ilfor

occo

(Hel

sing

fors

,1

91

3),

PP-

93-1

02.

S.

Mo

gk

,“

Sit

tcn

und

Geb

rau

che

inK

reis

lau

fd

esah

res,

”in

R.

Vutt

ke’

sSh

tchs

isch

eV

olks

kund

e2

Dre

sden

,190

I),

ps

310

sq.

The

Go/

den

iGoG

h,S

econ

dE

di

no

n(L

ondo

n,1900

),ii

i.3

12

“Ih

eeu

x’on

sof

leap

ing

over

the

fire

330

[iV

EE

RP

RE

TA

PlO

t’!

OF

TH

EF

IRE

-FE

ST

IVA

LS

CH

AP

vO

NT

IlE

FIR

EF

ES

T/V

Ai>

LV

GE

NE

RA

L

Edw

ard

Wes

term

arck

and

app

aren

tly

ofP

rofe

ssor

Eug

enM

ogk.

’It

may

beca

lled

the

puri

flca

tory

theo

ry.

Ob

viou

sly

the

two

theo

ries

post

ulat

etw

ove

rydi

ffer

ent

con

cept

ions

ofth

cflu

ew

hich

phys

the

prin

cipa

lp

ait

inth

eri

tes

On

the

one

view

,th

efi

re,

like

suns

hine

inou

rla

titu

de,

isa

geni

alcr

eati

vepo

wer

whi

chfo

ster

sth

egr

owth

ofpl

ants

anc

the

dev

elopm

ent

ofal

lth

atm

akes

for

hea

lth

arid

happ

ines

son

the

oth

ervi

ew,

the

fire

isa

fier

cedes

truct

ive

pow

erw

hich

blas

tsan

dco

nsum

esal

lth

eno

xiou

sel

emen

ts,

whe

the.

spir

itua

lor

mat

eria

l,th

atm

enac

eth

elif

eof

men

,of

anim

’an

dof

plan

ts.

Acc

ordi

ngto

the

one

theo

ryth

efi

reis

stim

ula

nt,

acco

rdin

gto

the

oth

erit

isa

disi

nfec

tant

;on

t

one

view

its

virt

ueis

posi

tive

,on

the

othe

rit

isne

gati

ve.

Yet

the

two

exp

lan

atio

ns,

diff

eren

tas

they

are

inL

char

acte

rw

hich

they

attr

ibute

toth

efi

re,

are

per

hap

sno

tw

holl

yir

reco

ncil

able

,If

we

assu

me

that

the

fire

ski

ndle

dat

thes

efe

stiv

als

wer

epri

mar

ily

inte

nded

toim

itat

eti

sun’

sli

ght

and

heat

,m

ayw

en

ot

rega

rdth

epu

rifi

cato

rydi

sinf

ecti

ngqu

alit

ies,

whi

chp

op

ula

rop

inio

nce

rtai

nly

appe

art

toha

veas

crib

edto

them

,as

attr

ibute

sde

rive

ddi

rect

lyfr

onth

epu

rifi

cato

ryan

ddi

sinf

ecti

ngqu

alit

ies

ofsu

nsh

ine?

Ith

isw

ayw

em

ight

conc

lude

that

,w

hile

the

imit

atio

nsu

nshi

nein

thes

ece

rem

onie

sw

asp

rim

ary

and

orig

inal

,ft

puri

fica

tion

attr

ibute

dto

them

was

seco

ndar

yan

dde

riva

tiv

Suc

ha

conc

lusi

on,

occu

pyin

gan

inte

rmed

iate

posi

tion

Itw

een

the

two

oppo

sing

theo

ries

and

reco

gniz

ing

anel

emof

truth

inbo

thof

them

,w

asad

opte

dby

me

inea

rlie

:in

the

mea

nti

me

Dr.

Wes

ter

end

do

sin

gca

ttle

thro

ug

hIt

may

bein

tended

,on

the

one

hand

,to

secu

refo

rm

anan

dbe

ast

ash

are

of

the

vita

’en

ergy

ofth

eS

un,

and,

onth

eot

hand

,to

purg

eth

empf

all

cv,,

fluen

ces;

for

toth

epri

mit

ive

min

dii

isth

em

ost

pow

erfu

lof

all

puri

fica

toag

en

ts”;

and

agai

n,id

,ii

i.31

4“

isqu

ite

poss

ible

that

inth

ese

cust

omth

eid

eaof

the

qu

ick

enin

gpo

wer

cfi

rem

aybe

com

bine

dw

ith

the

con

cept

ion

ofit

as

apurg

ativ

eag

ent

foth

eex

puls

ion

Or

des

truct

ion

of

cvi

bein

gs,

such

asw

itch

esan

dth

eve

rmil

that

dest

roy

the

frui

tsof

the

eart

hC

erta

inly

the

fire

sar

eof

ten

intc

33

1

mar

ckha

sar

gued

pow

erfu

lly

infa

vour

ofth

epu

rifi

cato

ry

theo

ryal

one,

and

Iam

boun

dto

say

that

his

argu

men

ts

carr

ygre

atw

eigh

t,an

dth

aton

afu

ller

revi

ewof

the

fact

s

the

bala

nce

ofev

iden

cese

ems

tom

eto

incl

ine

deci

dedl

yin

his

favo

ur.

How

ever

,th

eca

seis

not

socl

ear

asto

just

ify

usin

dism

issi

ngth

eso

lar

theo

ryw

itho

utdi

scus

sion

,an

d

acco

rdin

gly

Ipr

opos

eto

addu

ceth

eco

nsid

erat

ions

whi

ch

tell

for

itbe

fore

proc

eedi

ngto

noti

ceth

ose

whi

chte

ll

agai

nst

it.A

theo

ryw

hich

had

the

support

ofso

lear

ned

and

sag;

tcio

usan

inves

tigat

or

asW

.M

annhar

dt

isen

titl

ed

toa

resp

ectf

ulhe

arin

g.

§2.

The

So

/ar

The

ory

of

the

Fir

e-Js

tival

S

Inan

earl

ier

par

tof

this

wor

kw

esa

wth

atsa

vage

sT

heor

y

reso

rtto

char

ms

for

mak

ing

suns

hine

,’an

dit

wou

ldhe

noth

e

won

der

ifpr

imit

ive

man

inE

uro

pe

did

the

sam

e.In

deed

,etw

ls

whe

nw

eco

nsid

erth

een

dan

dcl

oudy

clim

ate

ofE

uro

pe

duri

ng

agre

atp

art

ofth

eye

ar,

we

shal

lfi

ndit

nat

ura

lth

atP

P

sun-

char

ms

shou

ldha

vepl

ayed

am

uch

mor

epro

min

ent

one.

par

tam

ong

the

supe

rsti

tiou

spr

acti

ces

ofE

uro

pea

npe

ople

s

than

amon

gth

ose

ofsa

vage

sw

holi

venea

rer

the

equat

or

and

who

conse

quen

tly

are

apt

toge

tin

the

cour

seof

nat

ure

mor

esu

nshi

neth

anth

eyw

ant.

This

view

ofth

efe

stiv

als

may

besu

pport

edby

vari

ous

argum

ents

draw

np

artl

y

from

thei

rda

tes,

par

tly

from

the

nat

ure

ofth

eri

tes,

and

par

tly

from

the

infl

uenc

e’w

hich

they

are

beli

eved

toex

ert

upon

the

wea

ther

and

onve

geta

tion

.

Fir

st,

inre

gard

toth

eda

tes

ofth

efe

stiv

als

itca

nhe

no(/o

hle

i

mer

eac

cide

ntth

attw

oof

the

mos

tim

po

rtan

tan

dw

idel

yde

uce

oftW

Oof

tile

spre

adof

the

fest

ival

sar

eti

med

toco

inci

dem

ore

orle

ssle

stiv

als

exac

tly

wit

hth

esu

mm

eran

dw

inte

rso

isti

ces,

that

is,

wit

h

the

two

turn

ing-p

oin

tsin

the

sun’

sap

par

ent

cour

sein

the

sky

whe

nhe

reac

hes

resp

ecti

vely

his

hig

hes

tan

dhi

slo

wes

t

elev

atio

nat

noon

.In

dee

dw

ith

resp

ect

toth

em

idw

inte

r

cele

brat

ion

ofC

hris

tmas

we

are

not

left

toco

nje

ctu

re;

we

pre

ted

inth

ela

tter

way

byth

epe

rson

scl

ass

ofca

ses

this

aspe

ctof

file

nii

y

who

ligh

tth

enl

;an

dth

ispurg

ativ

ebe

seco

ndar

y,if

inde

edit

ism

ore

use

ofti

lecl

emen

tco

nIes

out

very

than

ala

ter

mis

inte

rpre

tati

on

ofth

e

pro

min

entl

y,

asw

eha

vese

en,

inth

ecu

slon

3.”

gen

eral

explI

lSiO

nof

dem

ons

fro

m1

The

Ahg

gde

Art

and

the

livo

/uti

on

tow

nsan

dvi

llag

es.

But

inth

epr

esen

to/

Ain

ge,

i.31

Isq

q.

know

fron

the

exp

ress

test

imony

ofth

ean

cien

tsth

atit

win

stii

ute

dby

the

chur

chto

supe

rsed

ean

old

heat

hen

fest

ir’

ofth

ebi

rth

ofth

esu

n,’

whi

chw

asap

par

entl

yco

ncei

ved

tobe

born

agai

non

the

sho

rtes

tday

ofth

eye

ar,

afte

rw

hich

his

ligh

tan

dh

eat

wer

ese

ento

gro

wti

llth

eyat

tain

edti

_:

full

mat

uri

tyat

mid

sum

mer

.T

her

efore

itis

nove

ryfa

rfe

tche

dco

njec

ture

tosu

ppos

eth

atth

eY

ule

log,

whk

figu

res

sop

rom

inen

tly

inth

epo

pula

rce

lebr

atio

nof

Ch

rist

rr,

was

orig

inal

lyde

sign

edto

help

the

labo

urin

gsu

nof

mid

—v

intc

rto

reki

ndle

his

seem

ingl

yex

pir

ing

ligh

t.T

he

idea

that

byli

ghti

nga

log

onea

rth

you

can

rek

iz’

afi

rein

heav

enor

fan

itin

toa

bri

gh

ter

blaz

e,nat

ura

llse

ems

tous

absu

rd;

but

toth

esa

vage

min

dit

wea

rsdi

ffer

ent

aspe

ct.

and

the

inst

itu

tio

nof

the

gre

atfi

re—

fest

ival

sw

hich

we

are

cons

ider

ing

prob

ably

date

sfr

oma

‘tim

ew

hen

Ft

i °p

‘iis

stil

lsu

nkin

six

orit

mos

tin

bir

bati

smN

owit

can

besh

ewn

that

inor

der

toin

crea

seth

ece

lest

ial

sourc

eof

hea

tat

mid

win

ter

sava

ges

reso

rtto

apr

acti

cean

alog

ous

toth

atof

our

Yul

elo

g,if

the

kind

ling

oftL

Yul

elo

gw

asor

igin

ally

am

agic

alri

tein

tended

tore

kind

leth

esu

n,In

the

south

ern

hem

isph

ere,

whe

reth

eor

der

ofth

ese

ason

sis

the

reve

rse

ofou

rs,

the

risi

ngof

Sir

ius

orth

eI)

ogS

tar

inJu

lym

arks

the

seas

onof

the

gre

ates

tin

stea

dof

,as

wit

hus

,th

eg

reat

est

hea

t;

and

just

asth

cci

vili

zed

anci

ents

ascr

ibed

the

torr

idh

eat

ofm

idsu

mm

ert

that

bril

lian

tst

ar,

2so

the

mod

ern

sava

geof

Sou

thA

fric

aat

trib

ute

sto

itth

epi

erci

ngco

ldof

mid

win

ter

and

seek

sto

mit

igat

eit

sri

gour

byw

arm

ing

upth

ech

illy

star

wth

ege

nial

hea

tof

the

su

n.

How

hedo

esso

may

bede

scri

bed

inhi

sow

nw

ords

asfo

llow

s:_

1

“The

Bus

hmen

perc

eiv

eC

an

op

us,

they

say

toa

chil

d

‘Giv

em

eyonder

piec

eof

woo

d,th

atm

aypu

tth

een

dof

itin

the

fire

,th

atI

may

poin

tit

burn

ing

tow

ards

gra

nd

mot

her,

for

gra

nd

mo

ther

carr

ies

Bus

hman

rice

;gra

ndm

oth

er

shal

lm

ake

ali

ttle

war

mth

for

usfo

rsh

eco

ldly

com

esou

t

the

sun

shal

lw

arm

gra

nd

mo

th’5

eye

for

us.’

Sir

ius

com

es

out

;th

epe

ople

call

out

toon

ean

oth

er‘

Sir

ius

com

es

yonder

;‘th

eysa

yto

one

anoth

er:

Ye

mus

tbu

rna

stic

kfo

r

usto

war

dsS

iriu

s.’

They

say

toon

ean

oth

er‘W

how

asit

who

saw

Sir

ius?

’O

nem

ansa

ysto

the

oth

er‘O

urbro

ther

saw

Siri

us.’

The

oth

erm

ansa

ysto

him

:‘

IS

tLV

Siri

us.’

The

othe

rm

ansa

ysto

him

‘1w

ish

thee

tobu

rna

stic

k

for

usto

war

dsS

iriu

s;

that

the

sun

may

shin

ing

com

eout

for

usth

atS

iriu

sm

aynot

cold

lyco

me

out.’

Th

eoth

er

man

(the

one

wh

osa

wS

iriu

s)sa

ysto

his

son

‘B

ring

me

the

smal

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