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© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
The Visible PCChapter 3
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
Overview
• In this chapter, you will learn how to
– Describe how the PC works
– Identify all the connectors and devices on a typical PC system unit
– Discuss the major internal components of a PC
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
How the PC Works
• Hardware
– Pieces you can kick (mouse, monitor, motherboard, etc.)
• Software
– Operating system (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux)
– Applications (PowerPoint, Word, Outlook, Internet Explorer)
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
How the PC Works
Figure 1 : Computer musing that a string of ones and zeros makes perfect sense
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
How the PC Works (continued)
Figure 2: Typical Mac OS X (left), Linux (middle), and Windows (right) interfaces
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
How the PC Works (continued)
• Getting data into the computer
• Keyboard, mouse, webcam, etc…Input
• Occurs when the computer processes or manipulates data
• CPUProcessing
• Provided as the result of processing data
• Softcopy (monitor), Hardcopy (printer)Output
• Keep the data for later use
• Hard drive, optical media, flash driveStorage
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
How the PC Works (continued)
Figure 3: Processing takes place somewhere in here!
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
How the PC Works (continued)
Figure 4: Output devices
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
How the PC Works (continued)
Figure 5: Typical storage (CD-R discs)
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
• The Art of the PC Technician
– Hardware and software interact to accomplish the four stages.
– Your goal is to understand all the parts and how they interact in the various stages.
• By understanding how it works, you’re better able to fix it when it breaks.
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Broken PC PC tech Fixed PC
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The Art of the PC Technician
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
• System Unit - All of the processing and storage takes place in the system unit
• Monitor - Provides a visual output for the computer
• Keyboard - Provides keyed input, based on a typewriter
• Mouse - Pointing device used to control a graphical pointer on the monitor for input
• Speakers - Provides sound output
• Printer - Provides printed paper output
The Complete PC
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
The Complete PC (continued)
Figure 6: Typical desktop computer with peripherals
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
External Connections
Figure 7: Connections in the back of a PC
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
External Connections (continued)
• Plug goes into a port.
• Port/jack accepts a plug.
• Connector can be either a port or a plug.
Figure 8: Plug, port, and jack
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
External Connections (continued)
• There are six basic types of connections:
– Mini-DIN connectors
– USB connectors
– FireWire connectors
– DB connectors
– RJ connectors
– Audio connectors
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
Mini-DIN Connectors
• DIN connectors are round and come in two sizes:
– DIN (ancient)
– Mini-DIN (a.k.a. PS/2)
• Always a female connector
• Used by a keyboard or mouse
Figure 9: DIN (top) and mini-DIN
(bottom) connectors
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
USB Connectors
• Universal serial bus (USB)
– Used by many devices today
– Devices are hot-swappable
• USB B plugs into devices
• USB A plugs into computers
• USB mini-B connects to smaller devices
• Less common are mini-A and micro-A/B
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
USB Connectors (continued)
Figure 10: USB A connector and port
Figure 12: USB mini-B connector
Figure 11: USB B connector
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
USB Connectors (continued)
Figure 13: Cell phone charging via a USB connection
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
FireWire Connectors/IEEE 1394
• FireWire connectors move data at incredibly high speeds.
– Also known as IEEE 1394
• Do not confuse this with the IEEE 1284 (parallel standard).
– Popular with video applications
– Uses a 6-wire connector (note the rounded edge)
– Some devices use a 4-wire
connector
– Hot-swappable
– Faster FireWire devices use a 9-wire connector
Figure 14: FireWire connector and port
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
DB Connectors
• DB connectors have a slight D shape
• Male DB connectors have pins
• Female DB connectors have sockets
• DB is the oldest type ofconnector in the PC
• Officially called D-shell orD-subminiature
• Has 9–37 Pins
Figure 15: DB-25 connector and port
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
• Registered jack or RJ connectors
• RJ-11 connectors are used by telephone lines
• RJ-45 connectors are used in network interface cards (NICs)
RJ Connectors
Figure 16: RJ-11 (top) and RJ-45 (bottom)
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
Audio Connectors
• Audio connectors are found on sound cards
– Used to connect speakers, microphones, and other audio devices
• Mini-audio jacks
– Also called 1/8” jack
Figure 17: Mini-audio jacks and plug
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
All the Colors of the Rainbow
• The connections on the back of the computer have been standardized
Connection Color
VGA Blue
Parallel Burgundy
Audio Line-In Blue
Audio Line-Out Lime
Microphone Pink
PS/2 Mouse Green
PS/2 Keyboard Purple
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
Devices and Their Connectors
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Cards vs. On-boards
• Connectors are exposed on the rear and front of PCs.
• Some connectors attach directly to the motherboard.
• Some connectors attach to boards that plug into the motherboard.
Figure 18: Typical expansion card
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Keyboard
• Keyboards connect into dedicated mini-DIN (usually purple) or USB
• Mini-DIN plugs and ports are usually either purple (for keyboards) or green (for mice)
Figure 19: Keyboard plug and port
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Monitors
• Monitors connect to ports on video cards
– S-Video connector (left)
– Digital visual interface (DVI) connector (center)
– 15-pin blue female DB connector (right)
Figure 20: Video card with (from left to right) S-Video, DVI, and VGA ports
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Monitors (continued)
• Newest connector type is called Hi-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
– Brings a number of enhancements
– Carries both sound and video on same cable
– Designed for home theater systems
Figure 21: HDMI connector
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Sound
• Converts digital information into sound
• Converts sound from a microphone into digital data
• Mini-audio jacks for speakers and microphones
• DB-15 connector for a joystick or musical instrument
Figure 22: Typical bank of 1/8-inch audio jacks
Figure 23: Legacy joystick/MIDI port
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
Sound (continued)
• Newer Sony/Phillips Digital Interface Format (S/PDIF)
• Comes in coaxial and optical versions
• Replaces all of the mini-audio connections
Figure 24: S/PDIF connection
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Network
• Networks: groups of PCs connected together
• Network interface cards (NICs) typically on motherboard (can be expansion card)
• Typical connector is RJ-45
Figure 25: Typical network connection
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Mouse
• A mouse enables you to select graphical items on a screen
• Connects through mini-DIN port (light green), USB port, or Bluetooth
• A trackball may be used instead of a mouse
Figure 26: Mouse with
mini-DIN connection
Figure 27: Trackball
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Modem
• Modems convert analog telephone signals into digital data and vice-versa
– Internal modems are expansion cards
– External modems connect to a serial port or a USB port
– May use one or two RJ-11 sockets
• Cable from wall to computer is mandatory, and from computer to phone is optional
Figure 28: Internal modem
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
• Printers output data from the PC onto paper
• Historically used a female DB-25 on the computer side and a Centronicsconnection on the printer side
• Today, printers use USB or wireless connections
Printer
Figure 29: Parallel port
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
Joysticks
• Joysticks are used almost exclusively to play games on the computer
– Originally designed as an input
device to be used like a mouse
– DB-15 connector (typically orange)
– Most joysticks use USB today
Figure 30: Joystick
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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• Special connector for external hard drives and optical drives
eSATA
Figure 31: eSATA port
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Inside the System Unit
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
• The case houses all of the internal components
– Protects internal components
– External connections in front and rear
– Provides access to storage devices such as CDs
Case
Figure 32: Case—front and back
Figure 33: Onboard connections
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
Going Inside
• Most cases open with a Phillipsscrewdriver
• Some use thumbscrews
• Proprietary cases open in odd ways, like with Torx wrenches
• When inside, be careful!– ESD issues
– Dropped screws (use plastic tools)
• Inside you’ll find internal components:– Motherboard
– Devices attached to the motherboard
– Start in the center with the CPU
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
Going Inside (continued)
Figure 34: Opening a system unit
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
CPU
• Central processing unit (CPU)
– Also called a microprocessor
• Performs calculations
• Generates a lot of heat
– Cooling fan and/or heat sink used to keep them
coolFigure 36: CPU with fan
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
• CPUs come in different packages:
– Pin grid array (PGA)
– Land grid array (LGA)
CPU (continued)
• Makes
– Intel
– AMD
• Models
– Phenom
– Athlon
– Pentium
– Core
Figure 35: Typical CPUs still in protective packaging
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
CPU (continued)
Figure 37: CPU and matching socket
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
RAM
• Random access memory (RAM)
– Stores programs and data currently used by the CPU
– Measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB)
– Each piece or module of RAM is called a stick
– Dual inline memory module (DIMM) most common today
Figure 38: Two DIMMs
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
Motherboards
• The motherboard is a thin, flat piece of circuit board
– Everything connects directly or indirectly to the motherboard
– Contains sockets for the CPU, RAM, power, and external
devices such as mice, printers, and keyboards
– Expansion slots allow the addition of new components
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
Motherboards (continued)
Figure 39: Typical motherboard
Figure 40: Placing a card into an expansion slot
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
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Fourth Edition
Power Supply
• Provides electrical power to PC components
– Uses 110-VAC power from the wall outlet
– Has power connectors for the motherboard and other
devices
– Uses a fan to keep itself and the PC cool inside
• Safety Alert!
– High-voltage capacitor holds power after being unplugged
Figure 41: Power supply
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
• The floppy drive uses floppy diskettes to store data
– Connects to the computer via a ribbon cable
– Connects to the floppy controller on the motherboard
– Uses a connector from the power supply
Floppy Drive
Figure 42: Floppy drive connected to motherboard
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
Managing and
Troubleshooting PCs
Fourth Edition
• Hard drives store programs and data not currently in use by the CPU
– Capacity is quoted in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB).
– A typical PC has one hard drive but may contain more
– Common types include:
• Parallel AT attachment (PATA)
• Serial AT attachment (SATA)
• Small computer systeminterface (SCSI)
• Uses a power cable from the power supply
Hard Drive
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Hard Drive (continued)
Figure 43: SATA and PATA drives showing data connectors
Figure 44: Hard drive and DVD drive
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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®
Guide to
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Fourth Edition
Optical Media Drives
• Three groups
– CD
• Stores about 700 MB of data
– DVD
• Stores about 4–16 GB of data
– Blu-ray Disc (BD)
• Stores about 25–50 GB of data
Figure 45: Assorted optical discs
Figure 46: Optical drives