Fourth edition

TheCaribbeanEnvironmentfor CSEC@ Geography

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MarkWilson

Chapter 4 Limestone landscapes4.1 Limestone 604.2 Caves and limestone features 624.3 Cockpit karst 66

Chapter 2 External forces2.1 Denudation, weathering, mass wasting

and erosion 262.2 Weathering 282.3 Rock types and erosion 322.4 Mass wasting 34

Chapter 1 The Earth's internal forces1.1 The Earth's crust and plate tectonics 41.2 Convergent, divergent, and transform plate

margins 61.3 The Caribbean Plate and its neighbours 81.4 Plate margins: volcanoes, folding

and faulting 101.5 Extrusive volcano features 161.6 Intrusive volcano features 181.7 Changes in volcanic features 201.8 Earth's internal forces: review 24

Chapter 3 Rivers3. 1 The water cyde 363.2 Drainage basins 383.3 Erosion, transport and deposition 403.4 River valleys 443.5 Rapids, waterfalls and gorges 463.6 Flood plains and me anders 483.7 Oxbow lakes, levees, braided channels and

deltas 503.8 Caribbean rivers 543.9 Rivers and weathering: review 58

182186

Chapter 7 Ecosystems7.1 Components of an ecosystem 1067.2 The soil 1087.3 Equatorial ecosystems 1107.4 Tropical continental ecosystems 1147.5 Tropical marine ecosystems 1187.6 Volcanic and limes tone islands 1237.7 Climate and ecosystems: review 125

Chapter 8 Population8.1 Population distribution 1308.2 Representing population data 1328.3 Population growth 1348.4 The demographie transition 1368.5 Population in the Caribbean 1408.6 Population in Japan and the USA 142

Chapter 6 Weather and c1imate6.1 Weather and dimate 86·6.2 Caribbean weather systems 906.3 Weather maps 946.4 Hurricanes 966.5 How relief affects dimate 102

Chapter 9 Settlement and migration9.1 Urbanisation 1449.2 Urban growth: Port-au-Prince 1469.3 Settlement in StVincent 1489.4 Population changes in Kingston 1509.5 Benefits and problems of urbanisation 1529.6 Nassau and the Family Islands 1569.7 International migration 1589.8 Caribbean migration flows 1609.9 Population and settlement: review 164

Chapter 10 Resources and development10.1 Economic activities in the Caribbean 16610.2 Development: key concepts 16810.3 Fishing in Belize 17010.4 Bauxite mining 17410.5 Oil and gas in Trinidad and Tobago 178

Chapter 11 Agriculture11.1 Agriculture in the Caribbean11.2 Peasant farming in Guyana

707275788184

Chapter 5 Coasts5. 1 Waves in action5.2 Cliffs and marine erosion5.3 Bays and beaches5.4 Spits, tombolos and bars5.5 Coral reefs5.6 Coastal features: review

11.3 Sugar growing in Guyana 190 17.4 Global warming and the Caribbean 27611.4 Wheat farming in Canada 192 17.5 Global warming and the Maldives 27811.5 Agriculture: review 196 17.6 Praposals for international action 280

17.7 Reducing carbon emissions 282Chapter 12 Tourism 17.8 A contral strategy: the Netherlands 28612.1 Tourism in the Caribbean 19812.2 Barbados: successes and challenges 200 Chapter 18 Coral reefs and their12.3 Contrasts in tourism 202 problems12.4 Cruise ships and aircraft 204 18.1 Threats to the reefs 28812.5 Sustainable tourism 206 18.2 Coral reefs and beach erosion 290

18.3 Protecting reefs and beaches 292Chapter 13 Manufacturing13.1 Challenges to Caribbean Chapter 19 Protecting the forests

manufacturing 208 19.1 Threats to the forests 29413.2 Food pracessing 210 19.2 The effects of deforestation 29613.3 Garment manufacturing 212 19.3 Land management strategies 30013.4 Manufacturing in Hong Kong 21413.5 A Caribbean economy: ]amaica 218 Chapter 20 Using maps13.6 Location factors: review 221 20.1 Satellites and maps 30613.7 Trends and challenges: review 223 20.2 Latitude and longitude 311

20.3 Time zones 312Chapter 14 Natural hazards 20.4 Air photographs and maps 31514.1 What is a natural hazard? 228 20.5 Scale and symbols 31814.2 Hurricanes: the threats 230 20.6 Grid references 32014.3 Hurricanes: the warning 232 20.7 Scale and distance 32214.4 Ivan and ]eanne 234 20.8 Relief 32414.5 Volcanoes: the threats 238 20.9 Sections and gradients 32814.6 The Montserrat eruption 240 20.10 Direction 33214.7 Montserrat: warning and 20.11 Reducing and enlarging 333

reconstruction 242 20.12 Petit Martinique 33414.8 Earthquakes: the threats 244 20.13 Tucker Valley,Trinidad 33614.9 Earthquakes in the Caribbean 246 20.14 Grenville, Grenada 33814.10 The Haiti earthq uake: 20 10 248 20.15 Holetown, Barbados 340

20.16 Queen of Spain's Valley,]amaica 342Chapter 15 Dealing with hazards 20.17 Interpreting maps: review 34515.1 Planning ahead 25215.2 The warning 254 Chapter 21 Field studies15.3 Relief and reconstruction 256 21.1 Choosing a topic 35015.4 Hazard maps 258 21.2 Preliminary research 353

21.3 Primary sources 354Chapter 16 Pollution 21.4 Presenting your study 35716.1 Air pollution 260 21.5 Illustrations 36016.2 Water pollution 262 21.6 Bibliography and appendix 36216.3 The Gulf of Mexico oil spill 26616.4 Land pollution 268 Answering Exam Questions 364

Chapter 17 Global warming Index 36617.1 The Earth's changing climate 27017.2 Carbon and global warming 27217.3 Global warming and the future 274

CONTENTS