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Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+®

Guide to

Managing and

Troubleshooting PCs

Fourth Edition

BIOSChapter 8



Guide to

Managing and

Troubleshooting PCs

Fourth Edition

Overview

• In this chapter, you will learn how to

– Explain the function of BIOS

– Distinguish among various CMOS setup utility options

– Describe option ROM and device drivers

– Troubleshoot the power-on self test (POST)

– Maintain BIOS and CMOS properly



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We need to talk…



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Necessary CPU Functions

• Two functions are necessary for devices to work:

– The CPU must have a way to talk to devices.

– Devices must have a way to send data to and receive data from the CPU.

• Fix: We’ll elevate the MCC into the chipset and use that to connect the CPU to all the devices.



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The Northbridge and Southbridge

• The Northbridge is the first chip in the chipset.

– Connects the CPU to video and/or memory

• The Southbridge, the second in the chipset

– handles all inputs and outputs to the many devices in the PC and extends data bus and address bus to all other parts of PC.

• The chipset extends the data bus to touch all the devices.

– It also extends the address bus.



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The Northbridge and Southbridge (continued)

Figure 1: Meet the Northbridge



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Figure 2: The chipset extending the data bus



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Figure 3: Every device in your computer connects to the address bus.



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Talking to the Keyboard

• Example: how the CPU recognizes when a key is pressed

– A keyboard controller chip (now part of the Southbridge) recognizes when a key is pressed. Let’s say the ―J‖ key was pressed.

– The keyboard controller scans the matrix of wires

on the keyboard and puts the scan code for the ―J‖key into its register.

– The keyboard controller then gets the attention of the CPU, essentially saying, ―I have some data.‖

– When the CPU addresses the keyboard controller, the keyboard controller places the data onto the external data bus so that the CPU can read it.



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Talking to the Keyboard (continued)

• Example: how the CPU recognizes when a key is pressed (continued)

– For all of this to work, programming has to be readily available to the CPU, and the CPU needs this programming as soon as it is powered up—this programming is stored in ROM.

Figure 4: A keyboard chip on a Pentium motherboard

Figure 5: Electronic view of the keyboard controller



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Figure 6: Scan code stored in keyboard controller’s register



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Figure 7: The CPU ponders the age-old dilemma of how to get the 8042 to cough up its data.



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BIOS (Basic Input/Output Services)

• The read-only memory (ROM) chip also called system ROM or the ROM BIOS

– Nonvolatile (does not lose its programming, even if no power)

– Read-only means it cannot be easily erased

– Stores hundreds of programs called services;

collectively, this is the basic input/output services or system (BIOS)

– System ROM typically holds 64KB (65,536) lines of data code, though current Flash ROM is often 2 MB

or more in size

– Historically, a DIPP chip with a shiny label on it, but it has gone through many changes



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BIOS (continued)

• Each time the CPU needs to talk to a component, it refers to the BIOS for the program to talk to that specific device.

• The CPU talks to the ROM BIOS the same way it talks to RAM—through the address bus—with some of the address bus being reserved for the ROM BIOS.

• Many devices and expansion cards have their communication programs on ROM chips.



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BIOS (continued)

Figure 8: Typical flash ROM



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BIOS (continued)

Figure 9: Function of the flash ROM chip



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BIOS (continued)

Figure 10: CPU running BIOS service



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Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

• What it is:

– A separate chip from the ROM BIOS, though most often now part of the Southbridge

– Volatile: kept alive by a battery

– Also acts as a clock and keeps the date and time

– Stores only the changeable data, not programs, read by the BIOS

– Customizable via setup program. The setup program is stored on the ROM BIOS, but the customizable settings are on the CMOS chip.

– Stores semipermanent, user-changeable data related to hardware components such as disk

drives, RAM, and I/O ports



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Complementary Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor (CMOS) (continued)

• What it is (continued):

– Is typically 64 KB, but only a fraction of that is actually used to store the critical data

Figure 11: Old-style CMOS



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Modify CMOS: The Setup Program

• PCs come with CMOS setup programs

– Allows you to access and modify CMOS data

• The CMOS setup program is built into the system ROM chip and may be accessed in a number of ways, depending on the manufacturer and date of the ROM chip.

– There are many BIOS manufacturers—each manufacturer uses a different key sequence to

enter the CMOS setup and may use a different key sequence within different models of the same brand



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Modify CMOS: The Setup Program (continued)

Figure 12: AMI BIOS information

Figure 13: Award/Phoenix BIOS information



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– The most common BIOS manufacturers and some common key sequences to enter the CMOS Setup (usually says on the boot screen) are:

•Award (most common): Press DEL

• Phoenix: Press CTRL-ALT-ESC or F2

•American Megatrends (AMI): Press DEL

• For others press F1, CTRL-ALT-INS,

CTRL-ALT-ENTER, or CTRL-ALT-S



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Modify CMOS: The setup Modify CMOS: The Setup Program (continued) (continued)

Figure 14: Typical CMOS main screen by Award

Figure 15: Standard CMOS Features screen



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Figure 16: Phoenix BIOS CMOS setup utility Main screen

Figure 17: Older Award setup screen



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• MB Intelligent Tweaker (M.I.T.):

– You can use the MB Intelligent Tweaker (M.I.T.) to change the voltage and multiplier settings on the

motherboard for the CPU from the defaults.

– Motherboards that cater to overclockers tend to have this option.

– Normally, you would keep these settings at AUTO

or default.



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Figure 18: MB Intelligent Tweaker (M.I.T.)



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• Advanced BIOS Features: Boot option, as well as other miscellaneous items usually found here

– Virtualization Support: A virtual machine is a

powerful type of program that enables you to run multiple software-based machines inside your physical PC

– Recreates (or virtualizes) the motherboard, hard drives, RAM, network adapters, and more, and is

just as powerful as a real PC

– To run these virtual machines, you need a very powerful PC—CPU manufacturers have added hardware-assisted virtualization



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Figure 19: Advanced BIOS Features



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• Advanced BIOS Features (continued):

– Chassis Intrusion Detection: When enabled, it is used to warn an administrator if someone has

opened the case. Often a hardware switch and a BIOS setting are used to detect an intrusion

• Advanced chipset features: Deals with low-level chipset functions

– Normally, you would leave settings here at their default values

• Integrated peripherals: Used to configure ports



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Figure 20: Advanced Chipset Features



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Figure 21: Integrated Peripherals



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• Power management setup:

– Used to set the sleep timers method. Also often used to configure IRQs (Enabled/Disabled/AUTO)

• Overclocking:

– Many PCs have CMOS setup menus that display information about the CPU, RAM, and GPU and include controls for overclocking them

• PnP/PCI configuration:

– Set up plug-and-play configurations and also sometimes IRQ settings



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Figure 22: Power Management Setup

Figure 23: PnP/PCI Configurations



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• And the rest of the CMOS settings:

– PC Health Status: Often display information about voltage, CPU and case temperatures, and fan

speed

– Load Fail-Safe: These options reset all settings to their fail-safe or factory default settings. Generally used when a setting prevents a system from

booting or to fix corrupt settings

– Optimized: Sets CMOS settings for the best possible speed/stability

– Set Password: Set user password (a password to boot the computer) or an administrator password

(to get into CMOS)



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Figure 24: CMOS password prompt



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• And the rest of the CMOS settings (continued):

– DriveLock passwords: Enables an ATA security feature that prevents unauthorized access to a hard drive. A password is required to boot.

– Some PC manufacturers also include LoJack

security features in their BIOS—this way, if your PC is stolen, you can track its location, install a key logger, or even remotely shut down your computer.



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• And the rest of the CMOS settings (continued):

– Trusted Platform Module (TPM): Acts as a cryptoprocessor for various encryption technologies such as Digital Rights Management (DRM), disk encryption, network access control, application

execution control, and password protection

• Exiting and saving settings: Saves or doesn’t save the changes made to the CMOS



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Option ROM and Device Drivers

• Option ROM or Bring your own BIOS (BYOB)

– Individual ROM BIOS on expansion cards and devices

– Device drivers loaded into RAM at boot

• Device drivers—each a file stored on the hard drive that loads all the BIOS commands for a specific device into RAM at boot

– Comes with a device you buy as an installation disc (floppy or CD-ROM)



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Option ROM and Device Drivers (continued)

Figure 25: Option ROM



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Figure 26: Option ROM at boot

Figure 27: Windows asking for the installation disc



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• BIOS, BIOS, everywhere

• Every piece of hardware must have a program that allows the CPU to communicate with it

– The program may be on motherboard ROM

– The program may be on ROM on the individual hardware

– The program may be on a driver



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Power-on self-test (POST)



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ROM Initiates the POST Process

• Upon boot, the ROM initiates the POST process

• The POST routine sends out a message to all assumed components to initiate self-tests

– This determines whether the components are working properly. The quality of POST diagnostics is determined by the component.

• If a component fails self-diagnostics, the POST process halts and sends an error message.



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Beep Codes

• Before and during the video test: beep codes

• If video is missing or faulty, you’ll hear one long beep followed by three short beeps.

• If RAM is missing or faulty, you’ll hear a rather alarming beeping/buzzing that will repeat as long as the computer is on.

• If the POST completes successfully, you’ll hear one or two short beeps.



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Text Errors

• Once the video is determined to be good, errors can be displayed.

• Errors are usually displayed in clear text, though they can sometimes be rather cryptic.

Figure 28: POST text error messages



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POST Cards

• The small expansion card installs into an available slot

– used to monitor the POST and identify whether a piece of hardware is causing startup issues

• Note the light emitting diode (LED) display to see what device POST is currently checking

– Refer to the two-digit hex code on the LED display

to determine the faulty POST code

• Look up the code in the companion manual—it can help identify the faulty component



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POST Cards (continued)

• If the PC passes POST, the problem is more likely a software problem

• POST cards used to be an essential tool for techs

– Today they are rarely used, and then only on a

―dead‖ PC to determine at which level it’s dead

– If the POST card shows no reading, the problem is before the POST and must be related to the CPU



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POST Cards (continued)

Figure 29: POST card in action



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The Boot Process

• The power supply checks for proper voltage.

– If the proper voltage is found, the power supply sends a signal through the power good wire.

– This awakens the CPU, which in turn sends a built-in memory address, which is the first line of the

POST program on the system ROM.

• The ROM begins the POST routines.

• Once the POST is passed, the ROM begins the boot process (the bootstrap loader) by looking for an operating system according to the CMOS settings.



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The Boot Process (continued)

Figure 30: CMOS boot order



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The Boot Process (continued)

• The CMOS settings tell it which device to try to boot from.

– It looks at the boot sector of that device (floppy, CD-ROM, hard drive, etc.) and tries to load an operating system.

• Once the boot process begins, control is handed over to the operating system.

• Some BIOS allow the PC to use a preboot execution environment (PXE).

– A PXE enables you to boot a PC without any local

storage by retrieving an OS from a server over a network.



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Care and feeding of BIOS and CMOS



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Losing CMOS Settings

• The battery provides continuous trickle charge to hold data. It also keeps the clock running.

• If the battery dies or is removed, all data is lost and the system returns to factory defaults.

• Common errors

– CMOS configuration mismatch

– CMOS date/time not set

– No boot device available

– CMOS battery state low



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Losing CMOS Settings (continued)

• Common reasons for losing CMOS data

– Pulling and inserting cards

– Touching the motherboard

– Dropping something on the motherboard

– Dirt on the motherboard

– Faulty power supplies

– Electrical surges

• If settings keep resetting, replace the battery.



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Losing CMOS Settings (continued)

Figure 31: A CMOS battery



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Flashing ROM

• Flash ROM chips can be reprogrammed.

• Download the program from the manufacturer and follow instructions.

• Typically insert a removable disk of some sort (usually a USB thumb drive) containing an updated BIOS file.

• Only flash the BIOS if necessary.



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Flashing ROM (continued)

Figure 32: ROM -updating program for an ASUS motherboard



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Beyond A+



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UEFI

• BIOS hasn’t changed much since it was conceived back in the 1980s.

– BIOS works only in 16-bit mode and depends on x86-compliant hardware.

– In addition, if there is more than one operating system loaded on a single drive, you need one of

those installed OSes to act as a boot loader.

• In 2005, Intel released its Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) for public standards, creating the Unified EFI forum to manage the specification.

– Became the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)



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UEFI (continued)

• UEFI acts as a super-BIOS, doing the same job in a 64-bit environment.

• UEFI:

– Supports 32-bit or 64-bit booting

– Handles all boot-loading duties

– Is not dependent on x86 firmware

• UEFI motherboards only became available in 2011 due to limitations of older BIOS to handle larger MBR partition support (>2.2 TB)

– 3 TB drives had issues with older BIOS



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UEFI (continued)

• UEFI motherboards support booting a newer type of hard drive partitioning called GUID Partition Table (GPT)

– Supports partitions larger than 2.2 TB



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UEFI (continued)

Figure 33: Here’s what happens when you install Windows 7 on a greater-than-2.2-TB drive using regular BIOS.



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UEFI (continued)

Figure 34: Here’s what happens when you install Windows 7 on a greater-than-2.2-TB drive using UEFI.



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UEFI (continued)

Figure 36: POST and system setup are still here.

Figure 35: ASUS EFI BIOS Utility

fourth edition bios - city tech openlab...guide to managing and troubleshooting pcs fourth edition...

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