foundation of education during medieval period
TRANSCRIPT
Foundations of Education1st Semester AY 2015-2016
THE MEDIEVAL CONCEPT OF SPIRITUAL, INTELLECTUAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC
EDUCATION
Diwanie R.
PerezMAED-E.M
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Topic OutlineMONASTICISMSCHOLASTICISMCHIVALRYTHE GUilD SYSTEM OF
EDUCATION
History The fall of Rome in 476 A.D. is
considered as the end of ancient times and the start of medieval history. In this period, four educational systems or movements emerged namely: Monasticism, Scholasticism, Chivalry, and the Guild system of education. Each educational system bears different features and characteristics that greatly influence our today’s Philippine Educational system.
The medieval concept of education is centered on spiritual, intellectual, political, and economic development.
The Medieval period of philosophy represents a renewed flowering of Western philosophical thought after the intellectual drought of the Dark Ages.
Much of the period is marked by the influence of Christianity and many of the philosophers of the period were greatly concerned with proving the existence of God and reconciling Christianity with classical philosophy.
MONASTICISM
MONASTICISM
Etymology:
- a special form of religious community life
- people separate themselves from ordinary ways of living
- based on Jesus’ passage "be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is
perfect" Matthew 5:48
Greek word “monos” meaning alone. It is sometimes called
“monaschism” literally means “dwelling alone”.
Monasteries became most influential in 1066-1300. On more than 300 monasteries, the monks educated the children, helped the poor and cared for the sick. By 1500 some were closed down by Henry VII and sold them.
MONASTICISM
MONASTICISM
Notable People:* St. Patrick – founded the first Monasticism in Ireland between
AD 432 and 461
* St. Anthony – founder of Christian monasticism
(Father of Monasticism)
men who adopt a monastic life are called monks while women are
called nuns and live in a convent
MONASTICISM
The three evangelical counsels or state of perfection:
• poverty (perfect charity)• chastity • obedience
Medieval monastic life consisted of prayer, reading, and manual
labor.
MONASTICISM
Aims of Monastic Education• Spiritual
- to save individual souls
• Moral - to attain the ideals of poverty, chastity,
and obedience
• Spiritual Knowledge - to attain the highest spiritual knowledge
and to achieve spiritual perfection
• Virtue - world renunciation
MONASTICISM
Agencies of EducationMONASTICISM
* Monasteries
The Monastery of Saint Anthony in Egypt, built over his tomb
Agencies of EducationMONASTICISM
Saint Catherine's Monastery - one of the oldest working Christian
monasteries in the world
MONASTICISM
* monastic schools - under
Charlemagne in the 18th and 19th
centuries
MONASTICISM
The Seven Liberal Arts was its Curriculum
a. The Trivium (tres viae, three roads) * Grammar – languages and literature * Dialectic – logic or right reasoning * Rhetoric – law and composition
b. The Quadrivium (quattor viae, four roads) * Geometry – geometry, geography, and natural history
* Arithmetic – numbers and the study of the calendar
* Music – plain chant and harmony used in church
* Astronomy – the heavenly bodies, chemistry and physics
MONASTICISM
Moral and Religious TrainingLiterary EducationManual Training
Type of Education
Monasticism renounced completely the three aspects of social organizations:
• The Domestic Home • The Economic Structure • The Political State
Three Aspects of Social Organizations
MONASTICISM
Methods of Instructions• Catechetical Method• Dictation • Memorization• Language • Discipline • Meditation and Contemplation/ Thoughtful Reflection
MONASTICISM
Outstanding Contributions to EducationPreserving culture of Christians
MonasteriesOpposing vices and corruptionTaming warlike spiritsGiving dignity on labor
SCHOLASTICISM
Scholasticism was a general designation for the particular methods and tendencies to
rationalize the doctrines of Christian Church.
SCHOLASTICUS
What is SCHOLASTICISM?
Aristotle
Aristotle had used logic to try to
prove the existence of God.
-the revised beliefs and logical methods of
discussion were termed
scholasticism.
SCHOLASTICISM
Anselm- Father of
Scholasticism
SCHOLASTICISMMajor Scholastics of 12th Century
St. Albertus Magnus
Alexander of Hales
SCHOLASTICISMMajor Scholastics of 12th Century
Roger Bacon St. Bonaventure
Robert Grosseteste
SCHOLASTICISMMajor Scholastics of 12th Century
St. Thomas Aquinas
John Duns Scotus
William of Oakham
SCHOLASTICISM
Aims of Education Intellectual Discipline - by rational
argument
Faith by Reason - by reason
What is Primacy of Faith?“That the will of man wills or chooses
from necessity…
That the world is eternal…
That the soul is corrupted when the body is
corrupted… That the man’s actions
are not ruled by the divine providence.”
SCHOLASTICISMAgencies of Education
Parish Schools
SCHOLASTICISMAgencies of Education
Monastic and Cathedral
SCHOLASTICISMAgencies of Education Palace School
SCHOLASTICISMAgencies of Education University
SCHOLASTICISM
The Birth of University
UNIVERSITYuniversitas magistrorum et
scholarium
“community of teachers and scholars”
•Stadium Generale- Entire student body
•Facultas-Group of masters teaching the same subject.
SCHOLASTICISM
SCHOLASTICISTS
Scholastic Realists
Conceptualists
PETER ABELARDST.ANSELM
SCHOLASTICISM
Various Kinds of Scholarly Treatises Disputed QuestionsDisputed Questions on TruthSummae
Methods of InstructionsArgumentative Method a. Starting a proposition, thesis, or questions; b. Setting down objections to the proposition: c. Proving one side, and d. Answering or disputing objections in order.Lecture, Repetition, Disputation, and
Examination MethodsAristotelian Logic Problem Method
SCHOLASTICISM
The Aristotelian Logic
Syllogism1. a MAJOR PREMISE 2. a MINOR PREMISE3. Conclusions
Other requisites1. The subject must ALL INCLUSIVE2. The predicate must be the subject of
the MAJOR PREMISE
-All men are mortal-All Greeks are men-All Greeks are mortal
SCHOLASTICISM
Outstanding Contribution to Education
• Organization of the University• Emphasis on the Intellectual
Training
CHIVALRYand the AGE of FEUDALISM
CHIVALRY
FEUDALISMThe general term to describe the political and military system of Western Europe.
- no central government- little security - fulfilled the basic need for justice and protection
-has a system of land tenure on allegiance and service to the nobleman or lord.
CHIVALRY
Lord- Owned the land, called a fief, let it out to a subordinate who called
a vassal.
Two careers for the son of noblemen:• Clergy -If they decided in favor of
the church, they pursed an education that was religious and academic in nature.
-an education that was physical, social, military, in nature.-more appeal than the church
• Chivalry
CHIVALRY
Chivalry- comes from the Old French word
chevalerie, meaning horse
soldiery.- The term came to mean the
code of behavior and ethics that
knights were expected to
follow.
CHIVALRY
Aims of Chivalric Education
• Morality-to inculcate in the minds of the
young nobles the virtues of honor, bravery, courtesy etc.
• Responsibility-to get the young nobles to assume
their responsibilities, how to manage their own estates, and how to deal with
the lower class of people.
• Horsemanship-to train the young nobles in
horseback warfare, hunting, and tournaments.
CHIVALRY
Aims of Chivalric Education• Gallantry
-to train the young nobles how to deal gallantry with the ladies of the
nobility and to protect the weak.
• Religiosity-t train the young nobles to be
devoted to the service of God.
• Social Graces-to train the young girls in the social
graces and manner fit for the ladies.
CHIVALRY
Agencies of Education and Content Studied• Home -was for the young boys and girls.
• Court-the court was for the girl
• The Castle- these were for the boys
• Troubadours, Minnesingers, and Minstrel -using the vernacular, they sang about the noble deeds of heroes, beautiful ladies, brilliant deeds of knights and lords. They spread news, gave warnings about impending dangers, brought messages from allies and friends.Troubadours propagated learning through their songs.
CHIVALRYThe following are the
contents studied by the pupils:
• Religion, music, dancing, especially for girls• Horse riding for warfare, hunting, and
tournaments• Physical exercises• Reading, writing, literature in vernacular• Good manners, right conduct, social graces &
etiquette• Household duties such as sewing, weaving,
cooking, and embroidery for girls• Jousting• Falconing• Swimming• Horsemanship• Boxing• Writing and singing
verse• ChessThe pupil did not pay any fees
because he served his master like a valet.
At higher level: the curriculum consisted of the Seven Free Arts:
CHIVALRY
Jousting
- Generic term in the Middle Ages to refer to many kinds of martial games.(contact
sport)
Falconing
• Hunting in the Middle Ages• Were enjoyed by the nobles of the
time.• Also called as “sport of kings”
CHIVALRY
Methods of InstructionObservation, Imitation
and PracticeThe young noble observed, imitated, and practiced what was to be learned. Training was individual.
ApprenticeshipA young noble was assigned to a lord to learn all were to be learned.
MotivationThese were done by means of high social ideals, social standards, and social approval.
Training Preparation for KnighthoodKnighthood grew up as part of the
feudal system-became less important in warfare by the 1400s because of the changing military tactics and the introduction of gunpowder
In Middle Ages, a young boy in training to be a knight spent the first years of his life in the:
Care of the women of his family Learned to a ride a pony and care
for horses
CHIVALRY
THE PAGEAt 7 (left home
and assigned to a female teacher)
Joined the household of another knight or a nobleman
Learned to handle small weapons
Learned the code of courtesy and behavior expected of night
CHIVALRY
THE SQUIREAt 14 (assigned to a
knight)Acted as valet (a
personal servant to the knight who was his master)
Set the table and served meals
Keeping the knight’s weapon in good condition
Caring for his horsesHelping him with his
armor Attending to his injuriesGuarding his prisonersRode with his master
into a battle and took part in the fight
CHIVALRY
THE KNIGHT At 21, any knight could bestow knighthood
on another Some men were knighted on the battlefield if
they had shown great bravery The knight received his sword and another
weapons from his master or king, or from members of the king’s court
This ceremony was solemn and memorable The prospective knight too a bath of
purification, dressed in white Spent an entire night in meditation and
prayer The squire knelt before the parrain, or the
man who was knighting him. The parrain struck the squire on the back of the neck with the palm of his hand. Later a tap with a sword replaced the blow with the hand. This tap (a ceremony) was called the accolade from the French word col, meaning neck. “I dub you knight.” Those words completed the ceremony in which a squire became knight
CHIVALRY
CHIVALRY
The Decline of Feudalism
By the 1200’s, several events in Europe led to the decline of feudalism.
An economic revival put more money back into use because soldiers could be paid. Fewer lords relied on vassals to provide services for knights
The invention of gunpowder and of such weapons as the longbow and the cannon lessened the dominance of knights
Foot soldiers from the Flemish cities defeated French knights at the battle of Courtrai in 1302
Stone castles occupied by feudal lords could no longer stand against cannon
Cities grew wealthier and became more important and rulers have less need of the aristocracy
People trained in the government service took over the functions that vassals had performed on their fiefs
CHIVALRY
Outstanding Contribution to
Education Use of vernacular as a tool of teachingThe emphasis placed on the learning of
social graces, rules of etiquette or good manners and right conduct
CHIVALRY
THE GUilD SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
THE GUILD SYSTEM
OF EDUCATION- Guilds were associations of people who had common interest, or who engaged in the
same work.- People performed charitable, religious, and
social guildsReligious guilds – paid money into a common fund.
Alms – a relief that was given to members who needed help because of sickness or old age
Mass – guilds arranged to be offered for members who died.The religious guilds were suppressed in
England in the 1500’s. These guilds are known as merchant guilds and craft guilds.
Merchant Guilds-Known as Hansen- Primarily a commercial
organization- Members were independent of
one another- Each guild made regulations for
its own members and varies from town to town
- Imposed a toll (tax) on the transactions of merchants from other towns
- Took part in the religious and social life of the town
- Members paid subscriptions- Punished members who were
fond guilty of misconduct
Craft Guild-some large towns had as many of as 20 or 30 craft guilds- Guilds in the
manufacturing crafts included those of:
Bowyers(makers of bows)
Fletchers(makers of arrows)
Girdles(makers of girdles
Hatters Skinners Weavers
Traders such as : Drapers Fishmongers Ironmongers Mercers (dealers of text tiles)-also had their own guilds
A person could become a member of a guild in one of three ways:1.Patrimony (succeeding parent)2.Redemption (buying membership)3. Apprenticeship (serving a term of
training in a craft)
From Apprentice to Master: As Apprentice
As Journeymen
• The MasterpieceAs Master
• GuildsAs Master
• Corpus Cristi
• Liveries and Liverymen
Decline of the Guild System * Growth of Capitalistic Industry * Struggle of Producing Guilds * Change to the Domestic System * Strict Control on Trade
Aims of Education * Business Interest and Preparation for Commercial and Industrial Life * Vocational Preparation
Agencies of Education and Contents Studied> The burgher school > The chantry school > The guild school
Methods of Instructions > Observations, imitation, and practice > Dictation, memorization, and catechetical methods > Discipline
Outstanding Contribution to Education
> Vocational Training or manpower development > Apprenticeship
Diwanie R.
PerezMAED-E.M
Professor: Mrs. Lydia Chavez
Thank you!