fOU I. GE^IVA^ H. Y. WEDNESDAY MORNlTO,„DECEMBER %. .1831.

L N " 0 . MBRBBLI- & Co. JJo, 62, Seneca-Street.

L . - T o viUagelulSbers, two dollars and

| cents per annum- receive their f " 8 * b r S e t lo hilars. | e r s at the etoft'fcanl terms. fcni*f.supptod on £ fte d i 8 c r e t i o n o f

i H ^ X S S S S all arrearages are paid. K c a S by mail, must I post paid, to jljivt! attention. • ..

•JOB P R I N T I N G , . dekription, execute* with neatness and

latclu ' ^ . ; , _ m _ _

( S A N g N O T g - T . A B 3 L B .

IVEW-YOBK. J States Bank ana;

fcches P? r

{of N. York. lank |0f America fonts'

•titan. •••••••' V e & Hudson. tonics' fix lical.- •••

|ock... ••<•••• JRiver. ,..•••• Ismen's -• Ilsland. *.••'•<

m& Jiess Co • jlns. Co.Checks do tpf Albany..... 4 fcercial. ....."• • • do

. . . . . . . . . . do J State Bank,. ."do Ianics& Farmers do fers'.Troy i a j tofTroy . . . . . . fh. & Mechanics Iwk •

do do do do do do 'do do do do do do do do do do do

VBBMONT. State Bank and bran­

c h e s . . . . . unc Allothere 3

NBW-JBK8EY. State Banks-. par Farmers'& Mech . . . do Newark Insurance.. do Grange - d o

New-Brunswick.... 1 People's Bank gaj Morris Canal 4a§ Commercial k

lurgh TgeCo-Jill Ion River...

k Branch . . . j r io . . . . . . . . Wo Branch.. |va lirn

h\

Washington Bkg Co do S\xest>x. i-"-"•--" d ° Mount Holly do Salem Bonking Co . . 1J Monmouth .„.une Salem & Phil. M. Co do ftoboken & Graz. Co do State Bk. Trenton. , do Protect'n& Lombard do Jersey City..«' do All others.. . . . £ a l

PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia Banks, g Penn Township gaj

do Chester Co do do Delaware Co do

Farmers', Lancaster do do

do sdo Mo • :do do do do do

IrsonCo . . . tester |j of Monroe J of Ithaca. IburglrBr. Ithaca do Jnsburgh fiehall fne Co £ of Genesee ..

kport InRston Co do indoga Co. feoCo

.& Warren.. fer's Exchange lie District— Iklin imhia In? Co.-....... jtsburgh pra

rO.YSECTICOT pford B a n k s . . . . . . _a

r-Haven Banks, d o Jiiletown d o •field Co do -London Banks, do

import . . . . . pa r Jwich do •lc vine

. do

jktiarrisburgh do do Morristown •.. do

Easton do Germantown do Northampton do Miners', Pottsville.. Ja l Lancaster 1 Erie do York do Gettysburgh do

do Chambersburgh . . . . do do Carlisle do do Pittsburgh do do Reading do do Farmers', Bucks Co. i dp Brownsville 5

DELAWARE. Laurel unc All others Ja l

MARYLAND. Baltimore Banks. . . . i Cumberland unc Soraerset&Worcester do Elkton do All others J a l

VIRGINIA. Virginia & hranches. |al

do do do do do

do do

unc , do

do , do

do , do , do , do

• * a |

P? bthors.... RHODE-ISLAND. jridence Banks., g ftucketBanks... do Tort Banks do

ftok do pers'Exchange, unc ben'& Mech... do fcthers ••ASSACHUSETT8. |on Banks pers' Bank, Bel

J . . . . [shire.

fo J o n , . . . pthers..

MAIXE. t n e unc ^ t do >well & Augusta do ,lehec do Naquoddy.... d o others...". o "f-fUMPSHIIlE. 5

he hanks a

N E W F A L I x & W I N T E R G O O D S . ^

THE subscriber, at his store on Seneca-street, opposite the Mansion House, is now receiv­

ing his stock of Fall and Winter Goods, all of which have been recently purchased on advanta­geous terms, and will be sold very cheap; consis-l ing of*,. v

Broadcloths, Cassimeres, Sattinets, Pelisse Cloths Petersham and Duffle Coating Flannels, Baizes, Serges and Salisbury Flannels Plain and printed Floor Cloths, CarpetitPgs, Rugs

.arid Carpet Bindings Printed and Damask Table and Stand Covers Rose, Point and Duffle Blankets; Plaid fJamblets Plaids: Imitation and Goats Hair Camblets Circassians: merino Circassians 8-4 and 6-4 Merino Cloths: V.estings: Velvets Cravats:,^Hosiery: Gloves, &"c Swiss, Mull, Jaconet, Boolcand Cambric Muslins A very handsome assortment of SILKS & SAT-

TINS, for cloaks and dresses; some of which are entirely new articles

A large assortment of merino Shawls apd Hdkfs. and.Silk and Barage Dress Hdkfs

Bonnet, Cap and Belt Ribbons, very handsome Cotton Yarn, Batting, Wickiug and Wadding Brown and bleached Sheetings and Shirtings 8-4 and 6-4 Bfed Tick and Checks Irish Linens, Sheetings, Diapers and Damask do

With almost every article called for in the Dry Goods line, too numerous to mention.

Also, CROCKERY, CHINA AND GLASS­WARE ; HARDWARE, NAILS, &c. together with a very choice stock of GROCERIES, se­lected for family use, and of the choicest kinds. Also, 400 pieces PAPER HANGINGS.

He particularly invites the attention of the pub­lic to his stock of Goods, as his assortment is very general and will be sold cheap.

DAVID S. HALL. Geneva, October 19, 1831. 42

Farmers'Bk d o . . . do Valley do Br. Bk. Leesburgh.. 1

do. Charleston,. do do. Romney . . . . do

N. W. Reserve 5 DIST. OF COLUMBIA.

Columbia unc Merch. Alexandria.. do Franklin do All others J a l

NORTH CAROLINA. All t h e banks 2a2.J

SOUTH CAROLINA. Cheraw unc All others Ia l4

OEORGIA. All the banks 2a24

OHIO. Steubenville unc Dayton Man. C o . . . . do All others 4a5

MICHIGAN. Bank of Michigan... 1

| Farmers & M e c h . . . do Monroe unc

* LOUISIANA. — , __. Louisiana Ba6

[ervtown u n c New-Or leans do

do State Bank do do A r. ABASIA.

5 Stale Bank 5a6 Mobile do

KENTUCKY. Kentucky Notes . . . .unc

TENNESSEE. Tennessee Notes . . .unc

MISSISSIPPI. Mississippi Notes . . .unc

CANADA. U. C. at Kingston, .unc All others 2a2J

RRNELIUS R O D N E Y , T A I L O R , '

I ,'IING ^ . " ""y returned from New-York, Iheh tT r S / ^ n d s * n d t h e Public generally R £ w 8 L A T E S T FASHIONS o? the city Ids An • J

a c c o m m o d a t e h i s customers and luted »«? e r s l n h i s l i n e o f business will be i e s77, P^P t i tude and despatch, and in I s 2 2 n d n ? w e s t f a s h i o n - H e continues K and h0 ?? pubHc s^uare' near Dr- G-IstoLri? y / t n c t a t t e i ' t i o n to his business, IiberaTn.,1 r e c

Le i v e t h e continued support

Intb»i,oVt U K K done according to law I f kitI K,an"ner- H e h a s o n h a n d a quan-Iblet 1 b Ready™de CLOTHING,

b k TReiMM?N'rWse11 f

m a d e a n d o f grd

|treMftn„w • S« o f a s u P e nor quality alamo ' e ,Pnces> k e P t constantly on hand

Pv?A- $?'y o f Hem^ngs If Son's Dril-K i e e d l e s \ CUTTING done as usual iZ't a n d despatch.

J ? ° T * r S H « B S T C « i : VB-. \: J r ? ^ D ' h a s °Pene<i a BOOT S ' &

fS H O E STORE, at No. 32,

* & l ? n d A a s o n h a n d a general as-- • C Sfdnp0 f L a d i e s ' a n d Gentlemen's Ible Cfcn !*roSans> of the best quality, Vfor CASW D m t e r w e a r ' w h i c h h e w i U

Ntticlps ^ " J F e r s ° n s wanting any of the t, be w l i d o . w e l l - t o <=a" and examine his >re Purchasing elsewhere. P S S j S g t fl. 1831. 36

^ » K 8 M A C ' K * R E L . Nos. 1,2 & 3

J Jo d] N e v a d a Salmon d °

° b 0 X e s HERRING, on consignment. • r H . H. M ^ R R E L L , leosva sc„*0rnf o f W a * e r a n d Seneca-s ts .

^^ggjggbggj^ir..^^,. .,„.. . 37

F « 2 £ B*A^M1RJB FENDERS

HEW G O O D S . FALL AND WINTER SUPPLY.

CTOBER, 1831.—The subscribers are now receiving and opening, at their store, corner

of Water and Castle-streets, opposite the Eagle Tavern, their supply of Fall and Winter Goods; among which are many new and desirable arti­cles. The following may be enumerated:

D R Y G O O D S . Extra superfine and fine blue and black Cloths London brown,(Jive brown affdclaretcol. Cloths Mixed Cloths and Cassimeres Superfine green Cloth Blue, black and fancy colored Cassimeres Blue mixed and fancy colored Sattinets Superfine brown Habit Cloth A large and fashionable assortment of WinterVea­

tings; Petershams; Lion Skin; Mole Skin Fustians and Beaverteens; Bang-up Cords Camblets and Plaids, a large assortment Green Baize, Flannel and Serge White, scarlet, red and yellow Flannels Merinos and merino Circassians, large assortment Ginghams and Calicoes, lar-^e assortment and la­

test style; 3-4 and 5-4 black Bombazines 6-4, 8-4 and 10-4 Table Diaper, a superior article Russia Sheeting, Diaper and Napkins 6-4 Birdseye Diaper; 4-4 Irish Linen Bleached cotton Sheetings and Shirtings Brown Sheetings and Shirtings of superior quality Fur Collars and Gloves; Gent's sup. buck Gloves Ladies' beaver and hoskon filovps: Ho do linpd do

do blk and col'd worsted Hone; do random do do white and colored lambs wool Hose

Childrens and misses white worsted Hose Gent's white and colored lambs wool half Hose 7-4 and 8-4 scarlet and black merino Shawls

do do Thibet do Prussian and Valencia Shawls, large assortment Scarlet, drab and black cassimere Shawls Sup. black India Satin; black Sinchew Lustring; Gros de Nap and Gros de Berlin Silks Palmerine, Mandarine and Peruvian Dress Hdkfs Fancy Silk Dress Hkfs; Russian Fur Vandykes Silk and cotton Umbrellas; Furniture Dimity FurnitureCalico; Apron Check; 7-8&6-4 BedTick Five-point blankets; 9-4,10-4 & 11-4 rose blankets Cotton Yarn, Batting and Wadding, &c &c

G R O C E R I E S . Hyson, Young Hyson and Hyson Skin TEAS, of

the latest importation Loaf, Lump and Brown Sugar St Domingo, Cuba and Laguayra Coffee Pepper, Ginger, Spice, Cloves and Cinnamon London Bottled Mustard Poland and American Starch; Molasses; Raisins Chocolate, Indigo, Saltpetre, Alum, Copperas, &c Old London Particular Madeira, Imitation do. Old

Port, Canary and Sweet WINES, of superior quality

C R O C K E R Y & G L A S S W A R E . A large assortment of the latest style, among

which are a few sets of China of the latest pat­terns imported.

H A R D W A R E . Table Knives and Forks; Pen and Pocket Knives Table and Tea Spooi.s; Razors and Scissors Brass and Iron Candlesticks; Coffee Mills Sleigh Bells; Hammers; Wood and Hand Saws Shovels and Spades; Dung Forks Trace and Halter Chains; Tea Trays Iron Squares; Box Rules, &c &c IRON, NAILS, CORDAGE, PITCH, TAR &

OAKUM, together with sundry other articles unnecessary to mention in an advertisment.. No pains have been spared in the selection of

the above Goods, and they have been purchased on the \nost advantageous terms. They respect­fully invite their friends and customers to call and examine prices and quality. Their wish is to sell at a fair and moderate advance ; but they pledge themselves not to be undersold by any other es­tablishment.

MERRILL, MILFORD & Co. Geneva, Octpber 19, 1831. 42

C A S H F O R W H E A T & B A R L E Y .

TH E subscribers will pay cash for any quanti­ty of good merchantable Wheat and Barley,

delivered at their store, corner of Water and Cas­tle-streets, north of the Eagle Tavern.

MERRILL, MILFORD & Co. Geneva, August 24th, 183f 34

S N U F F &. T O B A C C O ~ r B ^ H E subscriber has received, on consignment, JL a quantity of "Campbell 's" superior fine cut Chewing Tobacco, by the pound and in small pa­pers; pound and half pound papers Smoking To­bacco.

Also, a supply of their very superior Macaboy and Scotch Snuff; for sale, wholesale, at city prices, free of transportation. p ' DAVID S. HALL.

Geneva, December 22,1830.

Music.

W A T C H - M A K E R , PPOSITE-P. Prouty's, Seneca-street,Geneva,

offers a general assortment y^of" articles in his line, viz:

y& Watches, Gold Seals and Keys, Finger Rings, Jewels and Pins. Also, Musical Instruments, P iam Forte

Geneva, June 22, 1831- 2 5 _ S H E R M A N H . R O S E ,

ANUFACTURES and keeps constantly on ^ . . ^ hand, CARRVlGElSoS every description, finished in good style and of the best materials, at his shop in Water-street, a few rods south ot the Franklin-House. *

MILITARY STANDARD Sf SIGJYPAIJV-TIJVG. will be executed in a- s&le and at prices thaUjefeoj t fa i l t 0 P l e a s e - 2.

L . B U L K X E Y , H A I R C U T T E R , No. 17, Seneco-»t. Gentva.

49.

. A D D R E S S OF THE

F R I E N D S O F D O M E S T I C I N D l f S T R Y .

[Concluded.]

The peculiar advantage of the United States consists in the abundance and cheapness of fertile lands, affording an easy subsistence and high re­muneration to labor. We consider the system of establishing manufactures and the arts amongst us, as. distributing and equalizing these peculiar advantages, through all the departments of indus­try and through all classes of society.

This effect, we believe to be deducible from the system, according to the most improved principles of political economy. But we consider all specu­lation on this subject, founded' on the ultimate tendencies of human action and the averages of contending principles,', as very uncertain guides in legislation, compared to the surer test of ex­perience, and those practical results which are obvious to the senses.

Mistaken and preposterous assumption • of the merits of what is called free trade, have under the active delusion of British influence, afforded pre­texts latterly to the opponents of the protective system, which it is proper to dispel. It is not long since no one believed in the power of pro­pelling boats by steam, and every one believed that the British debt was to be paid off by the sinking fund; similar mistakes exist as'to free trade. The Unite.a States, in their coasting trade and domestic exchanges, afford the most Striking illustrations of them ever witnessed—but, as be­tween foreign nations, there is no free trade— there never was—there never can be—It would contravene the arrangements of Providence, which distribute mankind into different communi­ties, separated originally by confusion of tongues, and prevented from all rushing together into the most favored latitudes, by local attachments and foreign antipathies, which are the germs of na­tional preservation, by means of national emula­tion. "

Much of the suffering which it is alleged ia felt in certain portions of the United States, (if their complaints have, in fact, any foundation) is to be attributed to the very circum»tance that they are placed in the circle of twenty-four common­wealths, enjoying the most complete freedom of trade, the operation of which has been to expose those who have not the inclination to employ their labor to the full-extent of its capacity, to the severe rivalry of more industrious and thrifty communities, living under the protection of the same general government.

Nations are adversary to each other; their com­mercial intercourse is regulated by treatiesalways made with a view to relative advantages, and to provide for. those hostilities which are of perpetu­al recurrence. The vexatious provincial tariffs which formerly fettered intercourse and almost destroyed traffic in the interior of nations, sug­gested the idea of that free trade, which has since been misunderstood and egregiously misapplied by mere speculative writers. The tariff acts, which even now impose duties on the wines of Spain at provincial borders and on those of France at city gates, are grievances, for which free trade is a happy substitute—but the principle is entire­ly municipal and in no respect applicable, with­out disadvantage to independent nations. The Vessels of iho tlfiitod £IALOO~J**±I ^w.t wig io - rrrth fewer hands and make their voyages in shorter pe­riods, than others; hence, what is called the re­ciprocity principle, originating in the first treaty between the U. States and France, has been wise­ly proffered by the United States to many other nations, because it is supposed that our navigation would supplant theirs. But the artificial systems of England, France, Spain, and the other nations with which the U. States have most intercourse, render it extremely improbable that any approxi­mation to the footing of free trade, should ever be arranged between them, even by treaty. For us to attempt while they reject it, would be a complete surrender of ourselves as a voluntary sacrifice to the policy and cupidity of foreign go­vernments; to create a government for the bene­fit of others and not for ourselves. A tariff of du­ties on commerce between New-York and New-Jersey, would be as injurious, as unconstitutional. Free trade between these states and among all £he states of the Union is the main spring of general welfare; and one of the strongest links of the chain that connects them ; but free trade between New-York and Liverpool would ruin the farmers of New-England through our superabundant bread stuffs, and the manufactures of the United States by the superior capital and proficiency of England in manufactures, and the degraded state of the operatives. An unrestricted intercourse between two nations reduces the labor of one to theiSa.rae scale of compensation with the labor of the-othier; and such a consequence is certainly to be deprecated by the nation whose labor stood highest on the scale. This considerati6n forms a striking argument against the policy of such a sys­tem between foreign states. While, on the other h^nd, i t i s no lessdesifable.that, amongst thasei parate communities associated under the same go­vernment, this reduction of the higher labor to the scale of the lower should take place, inasmuch as the interests of these domestic communities are- equally the objects of the protection and so­licitude of their common governors.

The freest of free trade is, after all, but a char­tered libertine. The U. States could not share their coasting trade with England without disad­vantage: the most extravagant advocates of free trade (it is-believed) have never yet dreamed of sharing our river trade with foreign ers. To throw open the Ohio and the Mississippi, the Hudson and the Delaware, to British, French, and Dutch navigation, would be-of no advantage to our own.. England could not open her maritime coal trade, the great nursery of her seamen, to the enterprize of New-England without losing at least one half

.of it. She even refuses us a passage through the St. Lawrence, although we own part of that ri­ver. The greatest commercial nations of the middle ages, the Hanseatic League, and-Holland, the marjtime wonder of the world, became such by the exclusive enjoyment' of the fisheries and the trade 'to India and other monopolies, which they maintained at the charge of long and bloody wars. England struck the vital blow at Holland, not so much by riaval victories as by her naviga­tion act. The commercial and the military ma­rine of the United States have risen to eminence upon similar interdiction. With free trade we should have neither the one nor the other, but be a poor, dependent, pastoral people. It is only a-bout ten years since the project for reducing the duties was first suggested in .England," in a peti­tion to parliament from the merchants and traders of London. Tn 1825, some slight and cautious re­ductions were accordingly made, but in nothing to affect the commercial monopoly and maritime ascendency of Great Britain. Her colonial com­merce is mostly exclusive. The freedom of the trade of the Susquehannah river^is now in dispute between the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New-York. So intractable is free trade in fact, while fruitful of speculation. Within a few years Russia, misled by this delusion, and Holland, under the influence of England, made experi­ments of free trade, which Russia soon found in­tolerable and abandoned, and which has contribu­ted to reducing Holland from once being the rich­est nation of Europe to being one of the most impoverished and indebted. In fine, the dogmas of free trade, which are said to be tai»ght in some colleges, may serve to inflame y6uthful imagina­tions, but,, as they have never actuated a practi­cal statesman, they can never mislead any well informed mind. What is called the American system, is the system of Europe; is the univer­sal system; and (if the experience,and common sense of mankind be any standard of right) is the

true and only system of intercourse among na­tions., _ __,

It is"doubtless true, that during the last half century, a more enlightened philosophy has> been applied to the affairs of mankind; that poliffeal economy is much better understood, its principles more fully developed, and more judiciously appli­ed. The sense and experience of men had gone far to correct the erroneous legislation of former times, and to develope and multiply the true sources of national wealth. • But the modern the­ory is not content with the attainment of political benefits merely;, it seeks, by unqualified applica­tion of certain general principles, to produce a thorough revolution in the business of men and the relations of nations. It is against these exv tremes of visionary good and practical mischief tha.t we desire all men of reflection and sober' judgment to make a stand. „We ask them tq look at the present condition'df OUR country and to ex­amine the operation of the present system upon all its great interests. Abeve all, we ask them to look to the practice of all foreign nations, rather than to the speculations of their writers., They will then find that those who have taught us this theory of free trade, are too wise to practice it; that they continue to act and to legislate upon the system of protecting their own industry, though some of their writers and orators recommend to all other nations to abandon it.

A reference to our own experience, is, howev­er,Jthe best criterion, by which to test the cor­rectness of the system which we support. It is not new; the principle was applied as we have al­ready stated, to our navigation, from the establish­ment of the federal constitution, prohibiting fo­reign shipping from the coasting trade altogether, and imposing a high discriminating—duty on fo­reign tonnage. If this discrimination has been abandoned, in respect to those nations, who would consent to a reciprocity, it involves no surrender of the "principle. Trade can only be carried on between nations by mutual agreement; and mu­tual protection leads to reciprocity as t h e only equitable arrangement. • The mechanic arts'have also been the subject of protection from the esta­blishment of the government; and it cannot be doubted that to this circumstance they owe , in a great measure, their success; a success, which has made the mechanics pf the U. States one of the main pillars of our national strength. Agri­culture has likewise-had a^full share of the bene­fit of this protection; and in truth it may be said, that sis our government commenced its career with the establishment 6f the germs of the pro­tective system, so it has continued ever since, gradually nurturing and invigorating them until they have reached their present growth. Some interruptions have occurred ia the march of this policy, but these interruptions owe their origin to accidental circumstances which dictated t h e .ne­cessity of relaxing the' system for the .benefit of other interests that were more immediately con? cerned in availing themselves of the advantages of foreign trade. These, however, are to be re­garded not as proofs of the uselessness of'the sys­tem, but as expectations growing out of t h e pres­sure of temporary accidents, The" events that followed the French revolution gave a new and unexpected direction to the enterprize of our ci­tizens. The disturbed state of the continent of Europe, and the prevalence of universal wars, throughout the nations of that,,quarter of the gioDe," piacea the" U. States in tfie position, oj tHe" only neutral amongst many belligerentSjr arid so,-obviously opened the way to contmerciaj^vfealtli to our citizens, that all other interests sank into insignificance compared with those'which were concerned in pushing a foreign commerce into every region where the strife of the contending parties excluded the competition of the bellige­rents themselves, and left tp the U. States the un­disturbed monopoly of trade." To this fortunate conjuncture of circumstances is to be ascribed the most rapid growth that has eyer been traced in the history of any empire. The U.'States not only became the medium of-the commerce of the world, bulrtheir peaceful -posTttea~aifi5cted the emigration of all those who had the nieans and the wish to escape from Eutopean troubles.

Amdngst the advantages which nave resulted to us from this slate of things'we have suffered one evil, the .effect of Which as not obliterated, even at this day. Accustomed for twelve or four­teen years .to comme?eiaii"specuTations of unparalr leled activity and-'success, ,We were taught to think that our national' prosperity was inseparably connected with the protection of that kind of trade in which Our Citizens had-been engaged, and we •were thus insensibly educafed in the opinion that the great interests of our commonwealth would be always concerned witjffa foreign commerce exclusively employed in transporting abroad the products of our agriculture and receiving returns in the manufactured commodities of other nations.

There -itas another circumstance that gave great authority to this delusion. The cotton manufac­ture of Great Britain was rapidly rising into the greatest activity and vigor. It wets in process of time discovered that the raw material for this ma­nufacture could beproduced in the If. States un­der more favorable circumstances than in any other part of the world. At first, but two or three of our states were employed in the cultivation, and the demand from England was even greater than the supply. The profits of this cultivation, therefore, were almost unlimited. The portions of territory employed in the growing.of cotton were small, ana the common opinion was that few districts, in comparison with tjje great ektent of our surface could be appropriated in the cul­ture. In the meantime, the cotton fabrics were diffused over Europe and took the place of large quantities of those manufactured from wool, silk and flax. Every year demonstrated the increas-ingimporlan.ee of this manufacture both in Eu­rope and America, and the demand still continued to outrun the supply. These circumstances had their influence in impressing upon our citizens an exaggerated idea of the permanence and value of this spurce of agricultural wealth, and along with it,,the value of the trade which was concerned in the transportation^ it. It persuaded our plant­ers to believe that they possessed an inexhausti­ble source of riches; it unfitted them for sober 'calculations upon the effects that would follow the extension of the culture of cotton over the fertile regions that yet lay in the wilderness behind them: and it equally disinclined them to foresee the pos­sibility of the manufacture itself reaching a term at which it might become stationary, and which was, therefore, eventually to set a limit upon the demand, at the very period when the supply would be increased in an almost indefinite ratio by the spread of population over other states' of our Union, efven more propitious than their own to the prnduetion'of the plant. It may, therefore, be considered anaisfortune, consequent upon their former prosperity, that our citizens were almost irresistably led by it into delusive estimates of the true and permanent sources of national wealth. It was one result of this state of things that, whilst our countrymen, were intent upon gathering the harvest which the distracted condition of the world had strewn before them, they were unmindful of the future, and neglected to treasure up the ele­ments of strength and prosperity which lay hid­den in the bosom of the nation; and which, as they were independent of foreign legislation or external accidents, were most likely to furnish the means of a stable and enduring happiness.

Troubles soon afterwards broke out at home.— A war threatened, and our citizens were suddenly called to meet a tremendous emergency. Our commerce was put in fetters by non-importation acts and embargoes; and the crisis that succeeded found us without the most ordinary resources of an independent pedple. Our armies went to the frontier clothed in the fabrics of the enemy; our munitions of war were gathered as chance sup­plied .them from the four quarters of the earth ;

5«^«nYir.wgg»;iCTr;ifr',igni-iffn^^ ,; nyimmS and the whole struggle was marked by the prodi­gality, waste and privation of a thriftless nation, taken at unawares and challenged to a content without the necessary armor of a combatant '

When it pleased Heaven to rescue us from the imminent hazards of this doubtful nnd dispropor-tioned conflict, we saw around us a nation of eight millions of people, possessed of a territory nearly equal to the continent of Europe, rich in the ungathered resources of every kind^of wealth —just emerging from a war of two years and a half, with an enemy who had never assembled an army of more than-thir(y thousand men—and yet deranged in all its channels of industry, exhaust­ed, and on the verge of bankruptcy. Nothing but the most perverse ^neglect of the fundamental precepts connected with the-proper administra­tion of the concerns of a commonwealth could have produced"such a result!

These disasters opened our eyes to some impor­tant facts—They demonstrated to us the necessi­ty of extending more efficient protection, at least, to those manufactures which were essential to the defence of the nation. They proved to us the value of a national .currency, and the duty of pro­tecting it from the influence, of foreign disturb­ance: and amongst other things of equal moment, they made us acquainted with the fact that the British manufacturers could find a large, and if necessary, a complete supply of cotton from oth­er soils than our own.

AH these matters came into review before con­gress at the close of the warr A proper occasion for their discussion arose when the question was submitted as to the reduction of the war duties. The return of peace made it necessary for the le­gislature to take off the taxes that had been im­posed for defraying the, expenses of the w-arj and in this reduction of duties to what was consider--ed should be a permanent standard, the cotton planting interest urged with great force and-pro-priety, the necessity of retaining such a duty as should exclude from the American market all fab­rics made from the cotton of the East Indies. I t -was an anomoly apparent to every citizen of -the U. States, that our government, possessing so many facilities for supplying Europe with cotton, should, nevertheless, allow a trade that threw in upon us vast quantifies of cotton cloth procured at the distance of 10,000 miles: that our most common, household mrppites should be furnished from such a quarter. Nothing was itoore gen&r rally acknowledged than the duty of the" govern­ment to protect the'cotton grower againjs? such -ai competition; arid this argument was addressed to the nation by the cotton growing states,.eveh, with the conviction, at that^tirae prevalent amongst themselves, that its sucoess'wouid he.to.giye.them" what may be termed a specles'of monopoly ia th'e supply. ' ; v •"

The duty was retained; and it is",impnrtant-to know that, being des.igned for the protection, of the cotton grower, it was-grantedtoa scale pre­cisely adequate to that purpose. Bis interest,re-quired the exclusion of the East India fabric, but was supposed to be'hostile to the attempt of the American citizen to" manufacture' the "material; the duty, therefore," w*as adapted to the first pur­pose, hu t not t o the latter. I t banished the for­eign manufacture ; it did not protect the home; being thus accurately adjusted to the wants and wishes of the jplanting interest, without prpfes

jsing .to serve any other. Thts^aced-TOuiMjoniinerce ujpoji the most favo­

rable footing for the cotton grower that could Be desired; and t h e nation, having thua performed its duty to this valuable interest* turned its atten­tion to -other branches of industry.

The tariff of 1816, it may he remarked, was a -measure that met the approbation of a large ma­jority of the peoplem every section of the Union. iSTp partial or local, considerations were embodied against the operation of either its principles or policy.' The southern states were even more for-? ward than their northern confederates in recom-mending- the pj>Ucy_sand- defending it In the coun­cils of" the nation.' By this .tariffvarious manu­factures were attempted to be established in the U . States. The want of skill and capital ex-posed these infant institutions to a fierce and vindictive competition from the manufacturers of G. Britain; and, in three years, almost every capitalist who had ventured into this field of enterprize was bro­ken up. The heavy loss and distress that visited this endeavor to establish manufactures subset quently urged the subject of more extended pro­tection upon congress, and the result, after vari­ous struggles, close and elaborate^ inquiry and a careful attention to the expanding means of the country, was the establishment of a vigorous sys­tem, which has diffused health and strength into the industry of the nation, and added to the wealth of every class of the community.

We ask attention to another topic. Revulsions i n trade' are unavoidable, the balance of supply and demand cannot always be regulated with pre­cision. There is oa tendency, growing out of a prosperous commerce, to push success to an ex­treme which produces reaction. To these peri­ods of embarrassment, of generalstagnation, and severe pressure for money the U. States have been peculiarly subject. We attribute this, in a great measure, to our having depended, in so great a degree, for our manufactures, upon the nations of Europe. Importation is induced more frequent­ly by the necessity or hope of the manufacturer t o find a market, than by actual reference to the wants or means of the country. A reduction in the price of exports, following an excessive im­portation,* causes a state of exchange which leads to an exportation of specie; the moment this ex­portation touches that portion of the precious me­tals necessary to sustain the money circulation, the operations of the banks become embarrassed, and distress and dismay are spread through all classes of community.

•. We believe that the system which furnishes a nation with manufactures, essential to its daily wants, from its own industry, is the best possible security against violent changes in its currency; changes which paralyze all industry, and disturb ail tradef and we therefore submit it to the expe­rience and judgment of the American people whether the protective system is not, in this par­ticular, more advantageous to the country than that which, after deluging our markets with fo­reign manufactures, draws from us, in return, not a useless commodity, but the instrument by which our exchanges are performed, the very basis of our bank circulation, the essential principle of commercial confidence.

Mistaken opinions in regard to the effect of the -tariff upon the prices of commodities used in the U. States and upon which the protective system has been brought to bear, have furnished some popular objections against the wisdom of the' po­licy. It has been said that the effect of a duty is necessarily to increase the price of any article up­on which it is laid to the full amount of the tax. It would be easy to show, by a minute survey of the whole field of American industry, that so far from this being true, the invariable operation of the tariff has been to lower the price to the con­sumer of every article that has been successfully manufactured under the protection. Such a sur­vey would require more detail than the purpose of this address allows, but we purpose to examine the operation of the tariff upon some of our most important staples.

I n the article of cotton it is admitted that our manufacture has arrived at such perfection in the production of the coarse fabrics, that they are not only furnished at little more than one half of the cost which the imported articles of the same kind bore a few years -\go, but they are produced as-cheaply at the pn;stnt time as our foreign rivals, uuder all the excitements of American competi­tion, are able to furnish them. They have had a constant and increasing demSnd for several years for exportation as well as for home consumption. None but the finer qualities are now imported,

which are little, if at all, affected'b>the minimum', duty. The price of raw cotton has fallea-but a-rv

bout a cent a pound within the, last four-year«V * whilst the price of cotton goods-r-of sheetings, for instance, of more than three -yards ,to the pcund—has fallen nearly four cents a yard withy in the same period. Satinetts, of wool and cot* ton, are made at less than .one half the price o& cassimeres, and are more durable. Cottoij flaW ne|s formerly imported from. China at from fifty to sixty cents tLyard$ are now made, of a better quality, h e r e - J g r o m fifteen to tvventy cents.—•-Indeed we m'ifWenumerate every species of ma* nufacture-in which this material enters as a com­ponent part, to show that both in the'character Of* the article and the cheapness of "its price,' the country has been a great gainer since the enact­ment of the system that has promote'd its fabrica--tion. ' • ' ' ".

Td the cotton planters of the U. States, the sys­tem has undoubtedly yielded the most decisive advantages.. It has created a certain market for * about one fifth of their crop, and it has encoura­ged the consumption of large quantities of^tfteir" staple in fabrics to which it never would have been applied, if the manufacture had not been'' carried on in our own country. The establish-' ment of cotton mills amongst us has had the most' visible tendency to induce our manufacturers; io apply cotton to uses which both the policy an'd the position of foreign manufacturers would ha.ve" forever forbidden them from adopting. This fact is conspicuously seen in the application of cotton to. sail cloth, and to all those articles of heavy clo-> thing in which it has lately.been substituted for" wool. It is now manufactured in£o carpettyblank-ets, cordagej-twine, net work, and a variety of other commodities that may hesaid to be of Ame­rican origin. Cotton being^-aiproductofawrmm soil, we have naturally aji^nterest to extend its application to new usesj^Dove what might be ex­pected from- nations who. are mene purchasers of the article, and who are as- much, if;ttot more, concerned in preserving and promoting tfe use of~ wool a.nd hemp in the fabrics to wfiich wfe have" applied our cotton..',.: *

Le t us next consider the article of iron; and we will introduce the notice of it vvith a quota­tion frOm-sthrt niastejpljMie^^

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they-qj-e. entiftedt tp'<pr&-^minfc"Be-.tL ., T-.~^~ are. more .^ssenti^liB4heu>k^nds, none-so; ek^ioi-^sivein'ttieir^jeis. 'TI^fcpnsn^tEteRin-S(i%i^^a:. in partj/t^ef^le^e^^ff/pr Qieinajterialsi oa ngtn., of-.|Qm6st .every occttrJatiotii - Their iristu--mentaluy is every Wngreconspicuous.-- I t is for-

, tunate for. thg.lf. StatesUhatthey • have'peculiar, adva^tagesj'fordriving theriujl -benefit, of' 'thisr mosft valuable jnaterial, atict they have every moy tive to improve it with»systematic care. It-is to* be found in-various parts of the U.'States in (great abundance^andiof &most-every quautyf-and 3fuel,>. the chief instrument inmanufacturpingiMsiiPoth -.cheap,and>plenfyy'?—This reportL whichis.a trea- , tise pn political economy, a t least equal to any th|ng that has appeared since its publication, state? that the av£°rage,price^firoia before the re -volution, was about sixty-fouf dollars per toii^and • that at the time of thatrepbrt it was about eighty' dollars. Soon after rt appears to have risen to $95,,• and in 1814 was as high as $150. After thei-inef­fectual tariff of 1818, which ruined numbers, iny duced by its vain protection to make investments, in the manufacture$f iron,: it rose from ninety 'fas. $105 per ton. Under, the influence, of the acts of 18SS4 and s28, it has declined to its present prices;. Of from seventy-five to $85 per ton, and there is every reason for the confident belief,entertained, that if our market be protected against the &nni-dable and incessant endeavors of tfie ^inlshfmaji- • tifacturers to control it? the pncenHrSnwiIiihe-" fore long, declmeto from fifty to $60 per t<mt4Z Such is the irrefutable proof of all recent experi­ence. Cut nails, which in 4816 sold for 12 cents,, per pound, are now sold for less than half that"" sum, under, the permanent security of 5 cts. per pound, which has given our manufacturers their ownmajket. T h e y . States,(saysHamilton'sreT port before mentioned) alreadyih a great measutS' supply themselves with nails. About l,8OO;O0O pounds of nails and spikes were importeiinto the U. States, in the course pf the year ending the 4th of September 1790. A duty of two cents per pound would, it is presumable, speedily pu t ah end to so considerable an importation. And i t is in every view proper that an end.shouldbaputto i t ." . . .

Bar iron, which sold at ^Pittsburgh in 1-829 at* $122, sells there now at $95 . Castings wfhich-. were $63 are now $50 per ton. Such are the; practical results, proving the. operation of the" ta* riffs on the market for iron. The duty* b y the'* law of 1816, was so inadequate as to cause- no--thing but ruin to those concerned and_ enhance-' ment of price to the consumer. The act of 'ISIS-was some amelioration; the acts of 1824 and 'i28^r which increased the duty, decreased the price — Hammered bar lion, under a duty of ^22-40-cents

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a ton is at a lower price than when under a duty** of $9 a ton, and improved inequality from five to ten per cent, by the greater care and skill which. more extensive investment has naturally created under more certain protection. . The efforts of the English manufacturers to destroy the Am'en-can manufacture of irons and possess themselves of our market, has occasioned extensive bank.- -ruptcies amongst them in Englandr-and reduced the price of iron considerably below' the- cost of manufacture; insomuch that a convention of iron manufacturers, recently held there, resolved to reduce the quantity made twenty per' cent, thro'-out the United Kingdoms.' "WIthvfhe, control of * our market they would infallibly regulate both thd » price and the quafttity of the irpn in this country —thirty-one establishments of Which have ap-^ peared in western Pennsylvania alone, since-the—-= last tariff act. " -

The influence of protection: upon vv/JOl, while1

it has been most beneficial upon ihe;fanhing states, has had no tendency that we :ar;e;awaEe pf, to in* jure the plantation states. The number.of sheep in the U. States is computed a t aboutv2O"i600,OOO» and their increase ?t about 6,OdO,Q00 since the act of 1828, which gave a great impujsejo.the stock. The farmers of Virginia, Pennsylvania^ Ohio, 3ST< York, and the other wool-growing,states have an interest in this national property,, taken at 55 cts< per lb., nearly equal to the capital of the planta- s tion states in the cotton cropof this year, reckon* ing it at $30,000,000. There is no doubt that , within three years to come, t he farming capital in wool will be more valuable than the plantation capital in cotton. Without protecting duties, American wool would be reduced piie-hatif.ih;. ".„ quantity and in price. The large flocks which '•; now cover the immense-and inexhaustible pas* '. tures of theXJ. States, most of them more or lest of the fine Spanish breeds, would be again slaugh- » tered, as has,been heretofore the case, for, want of due protection, and this great capital in fleece sa**, crificed -to that of cotton, with enormous loss to one interept, and with no possible advantage to the p other. For like.every thing else, woollen goods have fallen frpm 20 to 25 per cent since the last. _ tariff. The immediate effect of that act, by cal­ling a large number of additional clothiers'into active enterprize^. was to cause a decline in pri­ces, ruinous to many of those., hefore engaged in the occupation. Under, the influence of the im* provement in the price of Wool, woollen manu- • , facturers have rallied again, b u t , at least as re* spects them, the charge or" monopolizing prices ii~

-a cruel mockery* Thfe advantages of the tariff, in its operation upon wool, have thus far been . ( confined almost^exclusively to the farming inter* « est; the manufacturers have y e t all their way'to win, and the effect of that competitiOnjjriiy^-.-" the result of protection, cannot be Jj * jhjf had longe r time for operation.

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