forum of federations
TRANSCRIPT
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfjrefrmEkdifiH½kH;
Forum of Federations Myanmar Country Office
trSwf 5(u)? 5 vTm? e0&wfuGef'kd? prkHvrf;? '*kHNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
zkef; - +95 1 387 551
ykHESdyfjcif;
wwd,tBudrf (ZGefv 2019)
tkyfa&
2000 tkyf
xkwfa0ol
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;
ykHESdyfol
OD;ausmfol? o'¨grkd;ykHESdyfwkduf (00008)
ykHESdyfxkwfa0rIwm0efcH
Golden Art
Printing & Advertising Media Service
rsufESmzkH;'DZkdif;
Mi Khayae Thin
bmomjyef
xufrif;vGif
pmwnf;
xGef;rif;OD;
pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tvkdYiSm &nf½G,fokH;pGJjcif; r[kwfvQif ,ckpmtkyfwGif
azmfjyxm;onfrsm;ukd z,f'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf\ trnfukd azmfjyvsuf
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjy? jzefYa0? ul;,lEkdifygonf/
342
Marcus Brand (xufrif;vGif)
vufxJu iSufwaumif (2008 jrefrmhzGJpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\
zuf'&,fykHpHudk avhvmokH;oyfcsuf)^
Marcus Brand (xufrif;vGif)/ - &efukef
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf (jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;)? wwd,tBudrf? 2019/
134 pm? 13.96 x 21.59 pifwD/
(1) vufxJu iSufwaumif (2008 jrefrmhzGJpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'\ zuf'&,fykHpHudk avhvmokH;oyfcsuf)^
By
rmwdum
trSm
pmwrf;tESpfcsKyf
rnfokdYaom EkdifiHa&;pepfonf zuf'&,fpepf
jzpfoenf;/
jrefrmhorkdif;&Sd zuf'&,f0g'? 0d0g'uGJjym;rIrsm;?
rauseyfrIrsm;tay: NcHKiHkokH;oyfcsuf/
2008 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif yg0ifaom zuf'&,ftajccH
rsm;/
u/
c/
*/
i1
3
11
30
31
35
36
40
jynfaxmifpktqifhatmuf (sub-national) wGif
jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifh tpkd;&w&yf wnf
½Sdjcif;ESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;
(individual units) \ wnf½SdrIukd zGJUpnf;ykHt&
tmrcHay;xm;jcif;/
tcsKyftjcmtmPm usifhokH;rIukd jynfaxmifpk
tqifh? wkdif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,ftqifhESifh udk,f
ykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'otqifhrsm;wGif cGJa0usifh
okH;MuykH/
jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf½Sd trsKd;om;vTwfawmf
wGif jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm; tnD
trQ udk,fpm;jyKcGifh &½Sdjcif;ESifh jynfolYvTwfawmf
wGif tcsKd;rnDrQpGm jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;a'o
BuD;rsm; udk,fpm;jyKcGifh &½Sdjcif;/ (disproportional
representation)
zuf'&,f (jynfaxmifpk) Oya'jy|mef;&mwGif
jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKonfh
trsKd;om;vTwfawmfudk tenf;i,f tcsKd;rnD
1/
2/
3/
4/
t
t
aom tcGifhta&;ay;xm;jcif;/
zuf'&,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;? &mxl;ae&mrsm; (federal
oragans) a½G;cs,f&mwGif (trsKd;om;vTwfawmf
rS wqifh ao;i,faom ,lepfrsm;twGuf buf
rnDaom (ykdomaom) tcGifhtmPmrsm; ay;
xm;jcif;/
zuf'&,ftqifh (jynfaxmifpktqifh) ESifh wkdif;
a'oBuD;? jynfe,f (sub-national) tpkd;&tqifh
toD;oD;twGuf Oya'jyKa&;tmPmrsm;ukd zGJU
pnf;ykHu jy|mef;cGJa0ay;xm;jcif;/
wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;onf a<u;NrD
udpörsm;tygt0if ,if;wkdY\ udk,fykdifbwf*suf
Oya'rsm; jy|mef;EkdifaMumif; zGJUpnf;ykHu tmPm
tyfESif;xm;onf/
Oya'ydkif;qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rI wpkHw&may:
aygufvmvQif rnfokdY rnfykH ajz½Sif;aqmif½Guf
&rnfukd zGJUpnf;ykHu jywfom;½Sif;vif;aom
tqifhqifhaqmif½Guf&ef tpDtpOfwckukd csrSwf
ay;xm;onf/
tpkd;&tqifhqifhESifh ,lepfrsm;tMum; zGJUpnf;ykH
ukd tajccHaom tjiif;yGm;rI wpkHw&m ay:
aygufvmvQif tajccHOya'ckH½kH;u pD&ifqkH;jzwf
csufcsrSwfay;jcif;/
wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,frsm;ESifh udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;\ e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jyKjyifajymif;
vJrI? tpkd;&tqifhrsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;ukd jyK
jyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykHwGif tao;pdwf
jy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;ESifh ,if;,lepfrsm;\ oabm
qE´rygbJ ajymif;vJEkdifcGifhr½Sdjcif;/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
42
44
47
48
50
55
wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,frsm;twGuf tkyfcsKyfrI
tmPmusifhokH;a&;qkdif&m rlabmifukd zGJUpnf;ykH
u csrSwfjy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;/
zGJUpnf;ykHu tqifhqifhaom tpkd;&toD;oD;\
tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m vkyfydkifcGifh tmPmrsm;ukd
tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf/
zGJUpnf;ykHu jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh
jynfaxmifpktMum; b@ma&;qkdif&m &if;jrpf
rsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH cGJa0okH;pGJ&rnf qkdonfh
rlabmifukd jy|mef;ay;xm;onf/
tpkd;& w&m;pD&ifa&;u@/
obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;/
ed*kH;
aemufqufwGJ u
aemufqufwGJ c
aemufqufwGJ *
&nfnTef;csufrsm;
11/
12/
13/
14/
C/
58
61
64
69
73
76
90
104
106
109
- i -
'AtrSm
a'gufwmrm;uyfpfb&ef; 2012 u a&;om;aom 'A bird in the
hand...'-The federal pattern of Myanmar's 2008 Constitution
ukd vufxJu iSufwaumif 2008 jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\
zuf'&,fykHpHukd avhvmokH;oyfcsuf [lí zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfu
2013 ckESpfwGif jrefrmbmomokdY jyefqkdcJhygonf/
2013 w0kdufrSm or®wOD;odef;pdefu Nidrf;csrf;a&;zdwfac:í Nidrf;csrf;
a&;aqG;aEG;rIrsm; pwift½Sdef&aecsdef jzpfygonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;
aEG;&mwGif t"duusonfh zuf'&,fta&; aqG;aEG;rIrsm;vnf;
us,fus,fjyefYjyefY ay:aygufvmcsdef jzpfygonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;?
zuf'&,fta&; ajymwkdif; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'taMumif;t&monf
vnf; rygrjzpfonfh taMumif;t&m jzpfonfhtavQmuf 2008 zGJU
pnf;ykHtajccHOya'udpöonfvnf; tNrJMum;&onfh taMumif;t&m
jzpfvmygonf/
a'gufwmb&ef;\ ,ckpmwrf;rSm 2008 zGJUpnf;ykH\ zuf'&,fykHpH
ukd ynm&yfydkif;qkdif&m ½Iaxmifhu a&;om;wifjyxm;csufjzpf&m
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfu usif;yonfh tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHESifh zuf'&,ftquftpyfukd aqG;aEG;&mü aemufcH
pmwrf;tjzpf aqG;aEG;Ekdkif&ef bmomjyefcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ pmwrf;½Sif
\ rl&if;t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pmwrf;wGif ,ckpmwrf;wckvkH;rSm
pma&;ol\ yk*¾vdutmabmfom jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif;
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfuvnf; uRefawmfwkdY\ tmabmfr[kwfbJ
vuf½Sd zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m? zuf'&,fqkdif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ukd ykdrkdus,f
jyefYpGm aqG;aEG;Ekdif&ef? taxmuftuljyKEkdif&ef &nf½G,f&if;jzpfyg
aMumif; xyfavmif; azmfjyvkdygonf/
- ii -
pmwrf;rSm 2012 ckESpf or®wOD;odef;pdef tpkd;& tapmydkif;umvrsm;
u a&;om;cJhonfh pmwrf;jzpf&m tpkd;&pepf? tpkd;&\ pGrf;aqmif&nf
ESifh pyfvsOf;í okH;oyfcsufrsm;rSm or®wOD;odef;pdefvufxufu
tpkd;&tay: a'gufwmb&ef;\ ukd,fykdifokH;oyfcsufrsm;om jzpf
onfukdvnf; owdcsyfapvkdygonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;okH;oyfcsufrsm;
tay: vuf½SdtajctaeESifh csdefxkd;? ,SOf[yfokH;oyfEkdifvQifvnf;
tusKd;,kwfp&mr½Sd[k uRefawmfwkdY xifjrifygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH\ zuf'&,faqG;aEG;rIrsm;twGuf þpmwrf;u tkwf
wcsyf? oJwyGifhtaeESifh tokH;0ifEkdifrnf[k arQmfvifh,kHMunfygonf/
xufrif;vGif
Xmaeukd,fpm;vS,f
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;
- 1 -
pmwrf;tESpfcsKyf
jrefrmEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif zuf'&,fqkdaom pum;vkH;
ukd *½kjyKa½Smif½Sm;xm;aomfvnf; zuf'&,fpepf[k qkdEkdifonfh
0daoovu©Pmrsm; yg0ifaeonfjzpf&m jrefrmEkdifiH tpkd;&pepf\
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHqkdif&m ykHpHukd wykdif;zuf'&,fykHpH (quasi-federal) [k
qkdvQif twdusqkH;ESifh taumif;qkH;azmfjyEkdifrnfjzpfonf qkdonfh
tcsufukd þpmwrf;wGif wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/ okdY&mwGif
,if;zGJUpnf;ykHwGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd zuf'&,fpepf[k jywfjywfom;om;
rqkdEkdifaom tjypftemtqmtcsKdUvnf; ½Sdaeygao;onf/ xkdYjyif
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u zuf'&,frlabmifukd csrSwfay;xm;aomf
vnf; vufawG YtaumiftxnfazmfrIrSmrl t[yfuGmvsuf ½Sdae
ao;aMumif;ukdvnf; þpmwrf;u azmfjywifjyxm;ygonf/
jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykHukd wykdif;zuf'&,f[k qkd&eftwGuf taMumif;tcsuf
tcsKdU ckdifckdifvkHvkH ½Sdaeygonf/ yxrqkH;taeESifh ,if;okdY qkddvkduf
jcif;aMumifh tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHukd jzpfay:apaom zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qkdif&mESifh Oya'aMumif;qkdif&m rlabmift0ef;t0kdif;rsm;ukd
em;vnfapEkdifNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vkdtyfaom tcsufrsm;ukd azmfxkwf
Ekdifrnf jzpfonf/ jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmifrI? wm0efcHrI? jynfolY
b@ma&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m pDrHaqmif½GufrI (&if;jrpfrsm;) rsm;
ESifh pyfqkdifaom tpkd;&u@toD;oD;wGif wkduf½kdufoufa&muf
onfh udpörsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmygonf/ xkdYjyif wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkrsm;[k jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ac:qkdavh½Sdaom vlenf;pk wkdif;&if;
om;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf (state) tMum; zuf'&,f0g'ukd umv½Snf
MumpGm awmif;qkdvmcJhrI rnfokdYrnfykH t[yfuGmaeonfukdvnf;
tjrif½Iaxmifhopfw&yfrS ½IjrifEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/ vuf½SdzGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'rSm wykdif;zuf'&,fykHpHjzpfonfukd em;rvnfEkdifMuaom
- 2 -
aMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm;omru jrefrmEkdifiHtm; tultnD
ay;tyf&ef okdYr[kwf ajymif;vJvmaom EkdifiHa&; abm*aA' tajc
tae (pD;yGm;a&;tajctae) ukd pdwf0ifpm;aeMuonfh jyifyyk*¾dKvf
rsm;yg tjrif? txif rSm;,Gif;rIrsm; jzpfay:aevsuf½Sdonfukdvnff;
þpmwrf;u azmfxkwfwifjyxm;ygonf/
- 3 -
u/ rnfokdYaom EkdifiHa&;pepfonf zuf'&,fpepfjzpfoenf;/
urÇmwvTm; tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrI ykHpHtoD;oD;wGif zuf'&,f[k ac:qkd
Ekdifaom tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHrsm;rSm trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;vsuf ½Sdyg
onf/ t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcsuftay: rlwnfí qkd&vQif ,aeY
urÇmwGif zuf'&,f[k ac:qkd&rnfh pepfudk usifhokH;vsuf½Sdaom EkdifiH
aygif; 25 EkdifiHcefY ½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif ,if;EkdifiHaygif; 25 EkdifiH
teuf rsm;pGmaom EkdifiHwkdYrSm zuf'&,fqkdaom pum;&yfukd wrif
rokH;bJ a½SmifMuonfukd awG Y&ovkd? tjcm;aom wjynfaxmifEkdifiH
[k owfrSwfac:qkdMuaom EkdifiHtcsKdUonfvnf; zuf'&,f[k
ac:qkdEkdifonfh ta&;BuD;onfh 0daoovu©Pmrsm; ½Sdaeonfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif zuf'&,fpepfESifh ywfoufvmvQif
rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltqrsm; us,fjyefYpGm vufcHxm;Muonfukdvnf;
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ okdY&mwGif þpmwrf;wGifrl zuf'&,fpepfESifh
pyfvsOf;í tao;pdwf razmfjyEkdifbJ tusOf;tm;jzifhom azmfjyrnf
jzpfygonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif jynfolYa&;&m tmPmykdif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd
A[kdcsKyfukdifrIavQmhcsxm;onfh twkdif;twmonf EkdifiHwEkdifiH\
zuf'&,fykHpH jzpf? rjzpfqkdonfh udpöESifh rqkdifqkdonfh tcsufyif jzpf
ygonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fpepfrsm;rSm A[kdcsKyfukdifrI tvGefrsm;jym;
onfukd rSwfom;xm;oifhNyD; tcsKdUaom w&m;0if tac:ta0:t&
wjynfaxmifpepf[k ac:qkdMuonfh EkdifiHrsm;rSmvnf; tmPmcsKyf
ukdifrI avQmhcsjcif;ukd us,fjyefYrsm;jym;aom twkdif;twmESifh ,if;
EkdifiH½Sd tcsKdUaom okdYr[kwf tpdwftykdif;rsm; tm;vkH;twGuf ay;tyf
aqmif½Gufxm;Muonfukd awG Y&rnfjzpfygonf/
zuf'&,fpepfESifh ywfoufNyD; jiif;ckHcJhMuonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ueOD;umvrsm;uyif jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH½Sd
vlrsKd;pk vufeufukdif y#dyu©rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ajymMuqkdMu
vQifvnf; ,if;vlenf;pk wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\zuf'&,frl awmif;qkd
- 4 -
rIESifh ,if;awmif;qkdrIukd ppfwyftpkd;&u tNrJjiif;qkdvmcJhonf
qkdonfh aemufcHtajctaeukd xnfhoGif;½Sif;vif;Muavh½Sdonf/
2 1962 ckESpftxd tmPmwnfcJhaom 1947 jrefrmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;
tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'rSm jynfe,frsm;taeESifh cGJxGufvkdu cGJxGuf
EkdifcGifh tcGifhta&;ukdyg ay;tyfxm;onfh zuf'&,fykHpHESifh a&;qGJ
xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ 1974 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHwGifrl zuf'&,f pepf[k ac:
qkdEkdifrnfh 0daoo vu©Pmrsm; yg0ifvmjcif; r½Sdawmhay/ 1962
ckESpfESifh 1988ckESpf? ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;NyD; aemufykdif;umvrsm;
wGifrl wrsKd;om;vkH;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI? e,fajrqkdif&m tcsKyftjcm
wnfwHha&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;t& A[kdcsKyfukdifxm;rIwkdYukd tav;ay;
aqmif½GufcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/
okdY&mwGif jyifyurÇmuyg owdrjyKrdMuonfhtcsufrSm 2008 zGJUpnf;
ykHonf umv½SnfMumNyD;? wyfu wif;MuyfpGm xdef;csKyfxm;
aom tajctaeatmufwGif a&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH
ukd wykdif;zuf'&,fEkdifiH[k Oya'aMumif;t& qkdEkdifonfh ta&;BuD;
aom 0daoovu©Pmrsm; yg0ifonfh EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufykHrsKd;
(state structure) &½Sdxm;aponf qkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfonf/ Union
qkdaom pum;vkH;ukd okH;pGJxm;jcif;? trsKd;om;pnf;vkH; nDñGwfa&;
ukd zGJUpnf;ykHwGif awmufavQmufxnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;jcif;rsm; ½Sdae
onfhwkdif þtcsufrSm rSefuefqJyif jzpfygonf/ 3
zuf'&,f[laom pum;&yfESifh pyfvsOf;í rSm;,Gif;aom ½IjrifrIrsm;
ukd ½Sif;vif;&mwGif zuf'&,fqkdaom oabmw&m;ukd urÇmay:wGif
rMumao;rD ESpfykdif;umvrsm;twGif; ÚmPfopfvIyf½Sm;rI (&DaeqGef;)
uJhokdYaom udpö&yfwcktjzpf ½IjrifvmMuonfukd rSwfom;&ef vkdyg
onf/ vlrsKd;pkt&? bmoma&;t&? bmompum;t&rwluGJjym;rI
rsm; ½Sdaeaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif y#dyu©ukd a½SmifvTJEkdifrnfh enf;vrf;
w&yftjzpf zuf'&,fpepfukd ½IjrifokH;oyfvmMuonfukd awG Y&rnf
- 5 -
jzpfygonf/ xkdokdY ,lqokH;oyfMuonfESifhtnD zuf'&,fpepf
ukd eDayg? oD&dvuFm? tDoD,kd;yD;,m;? ql'ef? uGef*kd'Drkdu&ufwpf
or®wEkdifiHESifh tD&wfEkdifiHwkdYwGif ajymqkdaqG;aEG;vmMuNyD; twkdif;
twmwcktxd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif½GufvmMuonfukdvnf;
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
urÇmwvTm; zuf'&,fpepfESifh pyfvsOf;í ynm&yfqkdif&m avhvmrI
rsm; ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ 4 urÇmay:
wGif zuf'&,f0g'ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif txif½Sm;qkH;ESifh OD;aqmif
OD;½GufjyKaeonfh ynm½Sifrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonfh ygarmu©
½Gef0yfu zuf'&,fpepf usifhokH;aom EkdifiHrsm;wGif awGU½Sd&onfh
t"du0daoovu©Pmrsm;ukd atmufyg twkdif; zGifhqkdwifjycJhyg
onf/ 5
]]zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,f[k qkdEkdifaponfh tifpwDusL;½Sif;
qkdif&m 0daoovu©Pm&yfrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&
rsm;tMum; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm; cGJa0tyf
ESif;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ESifh tjcm;A[kd
csKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;onfh jynfaxmifpkrsm;? uGefzuf'a&;½Sif;EkdifiH
rsm;tMum; uGmjcm;aponfhtcsufrSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'u tpkd;&tvTmtoD;oD;twGuf owfrSwfay;xm;
onfh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm vkyfukdif aqmif½Guf
EkdifcGifhtmPmukd xnfhoGif;tmrcHay;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ 6}
ygarmu©0yf tvkdt& zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif t"duusonfh vu©Pm
&yfrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf -
tenf;qkH;tpkd;&ESpf&yf½SdNyD; wEkdifiHvkH;twGuf aqmif½Guf
aom A[kdtpkd;&ESifh a'o,lepfrsm; (jynfe,frsm;) twGuf
t
- 6 -
aqmif½Gufaom a'otpkd;&rsm; (jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;) ½Sdjcif;?
EkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf aqmif½GufpDrHay;jcif;/
Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmESpf&yfukd zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'u oD;jcm;ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;? b@m
a&;qkdif&m &if;jrpfrsm;tay: tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum; cGJa0okH;pGJ
rIukdvnf; zGJ Ypnf;ykHwGif ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;ESifh ,if;
tpkd;&tqifhwqifhpDtwGuf pDrHaqmif½GufykdifcGifh tmPm
rsm;ukd oD;jcm;pD vGwfvyfpGm usifhokH;aqmif½GufEkdif&ef
ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;/
zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ rl0g'csrSwfonfh tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm;
twGif; a'oqkdif&m tpkd;&rsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufaprnfh
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif ,if;a'oqkdif&m tpkd;&rsm;
vnf; yg0ifywfoufEkdifap&ef udk,fpm;jyKcGifh (representation)
ukd jy|mef;owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;? (trsm;tm;jzifh wEkdifiHvkH;
twkdif;twmESifh oufqkdifaom second chamber jrefrm
EkdifiHwGif trsKd;om;vTwfawmf) w&yfyg ½Sdapjcif;/
zuf'&,f tqifhwqifhwnf;u jyifqifEkdifjcif;rsKd;r[kwf
bJ a'otoD;oD; (wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;teuf)
a'otawmfrsm;rsm;u vufcHoabmwlnDrIjzifhom jyifqif
Ekdifonfh pmjzifh a&;om;xm;aom? EkdifiHw0Srf; Oya'teuf
tjrifhqkH;Oya'jzpfonfh zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'w&yf½Sdjcif;/
(tpkd;&rsm;tMum; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ukd) tNyD;owftwnf
jyK tqkH;jzwfay;Ekdifaom (w&m;½kH; okdYr[kwf qE´cH,lyGJ
okdYr[kwf txl;tcGifhtmPmrsm; tyfESif;xm;aom txuf
vTwfawmfuJhokdYaom) tmPmykdif tzGJUtpnf;w&yf½Sdjcif;/
t
t
t
t
- 7 -
tpkd;& vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm;tMum;? tpkd;&ESpf&yf rQa0
vkyfaqmifaom? okdYr[kwf rvTJom ra½SmifombJ xyfae
aom udpö&yfrsm; aqmif½Guf&mwGif tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum;
yl;aygif;taumiftxnfazmfrIukd ulnDaxmufyHhay;Ekdifaom
jzpfpOf (process) ESifh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; (institutions)
wnf½Sdjcif;/
txl;owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrSmrl tpDtpOfuserIudpö (order) yif
jzpfonf/ 0yffu xyfavmif;ñTefjyonfh tcsufrSm zGJUpnf;ykHt& ½Sd
aom ykHpHESifh vufawG Yvkyfief;aqmif½GufrIqkdif&m yuwdtajctae
rwl qkdaom tcsufyif jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif zuf'&,fpepfukd usifh
okH;onfh ykHpHonf tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrQ ajymif;vJvmrnfjzpf
onf/ tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh uae'gEkdifiH Oyrmrsm;wGif zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'rSm tapmykdif;u wykdif;zuf'&,f ykHpHjzpfNyD;? A[kdu csKyfukdif
xm;onfh pepfrsm;wGif awG Yjrif&wwfonfh A[kd vTrf;rkd;csKyfukdifrI
rsm; wnf½Sdyg0ifaecJhonfh om"uukd awG YEkdifygonf/ vufawG Y
vkyfief;aqmif½GufrItay: txl;tm;jzifh rlwnfaom EkdifiHrsm;rSm
rav;½Sm;? ygupöwef? &yf½Sm;? awmiftmz&du? pydefESifh AifeDZGJvm;
EkdifiHwkdYyif jzpfMuygonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif 0yfu zuf'&,fpepfESifh
pyfvsOf;í avhvmajymqkdMu&mwGif ,if;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ukd tao
tcsmem;vnf&efrSm zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;t& jy|mef;xm;rIrsm;
ukd avhvm½kHrQrubJ vufawG Yvkyfief;aqmif½Guf&mwGif rnfokdY
rnfykH aqmif½GufonfukdvJ avhvm&ef vkdonf[k rD;armif;xkd;
ñTefjycJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykHukd rnfokdYa&;om;
xm;NyD; tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m vufawG Yvkyfief;usifhokH;&mwGif rnfokdY
usifhokH;onfqkdonfukd em;vnfvkdvQif ,if;tcsufrSm txl;ta&;
ygonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ 7
t
- 8 -
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHwGif wyfrawmftwGuf oD;jcm;vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmrsm;
tyfESif;xm;onfjzpf&m ,if;tcsufaMumifhyif ykHrSefajymqkdaeusjzpf
onfh 'Drkdua&pD pHEIef;rsm;ESifhrnD? tpDtpOfrusjzpfonf[k qkd&rnf
jzpfonfhtjyif zuf'&,f pepf[k qkd&efvnf; cufcJapygonf/
okdY&mwGif txufazmfjycJhaom ½IaxmifhrS csOf;uyfygu wyfrawmfu
yg0ifpdk;rkd;rIrSm jynfaxmifpktqifh? jynfe,ftqifh[k cGJjcm;xm;jcif;
rsKd;r½SdbJ tqifhwkdif;wGifyif yg0ifaeonfjzpf&m ,if;tcsufrSm pepf
oabmtm;jzifh ywfoufaeaom taMumif;csif;&mwcktjzpf ,l&
rnf jzpfNyD; EkdifiHawmf (state) wckvkH;\ zuf'&,foabmobm0
ukd pOf;pm;&mwGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef roifhacs/ 8 zuf'&,f0g'
ESifh 'Drkdua&pDtMum;wGif ½IyfaxG;aom ywfoufqufEG,frI w&yf
½Sdygonf/ orkdif;tpOftvmt& zuf'&,fpepfrsm;udk 'Drkdua&pD
r[kwfaom EkdifiHa&;pepfrsm;wGifvnf; awG Y½SdEkdifygonf/ (Oyrm -
qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk? csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;ESifh ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;
EkdifiH)/ okdY&mwGif zuf'&,fpepfonf ,if;uJhokdYaom 'Drkdua&pD
ryg0ifonfh tajctaersKd;rsm;wGif ½Sifoef&yfwnf&ef cJ,Of;NyD;
,if;ekdifiHrsm; 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;½Sif;vkyfief;pOfrsm; aqmif½GufMu
onfhtcg tqkH;owfwGif NydKuGJoGm;apcJhonfukdvnf; xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&ef vkdygonf/ zuf'&,fpepfukd rSefrSefuefuefusifhokH;&ef
qkdygvQif A[kdtpkd;&\ tmPmukd avQmhcsuefYowfxm;&ouJhokdY
yif vpfb&,f 'Drkdua&pDpepfwGifvnf; EkdifiHawmf\ vkyfykdifcGifh
tmPmrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'? w&m;Oya'rsm;ESifh abmif
twGif;rS tuefYtowfESifh usifhokH;Ekdifap&ef aqmif½Gufxm;rSom
trSefwu,f vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pD jzpfEkdifayonf/ tcGifhta&;rsm;
ukd xda&mufpGm umuG,fay;EkdifrSom? tjyeftvSef xdef;ausmif;rI
rsm; trSefwu,f wnf½SdaerSom? okdYr[kwf tmPmykdif;jcm;cGJa0
usifhokH;rI ½SdaerSomvQif 'Drkdua&pDukdvnf; trSefwu,f usifhokH;
Ekdifrnf jzpfayonf/ w&m;0if zuf'&,fEkdifiHjzpfaom ygupöwef
EkdifiHukd MunfhvQif þtcsufudk aocsm½Sif;vif;pGm om"ujyKEkdif
- 9 -
rnf jzpfygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf EkdifiHa&;udpörsm;wGif ppf
bufu 0ifa&mufyg0ifywfoufrIrsm;? ,if;uJhokdY yg0ifywfoufrI
ukd cGifhjyKay;onfh zGJUpnf;ykH jyifqifrIrsm;ukd aemufydkif;wGif jyKvkyf
vmrIrsm;ESifh A[kdESifh jynfe,f (province) rsm;tMum; b@ma&;ESifh
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmrsm;udk cGJa0usifhokH;rIrsm;rSm wzufapmif;eif; jzpf
vGef;rujzpfNyD; zuf'&,fpepftay: tjyeftvSef oHo,rsm;
BuD;xGm;vmrIwkdYrSm xif½Sm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHwGifvnf; zuf'&,fpepfESifh rukdufnDaom
tjcm;tykdif;u@rsm;vnf; ½Sdygao;onf/ Oyrm - wkdif;ESifh jynfe,f
vTwfawmfrsm;\ oufwrf;onf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf\ oufwrf;
ESifh wlnDaejcif;? 9 wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\ wm0ef
xrf;aqmifrIonf ,if;wkdY wm0efcH&onfh 11 or®w\ &mxl;oufwrf;
twkdif; 5 ESpfMumjrifhjcif;? 10 0efBuD;csKyfrsm;ukd z,f½Sm;Ekdifonfh
tmPmukd or®wtm; tyfESif;xm;jcif;? 12 wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,f
vTwfawmfrsm;½Sd vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;teufrS or®wu 0efBuD;
csKyf&mxl; a½G;cs,fcefYtyfEkdifjcif; (vTwfawmfu twnfjyKay;&onf)?
13 wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdYtay: tusKd;ouf
a&mufEkdifrnfh udpö&yfrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd
jyifqifonfhtcg ,if;wkdY oabmqE´ukd yg0ifEkdifaprnfh taetxm;
rsKd;½Sdraejcif; 14 ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f\tajctae
ay:ukd rlwnfí ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f½SdEkdifaprnfh tpkd;&tifpwDusL;½Sif;
ykHpHrsKd;r[kwfbJ wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm; tm;vkH;
ukd ykHpHwl tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;tjzpf wif;MuyfpGm zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;?
15 jrefrmbmompum;ukd wckwnf;aom ½kH;okH;bmompum;tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;jcif;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ 16 okdY&mwGif ,if;tcsufrsm;rSm
urÇmay:wGif zuf'&,fpepfudk wenf;wzkH usifhokH;aeonf[k qkdEkdif
aom EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; ½Sdaeonfom jzpfygonf/
- 10 -
rnfokdYyif jzpfapumrl þpmwrf;u azmfjyonfrSm zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'twkdif; ½Sif;vif;ajymqkd&vQif (txufazmfjyyg) zuf'&,f0g'
tjzpf zGifhqkdEkdif&ef ukdufnD&rnfh 0daoovu©Pm&yfrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh
nDñGwfjynfhpkHjcif; r½Sdonfhwkdif jrefrmzGJUpnf;ykHonf trsm;pkaom
0daoovu©Pmrsm;ESifh ukdufnDjynfhpkHvsuf½Sd&m ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHudk
tenf;qkH;taetm;jzifh wykdif;zuf'&,fjzpfonf[kyif qkd&rnf jzpf
ygonf/ tjynfht0zuf'&,fjzpfonf[k rqkdEkdifbJ wydkif;zuf'&,f
jzpfonf[k qkd&jcif;uyif ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHonf 'Drkdua&pD tjynfht0
jzpfonf qkdonfhtcsuftay: oHo,jzpfzG,f ½Sdonfqkdonfh
tcsufESifh ,if;oHo,rSmvnf; wyfrawmfukd txl;ay;tyfxm;
aom vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh wyfrawmf\ txl;tcGifhta&;
tqifhtwef;tay: trsm;tm;jzifh pkd;&drfylyefMujcif;aMumifhyif qkd
onfukd ay:vGifapygonf/
zuf'&,fpepfwGif jynfhpkH&rnfh tjcm;t&nftcsif;w&yfrSm xkd
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rlabmif? t0ef;t0kdif;wGif owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;
xm;rIrsm;ukd vufawG YEkdifiHa&;tmPmusifhokH;&mwGifvnf;aumif;?
b@ma&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oya'aMumif;t& okH;oyfrIqkdif&m u@rsm;?
tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh jynfolvlxk em;vnf
oabmaygufrI rnfrQ ½Sdonf? vufawG YrnfrQ usifhokH;aeonfqkd
onfh tcsufyif jzpfygonf/ okdYaomfjim;vnf; vuf½SdyGifhvif;vGwf
vyfvmaom EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfESifh 'Drkdu&ufwkdufaZ;½Sif;vrf;aMumif;
rS aoGznfroGm;bJ qufvufaqmif½GufNyD; vmrnfh ESpfrsm;twGif;
'Drkdua&pD &ifhoefckdifrmatmif aqmif½Gufrnf? xkdenf;wl zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'u owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;xm;onfrsm;ukd vufawG Yjzpf
ay:vmatmif tmrcHay;Ekdifrnf? aemifcsJUxGifjy|mef;vmrnfh Oya'
ESifh usifhxkH;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;aqmif½Gufrnf? xkdYjyif EkdifiHawmf\
tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;wGifvnf; ,if;zGJUpnf;ykH t0ef;t0kdif;twkdif; aqmif
½GufoGm;rnfqkdygu tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;enf;wl jrefrmEkdifiH
- 11 -
onfvnf; tem*wfumvwGif zuf'&,fykHpHEkdifiHtjzpf a&muf½Sd
vmEkdifrnfh tajctae ½Sdaeygao;onf/
c/ jrefrmhorkdif;½Sd zuf'&,f0g'? 0d0g'uGJjym;rIrsm;? rauseyfrIrsm;
tay: NcHKikHokH;oyfcsuf/
2008 zGJUpnf;ykHrwkdifrD jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifh vGwfvyfa&;&pOfumv
rS pí 1947 zGJUpnf;ykHESifh 1974 zGJUpnf;ykH[lí zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya'ESpf&yf ½SdcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf ,if;
47 ESifh 74 zGJUpnf;ykHwkdYrSm 14 ESpfcefYpDom wnfwHhcJhNyD; aESmif;ykdif;
umvrsm;wGif ppfwyfu OD;aqmifaom EkdifiHawmfaumifpDrsm;uom
A[kdcsKyfukdifrI rsm;jym;aom wjynfaxmifpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonf
udk awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ rnfokdYyifqkdapumrl ,if;zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ESpf&yfonf vuf½SdzGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m? tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrI
qkdif&m ykHpHrsm;tay:wGif ta&;ygaom vTrf;rkd;rIrsm;½SdNyD; ,if;zGJUpnf;
ykHrsm;wGif zuf'&,f[k qkd&rnfh tykdif;u@rsm; yg0ifonfukdvnf;
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ (,if;zGJUpnf;ykHESpfckteuf) 1947 zGJUpnf;ykH
rSmrl ykdí zuf'&,fusonf[k qkd&rnf jzpfNyD; 1974 zGJUpnf;ykH
rSmrl wkdif;ESifh jynfe,ftqifhrsm;taeESifh tmPmukd cGJa0okH;pGJrI
(shared rule) ukd aqmif½GufEkdif&ef tcGifhrombJ jrefrmhqkd½S,fvpf
vrf;pOfpepfu vTrf;rkd;BuD;pkd;aeonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,f0g'ESifh pyfvsOf;í ajymqkdaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHrI
rsm;rSm orkdif;ukd jyefajymif;MunfhvQif 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;? NAdwdoQ
ukdvkdeDvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufpOf tcsdefuwnf;u pwifcJhonf
ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHtjzpf a&muf½Sd
vQif rnfokdYrnfykH aqmif½Gufoifhonfukd xkdtcsdefu EkdifiHa&;ESifh
ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; awG;awmBuHqaeaom tcsdefuyif pwif
onf[k qkd&rnf jzpfonf/ 17 AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom
- 12 -
Armtpkd;&ESifh ½Srf;? ucsifESifh csif;acgif;aqmifrsm; oabmwlcsKyfqkdcJh
Muaom? xif½Sm;onfh yifvkHpmcsKyfwGif awmifwef;a'orsm;\
ta&;udpörsm;udk awmifwef;om;rsm; ukd,fwkdif vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJ
ykdifcGifhukd tmrcHonfh rlrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;a&;qGJcJhMuaomfvnf;
zuf'&,fykHpHukd rnfokdY usifhokH;rnfukdrl twdtusazmfñTef;cJhjcif;
r½Sdacs/ 18 1947 ckESpfwGif wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmf ac:,lNyD;
,if;wkdif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfu zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ukd a&;qGJcJh
onf/ xkdzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif zuf'&,fvu©Pmrsm; yg0ifNyD;
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh½Sdonfh a'orsm; pepfwus
pDrHay;onfh enf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;? bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI
qkdif&m rwluGJjym;rIrsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKcJhovkd zGJUpnf;ykHwGifvnf;
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd (jynfe,fESifh jynfaxmifpktMum;) owfrSwf
xm;aom pm&if;ukd xnfhoGif;a&;qGJcJhMuNyD; ,lepfrsm; (jynfe,frsm;)
u jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif ukd,fpm;jyKcGifhudkvnf; tajrmftjrif½Sd½Sd
xnfhoGif;aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/ 19 umvtm;jzifhvnf; 1947 tajccH
Oya'onf q,fpkESpf pGef;pGef;om tmPmwnfcJhovkd? jynfwGif;ppf
jzpfyGm;aecsdefwGif taumiftxnfazmfcJh&jcif;? jynfyusL;ausmfrI
rsm; ½SdaeNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif; ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;um EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifhvnf;
rwnfNidrfaom tajctaewGif taumiftxnfazmfcJh&jcif; [lonfh
tcsufrsm; ½Sdaeaomfvnf; ,if; 47 tajccHOya'onf ,cktcsdef
wGif MoZmvTrf;rkd;aeqJ jzpfonf/ vuf½Sd jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifh
zuf'&,fpepf usifhokH;vkdvQif ,if; 47 ykHpHkukd jyefoGm;oifhonf
[k wcgw&H &nfñTef;ajymqkdMuonfyif ½Sdygonf/ 20 orkdif;aMumif;
wavQmuf wkd;wufvmrIrsm;ukd jyefajymif;Munfh½IvQif ,if; 1947
ykHpHrSm jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifh zuf'&,fpepfESifh teD;pyfqkH;aom ykHpH
rsKd;ukd a&muf½SdusifhokH;EkdifcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k qkdEkdifonfjzpf&m ,if;
zGJUpnf;ykH\ t"duusaom 0daoovu©Pmrsm;ukd þae&mwGif
xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdygonf/
- 13 -
1947 zGJUpnf;ykHu EkdifiHudk jynfaxmifpk (union) [k azmfjyygonf/
(1974 ESifh 2008 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGifvnf; ,if;twkdif;yif
azmfjyxm;Muygonf/) 47 pepfrSm ygvDrefpepfjzpfNyD; txuf?
atmufygvDrefESpf&yfaygif; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom or®wyg0if
onfh 21 ykHpHrsKd; jzpfygonf/ or®w&mxl; oufwrf; 5 ESpf? oufwrf;
ESpfBudrf xrf;aqmifEkdifNyD; tpkd;&tzGJUacgif;aqmif0efBuD;csKyfukd ygvDref
u a½G;cs,fygonf/ atmufvTwfawmfESifhh vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf[lí
vTwfawmfESpf&yf½Sdonfh ygvDrefykHpH jzpfygonf/ okH;aomif;ESifh
wodef;Mum;½Sdaom vlOD;a&twGuf atmufvTwfawmfwGif vTwfawmf
trwfwOD;pD½SdNyD; vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfu jynfolYvTwfawmf\ xuf0uf
ta&twGuf jzpfonf/ (250^125) 22 okdY&mwGif jynfaxmifpkwGif;
½Sd rJqE´e,ftoD;oD;twGuf vTwfawmftrwfESifh vlOD;a&tcsKd;
wlnDrI ½Sd&rnfqkdonfh rlukd csrSwfxm;ygonf/ 23 1947 ck {NyDv
wGif a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf tpnf;
ta0;wGif ArmjynfrrS 210 OD; yg0ifNyD; ,cifawmifwef;a'orsm;
rS 45 OD; yg0ifygonf/ ,if;wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;
uyif 1951 ckESpf a½G;aumufyGJrsm;rwkdifrDtxd ,m,DygvDref
tjzpf aqmif½Gufygonf/ atmufvTwfawmfwGif trwf 250 OD;
yg0ifNyD; atmufvTwfawmf\ w0ufta&twGuf½Sdonfh vlrsKd;pk
vTwfawmfukdrl atmufygtwkdif; zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/
vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf ae&m 125 ae&mteuf
(u) 25 ae&mukd ½Srf;jynfe,frS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? 24
(c) 12 ae&mukd ucsifjynfe,frS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? 25
(*) 8 ae&mudk csif;0daoowkdif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;?
(C) 3 ae&mukd u&ifeDjynfe,frS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;?
(i) 24 ae&mukd u&ifjynfe,frS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;? 26
(p) usef 53 ae&mukd tjcm;aom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwGif; usef½Sd
aom e,fajrrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh vnf;aumif; zGJUpnf;yg0ifygonf/
- 14 -
(1947 ckESpf vlrsKd;pk vTwfawmfESifh 2008 ckESpf trsKd;om;vTwfawmf
wkdY\ ukd,fpm;jyKrIukd EIdif;,SOfcsuf/ 1947 Oya'u vlOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;
tay: rlwnfí ae&mrsm;udk cGJa0ay;rI ydkrsm;NyD; 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHurl
wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm; tm;vkH;ukd wef;wlnDrQ 12 ae&mpD ay;
xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf/ &ckdifESifh rGefjynfe,fwkdYrSm 47 aemufykdif;rS
jynfe,f&½Sdjcif;jzpfNyD; ,if;a'orsm;ESifh vlOD;a&rSm 1947 zGJUpnf;ykH
wGif a&maESmaevsuf ½Sdygonf/ jynfe,f ckESpfck\ vlOD;a&trSef
rSm jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH; vlOD;a&\ av;ykHwykHcefY jzpfygonf/ jynfe,f
rsm;? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; rnfrQysHUESHY ae
xkdifaMumif;ukd ,kHMunfzG,f tcsuftvuf okdYr[kwf w&m;0if
tcsuftvufwpkHw&m r½Sdyg/)
EkdifiHawmfukd bufrnDaom zuf'&,fykHpHjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;NyD; wkdif;&if;
om;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfay;xm;aom jynfe,frsm; (½Srf;jynfe,f?
ucsifjynfe,fESifh u&ifeDjynfe,f) wkdYtwGuf oD;jcm;? tao;pdwf
tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfay;xm;onf/ 27 jynfe,fwckpDwGif jynfe,f
aumifpDw&yfESifh tpkd;&½Sdonf/ u&ifjynfe,fwGifrl tjcm;aom
jynfe,frsm;uJhokdY jynfe,fzGJUpnf;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ txl;Oya'
jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifh u&ifa&;&maumifpDukd zGJUpnf;ay;xm;onfhtjyif
u&ifa&;&m0efBuD;wyg;ukdvnf; uwfbdeufwGif cefYtyfay;xm;
Chins8, 7% Karenni State
3, 2%
Shan State25, 20%
Kachin State12, 10%
Karens24, 19%
Rest 53, 42%Rest 50%
Shan State8%
Kachin State7%
Karen State7%
Rakhine State7%
Mon State7%
Karenni State7%
19472008
Chin State7%
- 15 -
onf/28 ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh twkdif;twm yrmPwcktxd jynfe,f
rsm;&½SdcHpm;EkdifMuNyD; A[kdvufatmufwGif ½Sdaom e,fy,ftoD;oD;
rS tpkd;&tqifhrsm;twGufrl Oya'jy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;rsKd; r½Sdacs/
,if;e,fy,frsm;ukd pkpnf;&mwGif tkyfcsKyfpDrHa&;qkdif&m wkdif;rsm;
tvkduf pkpnf;xm;onfukdom awGU&onf/ 1974 ckESpfwGifrS
jynfe,fjzpfvmaom csif;0daoowkdif;wGifrl jynfe,frsm;atmuf
avsmhenf;aom vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/
jynfe,f e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd ajymif;vJowfrSwfEkdifovkd ygvDrefu
tufOya'rsm; jy|mef;NyD; qkdif&m,lepfrsm;u oabmwlvQif jynfe,f
opfrsm; xlaxmifay;EkdifcGifhvnf; ½Sdaeygonf/zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya' ukd,fxnfonfvJ 1974 ESifh 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHuJhokdY r[kwfbJ
jyKjyif&ef ydkrkdvG,fulNyD; txuf? atmufygvDrefvTwfawmf ESpf&yf
aygif; yl;wGJ ygvDreftpnf;ta0;wGif okH;ykH ESpfykHrJjzifh jyifEkdifonf
ukd awG Y&ygonf/ jynfe,frsm;twGuf a&;qGJydkif;jcm;ay;xm;aom
Oya'jyKpm&if;ESifh tcGefpm&if;ukd jyKjyifvkdvQifrl vTwfawmftrwf
trsm;pkqE´jzifh jyKjyifEkdifNyD; oufqkdif&m jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; trsm;pku axmufcH&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ 29
1947 tajccHOya'\ txl;jcm;qkH;tcsufrSm tcef; 10 wGif azmfjy
yg½Sdonfh jynfaxmifpkrS cGJxGufykdifcGifhyif jzpfonf/ ,if;
tcGifhta&;ukd ½Srf;jynfe,fESifh u&ifeD (u,m;) 30 jynfe,fwkdYokdY
tyfESif;xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ q,fESpftMumwGif cGJxGuf
vkdu cGJxGufEkdifonf[k jy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;jzpfNyD; cGJxGufcGifhukd
jynfe,faumifpD\ okH;ykHESpfykHu rJay;&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf
jynfe,fvlxk\ oabmqE´cH,lyGJjzifh,if;tcGifhta&;ukd usifhokH;
Ekdifrnf jzpfonf/ 31 þtcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufí tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;?
0d0g'uGJvGJrIrsm;u 1962 ppfwyftmPmodrf;rIukd jzpfay:apNyD;
1947 Oya' ed*kH;csKyfoGm;cJhovkd ,if;tcsdefrS pwifNyD; jrefrmEkdifiH
- 16 -
wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh zuf'&,fta&;? udk,fhMur®m udk,f
zefwD;cGifh &½Sda&;ESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;ajymqkdrI rSeforQtay:
tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm; ½Sdvmygawmhonf/
1947 tajccHOya'wGif tifpwDusL;½Sif; ykHpHrsm;? jynfaxmifpk
tpkd;&ESifh qufoG,fa&;udpörsm;? jynfe,frsm; cHpm;Ekdifaom ukd,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifhyrmPtwkdif;twmukd taotcsm ykHazmfxm;onfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ jynfe,frsm;½Sd Oya'jyKa&;ESifh ukd,fpm;jyKa&;
ukd aqmif½Gufay;aom jynfe,faumifpDrsm;ukdrl oD;jcm;a½G;
aumufwifajr§mufjcif; rjyKbJ jynfaxmifpkygvDrefwGif jynfe,f
toD;oD;rS vma&mufMuaom vTwfawmftrwfrsm;ESifh zGJUpnf;onf
ukd awG Y&onf/ okdYjzpf&m jynfe,frsm;rS ygvDreftrwfrsm;rSm
jynfaxmifpkygvDref vTwfawmf\ trwfrsm;vJ jzpfovkd wNydKifeuf
wnf;rSmyif jynfe,faumifpD toD;oD;\ trwfrsm;vJ jzpfay&m
jynfaxmifpkw0Srf;vkH;ESifh ywfoufaom Oya'jyKa&; udpörsm;ESifh
,lepf (jynfe,f) rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom Oya'jyKa&;udpö? ESpfckpvkH;
wGif yg0ifywfouf&onfukd awG YEkdifayonf/
jynfe,ftpkd;&tBuD;tuJrsm;onfvnf; ,if;okdYyif u@ESpf&yfpvkH;
wGif yg0ifonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ jynfe,ftpkd;&tBuD;tuJ
rsm;onf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tzGJU tzGJU0ifrsm;vnf; jzpfovkd jynfe,f
aumifpDrsm;ESifh wkdifyifvsuf 0efBuD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGif;NyD;
32 or®wu cefYtyfwm0efay;onfh jynfe,ftBuD;tuJrsm;vnf; jzpf
vmMuonf/ 33 ½Srf;jynfe,f0efBuD;? ucsifjynfe,f0efBuD;? u,m;
jynfe,f0efBuD;? u&ifa&;&m0efBuD;ESifh csif;a&;&m0efBuD;wkdYonf
vnf; oufqkdif&mjynfe,frsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;tBuD;tuJrsm; jzpfvm
Muovkd jynfe,fOya'jyKpm&if;wGif yg0ifaom udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyf
vsOf;í oufqkdif&m jynfe,faumifpD\ vTJtyfwm0efay;rIESifhtnD
tkyfcsKyfpDrHydkifcGifhtmPmukd &½SdMuonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
- 17 -
,if;uJhokdY jynfaxmifpktqifhwGifa&m? jynfe,ftqifhwGifyg Oya'
jyKa&; tkyfcsKyfa&;u@rsm;ukd wm0ef,laqmif½Gufonfh ykHpHonf
vkyfief; vufawG Y taumiftxnfazmf&mESifh tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef
yl;aygif;aqmif½GufMu&mwGif rnfokdY oufa&mufrIrsm; ½Sdonfqkd
onfhudpörSm txl;azmfxkwfavhvmzG,f aumif;onfh udpöyif jzpf
onf/ ,if;okdY ESpfqifhpvkH;wGif yg0ifrIu twkdif;twm wpkHw&m
txd ½IyfaxG;rIESifh &Hzef&Hcg a&maxG;,SufwifrIrsm;ukdyif jzpfapEkdif
rnfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdenf;wlyif jynfe,ftqifhrsm;
taeESifhvnf; udk,fykdifpDrHtkyfcsKyfykdifcGifh avsmhenf;apEkdifonfh
oabmrsKd;½SdNyD; A[kdcsKyfukdifrI½Sdaom jynfolY0efxrf;pepfrSmvnf;
wckwnf;om ½Sdonfjzpf&m A[kdtpkd;&u ,if;,lepftoD;oD;ukd
wif;usyfpGm csKyfukdifxm;Ekdifrnfom jzpfonf/
jynfe,frsm;twGuf cGJa0ay;xm;aom Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tcGefaumufcH
ykdifcGifh pm&if;rSmvnf; jynfe,ftqifh &½Sdaom jynfe,f okH;jynfe,f
(½Srf;? ucsifESifh u,m;) wkdYtwGufom jzpfonf/ <uif;useftmPm
(residual power) udkrl jynfaxmifpkokdY tyfESif;xm;NyD; 34 jynfe,frsm;
taeESifhrl jynfe,fESifh pyfvsOf;aom a'oEÅ&qkdif&m? yk*¾vduqkdif&m
oabmobm0½Sdaom udpörsm;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aqmif½GufpDrH
ykdifcGifhukd cGifhjyKxm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ jynfaxmifpk
tqifhwGif umuG,fa&;? EkdifiHjcm;a&;? qufoG,fa&; (avaMumif;?
ta0;ajy;vrf;rsm;? rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;? a&aMumif;ykdYaqmifa&;? pmwkduf
ESifh aMu;eef;)? b@ma&;? A[kdbPfESifh aiGaMu;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;?
oef;acgifpm&if;? a½G;aumufyGJ? &mZ0wfESifh w&m;rOya'? owif;
rD'D,m? pDrHudef;? vlrIESifh tvkyform;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;? jywkduf
taqmuftOD;rsm;? pufrIzGH YNzdK;a&;? or0g,r? opfawm? owåKwGif;
ESifh a&eHokdufrsm;ESifh tjcm;u@rsm; yg0ifygonf/ jynfe,ftqifh
wGifrl Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfpDrHa&;qkdif&m udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhukd
txkduftavsmufay;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/ ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHwGif
- 18 -
jynfe,ftaeESifh jynfe,fzGJUpnf;ykHw&yf oD;jcm;xm;½SdykdifcGifh?
jynfe,fqkdif&m jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd pDrHaqmif½Guf
ykdifcGifh? jynfolY0efxrf;qkdif&maumfr½Sifw&yf zGJUpnf;ykdifcGifh? v,f,m
pkdufysKd;a&;? a&vkyfief;ESifh ajr,mvkyfief;rsm;? aps;ESifh yGJvrf;obif
qkdif&m vkyfaqmifykdifcGifhrsm;? jynfe,ftcsif;csif;Mum; qufpyfae
aom jrpfrsm;rSty tjcm;a&&if;jrpfrsm;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh? aus;½Gm
&Jvkyfief;uJhokdYaom w&m;Oya' pdk;rkd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh w&m;pD&if
a&;? a'oEÅ& tajccHtaqmuftOD? (tqifhjrifhynma&;rSty)
ynma&;? usef;rma&;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;? rdv’moefY½Sif;a&;qkdif&m
udpö&yfrsm;? arG;aopm&if;uJhokdYaomrSwfykHwifpm&if;qkdif&m udpö&yf
rsm;ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm; yg0ifonf/
jynfe,fu aumufcHykdifcGifh½Sdaom tcGeftcrsm;pm&if;wGif a&eH?
wGif;xGufowåK? opfawmrsm;ESifh &mbmxkwfvkyfjcif;vkyfief;rsm;?
,pfrsKd;ESifh opfawmqkdif&m udpörsm;twGuf ckdifaMu;rsm;vnf; yg0if
onfukd awG Y&ygonf/ okdY&mwGif ,if;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif½GufEkdif&ef
twGufrl jynfaxmifpktqifhrS axmufyHhay;rIrsm;ESifhom aqmif½Guf
EkdifcJhonfukd em;vnfxm;&ef vkdtyfrnf jzpfonf/ b@ma&;qkdif&m
zuf'&,fpepftwGuf vkdtyfaom pHEIef;rsm;? okdYr[kwf b@ma&;
qkdif&m aumfr½SifzGJUpnf;ykdifcGifhukdrl zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif jy|mef;
ay;xm;jcif; r½Sday/ 47 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHt& jynfe,frsm;u
trSefwu,f aumufcH&½Sdaom tcGeftcrsm;ESifh tokH;p&dwfrsm;udk
avhvmrnfqkdvQif 47 zGJUpnf;ykHpepf vufawG YwGif rnfokdY tvkyf
vkyfonfukd txift½Sm;awG Y&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; xkduJhokdY avhvm
xm;aom okawoersKd;rSm vwfwavm tajctaewGif xGufay:
vmjcif; r½Sdao;yg/
47 zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGifrl wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tkyfpkrsm;twGuf
oD;jcm;jzpfaom? bufrnDaom pDrHay;xm;rIrsm; twkdif;twmwck
- 19 -
txd yg0ifaeonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/om"utm;jzifh u&if
vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf (u&ifjynfe,f[k jynfe,fzGJUpnf;vQif jynfe,f
twGuf tcsKd;t& enf;oGm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf;) u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;\
yuwdvlOD;a&twkdif; ygvDref atmufvTwfawmfwGif cGifhjyKay;xm;
onfjzpf&m rQwaom ygvDreftrwfOD;a& &½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpf
ygonf/ ucsifjynfe,fqkdvQif ucsifjynfe,f[kom qkdaomfvnf;
ucsifr[kwfaom vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;aexkdifMuonf jzpf&m
ucsifjynfe,fOuú|onf ucsifr[kwfaom tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ukd
ukd,fpm;jyKonfh uufbdeuftzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh wkdifyifn§dEIdif;NyD;rSom
vkyfief;rsm; aqmif½GufEkdifonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ þokdY
pDrHay;xm;rIrsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IrnfqkdvQif cGJjcm;qufqHrI r½Sdap
jcif; okdYr[kwf tcsKd;usukd,fpm;jyKrIuJhokdYaom us,fjyefYonfh
tajccHoabmaqmifonfh rl0g'rsm;jzifh aqmif½Gufxm;jcif;rsKd;
r[kwfbJ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk wpkpDESifh oD;jcm;oabmaqmifonfh
aqG;aEG; n§dEIdif;rI &v'frsm;t& taumiftxnfazmfxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpf
onfukd awG Y½Sd&rnf jzpfygonf/ ½Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;? e,f½Sifrsm;
twGuf oD;jcm;cGJa0ay;aom tmPmcGJa0rI ykHpHrsm;ukdvnf; awG Y&
rnf jzpfovkd e,f½Sifpepf½Sdaeao;NyD; tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif cGJjcm;
qufqHrIrsm;½Sdonfh ykHpHrsm;udkvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ odkYjzpf&m
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif azmfjyxm;aom vpfb&,f - 'Drkdua&pD
pHEIef;rsm;? &DywfyvDuef (or®wpepf) qkdif&m pHEIef;rsm;ESifh uGJvGJae
onfukdvnf; awG Y&rnfjzpfNyD; ,if;uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;u rnDrQrI
rsm;ESifh tpOftvm tmPmykdif tkyfcsKyfrIrsm;ukd tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
jzpfay:aponf/ 35
]]1935 ArmEkdifiHtpkd;& tufOya'tajccHt& udkvkdeDpepfuwnf;u
½SdcJhaom AsL½kdua&pD tkyfcsKyfrI ykHpHrsm;ukd (...) qufvufxdef;odrf;
xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf}} [k awvmu qkdygonf/
awvmhtqkdt&rl ]]okdY&mwGif oD0&Doabmt& jrefrmEkdifiHonf
- 20 -
1948 ckESpfwGif wckwnf;aom Oya'qkdif&m tmPmtkyfcsKyfrI
atmufwGif a&muf½Sdonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; &mZ0wfOya'
rsm;uJhokdYaom u@rsm;wGif ½Srf;jynfe,fESifh tjcm;xdef;odrf;xm;
aom e,fajrrsm;rSm 1962 ckESpfwkdifatmifyif A[kdEkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyf
rIxJwGif ryg0ifbJ oD;jcm;jzpfaeonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/
1948 ckESpf aemufykdif;wGif apmfbGm;rsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdY\ oD;jcm;
bwf*sufrsm;ukd ,cifutwkdif; aqmif½GufEkdifMuao;onfukd awGU
&rnfjzpfNyD; &Jvkyfief;? a'oEÅ&tcGefaumufcHrIpepfrsm;tygt0if
t&mxrf; trIxrf;rsm;ukd ,if;okdYtwGuf pdwfBudKufcefYxm;ydkifcGifh
rsm; ½Sdaeao;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;uJhodkY
aqmif½GufrIrsm;rSm A[kdjynfolY0efxrf; t&m½Sdrsm;\ BuD;Muyf
vrf;ñTefrIrsm; rygbJ apmfbGm;rsm;pdwfBudKuf NAdwdoQpepfvkd aqmif
½Gufjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/}} 36
jynfwGif;ppf? wkdif;wyg;usL;ausmfrIwkdYrSm wenf;qkdvQif EkdifiHawmf
\ tcGifhtmPmukd ,SOfNydKifxdyg;cJhonfudk awG Y&rnfjzpf&m vGwf
vyfaom jrefrmEkdifiH\ orkdif;wavQmufwGif EkdifiHawmf (state)
onf wnfNidrfaom zuf'&,fykHpHESifh zGJUpnf;ykHt& tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrI
ykHpHrsKd; (constitutional governance) ukd taumiftxnfrazmfEkdifcJh
onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ oefYjrifhOD;u 37 -
]] jrefrmEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;ppfrSm urÇmay:wGif oufwrf;
t½SnfMumqkH; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfNyD; vGwfvyfa&;&onfh tcsdefrS
,aeYtcsdeftxd ykHpHwrsKd; r[kwfwrsKd;ESifh wnf½SdaecJhonf/
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;wGif aoewfrsm;ukd b,fwkef;urQ rz,f½Sm;Ekdif
cJhbJ aoewfu tNrJygpNrJom jzpfcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpftcsdef
rS pí ,cktcsdeftxd wufvmcJhonfh rnfonfh tpkd;&urQ
jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vkH;ukd tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifí tkyfpdk;Ekdif
aom tajctaersKd; r½SdcJhacs/ wEkdifiHvkH; tjynfh? a½G;aumuf
- 21 -
yGJrsm;ukd b,faomtcgurQ usif;yay;EkdifcJhjcif;r½Sdovkd
aumif;rGefqDavsmfonfh oef;acgifpm&if;udkvnf; rnfonfh
tpkd;&urQ aumufcHazmfxkwfEkdifjcif; r½SdcJh/ tcsKdUaom
tenf;pke,fpyfa'orsm;rSm ,aeYxdatmif vufeufukdif
ykefuefolrsm;\ vufatmufwGif ½SdaeqJ jzpfonf/ 38 }} [k
a&;om;azmfjyonf/
&nfrSef;csufBuD;rm;aomfvnf; 1947 zGJUpnf;ykHukd jrefrmjynfwGif
vufawG Y taumiftxnfazmf&onfh tajctaerSm jynfxJ rNidrf
oufonfh tcsdef? usD;vefYpm pm;ae&onfh tajctaersKd; jzpf&m
oufwrf;Eke,fao;onfh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;twGuf arQmfvifhxm;
oavmuf avmufavmufvm;vm; zGHH YNzdK;vmjcif; r½SdcJhay/
]] 1950 jynfhESpf jrefrmjynftajctaeukd MunfhvQif jynfwGif;
ppf qufvufjzpfyGm;aeqJ jzpfonfukd awG Y&rnfjzpfNyD; EkdifiH
w0Srf;tajctaerSm rwnfNidrfovkd EkdifiHtESYH jynfwGif;ppf
ysHUESHYvmcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ EkdifiHhae&m tawmfrsm;
rsm;wGif rif;rJhtkyfpkd;rI tajctaersKd; jzpfaeonfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfonf/ aus;vufa'orsm;ukd olykeftzGJUrsm;u xdef;odrf;
xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfNyD; jzpfysufaeykHrSm tpkd;&xdef;
csKyfrIatmufwGif ½Sdonfh uRef;i,fuav;rsm;ukd raocsm?
ra&&monfh tmPmykdiftkyfcsKyfrI ½Sdaeonfh yifv,fBuD;u
0ef;&Hxm;onfESifhyif wlacsao;awmhonf/ 39 }}
jrefrmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;\ orkdif;tpOftvmrSm þ
aemufcH taetxm;wGifyJ tNrJ½SdaecJhonfjzpf&m txufazmfjyyg
tcsufukd txl;pOf;pm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'ESifh ywfoufvmvQif zGJUpnf;ykH pmudk,frsm;ukd? pmtwkdif;
avhvmqef;ppf&efrSm yuwdtajctaersm;udk xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;bJ
- 22 -
jzpfEkdifonf r[kwfyg/ zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufykHqkdif&m tajccHOya'
ay;xm;csufrsm;rSm oabmw&m; rlabmiftjzpf omru vufawG Y
tkyfcsKyfrIydkif;wGifvnf; ta&;BuD;ygonf/ 1947 zGJUpnf;ykHESifh 1974
zGJUpnf;ykHwkdYrS tcsKdUaom tcsufrsm;? ykHpHrsm;ukd 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHwGif
tarGqufcHxm;onfukdvnf; txl;yif jrifomonfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfygonf/ 1947 tajccHOya'rS qufvuf tarGcHxm;onfh udpö
rsm;rSm EkdifiHawmfukd jynfaxmifpk (union) [kac:wGifjcif;? e,fedrdwf
tykdif;tjcm;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh ½Srf;? ucsif? u,m;ESifh
csif;jynfe,frsm;tjyif aESmif;ykdif;wGif u&ifjynfe,f ponfjzifh ,cif
utwkdif;yif owfrSwfxm;jcif;? Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm
rsm;udk zuf'&,fykHpHjzifh zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif A[kdtpkd;&ESifh
jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;tMum; ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;ESifh
wkdif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;\ tcGifhta&;ukd txkduftavsmuf tmrcH
onfh taejzifh vTwfawmfESpf&yfxm;½Sday;xm;jcif;ESifh wzufowf
zGJUpnf;ykH jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; rjzpfay:ap&ef (jynfe,frsm;ESihf pyf
qkdifaom udpörsm;wGif) jynfe,frsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;
jy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;wkdYyif jzpfonf/
1961 ckESpfwGif 1947 tajccHOya'udk ydkrkdzuf'&,fusap&ef jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI rsm; jyKvkyfa&; tqkdw&yfukd ½Srf;jynfe,faumifpDu
wifoGif;cJhygonf/ ½Srf;rlwGif t"duusaom tcsufrSm ArmvlrsKd;
rsm; aexkdifaom (,cif udkvdkeDvufxufu ministerial burma [k
ac:aom) Armjynfrukdyg jynfe,fwcktjzpf owfrSwf&ef (½Spf
jynfe,frl) yif jzpfygonf/ ydkí bufnDaom zuf'a&;½Sif;tjzpf
wnfaqmuf&ef tqdkjyKwifjycsufrsm;rSm tcsKdUtjrifwGif aMumuf
rufzG,f? tcsKdUtjrifwGif tvGefaumif;vGef;í rjzpfEkdifzG,f[k ,lq
cJhMuNyD; pHykHpH zuf'&,fwckukd wnfaqmuf&efqkdonfh ta&;BuD;
qkH; udpö&yfukd ab;okdY wGef;ykdYvkdufMuovkd jzpfcJhygonf/ 40 odkY&m
wGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD; ae0if;wGifrl tjcm;t,ltqrsm;½SdaecJhNyD; A[kdcsKyf
- 23 -
ukdifrI avQmhcsa&; awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukd cGJxGufa&;qkdaom ajcmuf
vSefYrIjzifh taMumif;jyum (1962 rwfv) wGif EkdifiHawmftmPm
ukd odrf;,lcJhonf/
þokdYjzifh 47 ckESpftajccHOya'rSm ppfbufu OD;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD\ EkdifiHawmftmPmodrf;rIjzifh y,fzsufcHcJh&onf/ awmfvSefa&;
aumifpDu 47 Oya't& zGJUpnf;aom wkdif;&if;om;jynfe,f
aumifpDrsm;ukd zsufodrf;ypfcJhovkd wEkdifiHvkH;ukd A[kdOD;pD;pepfjzifh
tkyfcsKyfpkd;rkd;cJhonf/ 41 aemifq,fhESpfESpfMumonftxd AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
ae0if;\ wcsufvTwftrdefYrsm;jzifhom EkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfawmhonf/
1974 ckESpfa&mufrSom zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'opfukd twnfjyK
jy|mef;NyD; þzGJUpnf;ykHwGifrl jrefrmhenf;? jrefrmh[ef qkd½S,fvpf0g'
ukdom txl;jyKazmfjyawmhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ ,l*kdpvyf
ESifh qkdAD,ufzuf'&,f zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;ESifh ykHpHwlyif ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHwGif
EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcm tmPmukd jrefrmhqkd½S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDu
usifhokH;NyD; zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya't& EkdifiHawmfukd ygwDuom OD;
aqmif&rnfqkdaom rlukd usifhokH;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
42 qkd½S,fvpf0g' usifhokH;aom tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;enf;wlyif qkd½S,fvpf
jrefrmEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif jynfolYvTwfawmfukd jynfol
vlxkykdif tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnf½SdtyfESif;jcif;cH&aom jynfolY
tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf azmfjyNyD; tjcm;aom EkdifiHawmftzGJUtpnf;t&yf
&yfukd ,if;qkd½S,fvpf jynfolYvTwfawmfatmufwGif xm;½Sdonf/
EkdifiHawmfukd pnf;urf;wif;Muyfaom A[kdrS atmufokdY tqifhqifh
zGJUpnf;ykHrsKd;jzifh zGJUpnf;NyD; atmufqkH;wGif aus;½Gmtkyfpkrsm;? &yfuGuf
rsm;½SdNyD; ,if;rS NrdKUe,frsm;? jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;rsm;? xkdrS EkdifiHawmf
tqifhtxd zGJUpnf;xm;onfukd awG Y&ygonf/
1974 ckESpf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'u jynfe,ftqifh
zGJUpnf;ykHukd ½Sif;vif;NyD;? pHowfrSwfum? EkdifiHawmftqifh\ atmuf
- 24 -
wGif xm;½Sdazmfjyonf/ jynfe,ftopf okH;ckxyfrHwkd;vmNyD; 43 wkdif;
wck wkd;vmonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfovkd ,if;jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;
rsm;onf tqifhwlnDonf[laom t,ltqukd xnfhoGif;vmonf
ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ jynfe,fckepfckESifh wkdif;ckepfckrSm ,ck
vuf½SdtajctaewGif ½Sdaom wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,fq,fhav;ck
ESifh xyfwlxyfrQyif jzpfNyD; vuf½SdtcsdefwGif ,cifwkdif;rsm;ukd wkdif;
a'oBuD;tjzpf tac:ta0: ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;rQom ½Sdygonf/ 44
jynfolYaumifpDrsm;udk a½G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh tqifhqifh wifajr§mufa½G;
aumufonf/ (okdY&mwGif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udkrl ygwDuom trnf
pm&if;ay;onf/) okdYjzpf&m jynfolYaumifpDrsm;udk wkdif;? jynfe,f
tqifh? NrdKUe,ftqifhESifh &yfuGuf? aus;½Gmtkyfpktqifhrsm;tm;vkH;
wGif wifajr§mufa½G;aumufonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;jynfolY
aumifpDrsm;u tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ay;ovkd? jynfolY
w&m;½kH;rsm;ukdvnf; tqifhqifh zGJUpnf;ay;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpf
onf/ A[dktpkd;&udkrl zuf'&,f[k qkdEkdifaom 0daoovu©Pm
w&yftjzpf jynfe,fESifh wkdif;rsm;rS jynfolYaumifpD0ifrsm;teufrS
EkdifiHawmf aumifpD0ifwOD;pDudk a½G;cs,fonf/ ,if;EkdifiHawmf aumifpD
wGif Ouú|wOD;ukd a½G;cs,fNyD; EkdifiHawmf aumifpDOuú|onfyif
EkdifiHawmfor®wtjzpf xrf;aqmifonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/
1974 tajccHOya'onf (zuf'&,fpepfwGif t"duusaom)
tmPmESifh wm0ef,laqmif½GufrI cGJa0a&;xuf oufqkdif&m jynfolY
aumifpDrsm;ukd ]Oya'ESifhtnD taumiftxnfazmfaqmif½Guf&rnf}
[k qkdum azmfjyyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd aqmif½Guftaumiftxnf
azmfapjcif;om ½SdcJhonf/ xkdvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;? vlrI
a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;? a'oEÅ&
vkHNcHKa&;? umuG,fa&;? w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk
rsm; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;ESifh 4if;wkdY\ tcGifhta&;rsm; umuG,fapmifh
- 25 -
a½Smufa&;? 4if;wkdY\ ½kd;&m,Ofaus;rIrsm; jr§ifhwifEkdifa&;? oufqkdif&m
e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif aexkdifMuaom jynfolrsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;
ukd umuG,fapmifha½Smufa&;? vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd aumif;rGefpGm aqmif
½GufekdifMuap&ef pkpnf;ay;a&;ESifh wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;pOfrsm; csrSwfa&;qGJjcif;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfaqmif½Guf
a&;? ESpfpOf&okH;aiGpm&if; jyifqifa&;qGJjcif;ESifh aygif;pyfn§dEIdif;ay;
a&; tp½SdonfwkdY yg0ifonf/ þonfrSm tpkd;&tqifhtm;vkH;
(aumifpDtqifhqifh) ukd wlnDaom vkyfief;pOfrsm; cefYtyfxm;jcif;
rsKd;om jzpfNyD; wm0efcHrItykdif;rSmvnf; e,fajrtay:wGifom rlwnf
í cGJa0xm;jcif;rsKd;om jzpfay&m oD;jcm;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd
rwlnDaom tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;okdY cGJa0tyfESif;onfh zuf'&,f
pepfESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusifaeonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
vufawG YwGifvnf; qkH;jzwfcsuftrdefYrsm;rSm txufrS atmuf
okdY csrSwfay;onfh tajctaersKd;om jzpfNyD; a'oEÅ& okdYr[kwf
a'oqkdif&m oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm pDrHaqmif½GufydkifcGifhrsKd; r½Sdonfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;tcsufrsm;ukd pkaygif;Munfh½IvQif
zuf'&,f0g'ukd a,bk,stqefqkH;? tus,fjyefYqkH; teuft"dyÜg,f
pHukduf owfrSwfcsufESifh zGifhqkdonfhwkdif 74 zGJUpnf;ykHonf rnfokdYrQ
zuf'&,f[k tusKH;r0ifonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,f
0g'\ tESpfom&rSm tmPmcGJa0jcif;yif jzpfay&m jrefrmhqkd½S,fvpf
vrf;pOfatmufwGif zefwD;xm;aom þzGJUpnf;ykHrSm tmPmcGJa0jcif;
udpö wpkd;wpdrQ ryg½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
odkYaomf 1974 zGJUpnf;ykHwGif azmfjyyg½Sdaom tcsKdUzGJUpnf;ykH
owfrSwfcsufrsm;rSm ,ckxufwkdif raysmufrysuf 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHxd
yg0ifvmcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;tcsuf
ESpfcsufukd rawG Y½SdMubJ vspfvsL½IcJhMuonfu rsm;ygonf/ yxr
tcsufrSm a½G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf jy|mef;&mwGif jynfolYvTwfawmf
rJqE´e,frsm;ukd NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;tm; owfrSwfonf qkdaom tcsuf
- 26 -
ESifh ,if;NrdKUe,fwNrdKUe,fpDu jynfolYvTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f
wOD;pDukd a½G;aumufwifajr§mufonfh tcsufyif jzpfonf/ þ
onfrSm NrdKUe,frsm;onf vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm; rwlnDbJ uGJjym;jcm;
em;Muonf qkdonfhtcsufudk vspfvsL½Ixm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ 45
zGJUpnf;ykHjyifqif&mwGifvnf; zGJUpnf;ykHyg yk'frrsm;ukd jyifqifvQif
75 &mckdifEIef; trsm;pkrJjzifh jyifqif&rnf[k jy|mef;xm;NyD; tajccH
EdkifiHawmf wnfaqmufykHESifh pyfvsOf;aom jy|mef;azmfjycsufrsm;ukdrl
75 &mckdifEIef;tjyif jynfvkH;uRwf qE´cH,lyGJusif;yNyD; ,if;qE´cH
,lyGJwGif rJay;EkdifcGifh½Sdol OD;a&\ xuf0ufausmf axmufcHqE´rJ
jzifhom jyifqifEkdifonf[k xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;onfukd awG Y&
onf/ ,if;xl;jcm;aom jy|mef;csufrsm;ukd 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHwGifvnf;
xyfwlxdef;odrf;xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/
1988 pufwifbmvwGif EkdifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;
tzGJUu EkdifiHawmftmPmudk odrf;,lvkdufNyD; 74 ckESpf tajccHOya'
ukd zsufodrf;vkdufonf/ odkYaomf tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHrsm;rSm 1988 rS
2011 txd ,cifutwkdif; wnf½SdaecJhonf/ 2011 wGifrS 2008
ckESpfwGif jy|mef;twnfjyKcJhaom zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya' touf0if
vmcJhonf/
ArmEkdifiH\ orkdif;wavQmuf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;u vuf½Sd
zGJUpnf;ykHtay: rnfokdY rnfykH vTrf;rkd;rI ½Sdonfqkdonfukd avhvm&m
wGif csefvSyfí r&paumif; onfh tcsufwcsuf ½Sdygonf/ ,if;rSm
1940 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif pwifNyD; 1950 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;ESifh 1960
jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif t½Sdefjyif;xef vmaom jynfwGif;ppf? vufeuf
udkif y#dyu©rsm;? olykefxrIrsm;? e,fajrodrf;ykdufrIrsm;ESifh jynfhESuf
aeNyD; tvGefw&m ½IyfaxG;aom? e,fajra'otrsm;pkukd tus,f
tjyefY xdckdufapcJh&m 1947 ESifh 1974 zGJUpnf;ykHu azmfjyxm;aom
jy|mef;csufrsm;ukd EkdifiH\ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif vufawG YtoufoGif;
- 27 -
&ef rjzpfEkdifcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ okdYjzpf&m zGJUpnf;ykHudk
rnfokdYyif A[kdu jy|mef;vkdufygap? wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmESifh
,if;jy|mef;csufudk vufawG YtaumiftxnfazmfEkdif&efrSm tvGef
cufcJonf[k qkdvQif jzpfEkdifygonf/ txl;ojzifh jynfe,frsm;
yg0ifaom awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif vufawG Ytaumiftxnfazmf
&efrSm txl;cufcJygonf/
]]t"duusaom wkdif;&if;om;wyf tawmfrsm;rsm;u vGwf
vyfonfh tao;pm; EkdifiHawmf[k ac:qkdvQif &Ekdifavmuf
onfh EkdifiHawmfi,fav;rsm;ukd xlaxmifMuonf/ ,if;wkdY
tvkdt& vGwfajrmufe,fajr[k qkdMuonfh xkde,fy,f
rsm;ukd umuG,fxm;MuNyD; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;? ausmif;?
aq;ay;cef; jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ½SdMuonf/ a'ocHrsm;ukd tcGef
aumufcHonfh enf;vrf;jzifh aiG½SmNyD; e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;?
opfvkyfief;? rkdif;vkyfief; ponfwkdYrSvnf; tcGefrsm;
aumufcHMuonf/ w&m;r0if vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh rl;,pf
aq;0g;xkwfvkyf? o,fykdYjcif;vkyfief;rsm;ukdyg tcsKdUvkyf
aqmifMuonfukd awG Y&onf/ 46
ArmBuD;pkd;aom Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD\ acgif;aqmifrIukd
EkdifiH\ ta½SUajrmufydkif;wGif ½Sdonfh wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pk
wyfrsm;u awmfvSefvkdufMuaomtcg txl;ta&;BuD;aom
tjzpftysufwck 1989 wGif ay:aygufvmonf/ ,if;tjzpf
rSm Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD NydKvJoGm;jcif;jzpfNyD; wkdif;&if;om;
wyfrsm;u rdrdwkdY wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tavsmuf tzGJUtpnf;
topfrsm; zGJUpnf;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
teuf 0wyfrawmf (United Wa State Army, UWSA) ESifh
ukd;uefYwyf (Myanmar National Democratic Alliance
Army (Kokang)) wkdYvnf; yg0ifonf/ tpkd;&u ay:ayguf
- 28 -
vmonfh tcGifhta&;ukd rvGwfwrf; zrf;qkyfEkdifcJhNyD; tkyfpk
opfrsm;twGuf tusKd;tjrwf½Sdaprnfh typftcwf&yfpJa&;
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd urf;vSrf;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh ppfa&;t&
tBuD;qkH;Ncdrf;ajcmufrIukd ausmfvTm;EkdifcJhonf/ 47 }}
tvGefw&m½IyfaxG;NyD; rNyD;jywfao;onfh wkdif;&if;om;y#dyu©orkdif;
aMumif;\&v'fwckrSm ]]wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u
ArmvlrsKd;pkonf ,if;wkdY\ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;ukd em;vnfrI
r½Sdoavmuf enf;yg;aMumif;? vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ b0
tajctaeukd todtrSwfjyKrI trSefwu,f r½SdaMumif;}} xkwfazmf
ajymqkdavh½SdMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm;u ,if;wkdY\
tkyfcsKyfpDrHa&;qkdif&m udpörsm;ukd pGufzufaESmuf,SufrI wpkHw&m
r½SdbJ olwkdYvufokdYom tyfvkdufapvkdonfh qE´½SdvmMuonf/
enf;vrf;rSmvnf; ESpfvrf;jzpfEkdifonf/ yxrenf;vrf;rSm jynfe,f
ykdif oD;jcm;wyfrsm; ½Sdaom EkdifiHawmfti,fuav;rsm;jzpfNyD;? 'kwd,
enf;vrf;rSm udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfpDrHEkdifaom (autonomous) wkdif;&if;
om;jynfe,frsm;jzifh aygif;pk zGJUpnf;xm;aom zuf'&,faygif;pnf;rI
ykHpHrsKd; jzpfonf/} 48
1947 ESifh 1974 zGJUpnf;ykH\ tcsKdUtpdwftykdif;rsm;rSm vuf½Sd
jrefrmEkdifiH\ EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmufykHwGif usef½Sdaeao;onfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&pOfupí jynfaxmifpkukd
jynfe,frsm;toD;oD;ykdif;jcm;vsuf ay:aygufvmonfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfovkd wjznf;jznf; tajcuspkaygif; vmonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf
jzpfonf/ atmufazmfjyyg u@wGif 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHu ol Ya½SUu
zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;xuf zuf'&,frltajccHrsm; jy|mef;xnfhoGif;rIwGif
rnfokdYomvGef? ausmfvGefaMumif;ukd azmfjyrnf jzpfonf/
- 29 -
emwm½Snf vufeufukdif y#dyu©ESifh eD;uyfpGm ywfoufqufEG,f
aeovkd (y#dyu©aMumifh ppfabmifus,f&ovkd) jrefrmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykH
topf\ xll;jcm;aom? 0daoovu©Pmw&yfyif jzpfonfh wyf\
BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonfh tcef;u@udk ajymqkdaqG;aEG;onfhtcgwkdif;
,if;udpö&yfukd aemufcHtajctaewGif xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;zkdY txl;
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm vuf½SdzGJUpnf;ykHwGif wyfrawmfukd
txl;tav;ay;xm;onfrSm odomxif½Sm;onfh tcsufjzpfovkd ,ck
pmwrf;wGif zGGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'\tjcm;tjcm;aom u@rsm;?
tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd aqG;aEG;wifjyonfhtcg t"duOD;wnfcsufrSm
(wyf\ ta&;ygrI[lonfh) ,if;tcsufukd arhavsmhoGm;jcif;rsKd; r½Sdap
vkdjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ vuf½Sd zGJUpnf;ykHukd rnfonfh aemufcHtajc
taewGif a&;qGJonf? jy|mef;onfESifh (zGJUpnf;ykHyg) zuf'&,f
'Drkdua&pD ykHpHrsm;tm;vkH;rSm ,if;aemufcH tajctaewGif (wyfrawmf
xHrSyif) ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;ukd oefYjrifhOD;u þokdY a&;ygonf/
]] ArmhppftmPm½Siftpkd;&rSm urÇmay:wGif oufwrf;
t½SnfqkH;ESifh wif;jynfh ppftmPm½Sif pepfjzpfygonf/
t&yfom;rsm;ESifh vnfywfaeaom EkdifiHawmfukd xdyfqkH;u
ppfbuftmPmykdifrsm;u xdef;csKyfxm;aom ppftpkd;&rsKd;
r[kwfay/ 1990 jynfhESpf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ppfwyfonfyif
vQif EkdifiHawmfjzpfonf/ ppfbuft&m½Sdrsm;onf udpötm;
vkH;ukd yg0ifaqmif½Gufvsuf ½SdMuNyD; ykHrSef (t&yfom;
rsm;? yg0ifaom)tpkd;&rSm n§dK;a&mfaysmufuG,foGm;ayNyD/ 49
vuf½Sdtaetxm;wGif ppfbuf,EÅ&m;u ae&mwkdif;wGif
vnfywfvsuf ½Sdonf/ tjcm;tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;rSm t&dyf
ta,mifrQom usefaumif;usef&m usefawmhonf/ Arm
EkdifiHwGif vkyfaqmif&rnfh tvkyfrSm tpkd;&tvkyfukd ppfwyf
u 0ifvkyfaejcif;ukd z,f½Sm;&efrQom r[kwfbJ? vuf½Sdd
- 30 -
wnf½Sdaeaom ppfwyfucsnf; yg0ifonfh EkdifiHawmfukd
tpm;xkd;Ekdifrnfh tjcm;EkdifiHawmfqkdif&m tifpwDusL;½Sif;
rsm;udk tpu jyefzefwD;í tpm;xkd;&efyif jzpfawmhonf/ }}
2006 u a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfNyD; vGefcJhonfh ESpfrsm;wGif thHtm;oifh
zG,f tajymif;tvJrsm; ay:aygufvmvdrfhrnf[k rnfolurQ arQmfvifh
rxm;csdefwGif a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfaomfvnf; ,aeYwkdif txufyg
pmykd'frsm;rSm jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykHtopfukdvufawG Y taumiftxnfazmf
&mwGif (rl0g'rsm;ukd vufawG Yjzpfatmif aqmif½Guf&mwGif) trSef
wu,f rnfonfhae&mu pwif&rnfqkdonfh tcsufukd rD;armif;
xkd;azmfjyvsuf ½Sdaeayonf/
*/ 2008 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'wGif yg0ifaom zuf'&,ftajccHrsm;
zGJUpnf;ykH\ tajccHrlrsm; tcef;wGif EkdifiHawmfwnfaqmifykHukd
em;vnfEkdif&efESifh oabmw&m;rlabmifoGif;Ekdif&ef ta&;ygaom
jy|mef;csufrsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;tajccHrlrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpk
rNydKuGJa&;? wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJa&;? tcsKyftjcm
tmPmwnfwHhckdifNrJa&;wkdYukd azmfjyxm;onf/ xkdYjyif EkdifiHawmf
ukd jynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufonf[k azmfjyyg½Sd
onf/ ,if;azmfjycsufaMumifh EkdifiHwEkdifiHudk zuf'&,fjzpfonf
okdYr[kwf zuf'&,f r[kwf[k qkH;jzwf&ef rvkHavmufay/ trsm;
tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpk[k &nfñTef;xm;aom EkdifiHrsm;onf wjynf
axmifpepfEkdifiHrsm;xuf zuf'&,fEkdifiH? zuf'&,fpepfjzpfMuonf
ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/
,if;tajccHrlrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;onf tqifh
tm;jzifh wlnDMuonf[k &nfñTef;aom &nfñTef;azmfjycsufw&yf
- 31 -
vnf; yg½Sdonfukd awGU&onf/ (jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;
ukd atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/)
1/ jynfaxmifpktqifhatmuf (sub-national) wGif jynfe,f? wkdif;a'o
BuD;tqifh tpkd;&w&yf wnf½Sdjcif;ESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;? wkdif;a'oBuD;
rsm; (individual units) \ wnf½SdrIukd zGJUpnf;ykHt& tmrcHay;xm;jcif;/
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif EkdifiHawmf\ e,fajrrsm;ukd pkzGJUxm;onfh
,lepfrsm;ukd trnfxif½Sm;azmfjyxm;NyD; ½Sd&if;pG Je,fajrtykdif;tjcm;
twkdif; ykdif;jcm;xm;onfukd awG Y&onf/ þonfrSm 1974 zGJUpnf;ykH
t& zGJUpnf;xm;aom e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd aESmif;ykdif;wGif e0wu
jyKjyifajymif;vJxm;onfhtwkdif; wnf½Sdaeaom e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd qkd
vkdjcif; jzpfonf/ odomxif½Sm;aom tajymif;tvJrSm NrdKUawmf
(aejynfawmf) ukd jynfaxmifpke,fajrtjzpf ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfxm;
jcif;om tajymif;tvJ[k qkdEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdY\ trnf?
e,fedrdwf? zsufodrf;jcif;? aygif;pnf;jcif;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd aqmif½Guf
vkdvQif zGJUpnf;ykHukd jyifqifEkdif&ef vkdtyfonfh trsm;pk (qualified
majority) ESihfom jyifqifEkdifonf/ 50
9/ (u) ½Sd&if;pGJ wkdif;(7)wkdif;ukd wkdif;a'oBuD; (7) cktjzpf vnf;
aumif;? ½Sd&if;pGJ jynfe,f (7) jynfe,fukd jynfe,f (7) jynfe,f
tjzpf vnf;aumif; ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfonf/ xkdwkdif;a'oBuD; (7) ck
ESifh jynfe,f (7) jynfe,fwkdYonf tqifhtwef;wlnDMuonf?
(c) xdkwkdif;a'oBuD; (7)ckESifh jynfe,f (7) jynfe,fwkdY\ trnf
rsm;ukd ½Sd&if;pGJtwkdif; ac:qkdokH;EIef;onf?
(*) wkdif;a'oBuD;wckck\ trnfukd jzpfap? jynfe,f we,fe,f
\ trnfukd jzpfap ajymif;vJowfrSwfvkdvQif oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'o
BuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; aexkdifMuaom EkdifiHom;rsm;\ qE
&,lNyD; Oya'jy|mef;jcif;jzifh ajymif;vJowfrSwf&rnf/
- 32 -
49/ EkdifiHawmfukd atmufyg wkdif;a'oBuD; (7) ck? jynfe,f
(7) jynfe,fESifh jynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;owf
rSwfonf - 51
(u) ucsifjynfe,f?
(c) u,m;jynfe,f?
(*) u&ifjynfe,f?
(C) csif;jynfe,f?
(i) ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD;?
(p) weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD;?
(q) yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;?
(Z) rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;?
(ps) rEÅav;wkdif;a'oBuD;?
(n) rGefjynfe,f?
(#) &ckdifjynfe,f?
(X) &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;?
(!) ½Srf;jynfe,f?
(¡) {&m0wDwkdif;a'oBuD;?
(P) jynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm;/
þtajctaewGif jynfaxmifpke,fajrwck yg0ifvmjcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;
zG,faumif;onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf ,if;uJhokdYaom vu©Pm
rsKd;rSm zuf'&,fpepf usifhokH;onfh EkdifiHrsm; (Oyrm - tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk? MopaMw;vs? ruúqDukd? AifeDZGJvm;? b&mZD;?
ygupöwef? Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;? tDoD,kd;yD;,m;ESifh tdE´d,EkdifiH) rsm;wGifom
omreftm;jzifh awG Y&avh½SdaomaMumifhyif/ aejynfawmf tkyfcsKyf
pDrHrIukd or®w\ wkduf½kdufpDrHcefYcGJrIatmufwGif xm;½Sdonfh oD;jcm;
jy|mef;csufw&yfudkvnf; zGJUpnf;ykHwGif awGU&ayrnf/ 52
- 33 -
jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm; (sub-national level) tjyif udk,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& e,fajrig;ck\ wnf½SdrI? e,fedrdwftykdif;tjcm;ESifh
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;udk zGJUpnf;ykHu tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onfukd
awGU&rnf/ ,if;udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& e,fajrrsm;rSm ½Srf;jynfe,f
ESifh ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD;wkdYwGif wnf½Sdonf/ zGJUpnf;ykHukd jyif
qif&efrSm jrifhrm;onfh vkdtyfcsufrsm; ½Sdaeay&m zGJUpnf;ykHwGif ,ck
uJhokdY ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'orsm;ukd xnfhoGif;jy|mef;ay;xm;
jcif;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHt& umuG,frI ukd ckdifckdifrmrm &½Sdonf[kyif
qkd&ayrnf/
- 34 -
56/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;ESifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'orsm;ukd
atmufygtwkdif; owfrSwfonf -
(u) ppfukdif;wkdif;½Sd av½SD;NrdKUe,f? v[,fNrdKUe,fESifh eef;,Gef;
NrdKUe,fwkdYukd pkpnf;NyD; em*udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o?
(c) ½Srf;jynfe,f½Sd ½GmiHNrdKUe,fESifh yif;w,NrdKUe,fwkdYukd pkpnf;NyD;
"Ekudk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o?
(*) ½Srf;jynfe,f½Sd [kdykef;NrdKUe,f? qDqkdifNrdKUe,fESifh yifavmif;
NrdKUe,fwkdYudk pkpnf;NyD; ytkd0f;udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o?
(C) ½Srf;jynfe,f½Sd erfhqefNrdKUe,fESifh refwkHNrdKUe,fwkdYukd pkpnf;NyD;
yavmif udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o?
(i) ½Srf;jynfe,f½Sd ukef;Murf;NrdKUe,fESifh avmufukdifNrdKUe,fwkdYukd
pkpnf;NyD; udk;uefYukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o?
(p) ½Srf;jynfe,f½Sd [kdyefNrdKUe,f? rkdif;armNrdKUe,f? yef0kdifNrdKUe,f?
em;zef;NrdKUe,f? rufref;NrdKUe,fESifh yefqef; (yef;crf;) NrdKUe,f ajcmuf
NrdKUe,fwkdYukd c½kdifESpfc½kdif zGJU NyD; ]] 0}} udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;/ 53
ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'orsm;\ tqifhrSm jynfe,frsm;? wkdif;a'o
BuD;rsm;atmuf edrfhNyD; jynfaxmifpktqifhwGif jynfe,frsm;? wkdif;
a'oBuD;rsm;uJhokdY udk,fpm;jyKcGifh r&aomfvnf;? ,if;wkdY\ wkdif;a'o
BuD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;\ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf udk,fpm;jyKcGifh
&½SdMuonf/ 54 ½Srf;jynfe,ftwGuf trsKd;om;vTwfawmf ae&m 12
ae&mwGif ig;OD;rSm ,if;ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'oajcmufck\
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfMuNyD;? ½Srf;jynfe,fvlOD;a&\ usef½Sdaom
tpdwftydkif;u ckESpfOD;ukdom a½G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;jzpfavonf/
- 35 -
(ajrykH - Transnational Institute, Netherlands / em*-1? yavmif - 2?
ukd;uefY 3? ytkd0f; - 4? "Ek - 5? 0-6)
2/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmusifhokH;rIudk jynfaxmifpktqifh? wkdif;a'o
BuD;^jynfe,ftqifhESifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'otqifhrsm;wGif
cGJa0usifhokH;MuykH/
,cifzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;ESifh rwlbJ 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHonf EkdifiHawmftmPmukd
usifhokH;&mwGif tpkd;&tqifhqifhtMum; cGJa0usifhokH;onfukd awG Y&
onf/ ,if;tqifhqifhukd jynfaxmifpktqifh? jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'o
BuD;tqifhESifh udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'otqifh [lí pm&if;wif
xm;NyD; cGJa0usifhokH;Muonf/
11 (u)/ EkdifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtmPm\ cufrokH;jzmjzpfonfh
Oya'jyKa&;tmPm? tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;
tmPmwkdYudk wwfEkdiforQ ykdif;jcm;okH;pGJjcif;ESifh tcsif;csif; tjyef
tvSef xdef;ausmif;jcif;wkdYjyKonf?
(c) xkdokdY ykdif;jcm;xm;onfh EkdifiHawmftmPmokH;&yfukd
- 36 -
jynfaxmifpk? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;? jynfe,frsm;ESifh udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;tm; cGJa0tyfESif;onf/
12/ (u) EkdifiHawmf\ Oya'jyKa&;tmPmukd jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmf? wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmfESifh jynfe,f vTwfawmfrsm;tm;
cGJa0tyfESif;onf/ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;tm; þzGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'u owfrSwfaom Oya'jyKa&; tmPmukd cGJa0tyf
ESif;onf/
17/ (u) EkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmukd jynfaxmifpk? wkdif;
a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;tm; cGJa0tyfESif;onf/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;tm; udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmukd þzGTJUpnf;ykH
tajccH Oya't& owfrSwfay;onfhtwkdif; cGJa0tyfESif;onf?
199/ (u) EkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tBuD;tuJonf EkdifiHawmfor®w
jzpfonf/
(c) (1) EkdifiHawmf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmukd jynfaxmifpk wkdif;
a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;tm; cGJa0tyfESif;onf?
(2) ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;tm; udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tmPmukd zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& owfrSwfay;onfhtwkdif; cGJa0
tyfESif;onf/
3/ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf½Sd trsKd;om;vTwfawmfwGif jynfe,frsm;
ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm; tnDtrQ udk,fpm;jyKcGifh &½Sdjcif;ESifh jynfolY
vTwfawmfwGif tcsKd;rnDrQpGm jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;
udk,fpm;jyKcGifh &½Sdjcif;/ (disproportional representation)
zuf'&,fpepfrsm;wGif trsm;qkH; awGU&avh½Sdaom 0daoovu©Pm
wckrSm zuf'&,fEkdifiH\ yg0ifaom ,lepfrsm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKonfh
- 37 -
'kwd,csdefbm (second chamber) wckukd ygvDrefvTwfawmfwGif
xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/tcsKdUaom EkdifiHrsm; (Oyrm -
tar&duefqD;edwf) wGif ,if;,lepfrsm;ukd nDrQpGm ukd,fpm;jyKcGifh ay;
xm;NyD; vlOD;a&udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; r½Sdacs/ okdY&mwGif tcsKdU
EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl vlOD;a&tcsKd;udk trsKd;rsKd;xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Muonf
ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl tBuD;qkH;,lepfESifh
ti,fqkH;,lepf (,lepfqkdonfrSm EkdifiHawmfudk zGJUpnf;xm;aom
jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;udk qkdvkdygonf/ pum;csyf)
tMum; uGm[rIrSm 25qyif ½Sdonf jzpfaomfvnf; trsKd;om;
vTwfawmfwGifrl ,lepfrsm; (wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,frsm;) tm;vkH;
wef;wl ukd,fpm;jyKcGifh&onfukd awGU&onf/ jynfe,frsm;rSm wkdif;
a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh ,SOfvQif vlOD;a& enf;yg;NyD; (jynfe,frsm; tm;vkH;\
pkpkaygif;rSm wEkdifiHvkH; vlOD;a& av;ykHwykHxuf tenf;i,fom
rsm;aomfvnf; trsKd;om;vTwfawmf½Sd a½G;aumufcHae&m\ xuf0uf
ukd &½Sdxm;onf) wkdif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; aexkdifMuonfjzpf&m
þjy|mef;ay;xm;csufrsm;rSm tenf;qkH;awmh Armvlenf;pkrsm;xuf
vlenf;pk wkdif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf oG,f0kdufaom enf;tm;jzifh vkyfykdif
cGifh? aocsmykdifcGifh ydkrkday;tyfxm;onf[k qkdEkdiffrnf jzpfayonf/
12/ (c) jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmfwGif NrdKUe,fudk tajccHí
vnf;aumif;? vlOD;a&ukd tajccHí vnf;aumif;? a½G;aumufwif
ajr§mufonfh vTwfawmfw&yf? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rS
ukd,fpm;vS,fOD;a& wlnDpGm a½G;aumufwifajr§mufonfh vTwfawmf
w&yf [lí vTwfawmfESpf&yf yg½Sdonf/
trsKd;om;vTwfawmfzGJU pnf;jcif;
141/ trsKd;om;vTwfawmfukd vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& trsm;
qkH; 224 OD;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; zGJUpnf;&rnf -
(u) ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif; okdYr[kwf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o
- 38 -
wckpDrS ukdf,fpm;vS,f wOD;pDyg0ifapNyD; oufqkdif&m jynfaxmifpk
e,fajrrsm;tygt0if wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fwckpDtwGuf
udk,fpm;vS,f 12 OD;uspD wlnDpGmjzifh a½G;aumufwifajr§mufonfh
trsKd;om; vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f 168 OD;?
(c) oufqkdif&mjynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm;tygt0if wkdif;a'oBuD; okdY
r[kwf jynfe,fwckpDtwGuf udk,fpm;vS,f av;OD;uspDjzifh wyfrawmf
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu Oya'ESifhtnD trnfpm&if; wifoGif;onfh
wyfrawmfom; trsKd;om;vTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f 56 OD;?
(*) yk'frcGJ (u) ESifh (c) wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; zGJUpnf;
&mwGif oufqkdif&m jynfaxmifpke,fajrqkdonfrSm zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh jynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm;onf vnf;
aumif;? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu Oya'jy|mef;í owfrSwfaom
jynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? trsKd;om;vTwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,f a½G;aumufwifajr§muf&ef udpötvkdYiSm tqkdyge,fajr
yg0ifcJhonfh jynfe,f odkYr[kwf wkdif;wGif jzpfap? wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,fwGif jzpfap yg0ifjcif;udk qkdonf/
Population per seat in Pyithu Hluttaw
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
302,423 299,700
248,571
223,944 215,680206,892
187,235169,567 163,200 149,422
99,34583,944
59,222 48,000
- 39 -
trskdK;om;vTwfawmfwGif wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;twGuf
nDrQpGm udk,fpm;jyKcGifhukd txift½Sm;ay;xm;onfhtjyif (ESm - 12 rS
1947 ck vlrsKd;pk ygvDrefykHESifh txufazmfjyyg ykHukd EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg)
jynfolYvTwfawmfwGif ukd,fpm;jyKrIqkdif&m udpöESifh pyfvsOf;í rnDñGwf
rIrsm; txkduftavsmuf½Sdaeonfukdvnf; *½kjyKrd&ef vkdtyfygonf/
a½G;aumufyGJqkdkif&m Oya'rSm 1947 ckESpf tpDtrHt& ay:aygufaom
ykHpHukdyif qufvuftajccHxm;ykH ay:ygonf/ a½G;aumufyGJ rJqE´
e,frsm;ukd NrdKUe,frsm;tay: tajccHí zGJUpnf;xm;NyD; tvGefBuD;rm;
aom NrdKUe,ftcsKdUtwGufom jyKjyifajymif;vJxm;onfukd awGU&
onf/ þokdY vlOD;a&tm;jzifh uGm[rI½Sdaeaom NrdKUe,frsm;ukd
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; r½SdrIuvnf; vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
wOD;csif;pDu udk,fpm;jyKaom rJqE´½Sif jynfolOD;a&rsm; rsm;pGm
rnDrQrI ½Sdaeovkd a½G;aumufyGJpepfrSmvnf; wrJom tEkdif&pepf
(first past the post system) jzpfjcif;aMumifh e*kduyif bufrnDrI
½Sdaeaom a½G;aumufyGJ &v'frsm;ukd ykdí bufrnDaponfukd awGU&
rnf jzpfygonf/ okdYjzpf&m jynfolUvTwfawmfwGif vTwfawmftrwf
wOD;u ukd,fpm;jyKonfh rJqE´½Sif ta&twGufrSm {&m0wDwkdif;
a'oBuD;wGif vlOD;a& okH;odef;ESpfaxmiftwGuf vTwfawmfudk,fpm;
vS,fwOD; (jynfolUvTwfawmf) &½SdNyD; u,m;jynfe,fwGifrl vlOD;a&
av;aomif;½SpfaxmifrQ ½Sd½kHjzifh vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fwOD; &½Sd
onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ þokdY jzpfaejcif;aMumifhvnf;
wkdif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;ukd tvkH;pkH tompD;ay;xm;onf[kvnf;
qkdEkdifjyefonf r[kwfyg/ ½Srf;? ucsif? csif;ESifh u,m;jynfe,f
rsm;rSm rJqE´½Sif avsmhenf;aomfvnf; jynfolUvTwfawmfukd,fpm;
vS,f &½Sdaeonfjzpfojzifh jynfolUvTwfawmfwGif ykdrkd udk,fpm;jyKEkdifrI
(over representation) &½SdonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; rGefjynfe,fESifh
u&ifjynfe,fwkdYrSm jynfe,fwGif; NrdKUe,fenf;yg;rIaMumifh avsmhí
ukd,fpm;jyKrI (under represent) jzpfaeonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfyg
- 40 -
onf/ vlOD;a&tcsKd;tpm;ESifh qkdygu wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,f
14 ckteuf {&m0wDwkdif;a'oBuD;rSm tBuD;qkH;jzpfNyD; u,m;
jynfe,fu ti,fqkH;jzpfaomfvnf; udk,fpm;jyKEkdifrI twkdif;twm
rSmrl ,if;vlOD;a&t½G,ftpm;tay: worwfwnf; tcsKd;us
jzpfraeonfukdvnf; awGU½Sd&ygonf/ (ykH)
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
Population per seat in Amyotha HluttawPopulation per seat in Pyithu Hluttaw
0
4/ zuf'&,f (jynfaxmifpk) Oya'jy|mef;&mwGif jynfe,f? wkdif;
a'oBuD;rsm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKonfh trsKd;om;vTwfawmfukd tenf;i,f
tcsKd;rnDaom tcGifhta&; ay;xm;jcif;/
txufwGif a½SUajy;azmfjycJhaom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh vTwfawmfESpf
&yfaygif; jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfwGifrl jynfolUvTwfawmf trwf
OD;a&u omojzifh jynfolUvTwfawmfu tqkH;wGif vTrf;rkd;Ekdifrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; þvTwfawmfESpf&yfukd (trsKd;om;vTwfawmfESifh
jynfolUvTwfawmfukd) Oya'jyKa&;wGif zGJUpnf;ykHu xyfwlnDrQeD;yg;
tmPmay;tyfxm;onfrSm ta&;BuD;aom tcsuf jzpfygonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifrl qD;edwftxuf vTwfawmfESifh atmuf
vTwfawmfwkdYukd wef;wlnDrQonfh tcGifhta&;ay;xm;onfukd awGU&
rnf jzpfonf/
- 41 -
95/ (u) jynfolUvTwfawmfwGif jzpfap? trsKd;om;vTwfawmf
wGif jzpfap pwifwifoGif;onfh Oya'Murf;udk vTwfawmfESpf&yf
vkH;u twnfjyKvQif ,if;Oya'Murf;ukd jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
u twnfjyKonf[k rSwf,l&rnf?
(c) Oya'Murf;w&yfESifh pyfvsOf;í jynfolUvTwfawmfESifh trsKd;om;
vTwfawmfwkdY oabmuGJvGJygu jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfwGif aqG;aEG;
qkH;jzwf&rnf/ 55
139/ (u) jynfolUvTwfawmfonf trsKd;om;vTwfawmfu ay;ykdY
aom Oya'Murf;w&yfukd vufcH&½Sdonfhtcg trsKd;om;vTwfawmf
u qkH;jzwfonfhtwkdif; oabmwlaMumif; okdYr[kwf oabmrwl
aMumif; okdYr[kwf jyifqifcsufrsm;jzifh oabmwlaMumif; qkH;jzwfEkdif
onf/ xkdOya'Murf;ukd jynfolUvTwfawmf\ qkH;jzwfcsufESifhtwl
trsKd;om;vTwfawmfokdY jyefvnfay;ykdY&rnf?
(c) jynfolUvTwfawmfu ay;ykdYcJhonfh Oya'Murf;ukd trsKd;om;
vTwfawmfu jyifqifcsufrsm;jzifh jyefvnfay;ykdYvmvQif jynfolU
vTwfawmfonf trsKd;om;vTwfawmf\ jyifqifcsufukd vufcHygu
,if;Oya'Murf;ukd jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf em,uxH ay;ykdY&rnf?
(*) jynfolUvTwfawmfonf trsKd;om;vTwfawmfokdY ay;ykdYcJhaom
Oya' Murf;w&yfESifh pyfvsOf;í trsKd;om;vTwfawmfESifh oabm
uGJvGJvQif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf\ tqkH;tjzwf &,l&rnf/
86/ (u) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfwGif tqkH;tjzwfjyK&rnfh
taMumif;t&mw&yfESifh pyfvsOf;í rJcGJ qkH;jzwf&mü zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'wGif tjcm;enf;jy|mef;xm;jcif;r½SdvQif tpnf;ta0;okdY wuf
a&mufí qErJay;onfh jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;\ rsm;&m qErJjzifh qkH;jzwf&rnf/
- 42 -
5/ zuf'&,ftzGJUtpnf;rsm;? &mxl;ae&mrsm; (federal organs) a½G;
cs,f&mwGif (trsdK;om;vTwfawmfrS wqifh) ao;i,faom ,lepfrsm;
twGuf bufrnD aom (ykdomaom) tcGifhtmPmrsm; ay;xm;jcif;/
txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; ao;i,faom ,lepfrsm;u (constituent
units) Oya'jyKa&;wGif bufrnDonfh (ykdomaom) u@wGif
yg0ifcGifh&onfhenf;wl EkdifiHhtkyfcsKyfa&; tjrifhqkH;tmPmykdifrsm;ukd
a½G;cs,f&mESifh tjcm;aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? aumfrwDrsm; a½G;cs,f
&mwGif ao;i,faom ,lepfrsm;u ykdomaom tcGifhta&; &½Sdonfukd
awGU&rnf jzpfonf/
60/ (u) EkdifiHawmfor®wudk or®wa½G;cs,fwifajr§mufa&;tzGJ Y
jzifh a½G;cs,fwifajr§muf&rnf/
(c) or®wa½G;cs,fwifajr§mufa&;tzGJUukd jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,f tpktzGJU okH;zGJ Yjzifh atmufygtwkdif; zGJUpnf;&rnf -
(1) wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&
wlnDpGm a½G;aumufwifajr§mufonfh vTwfawmf½Sd a½G;
aumufwifajr§mufjcif;cH&aom vTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f
rsm; tpktzGUJ?
(2) NrdKUe,fukd tajccHí vnf;aumif;? vlOD;a&ukd
tajccHí vnf;aumif;? a½G;aumufwifajr§mufonfh
vTwfawmf½Sd a½G;aumufwifjr§mufjcif;cH&onfh vTwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktzGJU ?
(3) azmfjyyg vTwfawmf ESpf&yftwGuf wyfrawmfumuG,f
a&; OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if; wifoGif;onfh wyfrawmf
om;vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpktzGJU /
- 43 -
(*) ,if;tpktzGJU wzGJUpDu 'kwd,or®w wOD;pDukd vTwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrS jzpfap? vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f r[kwfolrsm;
xJrS jzpfap a½G;cs,fwifajr§muf&rnf/
xkdenf;wlyif or®wukd pGyfpGJjypfwif&mwGifvnf; rnDrQaom (ykdom
aom) udk,fpm;jyKrI &½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/
71/ (u) EkdifiHawmfor®wukd jzpfap? 'kwd,or®wwOD;OD;ukd jzpfap
atmufygtaMumif;w&yf&yfjzifh pGyfpGJjypfwifEkdifonf -
(1) EkdifiHawmf\ aus;Zl;opömawmfukd azmufzsufjcif;?
(2) þzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;ukd azmufzsuf
usL;vGefjcif;?
(3) tusifhodu©m ysufjym;jcif;?
(4) þzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif jy|mef;xm;aom EkdifiHawmf
or®w okdYr[kwf 'kwd, or®w\ t&nftcsif; ysuf,Gif;jcif;?
(5) Oya't& ay;tyfaom wm0efrsm;ukd ausyGefpGm raqmif
½Gufjcif;/
(c) EkdifiHawmfor®w okdYr[kwf 'kwd, or®w wOD;OD;ukd pGyfpGJjypfwif
vkdygu jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfwGif yg0ifaom vTwfawmfESpf&yfrS
vTwfawmf w&yf&yf\ vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif; OD;a&
teuf tenf;qkH; av;ykH wykHu vufrSwfa&;xkd;NyD; rdrdwkdY\ pGyfpGJ
csufukd oufqkdif&m vTwfawmftBuD;trSL;xH wifjy&rnf?
(*) ,if;pGyfpGJcsufukd oufqkdif&m vTwfawmf\ vTwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif; OD;a&teuf tenf;qkH; okH;ykHESpfykHu
axmufcHrSom qufvuf ta&;,laqmif½Guf&rnf?
(C) vTwfawmfw&yf&yfu pGyfpGJcsufudk ta&;,laqmif½Guf&ef
- 44 -
axmufcHvQif tjcm;vTwfawmf w&yfu ,if;pGyfpGJcsufukd tzGJ YzGJ Yí
pkHprf;ppfaq; &rnf?
(i) pGyfpGJcsufudk pkHprf;ppfaq;onfhtcg EkdifiHawmfor®w odkYr[kwf
'kwd,or®w udk,fwkdifaomf vnf;aumif;? ukd,fpm;vS,fjzifh aomf
vnf;aumif; acsycGifh ay;&rnf?
(p) pGyfpGJcsufudk pkHprf;ppfaq;NyD;onfhtcg pGyfpGJcsufudk ppfaq;aom
okdYr[kwf pkHprf;ppfaq;apaom vTwfawmf\ vTwfawmfudk,fpm;
vS,f pkpkaygif;OD;a&teuf tenf;qkH; okH;ykH ESpfykHu xkdpGyfpGJcsufonf
rSefuefNyD; pGyfpGJcH&aom jypfrIonf EkdifiHawmfor®w okdYr[kwf 'kwd,
or®wtm; &mxl;wGif qufvufxrf;½Gufap&ef roifhaMumif;
qkH;jzwfvQif pGyfpGJcH&aom EkdifiHawmfor®w okdYr[kwf 'kwd,or®w
tm; &mxl;rS &yfpJ&ef ,if;vTwfawmfu jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf
tBuD;trSL;xH wifjy&rnf/
(q) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmftBuD;trSL;onf wifjycsuf&½SdvQif
&½Sdcsif; pGyfpGJcH&aom EkdifiHawmfor®w okdYr[kwf 'kwd,or®wtm;
&mxl;rS &yfpJaMumif; aMunm&rnf/
6/ zuf'&,ftqifh (jynfaxmifpktqifh) ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,f
(sub-national) tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;wGif Oya'jyKa&; tmPmrsm;
ukd zGJUpnf;ykHu jy|mef;cGJa0ay;xm;jcif;/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufykHwGif r½Sdrjzpf ta&;BuD;qkH;ESifh
bkHtusqkH; 0daoovu©Pmw&yfrSm jynfaxmifpk^zuf'&,f
tqifhu rnfonfhOya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;ukd wm0ef,laqmif
½Gufrnf? jynfaxmifpktqifh atmufedrfh aom ,lepfrsm;u rnfonfh
Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmrsm;ukd wm0ef,laqmif½Gufrnf
qkdonfh e,fy,fykdif;jcm; owfrSwfrIrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'
- 45 -
u ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfay;jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHtrsm;pk
wGif <uif;useftmPm (residual power) ukd rnfonfh tqifhu
&½Sdxdef;odrf;onfukdvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyavh½SdMuonf/ <uif;usef
tmPmqkdonfrSm zGJUpnf;ykHwGif xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;jcif; r½Sdaom
tjcm;udpörsm;tay: Oya'jyKcGifhESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfcGifhtmPmukd qkd
vkdjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;<uif;useftmPmqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd Z,m;
qGJí zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya' pmukd,fwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;onf
vnf;aumif;? aemufqufwGJtjzpf xnfhoGif;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfjcif; r½Sdacs/ tdE´d,zGJUpnf;ykHwGif ,if;okdY xnfh
oGif;xm;onfukd awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;url ]wlnD
tmPm} [kac:qkd&rnfh concurrent powers ukd okH;pGJMuonfvnf;
½Sdonf/ okdYr[kwf tcGifhtmPmudk u@tvdkuf (Oyrm - usef;rma&;?
ynma&; ponfjzifh) rcGJjcm;awmhbJ zuf'&,ftqifh (jynfaxmifpk
tqifh) ESifh ,lepfrsm;tqifhtjzpf vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;ukd (Oyrm - Oya'
jyKa&;ukd wOD;u ,lí taumiftxnfazmfa&;udk wOD;u ,lonfh
ykHpHrsKd;) jzifh cGJjcm;Muonfvnf; ½Sdonf/
96/ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfonf Z,m; (1) wGif azmfjyxm;aom
jynfaxmifpk Oya'jyKpm&if;yg udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í jynfaxmifpk
w0ef;vkH;twGufaomf vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpk\ wpdwfwa'o
twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; tmPmoufa&mufap&ef Oya'jyKcGifh
½Sdonf/
98/ jynfaxmifpk? wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fESifh ukd,fykdiftkyf
csKyfcGifh&wkdif; odkYr[kwf ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o OD;pD;tzGJU Oya'jyK
pm&if;rsm;wGif azmfjyrxm;aom tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh
Oya'jyKydkifcGifh tmPmukd jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfokdY tyfESif;onf/
- 46 -
188/ wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmfonf Z,m; 2
wGif azmfjyxm;aom wdkif;a'oBuD; (odkYr[kwf) jynfe,f Oya'jyK
pm&if;yg udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í wkdif;a'oBuD; (okdYr[kwf)
jynfe,f w0ef;vkH;twGufaomf vnf;aumif;? wkdif;a'oBuD;
(okdYr[kwf) jynfe,fwpdwfwa'twGufaomfvnf;aumif; tmPm
oufa&mufap&ef Oya'jyKcGifh ½Sdonf/
(aemufqufwGJazmfjyxm;aom Z,m; 1? 2? 3 EIdif;,SOfcsufudk
Munfhyg/)
txufazmfjyxm;csuft& jrefrmEkdifiHwGif <uif;useftmPmukd
jynfaxmifpktqifhokdY tyfESif;xm;onfudk awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;
ykHpHrsKd; <uif;useftmPmukd zuf'&,ftqifhodkY tyfESif;xm;onfh
EkdifiHrsm;rSm om"utm;jzifh uae'gEkdifiH? tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh b,fvf*sD,H
EkdifiHwkdY jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zGJUpnf;ykHt& ydkif;jcm;ay;xm;
onfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif Oya'jyKa&;tmPmukdom tyfESif;xm;onfrQ
rubJ ,if;Oya'jyKtmPmukd tyfESif;cH&onfhtqifhuom vkyfykdif
cGifh½Sdonfukd awGU&ygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;ESifh wkdif;
a'oBuD;rsm;okdY tyfESif;xm;aom Oya'jyKa&;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vm
vQif jynfaxmifpku 0ifa&mufaqmif½Guf&ef zGJUpnf;ykHu vkyfydkif
cGifh tyfESif;xm;jcif;r½Sd[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfygonf/ tajymif;tvJ
umvwGifrl ,if;udpörSm ar;cGef; xkwfp&m jzpfygonf/ tb,f
aMumifhqkdaomf vuf½Sd wnfqJOya'rsm;rSm jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
u zsufodrf;jcif;? okdYr[kwfjyifqifjcif; rjyKao;orQ umvywf
vkH; zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ESifh rqefYusifvQif twnfjzpfonf[k
jy|mef;xm;csufvnf; yg½Sdjyef&m wnfqJOya'rsm;wGif jynfe,f
ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;\ Oya'jyK tmPmvkyfydkifcGifhwGif usa&muf
aeaom Oya'rsm; yg½SdaeaomaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ 56 A[kdOD;pD;
- 47 -
pepfrS zuf'&,fpepfokdY ajymif;vJaom EkdifiHwkdif;vkdvkdyif Oya'
a&;&m ½Sif;vif;jywfom;rI udpö? Oya'jyifqifa&;wGif a&½Snf
wnfwHhaom? pepfusaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;jzpf&ef udpöESifh
tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;\ wm0efcHEkdifrIukd taotcsm tjiif;yGm;p&m
r½Sdatmif aqmif½Guf&jcif;udpö ponfh wlnDaom pdefac:rIrsm;ukd
BuHKawG Y&pNrJyifjzpfayonf/
7/ wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;onf a<u;NrDudpörsm;tygt0if
,if;wkdY\ udk,fykdifbwf*sufOya'rsm; jy|mef;EkdifaMumif; zGJUpnf;ykHu
tmPmtyfESif;xm;jcif;/
Oya'jyK&ef Oya'ykdif;qkdif&m wm0efESifh ,if;Oya'jyKonfh u@rsm;
ukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfykdifcGifh tmPmrsm;ukd owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh u@
rsm;wGif zGJUpnf;ykHu oufqkdif&m ,lepfrsm;ukd zuf'&,fpepfwGif cGJa0
tyfESif;NrJjzpfouJhokdYyif tcGeftcrsm;? tokH;p&dwfrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;
í ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfykdifcGifhESifh ykHrSef &okH; rSef;ajcaiG
pm&if; (bwf*suf) jy|mef;cGifhukd zGJUpnf;ykHu tyfESif;xm;onfukd
awGU&onf/
193/ (u) wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJUuom wif
oGif;cGifh½Sdaom wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,f? ESpfpOfb@maiG
t&tokH;qkdif&m Oya'Murf;ukd owfrSwfxm;onfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh
tnD wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;&rnf?
(c) yk'frcGJ (u) yg Oya'Murf;ESifh pyfvsOf;í jynfaxmifpk\ b@m
aiG t&tokH;qkdif&m Oya' okdYr[kwf aemufxyf b@maiG cGJa0
okH;pGJa&; Oya't& wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftvkduf
jynfaxmifpk b@m&efykHaiGrS &½Sdonfh b@maiGrsm;tygt0if
- 48 -
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f t&tokH;cefYrSef;ajc aiGpm&if;ukd
oufqkdif&m 0efBuD;csKyf\ axmufcHwifjycsuftay: oufqkdif&m
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmfu vkdtyfovkd aqG;aEG;í
oabmwltwnfjyKjcif;? jiif;y,fjcif;? avQmhí cGifhjyKjcif;wkdYukd
trsm;qEESifh tnD aqmif½Guf&rnf/
8/ Oya'ykdif;qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rI wpkHw&m ay:aygufvmvQif rnf
okdY rnfykH ajz½Sif;aqmif½Guf&rnfukd zGJUpnf;ykHu jywfom;½Sif;vif;
aom tqifhqifh aqmif½Guf&ef tpDtpOfwckukd csrSwfay;xm;onf/
Oya'jyKcGifhtmPmudk tpkd;&tqifh toD;oD;odkY cGJa0tyfESif;xm;
onfh zuf'&,fpepfrsm;wGif Oya'jyKa&;qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;
ay:aygufvmwwfpNrJjzpf&m ,if;okdY ay:aygufvmvQif rnfokdY
rnfykH ajz½Sif;aqmif½Guf&rnfukd ½Sif;vif; jywfom;pGm vufcHxm;
aom pnf;rsOf;rsm; xm;½Sd&pNrJ jzpfygonf/ A[kdcsKyfukdifrIrsm;aom
(wykdif;zuf'&,f) pepfrsm;wGifrl zuf'&,f^jynfaxmifpktqifhukd
OD;pm;ay;wwfMuNyD; tcsKdUpepfrsm;wGifrl tqifhqifh tpkd;&rsm;udk
wlnDpGm wef;wlqufqHaqmif½GufMuNyD; zGJUpnf;ykH Oya'ukd Oya'
aMumif;t& zGifhqkdrIESifh pyfvsOf;aom y#dyu©rsm;udk zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHcHk½kH; okdYr[kwf tvm;o@mefwlaom Oya'aMumif;tifpwD
usL;½Sif;rsm;odkY vTJtyfxm;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/
Oya'rsm;\ tusKd;oufa&mufrI
198/ vTwfawmftqifhqifhESifh udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpk OD;pD;tzGJU
rsm;u jy|mef;onfh Oya'rsm;\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIrSm atmufyg
twkdif; jzpfonf -
- 49 -
(u) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmf? jynfe,f
vTwfawmf? udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;OD;pD;tzGJU okdYr[kwf udk,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'oOD;pD;tzGJUu jy|mef;vkdufonfh Oya'yg jy|mef; csuf
w&yf&yfonf vnf;aumif; wnfqJOya' w&yf&yfonf vnf;
aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufw&yf&yfESifh qefYusif
aevQif zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ygtwkdif; vkdufemusifhokH;&rnf?
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmf odkYr[kwf jynfe,f vTwfawmfu
jy|mef;vkdufonfh Oya'yg jy|mef;csufw&yf&yfonf jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmfu jy|mef;onfh Oya'ygjy|mef;csufw&yf&yfESifh qefYusif
aevQif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu jy|mef;onfh Oya'ygtwkdif;
vkdufemusifhokH;&rnf?
(*) ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;OD;pD;tzGJU odkYr[kwf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh& a'oOD;pD;tzGJUu jy|mef;vkdufonfh Oya'yg jy|mef;csuf
w&yf&yfonf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu jy|mef;onfh Oya'yg
jy|mef;csufw&yf&yfESifh qefYusifaevQif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu
jy|mef;onfh Oya'ygtwkdif; vkdufem usifhokH;&rnf?
(C) udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;OD;pD;tzGJU odkYr[kwf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh& a'oOD;pD;tzGJUu jy|mef;vkdufonfh Oya'yg jy|mef;csuf
w&yf&yfonf oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmf odkYr[kwf
jynfe,fvTwfawmfu jy|mef;onfh Oya'yg jy|mef;csufw&yf&yfESifh
qefYusifaevQif oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmf odkYr[kwf
jynfe,fvTwfawmfu jy|mef;onfh Oya'ygtwkdif; vkdufemusifhokH;
&rnf/
½kwfw&ufMunfhvkdufvQif txufjy|mef;xm;csufrsm;t& udk,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'orsm;xuf wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;ukd? wkdif;
a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;xuf A[kd? jynfaxmifpktqifhukd tom
- 50 -
ay;xm;aom wif;usyfonfh tqifhqifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; a&;qGJ
xm;onf[k xifEkdifzG,f½Sdaomfvnf;? zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'onf
jynfaxmifpkOya'jyKa&;ukd vTrf;rkd;xm;onfh tjrifhrm;qkH;Oya'jzpf
NyD; ,if;Oya't& jynfaxmifpkatmufedrfhaom sub-national units
rsm;ukd umuG,fay;xm;jcif;jzpfonfukd awGU&rnf/ (,if;,lepfrsm;
\ vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykHwGif
½Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm jy|mef;xm;onf/) zGJUpnf;ykHtay: av;pm;rI
(respect for constitutionality) rSm zuf'&,fpepfudk tusKd;½SdpGm?
tvkyfjzpfatmif armif;ESif;Ekdif&ef r½Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaom tajccH
taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf[k qkd&rnf jzpfonf/
9/ tpkd;&tqifhqifhESifh ,lepfrsm;tMum; zGJUpnf;ykHukd tajccHaom
tjiif;yGm;rI wpkHw&m ay:aygufvmvQif tajccHOya'ckH½kH;u pD&if
qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfay;jcif;/
tpkd;&tqifhqifhtMum; zGJpnf;ykHyg ay;xm;azmfjycsufrsm;ESifh pyf
vsOf;í Oya'aMumif;t& tjiif;yGm;rI wpkHw&m jzpfay:vmvQif
,if;tjiif;yGm;rIukd rnfokdY rnfykH ajz½Sif;&efukd zuf'&,fpepf usifh
okH;aom EkdifiHrsm;wGif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif jy|mef;xm;avh
½SdNyD; trsm;tm;jzifh ,if;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ukd tqkH;tjzwfay;&ef
EkdifiHa&;r,SufEG,fbJ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJUrsm;
(okdYr[kwf) tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; (Oyrm - zGJUpnf;ykHcHk½kH;? w&m;
vTwfawmfcsKyf (okdYr[kwf) ykHrSefw&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJUrsm;) okdY tyfESif;
xm;avh½Sdygonf/ ,if;w&m;pD&ifa&;½kH;rsm;u Oya'ukd teufzGifh
qkdrItay: rlwnfí zuf'&,f pepfrsm;ukd ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh awGUEkdif
rnf jzpfygonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk?uae'gEkdifiH? MopaMw;vs?
tdE´d,? b&mZD;?tm*sifwD;em;? rav;½Sm;ESifh Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; (trsm;pk
,if;EkdifiHrsm;rSm pD&ifxkH;Oya' (common laws) usifhokH;aom EkdifiH
rsm; jzpfonf/) uJhodkYaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu
- 51 -
zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m aemufqkH;tNyD;tjywf qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfaom tzGJU
tpnf;jzpfygonf/ *smreD? MopBwD;,m;? b,fvf*sD,HESifh pydefpaom
EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESifh zGJUpnf;ykHESifh quf
EG,faom tjcm;ta&;BuD;udpö&yfrsm;wGif tNyD;owf qkH;jzwfcsuf
csrSwfonfh wm0efukd zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m ckH½kH;rsm;u xrf;aqmifonfukd
awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif tjcm;ykHrSef
zGJUpnf;ykHckH½kH;rsm;ESifh ododomom uGJjym;jcm;em;csufwckrSm zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ckH½kH;\ oufwrf;rSm vTwfawmf? tpkd;&tzGJU\ oufwrf;
ESifh twlwl ig;ESpfoufwrf; jzpfaeonfh tcsufyif jzpfygonf/
ykHrSef w&m;a&;pepf (txl;tm;jzifh w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf) udkrl zGJUpnf;ykH
qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESifh rqufpyfaom tjcm;aom w&m;a&;qkdif&m
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;tm;vkH;\ tNyD;owf tqkH;tjzwfay;&m Xmetjzpf zGJUpnf;
ykHu tmPmtyfESif;xm;onfudk awGU&rnf jzpfygonf -
295/ (u) jynfaxmifpk w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfom atmufygudpö&yf
rsm; twGuf rlvrI pD&ifydkifcGifh tmPmrsm; ½Sdonf -
(1) jynfaxmifpk EkdifiHawmfu csKyfqkdaom jynfaxmifpk tcsif;csif;
qkdif&m pmcsKyfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ay:aygufvmaom udpö&yfrsm;?
(2) jynfaxmifpktpkd;&ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&
wkdYtMum; jzpfyGm;onfh zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m jyóemrsm;rS
ty tjcm;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;?
(3) wkdif;a'oBuD; tcsif;csif;? jynfe,ftcsif;csif;? wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh
jynfe,ftcsif;csif;? jynfaxmifpke,fajrESifh wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf
jynfe,ftcsif;csif;wkdYtMum; jzpfyGm;onfh zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qkdif&m jyóemrsm;rSty tjcm;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;?
- 52 -
zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tNyD;owf tqkH;tjzwf
csydkifcGifh tmPmudk zGJUpnf;ykHt& zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m cHk½kH;okdY tmPm
tyfESif;onf[k qkdaomfvnf; ,if;tzGJUtpnf;rSm trnftm;jzifhom
ckkH½kH;jzpfaomfvnf; oabmobm0tm;jzifh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif xm;½Sd
aom zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m w&m;½kH; oabmrsKd; jzpfonfukd awGU&ygonf/
jynfaxmifpktwGif; zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;
í tNyD;owf tqkH;tjzwfcsrSwfydkifcGifhukd tzGJU0ifudk;OD;yg0ifaom
EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m ckH½kH;okdY tyfESif;xm;NyD; ,if;
ckH½kH;taeESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;ESifh zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'udk xdef;
odrf;apmifha½Smuf&ef t"du usaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifaqmif
½GufzG,f½Sdonfukd awGU&ygonf/
46/ þzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;ukd teuft"dyÜg,f
zGifhqkdjcif;? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmfrsm;ESifh
jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;u jy|mef;onfh Oya'rsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
jynfaxmifpk? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;? jynfe,frsm;ESifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m tmPmykdifrsm;\ aqmif½Guf
csufrsm;onf vnf;aumif;? EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ESifh
nDñGwfrI½Sd? r½Sd pdppfjcif;? jynfaxmifpkESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tMum;?
jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,ftMum;? wkdif;a'oBuD;tcsif;csif;? jynfe,f
tcsif;csif;? wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fESifh ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh& pD&ifpktMum;? udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkc½kdif tcsif;csif;
jzpfay:onfh EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rI
rsm;ukd Mum;emqkH;jzwfjcif;ESifh þzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u tyfESif;
onfh tjcm;wm0efrsm; aqmif½Gufjcif;wkdYukd jyEkdif&ef EkdifiHawmf
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m ckH½kH;w½kH;ukd zGJUpnf;&rnf/
- 53 -
321/ EkdifiHawmfor®wonf rdrda½G;cs,fxm;onfh tzGJU0if okH;OD;?
jynfolYvTwfawmfOuú|u a½G;cs,fxm;onfh tzGJU0if okH;OD;ESifh
trsKd;om;vTwfawmfOuú|u a½G;cs,fxm;onfh tzGJU0ifokH;OD;?
pkpkaygif; ukd;OD;\ trnfpm&if;ukdvnf;aumif;? ,if;wkdYteuf
EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m ckH½kH;Ouú|tjzpf wm0efay;
tyf&ef tzGJU0ifwOD;\ trnfukd vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;vsuf oabmwlnDcsuf&,l&rnf/
322/ EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m ckH½kH;\ vkyfief;wm0ef
rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
(u) zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;udk teuft"dyÜg,f
zGifhqkdjcif;?
(c) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? wkdif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf? jynfe,f
vTwfawmf odkYr[kwf ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;OD;pD;tzGJJUESifh udk,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'oOD;pD;tzGJUwkdYu jy|mef;onfh Oya'rsm;onf
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH Oya'ESifh nDñGwfjcif; ½Sd r½Sd pdppfjcif;?
(*) jynfaxmifpk? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;? jynfe,frsm;ESifh udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m tmPmydkifrsm;\
aqmif½Gufcsufrsm;onf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ESifh nDñGwfrI ½Sd r½Sd
pdppfjcif;?
(C) jynfaxmifpkESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tMum;? jynfaxmifpkESifh
jynfe,ftMum;? wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,ftMum;? wkdif;a'oBuD;
tcsif;csif;? jynfe,ftcsif;csif;? wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpktMum;? ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpk
tcsif;csif; jzpfay:onfh zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rI
rsm;ukd qkH;jzwfjcif;?
- 54 -
(i) wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,f okdYr[kwf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpk
wkdYu jynfaxmifpkOya'ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif½Guf&mwGif
jynfaxmifpkESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,f okdYr[kwf udk,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkwkdY\ tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0efrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í
ay:aygufonfh tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfjcif;/
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& EkdifiHawmfor®w? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
em,u? jynfolUvTwfawmf Ouú|? trsKd;om;vTwfawmf Ouú|?
jynfaxmifpk w&m;olBuD;csKyf? jynfaxmifpk a½G;aumufyGJaumfr½Sif
Ouú|wkdYu zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya' qkdif&m ckH½kH;\ t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdcsuf?
qkH;jzwfcsuf? oabmxm;rsm;ukd wkduf½kduf&,lEkdifonf[k jy|mef;
xm;NyD;? wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf? wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf Ouú|? ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;OD;pD;
tzGJU okdYr[kwf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'oOD;pD;tzGJU Ouú|? jynfolU
vTwfawmf okdYr[kwf trsKd;om;vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;\
tenf;qkH; 10 &mckdifEIef;ta&twGuf½Sdaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qkdif&m ckH½kH;\ t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdcsuf? qkH;jzwf
csuf? oabmxm;rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhtnD
wifoGif;cGifh ½Sdonf[k jy|mef;xm;&m ,if;tcsufrSm cGJjcm;qufqH
rItenf;i,f½Sdaeonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ 57 vTJa½Smifí r&Ekdif
aom? EkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufrIykHpHwGif;½Sd y#dyu©rsm;ukd w&m;Oya'
pkd;rkd;a&;tajccH? zGJUpnf;ykH y"me0g'? vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmrQwrI
½Sdaom csOf;uyfrIrsKd;ESifh aqmif½GufEkdifjcif; ½Sdr½SdESifh ,if;aMumifhyif
,cif½Sd&if;pGJ txuftqifhqifhuyif vTrf;rkd;oGm;í A[kduom
tm;omaeaom tajctaersKd;ukd a&mufoGm;? roGm;url wkduf½kduf
wifoGif;ykdifcGifhr½Sdonfh udpöudk rnfokdY xdef;n§daqmif½Gufrnf? ,if;
aMumifh sub-national level u ckH½kH;okdY xda&mufpGm wifoGif;cGifh ½Sd?
r½Sdqkdonfh tajctaetay:wGifom rlwnfrnf jzpfygonf/
- 55 -
10/ wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,frsm;ESifh udkf,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;
\ e,fedrdwfrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? tpkd;&tqifhrsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifh
rsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrIudk zGJUpnf;ykHwGif tao;pdwf jy|mef;ay;xm;
jcif;ESifh ,if;,lepfrsm;\ oabmqE´rygbJ ajymif;vJEkdifcGifhr½Sdjcif;/
zuf'&,fpepfwGif ykHrSefawGU½Sd&pNrJ jzpfonfh tjcm;0daoovu©Pm
&yfwckrSm jynfaxmifpk\ tpdwftykdif;,lepfrsm; wnf½SdrIudk zGJUpnf;
ykHt& twkdif;twmwcktxd tmrcHcsufay;xm;jcif;jzpfNyD; A[kd
tpkd;&\ wzufowfjyKjyifajymif;vJrIaMumifh xdcdkufepfemjcif; r½Sd&
avatmif zGJUpnf;ykHu umuG,fay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ þonfrSm
A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;aom wjynfaxmifpepfEkdifiHrsm;wGif vkyf
ydkifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifh toD;oD;okdY vTJtyfay;xm;
onfrSefaomfvnf; A[kdtpkd;&tvkdtwkdif; e,fedrdwfrsm;? trnf
rsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpkatmufedrfhaom tpkd;&rsm;\ vkyfief;aqmifwm?
wm0ef,lrIrsm;ukd tcsdefra½G; Oya'xkwfjyefí aomfvnf;aumif;?
tkyfcsKyfa&;trdefY xkwfjyefí aomfvnf;aumif;? jyefvnf½kyfodrf;
Ekdifonfh tajctaeESifh rwljcm;em;rIyif jzpfonf/ jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykH
wGifrl wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,frsm;ESifh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpk
rsm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&\ wzufowfjyKjyifrIrS tawmftwef aumif;
rGefpGm umuG,fay;xm;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfNyD; ,if;okdY jyifqif
jyKjyifvkdvQif owfrSwfxm;onfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;twkdif;om
aqmif½Guf&rnf jzpfaMumif; jy|mef;azmfjyay;xm;onfukd awGU&rnf
jzpfonf/
52/ (u) EkdifiHawmfe,fedrdwfudk jyifqifowfrSwf&ef vkdtyfygu
EdkifiHawmf or®wonf jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf tBuD;trSL;xH
EkdifiHawmfe,fedrdwf jyifqifowfrSwfa&;twGuf jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmf\ oabmxm;ukd &,lay;yg&ef yxrOD;pGm taMumif;
Mum;&rnf?
- 56 -
(c) EkdifiHawmfe,fedrdwf jyifqifowfrSwfa&;twGuf EkdifiHawmf
or®w\ taMumif;Mum;pm &½Sdonfhtcg jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
tBuD;trSL;onf atmufygtwkdif; vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;\
qEudk &,l&rnf -
(1) wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f OD;a&
wlnDpGm a½G;aumufwifajr§mufxm;onfh vTwfawmfwGif
yg½Sdaom vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ xuf0ufausmf
axmufcHqErJ?
(2) NrdKUe,fudk tajccHí vnf;aumif;? vlOD;a&ukd tajccH
í vnf;aumif;? a½G;aumufwifajr§mufxm;onfh
vTwfawmfwGif yg½Sdaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ xuf0uf
ausmf axmufcHqErJ/
(3) xkdvTwfawmfESpf&yf½Sd oufqkdif&m e,fedrdwfESifh tusKH;0ifaom
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,frS vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;\
xuf0ufausmf axmufcHqErJ/
(*) txufygtwkdif; axmufcHqErJtoD;oD;&½SdvQif EkdifiHawmf
e,fedrdwfudk vkdtyfovkd jyifqifowfrSwfay;&ef jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmf tBuD;trSL;u EkdifiHawmfor®wxH taMumif;Mum;&rnf/
(C) txufyg owfrSwfxm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhtnD vTwfawmf
w&yf&yfujzpfap? xkdvTwfawmfESpf&yf½Sd oufqkdif&m e,fedrdwfESifh
tusKH;0ifaom wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,frS vTwfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ujzpfap e,fedrdwfjyifqifa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD;
oabmrwlaMumif; qkH;jzwfvQif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf\ oabm
xm;ukd &,laqmif½Guf&rnf/ jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f
pkpkaygif;\ av;ykHokH;ykHESifh txufu axmufcHvQif EkdifiHawmf
e,fedrdwfukd vkdtyfovkd jyifqifowfrSwfay;&ef jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmftBuD;trSL;u EkdifiHawmfor®wxH taMumif;Mum;&rnf/
- 57 -
(i) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf\ oabmxm;udk &½Sdonfhtcg
EkdifiHawmfe,fedrdwfjyifqifowfrSwfa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í EkdifiHawmf
or®wu vkdtyfovkd aqmif½Guf&rnf/
53/ (u) wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ffwe,f\ e,fedrdwfukd
jyifqifowfrSwf&ef taMumif;ay:aygufvmygu ,if;e,fedrdwfESifh
tusKH;0ifonfh NrdKUe,ftwGif; aexkdifMuaom qErJay;ykdifcGifh½Sd
olrsm;\ qEoabmxm;ukd OD;pGm yxr&,l&rnf/
(c) ,if;odkY &,lonfhtcg ,if;NrdKUe,ftwGif; aexkdifMuonfh
qErJay; ykdifcGifh ½Sdol OD;a& pkpkaygif;\ xuf0ufausmf
axmufcHqErJ r&vQif ,if;e,fedrdwf jyifqifowfrSwfjcif;ukd
aqmif½Gufjcif; vkH;0 rjyK&?
(*) ,if;NrdKUe,ftwGif; aexkdifMuaom qErJay;ykdifcGifh½Sdol pkpkaygif;
\ xuf0ufausmfu e,fedrdwf jyifqifoifhaMumif; axmufcHqErJ
ay;vQif ,if;e,fedrdwfESifh tusKH;0ifonfh oufqkdif&m
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\
qE&,l&rnf?
(C) oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf
ukd,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygi;f\ av;ykH okH;ykHESifhtxuf axmufcHqErJ
&½SdvQif jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf\ oabmwlnDcsufudk &,lNyD;
EkdifiHawmfor®wu wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fwe,f\
e,fedrdwfukd jyifqifowfrSwfay;&rnf?
(i) oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf
w&yf&yfu e,fedrdwfjyifqif&ef oabmrwlaMumif; qkH;jzwfvQif
jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf\ tqkH;tjzwfudk &,l&rnf?
(p) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f pkpkaygif; OD;a&\ av;ykH
okH;ykHESifh txufu e,fedrdwf jyifqifoifhaMumif;? axmufcHqErJ
ay;vQif EkdifiHawmfor®wu wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f\
- 58 -
e,fedrdwfudk vkdtyfovkd jyifqifowfrSwfay;&rnf/
55/ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;wckck\ trnfukd jzpfap? udk,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'owckck\ trnfukd jzpfap? ajymif;vJowfrSwf
vkdvQif wkdif;a'oBuD;wckck\ trnfukd jzpfap? jynfe,fwckck\
trnfukd jzpfap? ajymif;vJowfrSwfonfh enf;vrf;twkdif; ajymif;vJ
owfrSwf&rnf/
11/ wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;twGuf tkyfcsKyfrItmPm usifhokH;
a&;qkdif&m rlabmifukd zGJUpnf;ykHu csrSwfjy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;/
tcsKdUaom zuf'&,fpepfrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpkukd zGJUpnf;xm;aom
,lepfrsm; (jynfe,frsm;) taejzifh zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHu owfrSwfuefY
owfay;xm;aom tuefYtowft0ef;t0kdif;twGif; rdrdwkdY jynfe,f
twGuf udk,fykdifzGJUpnf;ykH jy|mef;ykdifcGifh tmPm½Sdonfukd awGU&
rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHuyif tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrI rlabmifukd
jy|mef;avh½Sdonfudkvnf; awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ om"utm;jzifh tdEd,
EkdifiHESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwkdYwGif jynfe,frsm;onf 4if;wkdY\
jynfe,fwGifvTwfawmfw&yf xm;½Sdrnf? okdYr[kwf ESpf&yfxm;½Sdrnf?
,if;wkdY\ tpkd;&tzGJUtBuD;tuJukd rnfokdY a½G;cs,frnf? okdYr[kwf
zuf'&,ftqifhwGif ,if;wkdYukdudk,fpm;jyKonfh udkf,fpm;vS,frsm;
udkyif rnfokdYrnfykH a½G;cs,frnf qkdonftxd jynfe,frsm;taeESifh
vkyfykdifcGifh? qkH;jzwfykdifcGifh½SdNyD; wjynfe,fESifh wjynfe,f rwljcm;
em;Muonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ tjcm;aom A[kdcsKyfukdifrI
rsm;aom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;uJhodkYyif jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl jynfaxmifpk
atmufedrfhaom tpkd;&rsm;taeESifh ,if;uJhokdY vGwfvyfrIrsm; r&½Sd
Muacs/ zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHuom jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifh
tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;udk rnfodkYrnfykH zGJUpnf;&rnf? ,if;wkdY rnfokdY
rnfykH vkyfief;aqmif½Guf&rnfudk twdtus jy|mef;ay;xm;onfukd
awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/
- 59 -
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfaxmifpktpkd;&or®wu oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'o
BuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;\ twnfjyKcsufjzifh oufqkdif&m
0efBuD;csKyfrsm;ukd cefYxm;ykdifcGifh tmPm½Sdonfudk awGU&rnf jzpfyg
onf/
wkdif;a'oBuD; tpkd;&tzGJU okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJU
zGJUpnf;jcif;
248/ (u) wkdif;a'oBuD;wGif wkdif;a'oBuD; tpkd;&tzGJU?
jynfe,fwGif jynfe,f tpkd;&tzGJU zGJUpnf; xm;½Sdonf?
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJUukd atmufazmfjyyg
yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;onf/
(1) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyf?
(2) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f0efBuD;rsm;?
(3) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fOya'csKyf?
(*) EkdifiHawmfor®wonf oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; (odkYr[kwf)
jynfe,fvTwfawmf\ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh -
(1) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f0efBuD;Xmersm;ukd vkdtyfovkd
owfrSwfEkdifonf/ xkdYjyif owfrSwf 0efBuD;Xmersm;ukd jyifqifjcif;?
jznfhpGufjcif; jyKEkdifonf/
(2) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f0efBuD; OD;a&ukd vkdtyfovkd
owfrSwfEkdifonf/ xkdYjyif owfrSwfOD;a&ukd wkd;jcif;? avQmhjcif;
jyKEkdifonf/
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f Oya'csKyfESifh pm&if;ppfcsKyfwkdYukd
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyfu wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf twnfjyKcsufjzifh cefYxm;&efukdvnf;
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;ay;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfyg
- 60 -
onf/ 58 Oya'csKyf\ t"duvkyfief; wm0efrSm Oya'tBuHOmPfrsm;
&,lEkdif&efESihf Oya'qkdif&m wm0efrsm; ay;Ekdif&ef jzpfNyD; pm&if;
ppfcsKyfrSm wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fpm&if;rsm;ukd ppfaq;
&efESifh awGU½Sdcsufrsm;ukd tpD&ifcH&ef jzpfonf/
a'oEÅ&tqifh tkyfcsKyfa&;udkrl zGJUpnf;ykHwGif tenf;i,frQom
jy|mef;xm;onfukd awGG Y½Sd&onf/
c½kdifESifh NrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;
288/ c½kdiftqifhESifh NrdKUe,ftqifhwkdY\ tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd EkdifiHh0efxrf;
rsm;tm; wm0efay;aqmif½Gufap&rnf/
&yfuGuf odkYr[kwf aus;½Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;
289/ &yfuGuf odkYr[kwf aus;½Gmtkyfpk\ tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd &yf½Gmu
MunfndKav;pm;NyD; odu©morm"d½Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfwOD;OD;udk Oya'ESifh
tnD cefYtyfwm0efay;aqmif½Gufap&rnf/ 59
e,fbuf0efxrf;rsm; (civil service) ESifh pyfvsOf;írl zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'wGif a,bk,soabmom azmfjyxm;NyD; ,if;jynfaxmifpk
tqifhatmufedrfhaom (jynfe,ftqifh? wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifh) e,f
buf0efxrf; tzGJUtpnf;rsm; trSefwu,fjzpfay:vmNyD; jynfe,f
tqifh? wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifhrsm;taeESifh zGJUpnf;ykHyg aqmif½Guf
taumiftxnfazmf&ef jy|mef;ay;xm;aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd
trSefwu,f aqmif½GufEkdif&ef tjcm;enf;vrf; (Oyrm - yk*¾vdu
u@ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufjcif;? odkYr[kwf uefx½kdufrsm;jzifh
aqmif½Gufjcif;) wkdY vkyfaqmifEkdifjcif; ½Sd? r½Sdukdvnf; taotcsm
azmfjyxm;jcif; r½Sday/
- 61 -
EkdifihH0efxrf;
290/ EkdifiHh0efxrf;rsm; cefYxm;jcif;? &mxl;wkd;jr§ifhjcif;? tNidrf;pm;
,ljcif;? pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;jcif;? trIxrf; pnf;urf;owfrSwfjcif;ESifh
ta&;,ljcif; rsm;ukkd Oya'ESifh tnD aqmif½Guf&rnf/ 60
12/ zGJUpnf;ykHu tqifhqifhaom tpkd;&toD;oD;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m
vkyfydkifcGifh tmPmrsm;ukd tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;onf/
u@wcktwGuf Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmukd trsm;tm;
jzifh tpkd;&tqifhw&yftwGuf yl;wGJay;tyfxm;onfukd awGU&aomf
vnf; EkdifiHwkdif;wGifawmh þykHpHrsKd; tNrJwap awG Y&onf
r[kwfyg/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGifrl tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmukd usifhokH;&mwGif
oufqkdif&m Oya'jyKa&;tmPmESifhyl;wGJjy|mef;xm;onfukd awGU&
rnf jzpfygonf/ okdY&mwGif (zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'yk'fr 225 wGif
jy|mef;xm;csufrSm) rnfonfh u@rsm;? udpö&yfrsm;wGif jynfaxmifpk
ESifh jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm; yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&rnfukd ½Sif;½Sif;
vif;vif; azmfjyxm;jcif; r½Sday/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'onf aemif
tcsdefwGif twkdif;twmwcktxd vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh vkyfief;
aqmifwmrsm;tMum; jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum; xyfae
aom udpörsm; ay:aygufvmzG,f ½Sdonfukd BudKwifarQmfjrifxm;ykH&
onf[k ½IjrifEkdifygonf/ ,if;twGufyif tjcm;aom EkdifiHrsm;
wGif ]yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufaom zuf'&,fpepf} (co-operative
federalism) [k ac:qkdonfh pepfusifhxkH;udk &nfñTef;azmfjyxm;onf
[k ,lqEkdifzG,f ½Sdygonf/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh zuf'a&;½Sif;tMum;
vkyfief;rsm;qkdif&m wm0efcHrIukd jywfjywfom;om;vkdif;wm;xm;
aom ykHpHrsKd; r[kwfonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/
xkdYjyif yk'fr 249 t& wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;onf
jynfaxmifpk Oya'w&yf&yft& ,if;tpkd;&rsm;udk aqmif½GufcGifhjyK
- 62 -
onfh udpö&yfrsm;ukdvnf; tkyfcsKyfpDrHydkifcGifh½Sdonf[k qkdxm;NyD;?
yk'fr 259 t& jynfaxmifpktpkd;&u jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tpkd;&
rsm;ukd tcgtm;avsmfpGm tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;
vTJtyfEkdifovkd jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tpkd;&uvnf; aqmif
½Guf&rnf jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh zuf'&,fOya't& jynfaxmifpk
twGuf jzpfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd
jynfaxmifpkatmuf wqifhedrfhaom tpkd;&tqifhrsm;okdY vTJtyfEkdif
rnf jzpfNyD; ,if;pepfrSm yl;aygif; aqmif½Gufaom zuf'&,fpepfudk
usifhokH;onfh *smreDESifh MopBwD;,m;wkdYwGif awGU&aom enf;vrf;
uJhokdYyif jzpfonf/
216/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifh rqefYusif
vQif jynfaxmifpk\ tkyfcsKyfrI tmPmonf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
u Oya'jyKEkdfifaom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;okdYvnf; ouf
a&mufysHUESHYonf/
225/ jynfaxmifpktpkd;&onf wkdif;a'oBuD;tpkd;& okdYr[kwf
jynfe,ftpkd;&wkdYu vnf;aumif;? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;OD;pD;
tzGJU odkYr[kwf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'oOD;pD;tzGJUwkdYu vnf;
aumif;? vkyfief;rsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfaqmif½GufMu&mwGif
xda&mufatmifjrifrI½Sdapa&;twGuf aygif;pyfn§dEIdif;ay;onf/
wkdif;a'oBuD; tpkd;& okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&\ tkyfcsKyfrI
tcGifhtmPm
249/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'yg jy|mef;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh
rqefYusifvQif wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&\ tkyfcsKyfrI
tmPmonf wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmfu
Oya'jyKEkdifaom udpö&yfrsm;okdY oufa&muf ysHUESYYHonf/ xkdYjyif
- 63 -
jynfaxmifpk Oya'w&yf&yft& wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
tpkd;&tm; aqmif½GufcGifhjyKonfh udpö&yfrsm;odkYvnf; oufa&muf
ysHUESYHonf/
250/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf jynfaxmifpk
tpkd;&u EkdifiHawmfwnfNiddrfa&;? &yf½Gm at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh
w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;wkdYudk xdef; odrf;apmifha½Smuf&mwGif ulnD&ef
wm0ef½Sdonf/
251/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf jynfaxmifpk
tpkd;&u csrSwfxm;onfh rl0g'rsm;ESifh aomfvnf;aumif;?
jynfaxmifpk Oya'rsm;ESifh aomfvnf;aumif;? rqefYusifapbJ
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif½Gufrnfh vkyfief;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;onfh pDrHudef;rsm;ukd
oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf\ oabm
wlnDcsufjzifh aqmif½Guf&rnf/
257/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf EkdifiHh0efxrf;
qkdif&m jynfaxmifpkOya'ESifhtnD vnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpktpkd;&
ESifh BudKwifn§dEIdif;í vnf;aumif;? rdrdwm0ef,ltaumiftxnf
azmf&onfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif½GufEkdif&ef -
(u) wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fqkdif&m e,fbuf0efxrf;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk vdktyfovkd zGJUpnf;Ekdifonf?
(c) vkdtyfaom e,fbuf 0efxrf;rsm;ukd cefYtyfEkdifonf/
- 64 -
258/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf -
(u) oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmfu
tcgtm;avsmfpGm csrSwfonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif½Guf&rnf/ rdrd\ ta&;,laqmif½Guf
csufrsm;ukd oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf
ukd jyefvnftpD&ifcH&rnf?
(c) rdrde,fajra'o\ tajctaet&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh
tpD&ifcHpmukd jynfaxmifpktpkd;&ESifh oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf okdY wifjy&rnf/
259/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&
u tcgtm;avsmfpGm ay;tyfvmonfh vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd
xrf;aqmif&rnf/
wkdif;a'oBuD;tpkd;&tzGJU okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJU½kH;/
260/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;
OD;pD;Xme tBuD;trSL;onf &mxl;tavsmuf oufqkdif&m wkdif;
a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJU\ twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf/
xkdYtjyif wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftaxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;
OD;pD;Xmeonf oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&
tzGJU½kH;vnf; jzpfonf/
13/ zGJUpnf;ykHu jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpk
tMum; b@ma&;qkdif&m &if;jrpfrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH cGJa0okH;pGJ&rnf
qkdonfh rlabmifukd jy|mef;ay;xm;onf/
zuf'&,fpepfrsm; okdYr[kwf A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;aom EkdifiH
a&;pepfrsm;ukd em;vnfavhvm&mwGif b@ma&;qkdif&m &if;jrpf
- 65 -
rsm;ukd rnfodkYrnfykH cGJa0onfqkdonfukd em;vnfavhvm&ef txl;
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ zuf'&,f zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'trsm;tjym;wGif
oufqkdif&m tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;u ,if;wkdY\ ukefusp&dwfrsm;
twGuf &½Sd&ef vkdtyfonfh b@maiGudk rnfonfh b@m&if;jrpfrsm;
rS &½SdMurnf qkdonfh pm&if;rsm;ukd a&;qGJazmfjyxm;avh½Sdygonf/
jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u ,if;wkdY\ udk,fykdif&if;jrpfrsm;tay: rSDwnfí
tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk vkyfukdif
aqmif½GufEkdifonfqkdonfrSm tvGef½Sm;yg;ygonf/ zuf'&,fpepf
trsm;pkrSm pD;yGm;a&;tajctae? 0ifaiGponfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif rwlnD
rIrsm; tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovkd ½SdaeMuonfom jzpfNyD; jynfolUa&;&m
0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh tjcm;udpö&yfrsm;wGif (jynfe,frsm; toD;oD;
tMum;) nDñGwfrQwrI ½Sdap&ef jyefvnfcGJa0ay;rI (redistribution)
ykHpHwrsKd;rsKd;jzifh aqmif½GufMu&pNrJ? ,if;jyefvnfcGJa0rItay: rSDckdMu
pNrJ jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,f zGJUpnf;ykH tawmfrsm;rsm;yif ,if;
(jyefvnfcGJa0a&;qkdif&m qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd) b@ma&;qkdif&m
aumfr½Sifrsm;rS qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&ef pnf;rsOf;jy|mef;xm;avh½SdNyD;?
vkdtyfonfh tcsuftvufrsm;tay: rlwnfí azmfjrLvmrsm; azmf
xkwfjy|mef;xm;avh½SdMuygonf/ (Oyrm - vlOD;a&tvkduf? e,fajr
a'otus,ft0ef;tvkduf? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaetvkduf ponfjzifh?
pum;csyf) jrefrmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykHwGifvnf; jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;
tpkd;&rsm; udk,fwkdif aumufcHEkdifaom tcGeftcrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykH
u jy|mef;ay;xm;ovkd jyefvnfcGJa0a&; vkyfaqmif&ef vkdtyf
onfukdvnf; todtrSwfjyKxm;NyD; ,if;okdY aqmif½Guf&ef aumfr½Sif
w&yfvnf; azmfjyyg½Sdxm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif jyefvnfcGJa0a&;
aqmif½Guf&mwGif rnfonfhtcsufrsm;tay: rlwnfí aqmif½Guf&
rnf qkdonfukdrl azmfjyxm;jcif; r½Sdacs/
252/ wdkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD jynfaxmifpk\ ESpfpOft&tokH;
- 66 -
cefYrSef;ajcaiGpm&if;tay: tajcjyKvQuf wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf
jynfe,f\ b@maiG t&tokH;qkdif&m Oya'Murf;ukd jy|mef;ay;Ekdif
a&;twGuf oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fvTwfawmf
okdY wifoGif;&rnf/
254/ (u) wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;u Z,m; (5)
yg tcGeftcrsm;ukd Oya'ESifhtnD aumufcHí wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,fb@m&efykHaiGodkY ay;oGif;&rnf?
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;onf wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f b@m&efykHaiGrsm;ukd Oya'ESifhtnD okH;pGJcGifh
½Sdonf/
b@ma&;aumfr½Sif zGJUpnf;jcif;
229/ (u) b@ma&;aumfr½Sifukd atmufyg yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzifh
zGJUpnf;&rnf -
(1) ekdifiHawmfor®w - Ouú|
(2) 'kwd,or®w - 'kwd,Ouú|rsm;
(3) jynfaxmifpk a½SUaecsKyf - tzGJU0if
(4) jynfaxmifpk pm&if;ppfcsKyf - tzGJU0if
(5) wkdif;a'oBuD;0efBuD;csKyfESifh
jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyfrsm; - tzGJU0if
(6) aejynfawmf aumifpDOuú| - tzGJU0if
(7) jynfaxmifpk b@ma&; 0efBuD; - twGif;a&;rSL;
(c) (1) b@ma&; aumfr½Sifukd zGJUpnf;onfhtcg tzGJU0iftjzpf
xrf;aqmif&rnfh &mxl;ae&mwGif taMumif;wpkHw&maMumifh
wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&ol r½Sdao;ygu EkdifiHawmfor®wonf xkd
ae&mtwGuf oifhavsmfonfh yk*¾dKvfwOD;OD;tm; ,m,DtzGJU0if
tjzpf wm0efay;tyfEkdifonf/
- 67 -
(2) b@ma&;aumfr½Sif zGJUpnf;jcif;ukd EkdifiHawmfor®wu xkwfjyef
aMunm&rnf/ xkdYjyif b@ma&;aumfr½SiftwGuf vkdtyfaom trdefY?
ñTefMum;csuf ponfrsm;ukdvnf; EkdifiHawmfor®w okdYr[kwf EkdifiHawmf
or®wu wm0efay;tyfonfh yk*¾dKvfu xkwfjyefaMunmekdifonf/
b@ma&;aumfr½Sif\ wm0efESifh vkyfydkifcGifh
230/ (u) jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xmersm;\ t&tokH;cefYrSef;ajc
aiGpm&if;rsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpktqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ t&tokH;
cefYrSef;ajc aiGpm&if;rsm;ukd EkdifiHawmfor®wu wm0efay;tyfaom
'kwd,or®wwOD;u OD;aqmifpdppfí jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xmersm;
tygt0if jynfaxmifpktqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ t&tokH; aiG
pm&if; vsmxm;csufukd b@ma&; aumfr½SifodkY wifjy&rnf?
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ft&tokH; aiGpm&if;rsm;udk
EkdifiHawmfor®wu wm0efay;tyfaom usef'kwd,or®w wOD;u
OD;aqmifpdppfNyD; wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ft&tokH;
aiGpm&if; vsmxm;csufukd b@ma&;aumfr½SifokdY wifjy&rnf?
(*) b@ma&;aumfr½Sifonf
(1) jynfaxmifpke,fajrtokH;p&dwfrsm;yg½Sdaom jynfaxmifpk\
t&tokH; cefYrSef;ajcaiGpm&if;? wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;
twGuf jynfaxmifpk b@m&efykHaiGrS b@maiGrsm;ukd oifhawmf
ovkd jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;? txl;udpöw&yftaejzifh axmufyHhjcif;?
acs;aiGrsm; cGifhjyKjcif;tygt0if jynfaxmifpk\ b@maiGt&tokH;
qkdif&m Oya'Murf; okdYr[kwf aemufxyfb@maiG cGJa0okH;pGJa&;
Oya'Murf;ukd jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmfodkY axmufcHwifjy&rnf?
(2) b@ma&;qkdif&m aqmif½Gufoifhonfh udpörsm;ukd tBuHjyKEkdif
a&;twGuf aqmif½Guf&rnf?
- 68 -
(3) ckdifrmaom b@ma&;pepf jzpfay:apa&;twGuf jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmfu Oya'jy|mef;í wm0efay;tyfonfh udpö&yfrsm;udk
aqmif½Guf&rnf/
(C) b@ma&;aumfr½Sif jynfaxmifpk\ t&tokH;cefYrSef;ajc
aiGpm&if;? wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;tm; jynfaxmifpk
b@m&efykHaiGrS b@maiGrsm;ukd oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm jznfhqnf;
ay;jcif;? txl;udpöw&yftaejzifh axmufyhHjcif;? vkdtyfrnfh acs;aiG
rsm; xkwfacs;jcif;wkdY yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpk\ b@maiG t&
tokH;qkdif&m Oya'Murf;udk jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmfokdY wifjyEkdifa&;
twGuf EkdifiHawmfor®wxHokdY axmufcHwifjy&rnf/
(i) b@ma&;aumfr½Sifonf vkdtyfygu b@ma&;uRrf;usif
olrsm;\ tBuHOmPfrsm;udk &,lEkdifonf/
231/ (u) jynfaxmifpkonf wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
rsm;u aumufcHcGifh½Sdaom Z,m; (5) yg tcGeftcrsm;rSty tjcm;
tcGeftcrsm;ukd Oya'ESifhtnD aumufcHí jynfaxmifpk b@m
&efykHaiGokdY ay;oGif;&rnf?
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;u aumufcH&ef owfrSwf
xm;onfh &aiGrsm;ESifh tcGeftc trsKd;tpm;rsm;ukd jynfaxmifpk
e,fajrrsm;twGuf aumufcH&ef½Sdygu jynfaxmifpku Oya'ESifhtnD
aumufcHNyD; jynfaxmifpk b@m&efykHaiGodkY ay;oGif;&rnf/
(*) jynfaxmifpkonf jynfaxmifpk b@m&efykHaiGukd Oya'ESifhtnD
okH;pGJcGifh ½Sdonf/
- 69 -
14/ tpkd;&w&m;pD&ifa&;u@/
zuf'&,fpepf usifhokH;aom EkdifiHrsm;toD;oD;wGif rdrdEkdifiH\ w&m;
a&;pepfukd rnfokdY aqmif½GufpDrHrnf qkd&mwGif wEkdifiHESifhwEkdifiH
rwlaom csOf;uyfrIrsm; ½SdMuonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiH
rsm; (Oyrm - tdE´d,EkdifiH? MopBwD;,m;EkdifiH)wkdYwGif pepfwckxJ
(zuf'&,fu usifhokH;aom pepf) ½SdouJhokdY? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
uJhokdYaom ekdifiHwGifrl jynfe,fwGif oD;jcm;jynfe,f w&m;pD&ifa&;
pepf½SdNyD; zuf'&,f Oya'rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmrSom zuf'&,f
w&m;½kH;rsm;u 0ifa&mufpGufzufykdifcGifh ½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHrSm ½kwfw&uf MunfhvkdufvQif tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkuJhokdYyif jynfe,frsm; wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ukd tcsKdUudpö&yf
rsm;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf oD;jcm;½Sdovkd jzpfaeygonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH
wGifvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmudk jynfaxmifpk\ tpdwftykdif;
rsm;toD;oD;odkY cGJa0tyfESif;onf[k qkdxm;NyD; jynfe,fESifh wkdif;
a'oBuD; w&m;vTwfawmfrsm;u oufqkdif&m vTwfawmftoD;oD;odkY
wm0efcH&rnf[k qkdxm;ygonf/ okdYaomf Oya'qkdif&m rlabmifrSmrl
jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tm;vkH;u jynfaxmifpk\ wckwnf;aom
Oya'rlabmiftwkdif;om aqmif½GufMu&onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfyg
onf/ 62
18/ (u) EkdifiHawmf\ w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmudk jynfaxmifpk
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? wkdif;a'oBuD; w&m;vTwfawmfrsm;? jynfe,f
w&m; vTwfawmfrsm;ESifh udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpk w&m;½kH;rsm;
tygt0if tqifhqifhaom w&m;½kH;rsm;tm; cGJa0tyfESif;onf?
(c) jynfaxmifpkwGif jynfaxmifpkw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfw&yf xm;
½Sdonf/ jynfaxmifpk w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfonf EkdifiHawmf\
tjrifhqkH; w&m;½kH;jzpfonf/
- 70 -
(*) jynfaxmifpk w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwGif pmcRefawmftrdefYrsm;
xkwf ydkifcGifh tmPmrsm; ½Sdonf/
(C) wkdif;a'oBuD;wkdif;wGif wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmf w&yfpDvnf;
aumif;? jynfe,fwkdif;wGif jynfe,f w&m;vTwfawmfw&yfpD vnf;
aumif; xm;½Sdonf/
305/ wkdif;a'oBuD;wGif wkdif;a'oBuD; w&m;vTwfawmfudk
vnf;aumif;? jynfe,fwGif jynfe,f w&m;vTwfawmfukd vnf;
aumif; xm;½Sdonf -
306/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fw&m;vTwfawmfrsm;wGif
Oya'ESifhtnD atmufygw&m;pD&ifykdifcGifhtmPmrsm; ½Sdonf -
(u) rlvrIudk pD&ifjcif;
(c) t,lcHrIukd pD&ifjcif;
(*) jyifqifrIudk pD&ifjcif;
(C) Oya'w&yf&yft& owfrSwfxm;aom udpö&yfrsm;ukd pD&ifjcif;/
308/ (u) (1) wkdif;a'oBuD; w&m;vTwfawmf okdYr[kwf jynfe,f
w&m;vTwfawmf\ tBuD;trSL;ukd wkdif;a'oBuD; w&m;vTwfawmf
w&m;olBuD;csKyf odkYr[kwf jynfe,fw&m;vTwfawmf w&m;olBuD;
csKyf[k ac:&rnf?
(c) (1) EkdifiHawmfor®wonf jynfaxmifpk w&m;olBuD;csKyf?
oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyfwkdYESifh n§dEIdif;
NyD; oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fw&m;vTwfawmf
w&m;olBuD;csKyftjzpf cefYtyf&ef trnfpm&if;ukd jyKpkí,if;trnf
pm&if;ukdvnf;aumif;? oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
0efBuD;csKyfonf jynfaxmifpk w&m;olBuD;csKyfESifh n§dEIdif;NyD;
- 71 -
oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fw&m;vTwfawmf
w&m;olBuD;rsm;tjzpf cefYtyf&ef trnfpm&if;ukd jyKpkí ,if;trnf
pm&if;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? oufqkdif&m wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf
jynfe,fvTwfawmfodkY ay;ydkY&rnf/
wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,f w&m;vTwfawmfrsm;ukd w&m;pD&ifa&;
tqifhqifh½Sd w&m;½kH;rsm;ukd BuD;MuyfykdifcGifhukd zGJUpnf;ykHu jy|mef;
ay;xm;NyD; w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyftwGufudkrl ,if;uJhodkYaom taxG
axGvkyfydkifcGifhrsKd; azmfjyxm;jcif; r½Sdacs/ odkYaomf w&m;vTwfawmf
csKyfrSmrl t,lcHrIrsm; tm;vkH;twGuf tNyD;tjywf t,lcH&mjzpfonf
[k azmfjyyg½Sdonf/
314/ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fw&m;vTwfawmf BuD;MuyfrI
atmufü atmufygtwkdif; w&m;½kH;tqifhqifh ½Sdonf -
(u) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&
pD&ifpk r½SdvQif
(1) c½kdifw&m;½kH;rsm;?
(2) NrdKUe,fw&m;½kH;rsm;/
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&
pD&ifpk ½SdvQif
(1) udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;ü
(uu) udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& wkdif;w&m;½kH;?
(cc) NrdKUe,fw&m;½kH;rsm;/
(2) udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'oü
(uu) udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o w&m;½kH;?
(cc) NrdKUe,fw&m;½kH;rsm;/
(3) usefa'orsm;ü
- 72 -
(uu) c½kdifw&m;½kH;rsm;?
(cc) NrdKUe,fw&m;½kH;rsm;/
(*) jynfaxmifpk e,fajrü
(1) c½kdifw&m;½kH;rsm;?
(2) NrdKUe,fw&m;½kH;rsm;/
(C) Oya't& wnfaxmifxm;aom tjcm;w&m;½kH;rsm;/
295/ (C) jynfaxmifpkw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfonf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'yg jy|mef;csuf w&yf&yfukd jzpfap?tjcm;Oya'yg jy|mef;
csuf w&yf&yfukd jzpfap rqefYusifapbJ wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf
jynfe,f w&m;vTwfawmf\ pD&ifcsufrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfekdifaom
t,lcHrI pD&ifydkifcGifh tmPm½Sdonf/ xkdYtjyif tjcm;w&m;½kH;rsm;
u csrSwfaom pD&ifcsufrsm;ukdvnf; Oya'ESifhtnD ppfaq;qkH;
jzwfEkdifaom t,lcHrI pD&ifykdifcGifh tmPm½Sdonf?
(i) jynfaxmifpk w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfonf Oya'ESifhtnD jyifqifrI
pD&ifykdif cGifhtmPm ½Sdonf/ 63
- 73 -
obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;
tajccHrlrsm;wGif (yk'fr 22 rS 37 txd) EkdfifiHawmftwGuf
vrf;ñTefrlrsm; yg½SdNyD; ,if;yk'frrsm;wGif ]]EkdifiHawmfonf}}
[laom pum;ESifh tpcsDxm;onf/ ,if;rlrsm;wGif bmom
pum;rsm;ukd umuG,f&efrS pí tvkyfvufrJh yaysmufavsmh
enf;ap&eftqkH; azmfjycsufrsm; pkHpkHvifvifyg½Sdonf/ þ
ae&mwGif EkdifiHawmfonfqkdaom pum;rSm zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'u ,if;vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk tpkd;& tqifhwqifh
qifhokdY tyfESif;wm0efay;jcif;rsKd; [kwf[efrwlbJ wEkdifiHvkH;
twkdif;twmESifh qkdvkdaom EkdifiHawmfjzpfykHay:ygonf/
tu,fí ,if;vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;tm;vkH;ukd jynfaxmifpk
tpkd;&u wm0ef,laqmif½Guf&efjzpfonf[laom taersKd;
em;vnfzwf½IygvQifrl aemufqufwGJZ,m;rsm;wGif jy|mef;
xm;aom Oya'jyKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m vkyfydkifcGifh
tmPmrsm;ESifh qefYusifonfh oabmoufa&mufoGm;ayvdrfh
rnf/ ,if;tcef;wGifyif EkdifiHawmf\ Oya'jyKa&;tmPmukd
jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmfESifh jynfe,f
vTwfawmfrsm;tm; cGJa0tyfESif;onf[k qkdxm;NyD; 64 EkdifiHawmf
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmukd jynfaxmifpk? wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,f
rsm;tm; cGJa0tyfESif;onf[k qkdxm;ayonf/ 65 zGJUpnf;ykHukd
t*Fvdyfbmomrljzifh a&;om;azmfjy&mwGif jynfaxmifpkqkd
aom pum;&yfukd union [k rokH;bJ pyidaungsu [kyif
wkduf½kdufac:bmomjyef azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHyg union
qkdaom tokH;onf tcgtm;avsmfpGm ESpfcG t"dyÜg,fxGuf
Ekdifojzifh ,if;okdY ESpfcGt"dyÜg,fxGufjcif;ukd a½Smif½Sm;onf
[k ,lqEkdifygonf/ wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmudk &nfñTef;
- 74 -
aom EkdifiHawmf (union) rSm wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmukd &nf
ñTef;jcif;rsKd;jzpfNyD; zGJUpnf;ykH\ tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif (txl;
ojzifh vkyfykdifcGifh wm0efrsm;ukd tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;okdY cGJa0
tyfESif;&mwGif) azmfjyyg½Sdaom union jynfaxmifpkqkdonfh
tokH;rSmrl wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;udk &nfñTef;jcif;
r[kwfrlbJ A[kdtpkd;&? zuf'&,ftpkd;&ukd &nfñTef;jcif; jzpf
ayonf/
,if;EkdifiHawmftajccHrlrsm;wGif obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;
ukd tkyfcsKyfpDrHcGifhESifh pyfvsOf;í yk'fr 37 wGif atmufygtwkdif;
azmfjyyg½Sdonf/
37/ EkdifiHawmfonf
(u) EkdifiHawmf½Sd ajrtm;vkH;? ajray:ajratmuf? a&ay:
a&atmufESifh avxktwGif;½Sd o,HZmwypönf;
tm;vkH;\ yif&if;ykdif½Sifjzpfonf?
(c) EkdifiHykdif o,HZmwypönf;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;
tiftm;pkrsm;u xkwf,lokH;pGJjcif;udk uGyfuJBuD;
MuyfEkdif&ef vkdtyfonfh Oya' jy|mef;&rnf/
(*) EkdifiHom;rsm;tm; ypönf;ykdifqkdifcGifh? tarGqufcHcGifh?
udk,fydkif vkyfukdifcGifh? wDxGifcGifhESifh rlykdifcGifhwkdYukd Oya'
jy|mef;csufESifhtnD cGifhjyK&rnf/
txufwGif azmfjy½Sif;vif;cJhonfhtwkdif; þjy|mef;csufrSm
EkdifiHawmfonf ajrtm;vkH;ESifh obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;
ukd ydkifqkdifonfqkd&mwGif jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;
- 75 -
ESifh roufqkdifbJ jynfaxmifpktpkd;&uom ydkifqkdifonf
qkdaomoabmrsKd; teuft"dyÜg,fzGifhqkd&rnf r[kwfacs/
tykd'f (c)onfvnf; EkdifiHykdif &if;jrpfrsm;[k qkdvkd&if;jzpfNyD;
yk*¾vduykdifESifh uGmjcm;ap&ef azmfjyxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfayonf/
EkdifiHawmfu Oya'jy|mef;&rnfqkdonfh tcsufudkvnf;
A[kdjynfaxmifpktpkd;&uom ,if;uJhokdYaom Oya'rsKd;ukd
jy|mef;Ekdifonf[k t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdvQif tpdk;&tqifhtoD;oD;
twGuf tao;pdwfjy|mef;ay;xm;aom tmPmcGJa0rIrsm;
ESifh rsm;pGm qefYusifoGm;ayrnf/ txl;ojzifh aemufquf
wGJwGif azmfjyxm;aom Z,m;rsm;ESifh qefYusifoGm;rnf jzpf
ayonf/ odkYjzpfaomfjim;vnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tpkvkduf
tNyKHvkduf? tkHESifh usif;ESifh awGU&aom obm0o,HZmw
&if;jrpfrsm;jzpfonfh a&eH? obm0"mwfaiG Y? vQyfppfpGrf;tif?
ow¬KwGif;xGuf? rkdif;vkyfief;? &wemvkyfief;? ykvJvkyfief;
ESifh opfawmvkyfief;rsm;rSm jynfaxmifpkpm&if;wGif yg0if
aeonfjzpfav&m ,if;okdY jzpfonfESifhtnD jynfaxmifpk
Oya'jyKpm&if;t& jynfaxmifpku Oya'jyKrnfjzpfNyD; pHrsm;
owfrSwfjcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJjcif;wkdYukdvnf; jynfaxmifpkuom
aqmif½Gufrnfjzpfavonf/
- 76 -
C/ ed*kH;
þpmwrf;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm urÇmwvTm;½Sd zuf'&,fpepf[k
todtrSwfjyK vufcHMuonfh Oya'rsm;? usifhxkH;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKvsuf
jrefrmEkdifiH\ 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;ukd
tusOf;rQ avhvmokH;oyfEkdif&efyif jzpfygonf/ rQrQwwqkd&vQifrl
jrefrmEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rSm wydkif;zuf'&,f (quasi-federal)
[k qkd&ygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftcsKdUukd xyfrH
jznfhpGufwifjyvkdygao;onf/ yxrtcsufrSm ykHrSefxkH;wrf;t&
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rlabmif\ jyifywGifom vIyf½Sm;vkyfaqmif
avh½Sdaom ppfwyfukd zGJUpnf;ykHwGif tom;ay;xm;jcif;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD
enf;usxdef;n§dapmifhMunfhEkdifrI vufvSrf;rrSDonfh taetxm;wGif ½Sd
aejcif;jzpfNyD; ,if;wm0efcHEkdifrI (accountability) tm;enf;aejcif;rSm
jrefrmhwydkif;zuf'&,fEkdifiH wnfaqmufykHykHpHtay: tusKd;ouf
a&mufrI ½Sdaejcif;yif jzpfayonf/ vufawGU tvkyfjzpfa&;0g'Drsm;
url bmzGJUpnf;ykHrS r½SdbJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifcJh&onfh yuwd
trSefw&m;ukd tajccHvsuf zGJUpnf;ykHr½SdbJ ppfwyfu tvkH;pkH
xdef;csKyfonfh tajctaewGif ae&onf xufpmvQif ,cktajctaeu
txkdufavsmuf awmfao;onf[k jyefvnf jiif;csufxkwfzG,f
½Sdygonf/ þpmwrf;rSmrl ,if;tjiif;tckHudpöukd 0ifa&mufajymqkd
&efr[kwfbJ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ukd ppfykdif;okH;oyfMunfh&ef
tm;xkwfjcif;jzpf&m xkdudpöukd xnfhoGif;ajymqkdrIukd tjcm;ae&m
rsm;wGif tjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm; jiif;ckHcJh? jiif;ckHqJ? jiif; ckHMuvdrfhrnf[kom
qkd&ef ½Sdygonf/ 66
aemufxyf ta&;BuD;aom tcsuf? pOf;pm;&ef tcsufwcsufrSm
rnfonfh Oya'aMumif;qkdif&m jy|mef;csufrqkd jy|mef;taumif
txnfazmfNyD; wESpftMumwGif tajymif;tvJ? vufawGU xdxd
a&mufa&muf taumiftxnfazmfa&; ponfh udpörsm;wGif pdefac:rI
- 77 -
rsm; BuHKawGU&pNrJyif jzpfonf qkdonfh tcsufjzpfygonf/ 2008
zGJUpnf;ykHwGif ,cif 'Drkdua&pDacwfaum? 'Drkdua&pDr[kwfonfh
acwfuyg usifhokH;cJhonfh vu©Pm&yfrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;
ovkdyif? tjcm;wcgzl;rQ prf;rokH;Munfh&ao;aom? topfpufpuf
tcsufrsm;vnf; yg½Sdayonf/ wydkif;zuf'&,fykHpHrSm ,if;pdwful;
pdwfoef;topfrsm;teufu ta&;BuD;qkH; tcsufwcsuf[k qkd&rnf
jzpfygonf/
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ukd q,fhig;ESpfMum tcsdef,la&;qGJcJh&onf
[k qkdonhfwkdif (,cif zGJUpnf;ykHESpfck tmPmwnfonfrSmyif
q,fhig;ESpfrMumay) ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHukdvufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf
&mwGif pepfwus jzpfap&efESifh tul;tajymif;jiifomí pkpnf;
pepfusap&ef BudKwifjyifqifxm;rI wpkHw&mudkrl r,fr,f&& rawGU
&acs/ vGefcJhonfh wESpfwmumvwGif þOya'yg tpDtrHrsm;ukd
ajrprf;c&rf;ysKd; aqmif½GufaeMu&onfrSm ,if;tcsufukd rD;armif;
xkd;jyaeonfh om"uwckyif jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
þwykdif;zuf'&,fykHpHukd vufawGU taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif txl;
pOf;pm;xkdufonhf tcsufwcsufrSm ,cktcsdefxd ,if;zGJUpnf;ykH oabm
w&m;udk tawG;aygufatmif? OmPfa&mufatmif (conceptualize)
raqmif½GufEkdifMuao;qkdonfh tcsufjzpfayonf/ vuf½Sd tkyfcsKyf
a&;usifhxkH;rsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykHESifhtnD? zGJUpnf;ykHyg qkdvkd&if;tESpfom&
(spirit) ESifhtnD jzpfatmifqkdvQif BuD;rm;aom? pepfusaom?
awmfovkdr[kwfbJ tcsdef,laom (sustain) jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
vkyfief;rsm; BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ygvdrfhrnf/ {NyDv 6 &ufaeYwGif
or®w OD;odef;pdefu jynfaxmifpktqifh 0efBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,f?
wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifh 0efBuD;rsm;tm; ajymMum;aom rdefYcGef;wGif
or®wu tpkd;&taeESifh A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsa&; tav;xm;aqmif
½Guf&ef wkdufwGef;ajymMuonfh wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif wkdif;a'o
- 78 -
BuD;ESifh jynfe,ftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&csrSwfonfh
rl0g'abmiftwGif; aqmif½GufMu&efvnf; owday;ajymMum;cJh
onfukd awGU&ayrnf/ 67
]]acwfopf pepfopfjzpfwmeJYtnD ,cifwkef;u aqmif½GufwJh ykHpHrsKd;?
,cifpdwf"mwfrsKd;r[kwfbJ ajymif;vJMuzkdY vkdygw,f}} [k qkdovkd
]]oufqkdif&mjynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD; 0efBuD;rsm;twGuf vkyfief;
wm0efrsm;toD;oD;ukd csrSwfwm0efay;xm;NyD;vnf; jzpfygw,f}} [k
ajymMum;jyefygonf/ ]]A[kdcsKyfukdifrIukd avQmhcsxm;NyD; jynfe,fESifh
wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;ukd toD;oD;wm0efrsm;ESifh vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;
vGTJtyfxm;NyD; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ukd,fhwm0eftoD;oD;ukd udk,f
wm0ef,lNyD; aqmif½Guf&rSm jzpfygw,f}} [k qdkygonf/ odkY&mwGif
,if;tcsufudk zuf'&,frl odkYr[kwf wydkif;zuf'&,frlrsm;ukd
&nfñTef;aom zGJUpnf;ykHyg jy|mef;xm;csufrsm;ESifh qufpyfajymqkdoGm;
jcif;rsKd; r½Sday/ 68
EkdifiHwGif;? a'otESHYtjym;½Sd vufawG YBuHK&ykH om"uwkdYukd axmuf
xm;í vnf;aumif;? wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;? vTwfawmf
rsm;ESifh udk,fwkdifqkH? BuHKcJh&onfh tjzpfwkdYukd axmufxm;í
vnf;aumif;? azmfjy&vQif vuf½SdtajctaewGif qkH;jzwfcsuftrsm;pk
rSm jynfaxmifpktqifhuyif csrSwfqJ csrSwfaeNrJyifjzpfNyD; zGJUpnf;ykH
\ tESpfom&jzpfonfh tmPmcGJa0ay;xm;jcif; (devolution) tay:
,cifpepfa[mif; t<uif;tusef AsL½kdua&pDtqifhqifhuom vTrf;rkd;NrJ
vTrf;rkd;aeqJjzpfonfukd awGU&ayonf/ wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,f
rsm;rSm 0efBuD;csKyf OD;aqmifaom tpkd;&rsm; zGJUxm;NyD; jzpfovkd
vTwfawmfrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmNyD jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
rsufarSmufavmavmq,f tajctaerSmrl 0efBuD;csKyftm;vkH;yif
wyfausmaxmufaemufcHjyK jynfckdifNzdK;ygwDuvmMuolrsm; jzpfNyD;
jynfckdifNzdK;ygwDuyif jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmftoD;oD;
- 79 -
wGif trsm;pkae&m&onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm pDrHudef;
rsm;? bwf*sufrsm; a&;qGJMuonfrSm rSefyg\/ odkYaomfjim;
udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifh½Sdonfh ,lepfrsm;tjzpf zGJUpnf;ykHu
jy|mef;tmPm tyfESif;xm;onfhtwkdif; wu,faqmif½GufEkdifjcif;
½Sd? r½SdrSmrl ab;xkdifbkajymorm; r[kwfonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;uyif ,ck
tcsdefxd oJoJuGJuGJ r½SdvSao;[k aumufcsufcsMurnf jzpfayonf/
þokdY qkdvkdufojzifh zGJUpnf;ykHyg pepfopfukd atmifjrifapcsifolwkdYukd
pdwfysuftm;avsmhatmif ajymjcif; r[kwfyg/ wESpfom;oufwrf;om
½Sdao;aom wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,fvTwfawmfrsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHu
ay;tyfjy|mef;xm;onfhtwkdif; tjynfht0taumiftxnfazmfEkdif
&efESifh zGJUpnf;ykHu arQmfvifhxm;onfhtwkdif; vufawG Yjzpfatmif
aqmif½GufEkdif&efrSm rvG,fvSaom udpö jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;a&m? zuf'&,fr[kwfonfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifyg a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&rsm;ukd pwifxlaxmifMu&mwGif ueOD;umvrsm;ü ,if;okdY
aom aES;auG;rIrsm;? roJuGJrIrsm; ½SdwwfMupNrJyif jzpfygonf/
tcsdefMumvmonfESifh trQ? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ukd vufawGU
taumiftxnfazmfvmMuonfESifhtrQ? wwfpGrf;aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;
ay:aygufvmNyD; &if;jrpfrsm; vkHavmufpGm pkpnf;vmEkdifonfESifhtrQ
,if;tpkd;&tqifhrsm; ckdifrmvmMupNrJom jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH
udk zuf'&,f[k ajymajym? wykdif;zuf'&,f[k qkdqkd? wjynfaxmif
[kyJ orkwforkwf? rsm;pGm aocsmonfhtcsufrSm zGJUpnf;ykHtopf
wGif tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;okdY tmPmrsm; twkdif;twmwcktxd
ododomom cGJa0csxm;ay;onfqkdonfh tcsufyif jzpfayonf/
vuf½Sd zGJUpnf;ykHrlabmifESifhtnD jzpfatmif tkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;Oya'
aMumif;qkdif&mESifh aiGaMu;qkdif&m pepfrsm;? vkyfxkH;rsm;ukdrl jyKjyif
ajymif;vJMu&OD;rnf jzpfayonf/ tu,fí zGJUpnf;ykHay;xm;onfh
twkdif; ta&;BuD;onfh tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd vufawGUatmifjrifatmif
raqmif½GufEkdifvQifrl þzGJUpnf;ykHonfvnf; a½S;u aemifawmfrsm;
- 80 -
uJhokdYyif rSwfwrf;tjzpfom usef&pfcJh½kH ½Sdygvdrfhrnf/ vuf½SdzGJUpnf;ykH
udk vufrcHolwkdYtzkdY þzGJUpnf;ykHwGif tmPmcGJa0rI rsm;jym;jcif;r½SdbJ
rjzpfpavmufom[k qkdaumif;qkdMuayrnf/ xkdyk*¾dKvfwdkY oabm
aygufem;vnf&efrSm waeYaeY tmPmukd trsm;tjym;cGJa0vmonf
xm;bdOD;? ,if;uJhokdY vufawG Y taumiftxnfazmfEkdif&ef ajrjyif
tajctaeudk jyifqifxm;&rnf? qkdvkdonfrSm vufawGUwGif tpkd;&
tqifhtoD;oD;jzifh tkyfcsKyfrIpepf jzpfay:vmap&efESifh jynfe,f?
wkdif;a'oBuD;wkdY\ tvkyfvkyfEkdifrI? tav;omrIukd wjznf;jznf;
wkd;jr§ifh,loGm;&ef vkdonf/ t"dutm;jzifh &if;jrpfcGGJa0okH;pGJEkdifrI?
jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif½Gufay;EkdifrIESifh
qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfEkdifrItykdif;wkdY us,fjyefYvmatmifBudK;pm;zkdY qkd
onfhtcsufyif jzpfyg\/ odkYrSom tmPmukd cGJa0oavmuf tusKd;
½Sd½Sd okH;Ekdif&ef tqifoifhjzpfrnf qkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf/
þtcsuf? þvrf;aMumif;ukd zuf'&,fESifh wydkif;zuf'&,fEkdifiH
trsm;tjym;wGif awGU&vsuf ½Sdygonf/ uae'g? tdE´d,ESifh pydef
EkdifiHwkdYrSm ,if;tcsufukd txl;ododomom om"uazmfjyvsuf
½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,fpepf\ orkdif;aMumif;ukd jyefMunfhvQif
jrefrmEkdifiH½Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktMum; tqifajyacsmarGUatmif
raqmif½GufEkdifcJhonfh tm;xkwfrIrsm;udkom awG Yjrif&rnf jzpfyg
onf/ vkdtyfcsuft& ay:aygufvm&onfh 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHrSm
,if;okdY wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkH twl,SOfwGJaexkdifaeatmif vuf½Sd
tcsdeftxd aemufqkH;BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIyif jzpfygonf/ xkdYtwlyif
a&½SnfwnfwHhonfh tajzwck&½Sd&ef aocsma&&maom BudK;yrf;rI[k
qkdEkdifonfh tvm;tvm½Sdaom tm;xkwfrIw&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/
umvtMumBuD; tcsdef,lí a&;qGJcJhonfhwkdif ,if;vuf½Sd zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'onf us,fjyefYaom jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;jzpfpOfukd
xnfhoGif;aqmif½GufcJhEkdifjcif; r½Sdonfhtavsmuf wkdif;&if;om;a&;&m
- 81 -
y#dyu©rsm;? rauseyfemusnf;rIrsm; ajyvnfoGm;atmif raqmif½Guf
EkdifcJhonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ a&;qGJ&mwGif tzGJUtpnf;pkH? tkyfpkpkH
yg0ifcJhonfqkdaomfvnf; vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ (w&m;ojzifh
jzpf½Sdaeonf[k qkdEkdifaom) rauseyfrIrsm;ukd ajyvnf? ajyNidrf;atmif
aqmif½Gufay;Ekdif&ef rvkHavmufao;acs/ a0;uGmaeayao;onf/
rsKd;qufrsm;pGm vufeufukdifwkdufyGJrsm;? y#dyu©rsm;ESifh Oya'rJh
xif&mpkdif;cHcJh&rIrsm;tNyD; vlenf;pk wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tzkdYrSmvnf;
olwkdY\ tcGifhta&;onfyifvQif tqkH;owfyef;wkdifozG,f jzpf
vmcJhavonf/ odkY&mwGif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ykdí w&m;rQwaom
ydkí tqifajyoifhavsmfaom EkdifiHa&;tajctaew&yf jzpfvmatmif
zGJUpnf;ykHu rlabmifzefwD;ay;Ekdif&ef? atmifjrifrI&½Sd&efrSm ,if;
zGJUpnf;ykHukd rnfokdY taumiftxnfazmfonfqkdonfh tcsuftay:
wGifom rlwnfvsuf ½Sdayonf/ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' oufouf
rSmawmh vlYtzGJUtpnf;w&yfukd rnfokdY tkyfcsKyf&rnfqkdonfukd
azmfjyaom tajccHtcsufomvQif jzpfayonf/
,uf½Sf*kdif;ESifh a*saumhx&Jurl zGJUpnf;ykHy"me0g' (constitutionalism)
ukd vkdvm;awmifhwae½kHESifh r&Ekdifyg/ ,if;0g'ukd jyif;jyaom
pdwfydkif;jzwfrI? ravQmhpwrf; wuf<uaqmif½GufrIESifh tjrpfwnf
atmif wnfaqmuf,l&rnfom jzpfygonf/ zGJUpnf;ykHoufouf
ESifhawmh bmrQ&Ekdifrnf r[kwfyg/ ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHukd a½GUvsm;atmif
aqmif½Guf&ygvdrfhrnf/ ,if;twkdif; vufawGUaqmif½GufrIrsm;jzpf
vmatmif taumiftxnfazmf&ygvdrfhrnf/ tokH;jyK&ygvdrfhrnf/
zGJUpnf;ykHqkdonfrSm tvkdtavsmuf tvkyfvkyfonfr[kwfbJ vlu
tvkyfvkyfatmif taumiftxnfazmf&onfh trsKd;jzpfygonf/ odkY
jzpf&m zGJUpnf;ykH y"me0g'ukd wnfaxmif&mwGif vufawGUaqmif½Guf
&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;rSm tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfh EkdifiHa&;? w&m;
pD&ifa&;? ya&mfzuf½Sife,f0g' xGef;um;a&;? EkdifiHom;pdwf"mwf
ukd tajccHonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; xGef;um;a&;ESifh ynmOD;pD;onfh
- 82 -
acgif;aqmifrI ay:aygufvma&;qkdonfh vkyfief;rsm;tay:vnf;
rSDwnfvsuf ½Sdayonf[k qkdygonf/ 69
a,bk,s NcHKiHkajym&vQif ,if;tcsufrsm;rSm jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykHwGif xnfh
oGif;jy|mef;xm;aom zuf'&,fpepf odkYr[kwf wykdif;zuf'&,f
pepftwGufvnf; twlwlyif jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fpepfaum?
vpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDaum ESpfckpvkH;yif zGJUpnf;ykH y"me0g'ESifh w&m;
Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;? vlenf;pktcGifhta&;ukd av;pm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;
tmPmukd cGJa0,la&;wkdYtay:wGif rSDwnfvsuf ½Sdonfom jzpfyg
onf/ ,if;aMumifhyif 0yfu vpfb&,f 'Drkdua&pDenf;us
EIef;pHrsm;ukd azmfñTef;&mwGif zGJUpnf;ykHyg jy|mef;csufrsm;? vkyfxkH;
vkyfpOfrsm;ukd tav;*½kjyKaom? w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;ukd tav;
*½kjyKaom? a'oEÅ& vlenf;pkrsm;ukd av;pm;aom? onf;cHwwf
onfh tESpfom&½Sdaom? tjyeftvSef aphpyfajyNidrf;Ekdifaom vu©Pm
rsm;tay: tajccHonfh xda&mufaom? zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;pepf\
ueOD;tajccHrsm;[k zGifhqkdjcif; jzpfayonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh
zuf'&,f0g'u vpfb&,f 'Drkdua&pDqkdif&m EIef;pHrsm;ukd enf;vrff;
ESpf&yfjzifh wkd;yGm;aponf[kk qkd&rnf jzpfonf/ yxrenf;vrf;rSm
jynfolvlxkrJqE´jzifh a½G;aumufwifajr§mufvkdufNyD; jynfolvlxk
ukd wm0efcH&aom zuf'&,ftpkd;&aum? jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;yg
'Drkdua&pDenf;us w&m;enf;vrf;usrIukd tmrcHay;Ekdifjcif;yif jzpf
onf/ 'kwd,enf;vrf;rSm EkdifiHa&;t0ef;t0kdif;twGif; qkH;jzwfcsuf
csEkdifonfh A[kdcsufrsm; trsm;tjym;jzpfay:apjcif;[lonfh w&m;
enf;vrf;usonfh tmPmcGJa0jcif;jzifh tmPm½Sifpepf rjzpf&av
atmif apmifhMunfhxdef;n§djcif; enf;vrf;yifjzpfayonf/ 70 jrefrm
EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfrIESifh EkdifiHa&;,Ofaus;rIwGif ,if;0daoo vu©Pm
&yfrsm;ukd NrJNrHpGm twlaygif;pyfxm;EkdifrSomvQif jrefrmEkdifiH\
'Drkdua&pDudk ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pD? zuf'&,fpepfukdvnf; tjcm;EkdifiH
rsm;ESifh wef;wljzpfaom zuf'&,fpepf[lí t&nftcsif;jynfh0
- 83 -
onf[k owfrSwfEkdifrnf jzpfayonf/
rMumcPqkdovkd &nfñTef;ajymqkdavh½Sdonfh ppfrSefaom zuf'&,f
pepf? wenf; tjynfhzuf'&,fpepfqkdonfrSm vkd&if;tESpfom&
tm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif em;vnfoabmaygufaeMuovkdrsKd; r[kwf
acs/ jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&;? wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI rNydK
uGJa&;? tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhckdifNrJa&;qkdonfh pdwftm;xuf
oefvSonfh ½Sif;vif;jywfom;onfh a<u;aMumfoH? 'kdYwm0efta&;
okH;yg;udk MunfhvQifyif EkdifiHNydKuGJrnfukd tjrpfwG,fpkd;rkd;aMumuf½GHU
rI? txl;ojzifh wyfbuf acgif;aqmifykdif;\ zuf'&,frltay: xm;
onfh aMumuf½GHUrIudk xifxif½Sm;½Sm;jrifawGUEkdifrnf jzpfayonf/ 71
udk,fykdif jy|mef;cGifhukd azmfjyjcif;? tokH;jyKEkdifapjcif;twGuf cGJxGuf
cGifh tcGifhta&;ukd owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;xm;jcif;rSm qkdAD,ufzGJUpnf;
ykHwGif yg0ifaom vDeift,ltqw&yf jzpfayonf/ qkdAD,ufrSty
tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif ,if;t,ltqukd vufcHolr½Sdavmufatmifyif
enf;vSNyD;? pwmvifacwfwGif ,if;tcGifhta&;ukd b,faomtcg
urQ vufawGU tokH;jyKcGifhay;&ef r&nf½G,fonfukdvJ txift½Sm;
yif awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ ae½Sif; (nation) rsm;? EkdifiHrsm; (states)
ESifh ukd,fykdifjy|mef;cGifhqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm; pOf;pm;&mwGifrl þ ethnic
tay: tajccHaom zuf'&,foabmw&m;u rsm;pGm vTrf;rkd;rI½Sdonfh
om"ursm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ 72 ,if;cGJxGufa&;qkdonfh zuf'&,f
pepfESifh vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;rS rqkdifonfh tcGifhta&;onfyifvQif jrefrm
EkdifiH½Sd A[kdtmPmykdifrsm;tzkdY vkH;vkH;vufrcHEkdifonfh tcsuf
jzpfaeayonf/ ,if;tcsufrSm txl;tqef;r[kwf[kvnf; qkd&rnf
yif jzpfayonf/ xkdenf;wlyif? trsm;pkwkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pk
acgif;aqmifrsm;taeESifh ,if;uJhokdY EkdifiHrS cGJxGuf&ef t,ltqukd
pGefYvTwfcJhMuNyD; jzpfonfhwkdif EkdifiHa&;avmutaeESifh zuf'&,f
0g'oabmw&m;a&;ESifh a0g[m&qkdif&m zGifhqkdrIrsm;udk vufrcH
vkdMuonfukd awGU&ayonf/ 73 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ yk'fr 10
- 84 -
wGif EkdifiHawmfwGif yg0ifonfh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;? jynfe,frsm;?
jynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm;? udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&pD&ifpkrsm; ponfh EkdifiH
awmf\ e,fedrdwftykdif;tjcm;[lorQonf EkdifiHawmfrS rnfonfhtcg
rQ cGJrxGuf&[k ½Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onfukd awGU&rnfjzpfay
onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;okdY azmfjyxm;jcif;onf EkdifiHwEkdifiH\ zuf'&,f
jyKrI? wydkif;zuf'&,fjzpfrI ponfudpöESifh rnfokdYrQ oufqkdifjcif;
r½Sdonfukd awGU&rnfom jzpfygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH½Sd zuf'&,fudpöukd umv½SnfMumavhvmonfh yk*¾dKvf
vnf; jzpf? vlYtcGifhta&; awmif;qkdvIyf½Sm;olvnf; jzpfonfh
MopaMw;vsvTwfawmftrwf *seJqufzifu jrefrmEkdifiH½Sd zuf'&,f
udpö aqG;aEG;ajymqkdrIrSm tqkH;owfwGif zuf'&,fESifh ywfouf
vmvQif tvTrf;rkd;qkH;jzpfonfh cGJxGufjcif;ESifhom nDrQjcif; csjcif;cH&NyD;
,if;odkY pOf;pm;Mujcif;aMumifhyif zuf'&,f0g'ukd aMumuf½GHY Yjcif; wdk;
yGm;vmNyD; qkdif&myk*¾dKvfrsm;taeESifh ,if;aqG;aEG;rIukd qufvuf
raqmif½Gufjcif; om tzwfwif usef&pfavonf[k qkdygonf/ 74
tkdifpD*sD (International Crisis Group) \ 2011 tpD&ifcHpmwGifvnf;
zuf'&,frlqkdaom pum;&yfrSm ruGJjym;aom wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\
vkdvm;csufudk,fpm;jyK pum;vkH;ozG,f? okdYr[kwf rjywfom;aom
vkdvm;rIqkdif&m pdwfvIyf½Sm;rIozG,f jzpfvmonf[k azmfjyxm;
ayonf/ 75 okdY&mwGif wuf<uvIyf½Sm;olrsm;? wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfae
olrsm; oHk;cJhMuonfh zuf'&,f0g'udk tkdifpD*sDu tao;pdwfavhvm
qef;ppfMunfhaomtcgwGifrl vuf½Sd EkdifiHa&;t0ef;t0kdif;? ppfwyf
t0ef;t0kdif;u aMumufvefYaeonfESifh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm;\ vufawGUvkdvm;csufrSm rwlnDbJwjcm;pDjzpfaeonfukd
awGU&rnf[k qkdayonf/ 76 ½Srf;? u&ifponfh wkdif;&if;om;
tkyfpkrsm;u ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fpepfukd awmif;qkdMuaomfvnf;
,if;wkdY trSefwu,f vkdvm;onfh ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fpepfqkd
- 85 -
onfrSm b,fvkdb,fykHqkdonfukd azmfjy&ef rMumrP arhavsmh
ysufuGufwwfMuonf[k qkdayonf/ 77 NydKuGJ&efom ydkOD;wnf
onfjzpf&m ,if;okdY rajymqkdbJ tao;pdwfxifomjrifom½Sdaom
½Sif;vif;jywfom;aom tqkdjyKcsufrsm;jzifh awmif;qkdMu&efom 78
qufzifu tBuHjyKxm;ayonf/ ppfbufacgif;aqmifrsm;? EkdifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm zuf'&,fpepfudk ½Ijrif&mwGif u,fwif½Sifvnf;
jzpfovkd? zsufqD;oltaeESifhvnf; qufvuf½IjrifMuqJyif jzpfyg
onf/ vuf½Sd zuf'&,fudpöESifh pyfvsOf;í jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ay:ayguf
aeaom ta&;udpöukd yg0ifywfoufoltm;vkH;u zuf'&,f0g'\
oabmobm0ukd em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; aumif;usKd;? qkd;jypfrsm;
ukd aocsmod½SdNyD;? wkdif;&if;om;rsKd;pkH½Sdonfh jrefrmEkdifiH\ tajctae
ESifh udkufnDap&ef rnfokdYrnfykH zuf'&,f0g'ukd usifhokH;Murnf
qkdonfudk twlwuG r½SmazGEkdifao;oa½GU ajz½Sif;EkdifOD;rnf
r[kwfyg/ ,if;okdY em;vnfNyD;? twlwuG ½SmazGEkdifMurSomvQif
þta&;udpöukd ajz½Sif;ekdifrnf jzpfygonf/ 79
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd twnfrjyKrD? trsKd;om;nDvmcHu zGJUpnf;
ykHtajccHOya'ukd a&;qGJ&mwGif tajccH&rnfhrlrsm; ay:xGufvm
onfhtcg qufzifu tkyfcsKyfrIwGif A[kdcsKyfukdifrIukd ajzavQmhxm;
aomfvnf; tmPmukd A[kdwGif pkpnf;xm;onfh wjynfaxmifykHpH
aemufwrsKd;awmh vmacsjyefNyD[k aumufcsufcsygonf/ trSefrSm
,if;tcsufwGif vuf½SdzGJUpnf;ykHonf 1974 zGJUpnf;ykHenf; ESifESif
om/ ,if;ay;xm;csuftwkdif; vufawGUtaumiftxnf azmfjyefyg
uvnf; a½SUu aemifawmfBuD;rsm;vkdyif þzGJUpnf;ykHvnf; usqkH;OD;
rnfom/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf jrefrmEkdifiH\zuf'&,fjyóem
udk ykHpHusajz½Sif;&ef BudK;pm;xm;jcif; r½SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf[k
qufzifu qkdygonf/ 80 ,if;enf;ESifESifyif 2011 ckESpf
International Crisis Group \ tpD&ifcHpmuvnf; 2008 zGJUpnf;ykH
onf A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;aom Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&; qkdif&m
- 86 -
ykHpHrsm;jzifh ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh wpdwfwa'o ay;tyfxm;onfrSm
rSefygonf/ odkY&mwGif wjynfaxmifpepftwGif;wGifom jzpfonf[k
qkdygonf/ 81 tvm;wlyif jrefrmEkdifiH wkdif;&if;om;y#dyu©a&;&m
rsm;ESifh jrefrmhEkdiffiHa&; okH;oyfavhvmol bmwD;vpfwemuvnf;
vuf½Sd zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHwGif zuf'&,fpepfukd t&dyfta,mifrQyif
rjrif&[k qkdNyD; jrefrmEkdifiH\ ppfwyfu a&;qGJaom zGJUpnf;ykHrSm
zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHr[kwf[k rMumao;cifuyif a&;om;cJhygonf/ 82
,if;enf;wl autif,luvnf; 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd
wjynfaxmifpepfom jzpfonf[k ½IHUcscJhygonf/ 83
þaqmif;yg;url ,if;uJhodkY r,lqbJ rwlaom ½IaxmifhrS csOf;uyf
xm;ygonf/ zGJUpnf;ykHrlabmiftwGif;wGif wyftaeESifh yg0ifywf
oufonhf tcef;u@udk acwåab;z,fxm;vQif (okdYaomfvnf;
þtcef;u@rSm ta&;BuD;onfh tcef;u@vnf; jzpfjyefonf/)
2008 jrefrmhzGJUpnf;ykHonf zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;pepf\ 0daoo
vu©Pmjzpfaom tcsuftawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifaeonfukd awGU&yg
onf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;tcsufrsm;ukd vufawGUtkyfcsKyf&mwGif usifh
okH;Ekdifjcif;? us,fjyefYaom Oya'rlabmifazmfxkwf&mwGif rsm;pGm
usifhokH;Ekdifjcif; r½Sdjim;aomfvnf; wESpfom;cefYom Mumjrifhonf
jzpfaom zGJUpnf;ykHwckrS ,if;uJhokdY usifhokH;Ekdifa&;twGuf rsm;pGm
arQmfvifhxm;&efrSm cufcJrnf jzpfygonf/ vufawGUwGifrl xif½Sm;
jrifomaom zuf'&,fpepf usifhokH;rI r½SdvSyg/ odkYjzpfaomfvnf;
þpmwrf;wGifrl Oya'ykdif;qkdif&m? pmt½Sdtwkdif; (zGJUpnf;ykHwGif azmfjy
xm;onfhtwkdif;) ½Iaxmifhrsm;ESifh t"ducsOf;uyfxm;ygonf/ Oya'
jyKa&;udpötm;vkH;ukd pdppfay;Ekdifaom? zGJUpnf;ykHESifhtnD jzpfonfh?
pOf;pm;qifjcifaom? aumuf½kd;rD;r[kwfaom? em;vnfvufcHzG,f
&mjzpfaom tajymif;tvJESifh ,if;okdY taumiftxnfazmfEkdifrnfh
r[mAsL[mrsKd; (zuf'&,ftajccHrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;aom?
- 87 -
us,fjyefYaom tkyfcskKyfa&;ESifh jynfolYb@ma&;qkdif&m jyKjyifajymif;
vJrIrsm; yg0ifaom r[mAsL[mrsKd;) r½SdvQifrl zGJUpnf;ykHonf vlY
tzGJUtpnf;ESifh EkdifiHawmfukd vufawGUvrf;ñTefEkdifaom tajctae?
zGJUpnf;ykHukd tav;*½krlaom zGJUpnf;ykHy"me 0g'rsKd;? tajctaersKd;
jzpfvmvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ 84
tkdifpD*sD wifjyonfh tjcm;tcsufwckrSm rnfonfht"du
wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;urQ vGwfvyfa&; &½Sd&ef
tm;oGefcGefpkduf BudK;yrf;aeMujcif;r½SdbJ ,if;wkdY\ vkdvm;csufrSm
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktwGif; wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf
cGifh &½Sda&;[lonfh zuf'&,f rl0g'ukd vkdvm;jcif; jzpfonfqkdonfh
tcsufyif jzpfygonf/ wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHonf
wkdif;&if;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vkdvm;csufrsm;ESifh tjynfht0 udkuf
nDjcif; r½Sdonfhwkdifatmif wykdif;zuf'&,fpepf[k owfrSwfajymqkd
&ef xkdufwefao;onf qkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh
yif zuf'&,ftpkd;& tkyfcsKyfrI ykHpHukd rnfokdYrnfykH ydkrkd euf½Idif;
tjrpfwG,fatmif aqmif½Guf&rnfqkdonfukd em;vnfoabmayguf
&efESifh vuf½Sd zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rlabmifukd prSwfwcktjzpf
tokH;jyKNyD; oufqkdif&m jynfolvlxku tjynfht0 ydkifqkdifaom
(pyfqkdifaom) xda&mufonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;w&yf ay:aygufvmatmif
rnfokdY aqmif½GufEkdifrnfukd ½SmazGazmfxkwf&ef ta&;BuD;jcif;yif
jzpfonf/
qkdvkdonfrSm jynfaxmifpkESifh zuf'&,fqkdonfh pum;&yfrsm;tay:
tjiif;yGm;&ef r[kwfbJ A[kd csKyfukdifrI avQmhcsjcif; tqifhqifh
udk rnfodkY aqmif½GufrnfESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mESifh wkdif;&if;om;
ta&;qkdif&m udpörsm;wGif vuf½Sdrltm;jzifh rnfrQ zuf'&,fjzpfae
onf qkdonfukd avhvmqef;ppf&efyif jzpfonf/
- 88 -
vuf½Sd zuf'&,fvu©Pmrsm; ydkrkd BuHhckdifaumif;rGefwkd;wufvmap
&ef? zGJUpnf;ykH rlabmifu ay;tyfxm;onfh A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmh
csxm;onfh tcef;u@udk rnfokdY wkd;jr§ifhoifhoenf;qkdonfukd
om"ujy&vQif vuf½Sd wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;ukd ykdrkdí
tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;ESifh b@ma&;qkdif&m &if;jrpfrsm; cGJa0ay;jcif;rsKd;yif
jzpfonf/ jynfaxmifpktqifh vTwfawmfrsm;u jy|mef;aom Oya'rsm;
wGif jynfaxmifpku Oya'ukd jy|mef;NyD; vufawGUtaumiftxnf
azmfaqmif½GufrIwGifrl jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifhrsm;odkY vTJtyf
vkduf&efyif jzpfonf/ wkdif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,frsm;\ jynfolU
b@m tokH;p&dwfukd wkd;jr§ifhay;&ef jzpfonf/ oufqkdif&m a'o
tay: rlwnfí vlrla&;&mESifh yx0Dtaetxm;tajctaersm;ukd
tajccHvsuf jynfaxmifpktqifh? trsKd;om;tqifh rlabmifrsm;ukd
csrSwfxm;aomfvnf; qkwfomwufom tajctaersKd;? tavQmh
twif;rsKd; zefwD;ay;xm;&efjzpfonf/ jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;
tpkd;&rsm;ESifh A[kdtpkd;&tMum; yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrIrsm;ukd jr§ifhwif
&ef jzpfonf/
A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsa&;twGuf rlabmifwck csrSwfzefwD;&rnf
jzpfNyD;? tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m udpörsm;ukdvnf; a'oEÅ&tqifhrsm;
(Oyrm - NrdKUe,ftqifh) odkY avQmhcsay;&rnfjzpfNyD; a'oEÅ&
udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifhukd trSefwu,f jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmatmif
aqmif½Gufay;&rnf jzpfonf/ tjcm;aqmif½Guf&ef udpö&yfrsm;wGif
a½G;aumufyGJpepfudk jyKjyifNyD; ydkrkdtcsKd;usaom pepfjzpfay:vm
apa&;? ,if;odkY jzpfay:vmapjcif;jzifh tmrcHay;onfh udpörsm;ukd
ykdrkdcGifhjyKvmEkdifNyD; udk,fpm;jyKjcif; rcH&onfh tkyfpkrsm; (Oyrm -
wkdif;&if;om;? vlenf;pkrsm;? bmompum;vlenf;pkrsm;) twGuf
aqmif½Gufay;Ekdifjcif;? jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;taeESifh a'oEÅ&
bmompum;rsKd;ukd ajymqkdokH;pGJydkifcGifh qkdif&m udpörsm;wGif vGwfvyf
pGm qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEkdifa&;? a'oEÅ& vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd ydkrkd
- 89 -
jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifrnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jynfe,fESihf
wkdif;a'oBuD;tpkd;&rsm;udk ay;tyfjcif;tm;jzifh pDrHudef;ESifh &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIqkdif&m udpörsm;ukd ydkrkdxda&mufpGm aqmif½GufvmEkdifapa&;ESifh
EkdifiHom;rsm;? jynfolvlxk\EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfwGif yg0ifrIukd a'oEÅ&
tqifh? jynfe,f? wkdif;a'oBuD;tqifhrsm;wGif trSefwu,fcGifhjyK
Ekdifapa&; ponfh udpörsm; yg0ifayonf/ ,if;udpörsm;ESifh tjcm;
tjcm;aom udpörsm;ukd vuf½SdzGJUpnf;ykHt& vufawGUvkyfaqmifEkdif
rnf jzpfNyD;? tajccHausmrGJ jynfolvlxkukd vufawGU tusKd;½Sdaprnfh
EkdifiHawmfqkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfudkvnf; wkd;jr§ifhay;Ekdifrnfh enf;vrf;
w&yf vufawGU jzpfay:vmygvdrfhrnf/
zGJUpnf;ykHudk axmufcHaeolrsm;a&m? zGJUpnf;ykHukd uefYuGufaeolrsm;yg
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHrlabmifrSm wydkif;zuf'&,fjzpfonf qkdonfhtcsuf
ukd em;vnfMuykH r&yg/ vufawGUwGif pepfwus? oyfoyf&yf&yf
taumiftxnfazmfrnf? jynfe,fwkdif;tqifhrsm;udk vufawGUwGif
EkdifiHa&;t&aum? tkyfcsKyfa&;t&yg jzpfwnfrI cGifhjyKNyD; ,if;wkdY\
vufawGUaqmif½GufrIrsm;udk cGifhjyKEkdifNyD; zuf'&,fEkdifiHwGif; nDrQ
aom wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm;? jynfe,frsm;tjzpf ay:aygufvmaprnf
qkdygu ,cifA[kdtkyfcsKyfrIrsm;NyD;? tqifhqifh MoZmBuD;pkd;onfh
EkdifiHa&; ,Ofaus;rIrSonf t,ltqrsKd;pkHukd azmfjyydkifcGifh? a'oEÅ&
vGwfvyfykdifcGifhESifh jynfolvlxkESifh rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;tMum; uGm[
aerI avsmhusapjcif; ponfwkdY trSefwu,fay:aygufvmrnf jzpf
ygonf/ 85 ,if;okdYqkdvQif zGJUpnf;ykHwGif azmfjyxm;onfh tEÅdr
yef;wkdif? &nfrSef;csufESifhvnf; wom;wnf;usrnf jzpfovkd? jrefrm
EkdifiHtaeESifh MumjrifhpGm aysmufqkH;cJhaom a&½SnfwnfwHhaom
Nidrf;csrf;a&;? aumuf½kd;rD;r[kwfbJ a&½SnfwnfwHhaom vlom;zGH YNzdK;
a&;wkdYukd jyefvnf &½SdvmEkdifrnfom jzpfayonf/
- 90 -
aemufqufwGJ u
Z,m; 1 - jynfaxmifpkOya'jyKpm&if;/
(yk'fr 96 ukd &nfñTef;onf/)
Z,m; 2 - wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fOya'jyKpm&if;/
(yk'fr 188 ukd &nfñTef;onf/)
Z,m; 3 - udk,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh&wkdif; okdYr[kwf udk,fydkiftkyf
csKyfcGifh& a'oOD;pD;tzGJU\ Oya'jyKpm&if;/
(yk'fr 196 ukd &nfñTef;onf/)
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
1/ EkdifiHawmf umuG,fa&;
ESifh vkHNcHKa&;u@/
(u) jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
ESifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
\ e,fajrtpdwftykdif;rsm;
umuG,fa&;? ,if;okdY
umuG,fa&;twGuf
pDrHjyifqifjcif;/
(c) umuG,fa&;ESifh vkHNcHKa&;
qkdif&m pufrIvufrI vkyfief;rsm;/
(*) ZD0ESifh "mwkponfh
vufeufrsm;tygt0if
vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf
rsm;ESifh aygufuGJapwwf
onfh ypönf;rsm;/
1/ b@ma&;ESifh
pDrHudef;u@
(u) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
t&tokH; cefYrSef;ajc
aiGpm&if;/
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
b@m&efykHaiG/
(*) ajr,mcGef/
(C) ,pfrsKd;cGef (rl;,pf
aq;0g;ESifh pdwfukd
ajymif;vJapwwf
onhf aq;0g;rsm;ryg)/
1/ NrdK YjyESifh aus;½Gm
pDrHudef;rsm;
2/ vrf;wHwm;rsm;
azmufvkyf? wnf
aqmuf? jyKjyifxdef;
odrf;a&;/
3/ jynfolY
usef;rma&;/
4/ pnfyifom,m
a&;vkyfief;/
5/ rD;ab;tEÅ&m,f
BudKwifumuG,fa&;/
6/ pm;usufajrrsm;
xdef;odrf;a&;/
- 91 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(C) tPkjrLpGrf;tif?
tPkjrLavmifpm? tPkjrL
a&mifjcnfESifh ,if;wkdYukd
jzpfxGef;apaom "mwf
ow¬Kyif&if;tajctjrpfrsm;/
(i) ppfaMunmjcif;ESifh
ppfajyNidrf;jcif;/
(p) EkdifiHawmf wnfNidrfa&;?
at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh
w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;/
(q) &JwyfzGJ Y/
(i) taqmufttkHESifh
ajrcGef? a&cGef? vrf;
rD;cGef? bD;cGefponfh
pnfyifom,ma&;
qkdif&m tcGeftcrsm;/
(p) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
rsm;\ 0efaqmifrI
vkyfief;rsm;/
(q) wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,f
ykdifypönf;rsm; a&mif;
csjcif;? iSm;&rf;jcif;
ESifh tjcm;enf;jzifh
aqmif½Gufjcif;/
(Z) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
b@m&efykHaiGrsm;
jynfwGif;ü
xkwfacs;jcif;/
(ps) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
b@m&efykHaiGrsm;
jynfwGif;ü
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;/
(n) a'oEÅ& pDrHudef;/
(#) tao;pm;aiGacs;
vkyfief;/
7/ opfawmrsm;
umuG,fxdef;odrf;
a&;/
8/ jynfaxmifpku
jy|mef;onfh Oya'
ESifhtnD
obm0 ywf0ef;usif
xdef;odrf;a&;
9/ NrdKUESifh aus;½Gmrsm;
twGif; a&ESifh
vQyfppfrD;
qkdif&m udpö/
10/ NrdKUrsm;ESifh
aus;½Gmrsm;\
aps;rsm;qkdif&m udpö/
- 92 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
2/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;u@/
(u) oHwrefa&;&m?
aumifppfa&;&mESifh
tjcm;a&;&mqkdif&m
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/
(c) ukvor*¾/
(*) tjynfjynfqkdif&m?
a'oqkdif&mESifh
ESpfjynfaxmifqkdif&m
nDvmcHrsm;? aqG;aEG;yGJ
rsm;? tpnf;ta0;rsm;?
toif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif
yg0ifaqmif½Gufa&;ESifh
,if;wkdY\ qkH;jzwfcsuf
rsm;ukd txajrmufapa&;/
(C) tjynfjynfqkdif&mESifh
a'oqkdif&m pmcsKyfrsm;?
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;?
uGefAif;½Sif;rsm; ESpfjynfaxmif
qkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;?
pmcsKyfrsm;ukd csKyfqkda&;ESifh
txajrmufapa&;/
(i) EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrsm;ESifh
rnfolrnf0gjzpfaMumif;
oufaocH vufrSwfrsm;/
(p) jynf0ifcGifhADZm/
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH
twGif;okdY 0ifcGifhjyKa&;? aexkdif
- 93 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
cGifhjyKa&;? EkdifiHrS xGufcGmcGifhjyK
a&;? vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESifh
jynfe,f'Pfay;a&;/
(q) jypfrIusL;vGefoltm;
oufqkdif&m EkdifiHokdY jyefvnf
vTJtyfay;a&;ESifh oufqkdif&m
EkdifiHrS awmif;qkda&;/
3/ b@ma&;ESifh pDrHudef;u@
(u) jynfaxmifpk t&tokH;
cefYrSef;ajc aiGpm&if;/
(c) jynfaxmifpk b@m
&efykHaiG/
(*) aiGpuúLxkwfvkyfa&;?
'*Fg;oGef;vkyfa&;/
(C) jrefrmEkdifiHawmfA[kdbPf
ESifh aiGa&;aMu;a&; tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;/
(i) EkdifiHjcm;okH;aiG xdef;odrf;
BuD;Muyfa&;/
(p) t&if;tESD;ESifh aiGaMu;
aps;uGuf/
(q) tmrcHvkyfief;/
(Z) 0ifaiGcGef/
(ps) ukefoG,fvkyfief;cGef/
(n) wHqdyfacgif;cGef/
- 94 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(#) taumufcGef/
(X) atmifbmavxD/
(!) tcGeft,lcHjcif;/
(¡) jynfaxmifpk\ 0efaqmifrl
vkyfief;rsm;/
(P) jynfaxmifpkydkif ypönf;rsm;
a&mif;csjcif;? iSm;&rf;jcif;ESifh
tjcm;enf;jzifh aqmif½Gufjcif;/
(w) jynfaxmifpk b@m
&efykHaiGrsm; xkwfacs;jcif;?/
(x) jynfaxmifpk b@m&efykHaiG
rsm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;/
(') jynfwGif;jynfyrS
aiGacs;,ljcif;/
(") jynfaxmifpktwGuf ypönf;
&,ljcif;/
(e) jynfyrS aiGaMu;tultnD
ESifh taxmuftyHh/
2/ pD;yGm;a&;u@/
(u) jynfaxmifpku
jy|mef;onfh Oya'ESifh
tnD wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,f
twGif; aqmif½Guf
onfh pD;yGm;a&;
udpörsm;/
4/ pD;yGm;a&;u@/
(u) pD;yGm;a&;/
(c) ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;/
(*) or0g,r/
(C) aumfykda&;½Sif;? bkwftzGJU ?
vkyfief;? ukrÜPD? tpkpyf/
- 95 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(i) oGif;ukef? xkwfukefESifh
,if;ukefypönf;rsm;\ t&nf
taoG;owfrSwfjcif;/
(p) [kdw,fESifh wnf;ckdcef;/
(q) c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;/
(c) jynfaxmifpku
jy|mef;onfh Oya'ESifh
tnD wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,f
twGif; aqmif½Guf
onfh ul;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&; udpörsm;/
(*) jynfaxmifpku
jy|mef;onfh Oya'ESifh
tnD wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,f
twGif; aqmif½Guf
onfh or0g,r
udpörsm;/
5/ pkdufysKd;a&;ESifh arG;jrLa&;
u@/
(u) ajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrI/
(c) ajrvGwf? ajrvyfESifh
ajr½kdif;rsm; azmfxkwfjcif;/
(*)aMu;wkdifESifh ajrpm&if;/
(C) ajrwkdif;/
(i) jynfaxmifpku pDrHcefYcGJ
onfh qnfajrmif;? wmwrHESifh
pkdufysKd;a&&½Sda&;vkyfief;rsm;/
(p) rkd;av0o? ZvaA'ESifh
ajrivsif wkdif;wma&;/
3/ pkdufysKd;a&;ESifh arG;jrL
a&;u@/
(u) v,f,m
pkdufysKd;a&;/
(c) tyifESifh oD;ESHzsuf
ykd;rTm;a&m*g
umuG,fa&;ESifh
ESdrfESif;a&;/
(*) "mwfajrMoZm
pepfwus okH;pGJa&;ESifh
obm0"mwfajrMoZm
rsm; pepfwus
xkwfvkyfokH;pGJa&;/
(C) pkdufysKd;a&; acs;aiG
- 96 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(q) pmcsKyfpmwrf;rSwfykHwif
jcif;/
(Z) pufrIv,f,m/
(ps) pkdufysKd;a&;okawoe/
(n) "mwfajrMoZmESifh
ykd;owfaq;xkwfvkyfa&;/
(#) yifv,fig;vkyfief;/
(X) wd&pämefrsKd;yGm;a&;? a&m*g
umuG,fa&;? ukoa&;ESifh
okawoe vkyfief;rsm;/
ESifh pkaiGrsm;/
(i) wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,fu
pDrHcefYcGJcGifh½Sdaom
qnfajrmif;? wmwrH?
a&uef? a&Ekwfajrmif;
ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;&&Sda&;
vkyfief;rsm;/
(p) a&csKdig;vkyfief;/
(q) jynfaxmifpku
jy|mef;onfh Oya'ESifh
tnD wd&pämef arG;jrL
a&;ESifh pepfwus
xdef;ausmif;a&;/
6/ pGrf;tif? vQyfppf? ow¬KESifh
opfawmu@/
(u) a&eH? obm0"mwfaiG YESifh
jynfaxmifpk Oya't& ab;
tEÅ&m,fjzpfavmufatmif
avmifuRrf;apwwfonf[k
owfrSwfxm;aom tjcm;
t&nftcJ ponfrsm;/
(c) jynfaxmifpk vQyfppf
"mwftm; xkwfvkyfjzefYjzL;a&;/
(*) ow¬Krsm;? ow¬KwGif;rsm;?
ow¬KwGif; tvkyform; ab;
uif;a&;? obm0 ywf0ef;usif
4/ pGrf;tif? vQyfppf?
ow¬KESifh opfawmu@
(u) jynfaxmifpku
pDrHcefYcGJcGifh½Sdonfh
tBuD;pm; vQyfppf"mwf
tm; xkwfvkyfjzefYjzL;a&;
rSty r[m"mwftm;
vkdif;ESifh qufoG,fjcif;
r½Sdaom wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,fu
pDrHcefYcGJcGifh½Sdonfh
tvwfpm;ESifh
tao;pm;vQyfppf
"mwftm; xkwfvkyf
jzefYjzL;a&;/
- 97 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh jynfvnf
jyKjyif wnfaqmufa&;/
(C) ausmufrsuf&wem
(i) ykvJ
(p) opfawm
(q) awm½kdif;wd&pämefrsm;?
obm0tyifrsm;ESifh obm0
e,fajrrsm;tygt0if
ywf0ef;usifumuG,fa&;ESifh
xdef;odrf;a&;/
(c) qm;ESifh qm;xGuf
ypönf;/
(*) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,f
twGif; ausmufrsuf
&wem jzwfawmuf
jcif;? aoG;jcif;/
(C) aus;½Gmxif;
pkdufcif;/
(i) tyef;ajzpcef;rsm;?
wd&pämefO,smOf?
½ku©aA'O,smOf/
7/ pufrIvufrIu@/
(u) jynfaxmifpk tqifhu
aqmif½Gufrnfh pufrIvkyfief;
rsm;/
(c) pufrIZkefrsm;/
(*) xkwfvkyfonfh ypönf;rsm;
twGuf tajccHpHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;/
(C) odyÜHESifh enf;ynm? odyÜHESifh
enf;ynmqkdif&m okawoe/
(i) tav;wif;awmif;?
twkdif;twm ponfwkdYukd
pHjyKjcif;/
(p) rlydkifcGifhrsm;? wDxGifrI
rlykdifcGifhrsm;? ukeftrSwfwHqdyf
5/ pufrIvufrIu@/
(u) jynfaxmifpktqifh
u aqmif½Guf&ef owf
rSwfxm;onfh pufrI
vkyfief;rSty tjcm;
pufrIvkyfief;rsm;/
(c) tdrfwGif;pufrI
vufrI vkyfief;rsm;/
- 98 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
rsm;? pufrIqkdif&m 'DZkdif;rsm;
ponfh todOmPfqkdif&m
ypönf;rsm;/
8/ ydkYaqmifa&;? qufoG,fa&;?
ESifh aqmufvkyfa&; u@/
(u) jynfwGif; a&aMumif;o,f
,lykdYaqmifa&;/
(c) a&aMumif; vrf;rsm; jyKjyif
xdef;odrf;a&;/
(*) a&t&if;tjrpfESifh
jrpfacsmif;rsm; zGH YNzdK;wkd;wuf
a&;/
(C) yifv,fa&aMumif; o,f,l
ykdYaqmifa&;/
(i) yifv,ful; oabmF
qdyfurf;BuD;rsm;/
(p) rD;jywkduf? rD;jyoabmFESifh
rD;jytpDtrHrsm;/
(q)oabmFwnfaqmufa&;?
jyifqifxdef;odrf;a&;/
(Z) avaMumif;o,f,lykdYaqmif
a&;/
(ps)avaMumif;ysHoef;a&;? xdef;
odrf;a&;ESifh av,mOfuGif;
wnfaqmufa&;/
6/ ykdYaqmifa&;?
qufoG,fa&;ESifh
aqmufvkyfa&;u@
(u) wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,fu
pDrHcefYcGJcGifh ½Sdonfh
qdyfurf;rsm;? oabmF
qdyfrsm;? qdyfcHrsm;/
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,fu
pDrHcefYcGJcGifh½Sdonfh
vrf;rsm;? wHwm;rsm;/
(*) wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,f
twGif;om oGm;vmonfh
yk*¾vdu,mOfrsm;
pepfwus ajy;qGJEkdifa&;/
- 99 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(n) ukef;vrf;o,f,l
ykdYaqmifa&;/
(#) rD;&xm;
(X) jynfaxmifpku pDrHcefYcGJ
onfh vrf;rBuD;rsm;?
wHwm;BuD;rsm;/
(!) pmwkduf? aMu;eef;?
w,fvDzkef;? zufpf? tD;ar;vf?
tifwmeuf? tifx&meufESifh
tvm;wl qufoG,fa&;rsm;/
(¡) ½kyfjrifoHMum;? N*dKvfwk
qufoG,fa&;? toHvTifh
toHzrf;vkyfief;ESifh tvm;wl
qufoG,fa&;rsm;? tdrf&mESifh
taqmufttkHrsm;//
9/ vlrIa&;u@//
(u) ynmoifMum;a&;qkdif&m
oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;? oif½kd;
rmwdum oifjyenf;pepf?
okawoe? pDrHudef;?
pDrHcsufESifh pHrsm;/
(c) wuúokdvf? 'D*&Daumvdyf?
odyÜH ponfh oifwef;rsm;ESifh
tqifhjrifhynm tjcm;tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;/
(*) jynfaxmifpku owfrSwf
onfh pmar;yGJrsm;/
7/ vlrIa&;u@/
(u) jynfaxmifpku
csrSwfxm;onfh wkdif;&if;
aq;qkdif&mrl0g'rsm;
ESifh rqefYusifaom wkdif;
&if;aq;qkdif&m
udpörsm;/
(c) wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,f
twGif; vlrIY0efxrf;
vkyfief;rsm;/
(*) rD;ab;ESifh obm0
- 100 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(C) ukd,fykdifausmif;rsm;ESifh
oifwef;rsm;/
(i) trsKd;om;tm;upm;/
(p) trsKd;om;usef;rma&;/
(q) wkdif;&if;aq;ynmESifh
wkdif;&if;aq;0g;
zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;/
(Z) ukokdvfjzpf aq;½kHrsm;ESifh
aq;cef;rsm;? yk*¾vdu aq;½kH;
rsm;ESifh aq;cef;rsm;/
(ps) rdcifESifh uav;
apmifha½Smufa&;/
(n) MuufajceDtoif;/
(#) tpm;taomuf? aq;0g;?
aq;ypönf;ESifh tvSukef
ponf
wkdY wkya&maESmxkwfvkyf
a&mif;csjcif;rS umuG,fa&;/
(X) uav;oli,frsm;? vli,f
rsm;? trsKd;orD;rsm;?
roefrpGrf;olrsm;?
oufBuD;½G,ftkdrsm;?
tajctaerJhrsm;tm; apmifh
a½Smufa&;/
(!) u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&; udpö&yfrsm;/
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;
BudKwifumuG,fa&;/
(C) ukefwif? ukefcs
vkyfief;/
(i) wkdif;a'oBuD;
okdYr[kwf jynfe,fu
pDrHcefYcGJcGifh½Sdonfh
(1) ,Ofaus;rI tarG
tESpfrsm; xdef;odrf;a&;/
(2) jywkdufESifh
pmMunfhwkduf/
(p) Zmwf½kH? ½kyf½Sif½kHESifh
AD'D,kd½kH/
(q) "mwfykH? yef;csD?
yef;yk? ponfh jyyGJrsm;/
- 101 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(¡) rD;owfwyfzGJU/
(P) tvkyfvkyfcsdef? em;csdef?
tvkyfydwf&ufrsm;ESifh
vkyfief;cGif qkdif&m
ab;tEÅ&m,fuif;½Sif;a&;/
(w) 0gPdZÆ y#dyu©/
(x) vlrIzlvkHa&;/
(') tvkyform;
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;/
(") jynfaxmifpku pDrHcefY
cGJonfh
(1) a½S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI
okdYr[kwf orkdif;0ifa'orsm;?
taqmufttkHrsm;? txdrf;
trSwfrsm;? rSwfwrf;rsm;?
ausmufpmrsm;? rifpmrsm;?
ayyk&ykdufrsm;? vufa&;pmrsm;?
vuf&mrsm;? ½kyf0w¬Kypönf;rsm;?
a½S;a[mif;okawoe
vkyfief;rsm;/
(2) jywkdufrsm;? pmMunfhwkduf
rsm;/
(e) pmay? obif? *Dw? ½kd;&m?
yef;? ½kyf½Sif? AD'D,kd/
(y) arG;zGm;jcif;ESifh aoqkH;jcif;
qkdif&m rSwfykHwifa&;/
- 102 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
10/ pDrHcefYcGJa&;u@/
(u) taxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&;/
(c) ½Gmajr? NrdKUajrpDrHcefYcGJa&;/
(*) tdrfiSm;? ajriSm;/
(C) rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh pdwfukd
ajymif;vJapwwfaom aq;0g;/
(i) EkdifiHawmf vQKd0Sufcsuf
xdef;odrf;a&;qkdif&m udpörsm;/
(p) toif;tzGJUrsm;/
(q) tusOf;axmifrsm;/
(Z) e,fpyfa'o zGH YNzdK;
wkd;wufa&;/
(ps) oef;acgifpm&if;/
(n) EkdifiHom;jzpfjcif;? EkdifiHom;
jyKjcif;? EkdifiHom;tjzpfrS
&yfpJjcif;? ½kyfodrf;jcif;?
EkdifiHom;pdppfa&;ESifh
rSwfykHwifvkyfief;/
(#) bGJUxl;? *kPfxl;/
8/ pDrHcefYcGJa&;u@/
(u) pnfyifom,ma&;/
(c) NrdKU½GmESifh tkd;tdrf
zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;/
(*) *kPfxl;aqmif
vufrSwfrsm;ESifh *kPfxl;
aqmif qkypönf;rsm;/
11/ w&m;pD&ifa&;u@/
(u) w&m;pD&ifa&;/
(c) a½SUaersm;/
(*) jypfrIqkdif&m Oya'rsm;?
usifhxkH;rsm;/
- 103 -
Z,m; 1 Z,m; 2 Z,m; 3
(C) w&m;r Oya'rsm;? usifhxkH;
rsm; tygt0if? y#dnmOf?
tEknmw pD&ifqkH;jzwfa&;?
w&m;pGJqdkydkifcGifh½Sdaom
epfemcsufrsm;? vlrGJtjzpf cH,l
jcif;? ,kHrSwftyfESHjcif;ESifh
,kHrSwf tyfESHxm;ojzifh
pDrHykdifcGifh½Sdolrsm;?
tarGxdef;ESifh ypönf;xdef;?
rdom;pkqkdif&m
Oya'rsm;? tkyfxdef;olrsm;ESifh
tkyfxdef;cH&olrsm;? ypönf;vTJ
ajymif;jcif;? tarGqufcHa&;/
(i) oufaocHOya'/
(p) umvpnf;urf;owf/
(q) trIwefzkd;owfrSwfjcif;/
(Z) oD;jcm;oufomcGifh/
(ps) EkdifiHjcm;pD&ifykdifcGifhtmPm/
(n) yifv,fa&aMumif;
pD&ifykdifcGifh/
(#) yifv,f"m;jyrIrsm;? EkdifiH
wum yifv,fjyif okdYr[kwf
aumif;uif,Hü usL;vGefaom
jypfrIrsm;? tjynfjynfqkdif&m
Oya'ukd azmufzsufí ajrjyif
okdYr[kwf EkdifiHwumyifv,fjyif
okdYr[kwf aumif;uif,Hü
usL;vGefaom jypfrIrsm;/
- 104 -
aemufqufwGJ c
Z,m; 5 wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;u aumufcH&rnfh
tcGeftcrsm; 86 yk'fr 254 ukd &nfñTef;onf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
ajr,mcGef/
,pfrsKd;cGef/
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fu pDrHcefYcGJcGifh½Sdonfh qnf
rsm;? wmwrHrsm;ukd t&if;cHonfh a&cGef? wmwrHcGefESifh
xkdqnfrsm;? wmwrHrsm;\ a&tm;jzifh xkwfvkyf&½Sdonfh
vQyfppf"mwftm; okH;pGJc/
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;u pDrHcefYcGJcGifh½Sdonfh
vrf;rsm;? wHwm;rsm; jzwfoef;c/
(u) a&csKdig;vkyfief;tay:wGif pnf;MuyfaumufcHonfh
b@mawmf aMu;/
(c) owfrSwfxm;aom tuGmta0;twGif; yifv,fig;zrf;
vkyfief;tay:wGif pnf;MuyfaumufcHonfh b@mawmfaMu;/
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f ukef;vrf;? a&vrf;okH;,mOf
rsm; qkdif&m Oya't& pnf;Muyfaom tcGef/
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fydkif ypönf;rsm;a&mif;&aiGESifh
iSm;&rf;crsm;? ,if;ypönf;rsm;rS &½Sdaom tjcm;tusKd;tjrwf
rsm;/
wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;u 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;
rsm;twGuf owfrSwfaumufcHonfh tcaMu;aiGrsm;? tjcm;
tcGeftcrsm;ESifh tjcm;&aiGrsm;/
wkdif;a'oBuD; w&m;vTwfawmf odkYr[kwf jynfe,f w&m;
vTwfawmf tygt0if wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif;
½Sd w&m;½kH;rsm;u csrSwfonfh 'PfaiGrsm;? 0efaqmifrItwGuf
aumufcHonfh tcGeftcrsm;ESifh tjcm;&aiGrsm;/
- 105 -
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f b@m&efykHaiGrsm; xkwf
acs;ojzifh &½Sdaom twkd;rsm;/
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,f\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjzifh &½Sd
onfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;/
wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif;½Sd opfawmrsm;rS
atmufyg ypönf;rsm; xkwf,lonfhtwGuf aumufcHonfh
tcGeftcrsm;
(u) uRef;ESifh owfrSwfaom opfrmrsm;rSty usefopf
rsm;tay:wGif aumufcHonfh tcGef?
(c) xif;? rD;aoG;? Budrf? 0g;? iSufokduf? ½Smap;? oeyfcg;?
xif;½I;qD? opfarT;? ysm;xGufypönf;rsm; ponfwkdY
tay: aumufcHonfh tcGef/
rSwfykHwifaMu;/
yGJcGef/
qm;cGef/
jynfaxmifpk b@m&efykHaiGrS &½Sdonfh b@maiGrsm;/
wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif;½Sd pnfyifom,m
a&;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ xnfh0ifaiGrsm;/
ykdif½Sifray:aom oGif;xm;aiGrsm;ESifh ypönf;rsm;/
&wemodkuf/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
- 106 -
ya'o&mZf ½Srf;jynf/ (ArmEkdifiHtpkd;& EkdifiHa&;Xmeu 1922
ckESpf? pufwifbmv 27 &ufaeYpGJjzifh trdefYxkwfjyefcsuf
31 wGif azmfjyyg½Sdonfhtwkdif;? ,if;trdefYukd þtufOya'
tmPmrwnfrD jyKjyifajymif;vJcsuf½Sdu ,if;½Sdonfhtwkdif;/)
ya'o&mZf ½Srf;jynfwGif ryg0ifonfh ½Srf;e,frsm;/ (ArmEkdifiH
tpkkd;& EkdifiHa&;Xmeu 1922 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv 5 &ufaeY
pGJjzifh trdefYxkwfjyefcsuf 41 wGif azmfjyyg½Sdonfhtwkdif;?
,if;trdefYukd þtufOya'tmPmrwnfrD jyKjyifajymif;vJ
csuf½Sdu ,if;½Sdonfhtwkdif;/)
&ckdifawmifwef;a'orsm;/
csif;awmifpD&ifpk/
jrpfBuD;em;? Aef;armfESifh uom pD&ifpkwkdY yg0ifaom ucsif
awmifwef;a'orsm;/
qGrf&a'o/
Bwd*He,fajr[k wGifaom a'o/
txufcsif;wGif;pD&ifpk ajrmufbufwGif - ½Sdonfh [l;aumif;
awmifMum; a'o[k wGifaom a'o/
oHvGifpD&ifpk/
tkyfcsKyfrI r½Sdao;aom a'otm;vkH;/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
aemufqufwGJ * - (1947 zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya')
'kwd,Z,m;? txl;tkyfcsKyf&ef owfrSwfaom a'orsm;
tykdif; (1)
- 107 -
tykdif; 1 wGif ryg0ifonfh jrpfBuD;em;ESifh Aef;armfwdkYrS
tpdwftydkif;rsm;/
txufcsif;wGif; pD&ifpk½Sd [kr®vif; qyf'D0DZH? armfvkduf 'D0DZH?
,cifu wrl;NrdKUe,frS aus;vufa'orsm;/
Mumtif;NrdKUe,f? aumhu&dwfNrdKUe,frS jr0wDwkdufe,f?
awmifilpD&ifpkta½SUbufjcrf;ESifh oxkHpD&ifpk½Sd awmifwef;
a'orsm; (bk&ifrif;jrwfu aumifpDwGif azmfjyawmfrlonfh
twkdif;)/
1/
2/
3/
tykdif; (2)
aemufqufwGJ 4
wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;½Sd cefYrSef;vlOD;a&pm&if;/
Manda
lay R
egion
Ayeya
rwad
y Reg
ion
Yango
n Reg
ion
Sagain
g Reg
ion
Bago R
egion
Shan S
tate
Magway
Reg
ion
Rakhin
e Stat
e
Mon S
tate
Kayin
State
Tanin
tharyi
Reg
ion
Kachin
Stat
e
Naypy
idaw U
nion .
..
Chin S
tate
Kayah
Stat
e
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
- 108 -
jynfe,frsm; (teD) ESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm; (tjzL) jy ajrykH
(0DuDyD;'D,m;rS &,lonf/)
- 109 -
&nfnTef;csufrsm;
1. This paper has been drafted by Marcus Brand, who holds a doctoral
degree in constitutional law from the University of Vienna, and has
worked for the UN and other intergovernmental organizations in post-
conflict or democratic transition contexts such as Kosovo, Macedonia,
Nepal, Tunisia, and most recently Myanmar. The opinions expressed
in this paper are the author’s only, and nothing in this paper should
be construed as having been endorsed or approved by the United Na-
tions or any part thereof. The paper is intended to stimulate debate
and reflection, and constructive critical comments or corrections of
factual errors are gratefully received at [email protected]
2. For instance, the Karen National Union (the political wing of the
armed KNLA) states on its website that its objective is to “to establish a
genuine Federal Union”. At a recent public event in Bangkok organized
by the Foreign Correspondent’s Club in Thailand, KNU representatives
restated these demands as central to their struggle and as core
demands in their negotiations with the Myanmar government.
Interestingly, the KNU uses the Burmese term for union “pyidaungsu”,
but translates it as “federal union” in English. For more see http://
karennationalunion.net./index.php/burma/freedom/about-the-knu.
3. This paper is written with reference to the English version of the
2008 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, published
by the Ministry of Information. The official and binding version of the
Constitution is in Myanmar language, which is not accessible to the
author of this paper.
- 110 -
4. The Forum of Federations, an international organization based in
Ottawa, Canada, is dedicated to the study of federalism, the exchange
of experiences among federal countries and assists countries in
building federal systems.
5. Watts, in his Comparative Federal Systems, qualifies South Africa,
Russia, and Argentina as quasi-federations, and Malaysia and
Venezuela as centralized quasi-federations, and India as a federation
with some quasi-federal aspects. The book was published before the
new Constitution of Myanmar came into force.
6. Ronald Watts, Comparing Federal Systems, 2008
7. Although the author has had the privilege to meet and learn from
Prof. Watts in person before, he was not consulted in the context of
preparing this paper. The interpretation of Watts’ characterizations
and their application to Myanmar is only based on the author’s
personal interpretation, and has not been endorsed by Prof. Watts
himself.
8. The Defence Services provide a quarter of the members of the
two union chambers, and a third of the members of state/region
assemblies. Enabling the Defence Services to be able to participate
in the national political leadership role of the state is one of the six
basic principles governing the Constitution as a whole. The military
essentially operates as a closed system in itself, and is not governed
and controlled by civilian laws and institutions.
9. Art 168,
- 111 -
10 Art 262 (m)
11 Art 262 (l)
12 Art 264 (b)
13. Art 261
14 Amending the Myanmar Constitution is particularly difficult:
while the general rule is to obtain a vote by a majority of more than
seventy-five percent of all the representatives of the bicameral
Union Parliament, many provisions relating to the basic structure
and functioning of state institutions are additionally protected by the
requirement of a referendum (Art. 436). This high threshold, effectively,
also gives the military a veto against any such amendments, as at least
some of the military MPs would have to support such changes.
15. Except small differences such as in the numbers of members of the
state/regional Hluttaws, see Article 161.
16. Art. 450
17. The debates actually predate the independent period to some
extent, as already the British colonial administration, not least
through its Government of India Act and Government of Burma Act of
1935 had laid down important elements of autonomy that were later
incorporated into the 1947 Constitution, offered on an asymmetrical
basis to the frontier areas beyond “Ministerial Burma”. It stated that
“no Act of the Legislature shall apply to any area specified in the
- 112 -
Second Schedule to this Act unless the Governor by public notification
so directs”. The Second Schedule lists what later became the Shan,
Kachin, Chin States as well as other areas (see Annex).
18. The agreement also confirmed the “financial autonomy now vested
in the Federated Shan States” and recognized the entitlement of the
Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills to receive financial assistance from the
revenues of Burma. Janelle Saffin’s analysis of the 1947 Constitution is
that “whilst the establishment of a federal system was not included in
the Panglong Agreement, it was however premised on it, as was the
Panglong meetings themselves, and it was agreed that it was also to
be the subject of detailed consideration by the Constituent Assembly.
(...) Certainly some federal elements were included, not many, with
secession included, but the essence of federalism was left out.” See
fn 20.
19. Robert Taylor, in his magnum opus “The State in Myanmar”
explains that one of the conditions the British had insisted on before
granting independence was that the leaders of the Shan States and of
the hill tribes had to agree to cede their territories to an independent
government in Rangoon and that, as called for by the 1947 Aung San-
Attlee accord, the Shan sawbwas and the ‘leaders of the Kachins and
Chins’ agreed to join Burma in a federation (emphasis added). That
agreement was later ratified by a British House of Commons Special
Committee. Founding myths of ‘coming-together’ federations vs.
‘holding-together’ federations are a significant element determining
the dynamics between constituent units and the federation, but
are also often left unresolved even in existing and well- functioning
federal systems.
- 113 -
20. Janelle Saffin, in her article “Federalism, Burma and How the
International Community Can Help”, describes how “Federalism was
at the heart of the decision of ethnic leaders’ decision to join together
to form a modern post- independence ‘Union of Burma’.” However, it
soon became clear that “the federalism envisaged by Burma’s ethnic
leaders was not being implemented.”
21. The President could act, as a rule, only upon the advice of the
Union Government.
22. With an overall population of around 15 million, this figure would
have translated to between 150 and 500 members (it was in fact 250,
that is 60,000 population per member). At the current size of the
population this would be a minimum of 600 and a maximum of 2000
(and at the same rate as in 1950, that would be equivalent to around
980 members).
23 Except for the Special Division of the Chins and the Karenni State,
where the ration could be higher.
24 They would be elected by the Shan sawbwas (traditional councils).
25 Of which six would be Kachins and six non-Kachins.
26. Notably not “of Karen State” as that had not been established
along the same lines as the others. Karens also habitually reside in
areas outside Karen State proper in large numbers. Note that ICG in
its 2011 report No. 214 quoted a Karen community leader as saying
that a federalism based on ethnic minority states was not a workable
- 114 -
solution for addressing Karen political aspirations, as more than half
the Karen population does not live in Karen State.
27. Only Kachin had had its tradition of separate statehood, in the
form or the Federated Shan State and Wa state. Karenni/Kayah had
until then been part of the Federated Shan States, and Kachin was
formed out of two districts of Mandalay division.
28. As the Karens had not signed up to the wartime Panglong
agreement, the Karen State was created only in 1951. The particular
problem of a Karen State is the fact that a significant portion of
Myanmar’s Karens live outside what is nowadays Kayin State, in Yangon
and areas of Bago and Ayeryarwaddy Region, as well as Mon State.
29. Art. 209 of the 1947 Constitution
30. Karenni was renamed Kayah in 1952. To avoid confusion, only
Kayah is used for the State from here.
31 Art. 201 to 206 of the 1947 Constitution
32 The Prime Minister could dismiss any member of government at will.
33. In the case of Shan State, it had to be an elected member of the
Shan State Council. In the case of Kachin, it had to be a Kachin from
among the members of the Kachin State Council. In the case of Karen,
it had to be a member of parliament representing Karens. For Karenni,
it would have to be a member of parliament representing the Karenni
State.
- 115 -
34. Third schedule, List I, Art. 5(40) of the 1947 Constitution
35. ICG refers to the 1947 provisions for power sharing between the
centre and the various ethnic states as the “result of hasty, fragile and
inconsistent compromises with ethnic leaders”. See Myanmar: A New
Peace Initiative, ICG Report No. 214, 30 November 2011.
36. Robert Taylor, The State in Myanmar, p.229-230, see also fn 20.
37 Quote from The River of Lost Footsteps, Thant Myint-U, 2006.
38. Despite an overall improvement of the situation and a significant
number of ceasefires, the overall characterization appear to still be
accurate today, six years later after Thant first published his book.
39. See fn 37.
40. Janelle Saffin, Federalism, Burma and How the International
Community Can Help. Thant Myint-U, in River of Lost Footsteps, writes
that although the Shans “had a constitutional right to secede, and
though they promised not to use it, they wanted a new deal. [Prime
Minister] U Nu was not unsympathetic and promised to work with the
Shans and others. In early 1962 he convened a Nationalities Seminar
in Rangoon to discuss these and related issues.”
41. ICG, 2011
42 In that, it went even further than its Yugoslav (1974) or Soviet
(1977) counterparts.
- 116 -
43. Chin was upgraded to a State, Arakan was turned from a Division
into a State, and Mon was created from parts of Tenasserim Division.
44. In 1989, Karen became Kayin, Tenasserim became Tanintharyi,
Pegu became Bago, Arakan became Rakhine, Rangoon became
Yangon and Irrawaddy became Ayeyarwaddy. Constitutionally, these
new names were however only formalized with the 2008 Constitution.
The 2008 Constitution also brought the creation of Naypyidaw, the
territory of which had previously been part of Mandalay Division, as
a Union territory.
45. Art 176. In order to balance out some of the distortions of
proportionality this would create, the provision also included
that townships with large populations shall, in addition, elect
representatives in proportion to population as prescribed by electoral
law and that additional members of the Pyithu Hluttaw shall, by law,
be allotted to States or Divisions having less than 10 townships and
less than 1 million in population. As candidates could be put forward
only by the Burma Socialist Programme Party, the fact that some
electoral constituencies were more or less represented than others
was of rather marginal relevance, however.
46. ICG, 2011
47. Wa and Kokang are two of the areas that are constitutionally
guaranteed as autonomous self-administered areas within Shan State.
48. ICG, 2011
- 117 -
49. Thant Myint-U, The River of Lost Footsteps, 2006
50 See Art. 436.
51. The map, taken from Wikipedia, is not included in the Constitution
itself and is added here for illustration.
52. Art. 284 to 287
53. ICG’s 2011 report states that following an agreement between
the Shan State Peace Making Group and the United Wa State Army,
“the UWSA could maintain its existing relations with China. This is
important for the Wa, since they are heavily reliant on China. They have
extensive business connections there, use its currency, communicate
via its mobile telephone networks and even operate on its time zone.
Wa-issued identification documents are accepted across the border,
and Wa children can enrol in Chinese high-schools.”
54. This distinction makes the self-administered areas more similar to
the status of sub-provincial autonomous regions in China, than - to
relate a famous example from Socialist Yugoslavia - the Province of
Kosovo (between 1974 and 1989), which was at the same time an
autonomous province with the Republic of Serbia, and a federal unit
en par with other Republics of the SFRY.
55. Art. 74. The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw comprises of the (up to) 440
Members of the Pyithu Hluttaw and the 224 Members of the Amyotha
Hluttaw.
- 118 -
56. Art. 446
57 At 325 and 326.
58. Articles 265 and 270. The President is given the formal power of
appointment, but does not appear to have a right to refuse.
59 A new Ward and Village Tract Act, replacing its 1907 predecessor,
has recently been adopted by the Union parliament. It foresees the
election of Ward and Village Tract Administrators.
60. Art. 26, in the Section on Basic Principles, also relates to the Civil
Service stating that civil services personnel shall be free from party
politics, and that laws shall be enacted for Civil Services personnel
to have security and sufficiency of food, clothing and shelter, to
get maternity benefits for married women in service, and to ease
livelihood for welfare of retired Service personnel.
61. See Annex.
62. See also section 11 (judiciary) of the list of powers of the Union
tier of government, which gives the power to legislate on matters
related to the judiciary to the Union legislature.
63. Revisional jurisdiction is a principle of the common law tradition
that ensures that ‘no one should be left without any remedy’. It is
applicable in those cases where no right to appeal is otherwise
afforded by the law. It is a type of supervisory jurisdiction based on
the idea is to correct miscarriage of justice.
64. Art. 12 (a)
- 119 -
65. Art. 17 (a)
66. This article should not be construed to the effect that it justifies,
endorses or approves of the new Constitution of Myanmar or any
parts thereof. This would be completely beside the point, and also
rather irrelevant. It is also not to downplay, ignore or excuse any of
the human rights violations the state or other actors stand accused
of having committed in the past or may still inflict on Myanmar’s
people. Important as they are, such considerations simply fall outside
the scope of this paper. They have every right to be considered in the
broader debate about the constitution and the emergence of the rule
of law in Myanmar.
67. Reported by Ko Htwe in http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.
php?art_id=21107 . The article is based on a report of the speech in
the official state newspaper The New Light of Myanmar.
68 The author recalls, however, a recent private conversation with one
of the key presidential advisors who explicitly referred to the “federal
pattern” of the 2008 Constitution.
69. The Millennium Declaration, Rights and Constitutions, Yash Ghai
and Jill Cottrell, Oxford University Press, 2010
70. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems
71. This being the first of the basic principles laid down by the
Constitutional Convention, and repeated in the Preamble and Basic
Principles Part of the Constitution.
72. Robert Taylor, in The State of Myanmar, explains how the “prevailing
- 120 -
mood of nationalism in the 1930s and 1940s gave emotional and
intellectual credence to claims for unique national status for the
‘Karen’, ‘Karenni’, ‘Chin’, ‘Kachin’, and ‘Shan’ groups which the British
had nominated as ethnically (or in those days ‘racially’) distinct from
the ‘Burman’ who lived in the plains. Even Burma’s Communists,
borrowing from Stalin’s doctrines about nationalities, accepted the
legitimacy of these labels and it was their ideas, along with notions
about nationality common in liberal thought at the time, that shaped
the ‘federal’ nature of the Union of Burma as set forth in the 1947
Constitution.”
73. This was, however, also the case in similar circumstances in
Indonesia earlier, and, more recently, in Nepal.
74 Saffin, Federalism, Burma ... (see fn 20)
75. ICG, 2011. The report includes interesting quotes that vividly
illustrates this point: “On the morning of the 1962 coup, General Ne
Win was quoted as saying: “federalism is impossible – it will destroy
the Union”; a few days later his chief spokesman cited federalism
as the main reason for the coup. During the National Convention
that drew up the principles for the 2008 constitution, the military
government again rejected the concept, explaining: “It’s not possible
to build small houses inside a big house”.”
76. The ICG report quotes a Mon leader as saying that independence
was no longer sought. “The aim, he said, was to devolve power to
promote and protect the Mon identity and culture; create political
space to govern their own affairs; and establish the right to manage
their own natural resources and receive a fair share of the benefits.”
- 121 -
77. Ibid.
78 Saffin, Federalism, Burma ...
79. Ibid.
80 Ibid.
81 ICG, 2011, p.15
82. Lintner writes, in his recent Asia Times online article ‘Myanmar’s
endless ethnic quagmire’, that “the new 2008 constitution grants the
formation of local assemblies and the old divisions have been renamed
“regions”, but Myanmar is a Union only in name. (...) there has been no
deviation from the previous ceasefire strategy: stop fighting, engage
in business, and forget any visions of a federal Myanmar. According to
sources familiar with recent government-ethnic group negotiations,
ethnic leaders have been told that “a discussion about federalism
is not even on the table.” [...] Scrapping the 2008 constitution and
drafting a new one based on some kind of federal concept is likely
the only viable way ahead to resolving Myanmar’s unresolved ethnic
issue. Judging from the government’s response to ethnic demands,
that isn’t likely to happen any time soon.”
83. KNU spokesperson at the FCCT in Bangkok on 3 May 2012.
84. Myanmar would not be the first country to emerge as a functioning
democracy on the basis of a Constitution drafted by the military, often
in the context of a coup d’état. Chile, Turkey, Indonesia and Thailand
are examples for countries that have experienced such circumstances.
- 122 -
85. The true test of the federal nature of the Constitution will, most
likely, only emerge when at least some of the States and Regions are
governed by a different political majority than the one prevailing at
the Union level. The completion of a number of full budget cycles
at the Union and Region/State level will also produce a number of
discrepancies and challenges that will test the federal nature of the
system.
86. The International Crisis Group, in its 2011 report ‘A New Peace
Initiative’ describes the context for the distribution of resources as
follows: “Ethnic minority communities feel that they have not had
the economic opportunities they deserve. There are several aspects
to this, but first among them is that some of the country’s most
valuable resources are found in ethnic minority areas. This includes
much of the remaining stands of teak and other timber, its jade
and gemstones, gold and silver, mineral deposits and hydroelectric
potential. Communities believe that they have not benefited from
a fair share of the profits from these resources. Under the new
constitution, region/state governments do not control or have
authority to tax the majority of these resources. This power lies with
the national government in the case of teak and other restricted
hardwoods, all underground resources, including gemstones, and all
large-scale electric power production. While region/state budgets
receive national contributions, there are no provisions for resource-
sharing to factor in the calculation of those contributions.”
