format for haiti project final!

8/3/2019 Format for Haiti Project Final!

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COMMUNITY-LED SANITATION PROJECTS TO

TREAT & COMPOST WASTE, IMPROVE PUBLIC

HEALTH & CREATE JOBS AROUND RECYCLING.

DISTANCE PROJECT: GROUP 6

THERMOPHILIC COMPOSTING IN HAITI

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GROUP 6:

David SteigerIgor PavicNadine Loris Blinkenberg-ThraneRebeca Sequera PinedaRyan Boland


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Contents

........................................................................................................................................ 1

........................................................................................................................................ 1Contents ..........................................................................................................................2

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................3

Introduction ....................................................................................................................3

Background: Haiti/Earthquake ...................................................................................4

Thermophillic Composting ....................................................................................... 5

GiveLove ...................................................................................................................6

Reasons for Recommendation ....................................................................................7

Role of Government in Haiti ..........................................................................................8Different Types of Eco-San/Alternatives .......................................................................9

Portable Toilets .......................................................................................................... 9

Pit Latrines ............................................................................................................... 10

Pour flush toilets .......................................................................................................11

Pros and Cons of Thermophillic composting ...............................................................11

Cover Material ..........................................................................................................11

Toilet wash water ..................................................................................................... 12

Potential Groundwater Contamination .....................................................................12

Success Stories .............................................................................................................13

AMURT ................................................................................................................... 13

GRUB .......................................................................................................................13

Henri Christophe School .......................................................................................... 14

Tilory Community ....................................................................................................14

Projects that havent worked ........................................................................................ 15

The future of GiveLove ................................................................................................15

Conclusion/Recommendation ...................................................................................... 16

References ....................................................................................................................17

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Executive Summary

January 2010 the third deadliest earthquake ever struck Haiti, not far from its capital,Port-Au-Prince. An estimated 300, 000 people were killed in the quake and hundredsof thousands more left displaced from their homes and without access to clean wateror sanitation. Many NGOs have tried to come up with suitable solutions for thesemany problems but with a lack of financial support and access to remote areasestablishing successful and sustainable projects is always going to be a difficult task.GiveLove has managed to establish multiple projects throughout rural and urban Haitiutilising the potentially sustainable thermophillic composting toilet system.

Thermophillic composting is a way of sustainably and productively managing human

waste by turning it into fertiliser through careful composting techniques and vigilance.By creating a fertilizer the Haitians are then able to create gardens which can feedfamilies and create an income at local markets, giving them a sense of ownership,responsibility and an increased direction for the future. When looking at other

potential sanitation options the restricting factors include:

Water availability

Ground water contamination

Cost

Social acceptance

Although thermophillic composting does have its issues as well, these can bemanaged so as to create a sustainable sanitation solution while the people of Haiti findtheir feet again. Problems such as a reliable source of carbon based cover material and

providing enough education so that the NGOs are able to leave Haiti trusting thelocal people to be able to look after themselves are the challenges for the future.

Introduction

Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas as per the human development index,which is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standardsof living. Haiti is ranked as number 145 of 182 countries in 2010. (Wikipedia, 2011)

In January 2010 an earthquakestruck on Haiti, and this destroyed

big parts of the capital Port-au-Prince. A lot of people were leftwithout homes and around 634,000

people were forced to live indisplacement camps (World:

Contries and Terrotories: Haiti,

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2011). The reconstruction of Haiti brought along a lot of changes; one of these isalternative sanitation.

Before the earthquake the normal use of sanitation was Pit latrines, and after theearthquake they are still used. These pit latrines are however very smelly, messy and

poorly maintained, therefore unpleasant to use for most. They are also veryunhygienic and therefore a lot of diseases can be spread from usage. After theearthquake the use of portable toilets has increased dramatically. This solutionhowever is not sustainable and they fill up so quickly and uncontrollably that when itreaches capacity no one wants to use them.

Because of the bad sanitary conditions in Haiti, the organization GiveLove is workingon improving sanitation through an alternative method, which is called eco-sanitation,or thermophillic composting.

This assignments focus is to evaluate the GiveLove efforts in Haiti. The assignment

will also focus on:

The GiveLove organization and background.

Introducing the technologies of thermophillic composting and urineseparation.

Different types of eco-sanitation and alternatives.

The advantages and disadvantages of the eco-sanitation method.

The social and economic effects of the GiveLove project.

The projects future, obstacles and potential improvements.

Background: Haiti/Earthquake

Haiti is a pour country and have since 2010 been hit by natural disasters that have setback the development of the nation even further. On Tuesday the 12th of January, theearthquake hit the capital of Haiti, Port-Au-Prince, and caused major damage to thetown and its habitants. An estimated 3 million people were affected by this naturaldisaster, and The United States Agency for International Development reported thedeath of around 220 000, and 1.5-1.8 million people were made homeless.Aftershocks from the earthquake and the following tsunami affected the country, for a

period of time, after the main earthquake.

As a result of the earthquake, and the many homeless people in Port-au-Prince, therehas been a sanitation crisis, due to the lack of access to clean water, latrines and safesewage etc. This has started an outbreak of cholera and this, has since 2010, led to thedeath of 4000 people (GiveLove, 2011).

Prior to the earthquake the sanitary conditions were not that much better. Thesanitation was extremely underfunded, and very few people had access to improvedsanitation. This has a major effect on the overall public health as well as the childmortality rate:

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Percentage of the population with access to improved drinking water: 53percent (urban), 52 percent (rural).

Percentage of the population with access to improved sanitation: 42 percent(urban), 25 percent (rural).

Percentage of households with water supply: 52 percent (urban), 26 percent

(rural). No city in Haiti has a functioning sewage system.

Under five mortality percentage, as a result of waterborne illness: 16 percent.

The effect of diarrhea on child mortality is exacerbated by limited access toimproved drinking water sources, hygiene and sanitation facilities.

(Office of the special envoy Haiti, 2011)

Thermophillic Composting

Thermophillic composting is the controlled aerobic decomposition of organic matterthat includes a hot phase with heat producing bacteria. The temperatures ofcomposting are 45 C or hotter. The hot phase can last days, weeks, or monthsdepending on factors such as:

Organic ingredients

Ambient temperatures

Geographic location

Moisture content

Human pathogens find the thermophillic environment hostile and that they willquickly die off in such an environment. Research shows that the composting methoddestroys human pathogens such as viruses, protozoa, intestinal worms and bacteria.The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists composting as oneProcess to Further Reduce Pathogens or PFRP.

Other than the thermophillic stageof composting, compost piles willundergo several stages ofdecomposition. After the hot

phase has slowed, the organicmaterial will continue the processof biological degradation andtransformation into humusassisted by non-thermophillicmicroorganisms, macro organismssuch as earthworms and otherinsects, and fungi. These stagesallow for the further

decomposition of the organic material to produce a plant-friendly and beneficial final

product. The composting process includes both temperature and the element of time.

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Together, they produce a product that is safe, sanitary, pleasant-smelling, and stableand can be used for growing human food.

Cover material used for composting includes sugar cane bagasse and amyris woodsawdust. Food scraps are added to the compost bin twice a day. Temperatures in the

nearly full active compost bin can measure approximately 60C or 140F. It willrequire months to cool down and reach maturity.

After each use of the toilet the user has to throw a small amount of cover material intothe large drum. When toilet receptacles are full, the contents are deposited into acompost bin. First, the cover material in the bin is raked back, then a depression isdug into the top of the compost pile .The toilet material is added into the depressionand the cover material is raked back over the fresh deposit. The next step is rinsingthe toilet receptacle with water. The water is then dumped into the compost pile andnew cover material is added.

The compost needs to mature for approximately one year after it is collected or it canbecome phytotoxic (it will kill plants). Composting maturity occurs when the compostpile cools down and the compost temperature is approximately the same as averageambient outdoor temperature.

When maturity is reached the compost should be suitable for growing food. This canbe tested by planting a seed, such as a squash or cucumber, in a sample of thecompost.

The location of the compost bins is adjacent to the toilet stalls, allowing the contentsto be conveniently composted without the need to transport the toilet material. Thesystem should be designed to prevent unpleasant odour and flies. A hand washingstation is conveniently located next to the toilet stall.

The approximate recommendation for the size and volume of each compost bin is 1.5meters wide, 2.0 meters long and 1.0m high. It takes approximately three months tofill up the volume.

GiveLove

GiveLove was founded by Patricia Arquette and Rosetta Millington-Getty to developtemporary housing solutions and improved sanitation systems in Haiti. GiveLove isworking on community-led sanitation projects to treat and compost waste, improve

public health, and create jobs around recycling (GiveLove, 2011).

After the earthquake in January2010 the actress Patricia Arquettefrom Hollywood travelled severaltimes to Haiti and establishedvaluable contacts in Port-au-Prince

and also internationally. The resultof these visits was the foundation

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http://www.givelove.org/http://www.givelove.org/


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and registration of an organization that focus on mainly two targets: temporaryhousing solutions and improved sanitation systems. The first target was fulfilled inDecember 2010 after the construction of a housing complex in a hospital areal in Port-au-Prince the NGO decided to focus a hundred percent on the sanitation target.

A watershed event in the development of the eco-san solution that GiveLoveimplements today was the visit of the Joseph Jenkins, author of the HumanureHandbook and promoter of the thermophillic composting as a viable, safe andaccessible solution for sanitation in developing countries (Jenkins, 2005). Mr.Jenkins orientated and trained the ground team in Port-au-Prince and advised theyoung NGO technically. After his visit the first experience with thermophiliccomposting was started in Tapis Vert, Cit Soleil one of the IDP-Camp in Haitiscapital city.

Until this moment GiveLove has implemented sanitation systems in an IDP-Camp(Tapis Vert), in a Camp-School (Amurt), in two Green Schools (SOPUDEP in Petion-

Ville and LEnfant De LEspoir School and orphanage in Leogane) and communities(Tillory) (GiveLove, 2011). In Port-au-Prince GiveLove has a training centre forthermophilic composting of human excreta.

During this first two years training sessions, seminars and information activities wereoffered to the interested public and the NGO participates actively in the Haitiansanitation development establishing a network between government, large and smallorganisations, public institutions and private sector.

GiveLove is a small organisation with many international helpers and advisers. Onfield there is permanently employed one person for the housing projects and one

person for ecological sanitation. In the United States are five board membersresponsible for fundraising and establishing the direction of the work in Port-au-Prince.

Reasons for Recommendation

The key factors, when choosing to implement a new sanitation system in a society,can be a lot other than the terms need and demand. Of course these factors are alsorelevant, but for implementation of eco-sanitation in a Haiti, one major key factor isthe sustainability. For a solution to be sustainable there is a lot of important things toinvestigate:

Cultural acceptability: Is there any social and cultural barriers that could havean impact of the eco-sanitation system and its sustainability? What kind ofsanitation systems are the people currently familiar with and use? What do the

people expect in terms of a new sanitation system?

Ease-of-use and maintenance: What kind of maintenance and managementlevel can the people keep up, without it being a risk to health andcontamination? What kind of training and information is needed for people to

be able to use and maintain the system correctly?

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Affordability: How much does the system cost to implement and maintain?Should everyone in the society contribute to the payment? Will Governmentsor NGOs contribute to the required costs of these projects?

Availability and capacity for operation and maintenance: If the sanitation

system is shared between households or is it in a public place? Who will takecare of the operation and maintenance? Who should people address if a bigtechnical problem arises that they themselves are not able to solve? Where cancomponents and materials be purchased if there is a need for replacement?

Environmental impacts: Are there any governmental standards and if so doesthis sanitation solution live up to this? Are soil conditions and hydro-geological conditions present such that they will impact the environment?

All of these factors are really important when a new sanitation system is to beimplemented in a given society. If most of these questions have an available solutionthat can be found and implemented, the implemented new sanitation must becategorized as being sustainable. Sustainability is one of the key factors and reasonsfor recommendation.

Role of Government in Haiti

Currently Haiti is undergoing a reform in both the water and sanitation sector, whichstarted in 2009. The whole process began with the formation of the NationalDepartment for Drinking Water and Sanitation (DINEPA). The role of DINEPA is to

develop and implement policies in the drinking water and sanitation sector. They alsohave to coordinate all the forging and Haitian NGOs and donors like GiveLove. TheUNICEFF led WASH cluster and the NGOs working with WASH are supportingDINEPAs work with sanitation and their development of key policies.

USAID/Haiti will need to follow DINEPAs standards for sanitation on return areasand relocation sites:

No less than 1 toilet per 4 families.

Toilets must be within 50 meters from the furthest user.

1 hand washing station per 4 families or 1 station per household toilet.

1 toilet out of 10 for elderly/disabled persons. Excreta storage, treatment, storage and disposal must be at least 30 meters

from any surface water source.

The bottom of the pit must be at least 1.5 meters above the maximum height ofthe water table.

These rules are for general sanitation and are to be followed. However more relevantfor the eco-sanitation project done by GiveLove, are the minimum standards forecological sanitation:

Projects must be planned and designed in collaboration with the communityand presented to the local authorities with a timeline for planned activities.

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Projects must be designed to respond to informed choices on the part of thecommunity and be demand driven no construction should occur prior toapproval of the community.

Projects that exceed 500 beneficiaries must present their education and M & Eframework and their toilet plans and compost hardware to DINEPA for review

prior to the construction starting.

All Eco-san projects must take into account worker protection through theprovision of safety equipment and hygiene education. The health, safety andenvironment risk assessment should be presented for review by the DINEPA.

Projects must have a strategy for the access to a good cover material for thetoilets, and a carbon source for the compost site.

Projects must include a strategy for the sanitization of excreta, whether it is inthe toilet, on-site or offsite, and there should be a clear strategy for the reuse ofthe final product.

All composting areas must be planned to ensure restricted access and musthave the capacity to treat waste from all of the project toilets.

Where thermophillic composting is used, the standard rule for pathogendestruction is temperatures throughout the pile must attain 50C for at leastone week.

These minimum standards are made so that the eco-sanitation projects live up to acertain standard. But also DINEPA has a focus on sustainability through theseminimum requirements, which shows that the government only wants goodsustainable projects implemented in Haiti, and that they take responsibility for acertain quality of the sanitation in Haiti.

Different Types of Eco-San/Alternatives

Portable Toilets

After the earthquake, lots of people went to Haiti to offer their help and a lot ofhelpers saw portable toilets as an easy option to solving a very dramatic and serious

sanitation problem.

Portable toilets were the most used becauseof their affordability and thought of as beingeasy to maintain. These portable toilets are

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made of plastic and use chemicals to disinfect and eliminate odours after utilisationinstead of storing wastes in a hole.

The problem with these toilets is that the waste often remains unemptied which resultsin terrible odours and fly-infestation. The locals then prefer not to use these at all and

choose open defecation instead. Removal process is extremely poor. The toilets areemptied into trucks and dumped in a pond in Truitter where the waste leads to the sea,clearly not a sustainable option.

Pit Latrines

The pit latrine is the most affordable kind of toilets thatcan be used in sanitation systems. Human excreta is

deposited into a pit that it is covered with a simplestructure. On one hand, urine is percolated through the

bottom and the sides of the pit into the soil and on theother hand, bacteria start degrading the organic wastes

because of anaerobic processes. This decompositionreleases gases (CO2, methane) and also decreases thevolume of sludge. Sometimes, the pit is provided witha vent pipe that avoids unpleasant odours and insectsand also eliminates produced gases. This kind of toiletsis called Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP).

As there are no barriers between the excreta and the soil, groundwater can be polluted(by chemical and microbiological contamination) because of infiltrations and that isthe reason why these toilets are not used in areas where the groundwater table is highand/or where there are regular floods. In addition, they are not used in rocky areas but,however, they are very handy in dried places as this system does not need any waterresource.

An important point about these latrines is the emptying: They can be pumped out andreused but, as sometimes it is difficult to empty them, it can be decided to destroy thesuperstructure and dig another hole where the new latrine will take place. The full pitcan be covered with soil and leaves. In the future trees can be planted over the top ofthe old latrine; however care has to be taken with respect to how early these trees are

planted. If wastes are collected for further use however, they need to be treated tobecome humus, similar to Thermophillic toilets.

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Pour flush toilets

Pour flush toilet is a water-based system where the water is poured in by the user. It is

provided with a water seal that avoids the growth of odours and flies. The quantity ofwater that it is needed is determined by the size of the seal but also, it is possible tosave water collecting the dry cleaning materials in a separate bin (also in order toavoid clogs). However, in general, around 2 or 3 liters are necessary after each use.All these wastes are collected in a pit,

biodegradated by bacteria and emptied inthe same way as pit latrines.

The worst disadvantage of this type of toiletis the necessity of a continuous watersupply so it is not useful if there is not a

constant water resource. In addition, the bigamount of water that it is used in this kindof system increases the risk of contamination of the groundwater.

Sometimes, this type of toilet is providedwith two pits so that one of them is useduntil it is full and then, people can utilisethe other one while the wastes of the first

pit are being degrading.

Pros and Cons of Thermophillic composting

Cover Material

Some people have the assumption that toilets should smell bad. The management ofprocedure is basic, if there is a bad odour more cover material must be used. There

should be a trained compost crewwho understands compost sanitation.

One example is from an Americanrelief agency where there werent anycompost managers but justvolunteers. However, the volunteerskept changing and the continuity ofthe maintenance was not maintained.This was a GiveLove system and theorganisation removed the toilets fromthe site in 2012 due tomismanagement.

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Toilet wash water

All toilet wash water must go into compost piles and not dumped anywhere else. This

is done for the reason of not polluting the environment. By providing a solidfoundation/carbon material base for compost bins the safety of underlying soil issecured.

Potential Groundwater Contamination

One of the most obvious concerns of sanitation in a developing nation such as Haiti isthe possibility of pathogens and faecal coliforms reaching the underground aquifersystems. According to standard microbial tests that have been carried out in the Port-Au-Prince metropolitan area none of the latrines as of yet are affecting the quality of

groundwater. However these tests are unable to test for viruses which have differentsurvival and transport characteristics. Therefore the extent of this type ofcontamination in Port-Au-Prince at least, is currently unclear.

The transport of the 15 gallon drums and other sealant issues are the most obviouscauses for this contamination and the need for regular testing is vital to the safety ofHaitis water supply. According to the World Health Organisations studies, there islittle risk of groundwater contamination where there is at least 2 m of fine soil

between a pit or drainage trench and the water table level. Based on reports producedby GiveLove, regular inspections of current projects ensures the quality constructionof thermophillic latrines and with vigilance, groundwater problems should be avoided.

Contenido

1,87

Gallina

(Source: Gotaas, 1956, Composting)

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Success Stories

AMURT

In September 2010 GiveLove started its Green School program at AMURTs(Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team) Primary school in Delmas. The schoolconsists of 22 classrooms and houses 820 students. There are currently 8 compostingtoilets and rainwater catchment systems, two compost sites.

The maintenance and operation of the toilets is suppliedby a woman who cleans the receptacles and two men whomanage the composting. These three workers are paid bythe school itself allowing a sense of independence for thecommunity and institution. Classes are also run by twoAgronomists (Soil management scientists) and three

technicians who teach afterschool sustainable sanitationand agriculture programs to the parents, youth andwomens groups.

The 60 litre toiletreceptacles are replaced eight times every 3 dayswhere they are emptied into a 3m3 compost bin.Sugar cane bagasse and wood sawdust are the

primary cover materials. These are used after eachtoilet use and to cover the top of the compost pile.The use of these materials has proved successful inreducing flies and odour problems.

GRUB

In November 2010 GiveLove established a small project at the Grass Roots UnitedBase (GRUB). GRUB is a base camp for training volunteers before they are allocatedtasks to work on in the rebuilding of Haiti. They have established two containerhomes as well as setting up two thermophillic compost systems with in the camp andare used as a training/demonstration facility for newly inducted volunteers. Here theyare also experimenting with cover materials such as Sugar Cane Bagasse, Dry LeafShredding and Rice Husks. Based on the results they have provided it would seemRice Husks are the most efficient/quicker method to produce the final product,compost. The acceptance of using these toilets is something one would expect whenworking with volunteers who are open to the new ideas and concepts and the access tothe required materials would be rather easy. Taking this technology into the real worldis the real challenge.

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Henri Christophe School

The Henri Christophe School islocated in Darbonne, approximately 32kms west of Post-Au-Prince has 7

teachers and 250 students aged between 5 and 13. In March 2011GiveLove established a project to

build 4 thermophillic toilets for thestudents and staff. The initial activitiesinvolved giving tours of the AMURTand GRUB projects and a training session for the local workers and administrationstaff of the school. Haiti Partners are responsible for the employment and supervisionof the workers and managers, while GiveLove monitors the processes to ensure safeworking conditions and end results. GiveLove has also covered the construction costsof around $1000 USD as well as the cover material costs.

The main issue with this project is the confirmation of a reliable cover materialsource. At the moment the Darbonne Sugar factory is the preferred source due to theirlarge supply of bagasse, but is currently asking for the waste material to be bought($12USD/m3) rather than donate it. GiveLove is currently working on this contract butcould restrict the sustainability of this project.

Tilory Community

The 5000 person large Tilory community is located on the border of Haiti and theDominican Republic. In October 2010 GiveLove conducted two introduction trainingsessions for 60 members of the public (including the local doctor and pharmacist) and9 soon-to-be technicians. The courses focussed on hygiene, toilet use, cholera

prevention, compost systems and latrine construction and design.

Following these sessions GiveLove set about constructing 7 composting toilets withthe compost managers throughout the community as well communal compost bins.

According to reports 6 out of the 7 toilets were very well maintained, however the oneclosest to the hospital was in bad shape with locals throwing rubbish and plastics into

the compost pile. The manager then moved the toilet to a location nearby where thelocals voluntarily maintain it. Another problem was that the cover material and usingit to cook and light fires. The other concern which seems to be recurring is the supplyof cover material. Here in Tilory they use sawdust which isnt ideal. GiveLoves aimis to identify more diverse cover material options that can be easily sourced from local

providers.

The managers also have established small gardens where beans, corn, peanuts andother foods are sold at the Saturday markets. This is a great way for the managers tohave their wages self-supplied partially. As well as this there are also plans toestablish agreements with World Vision who are building large scale plant nurseries

in the Dominican Republic forest programs very close to Tilory.

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Projects that havent worked

The first experience of GiveLove with ecological sanitation in Haiti was the recyclingcentre of IDP camp in Tapis Vert, where GiveLove provided public toilets andemployed a team for composting and maintenance of the toilets. Although GiveLove

at this moment had no experience working on sanitation in Haiti, the scale of thisproject was the largest ever, compared to the current projects. Very soon GiveLoveexperienced the consequences of setting up this project. Toilet paper, leads, tarps andeven the roofs of the toilets disappeared constantly. The working conditions in thiscamp were dangerous; some of the workers didnt work well and complained that thesalary was too low and finally the project failed because of a conflict with the ownerof the land that was offered for the emergent construction of the camp.

The experience showed the difficulty to work in public spaces in urban areas,especially in IDP camps where people live without stability and own belongings. The

problem of these camps is the legal aspect. NGO`s needs to follow the orders of theland owners who in the case of Tapis vert was a ambivalent local politician.

After the experience in Tapis Vert GiveLove decided to focus on decentralized smallscale project in established institutions as schools, orphanages or organizedcommunities in rural areas.

The future of GiveLove

The successful experiences with educative institutions like the Green Schools and

good relationships with other organisations moves GiveLove to keep implementingsmall scale sanitation systems.

The training centre at GRUB was sharedwith other small NGO with recently left thecountry. That for GiveLove wants toconstruct a new training centre. Theexpectations of this centre are high due to theorganization nneds to find ways to keep onworking in Haiti with a very small budget.

Generally GiveLove is looking for optionsthat allow keeping on supportingenvironmental friendly sanitation systemswithout larger expenses.

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Conclusion/Recommendation

When looking at thermophillic compostings potential in Haiti one has to wonder whyit isnt used in more areas. Its ability to create a use for human waste such as fertiliser

for Haitis highly depleted soils and also an income source for the good producedmales it an extremely likely solution to Haitis sanitation problems.

However the system isnt perfect. As has been witnessed in IDP camps the socialacceptance of such systems isnt as high as one would hope. Equipment gets stolenand the health and safety of users and managers are at times put at risk. The small andrelatively inexperienced NGO, GiveLove, has since solved this problem by moving itsfocus projects to decentralised areas such as Tilory and small school communities.

The other issue that has been raised by these projects but not necessarily solved is thesourcing of cover material. Sugar cane bagasse puts the sugar manufacturers ethicsinto play with certain companies unwilling to donate or give away this waste

product to people in serious need of a solution. The use of wood chippings wheredeforestation is already a massive problem in surrounding regions seems to be anunsustainable option. Perhaps the Haitian Government needs to step in and make

provisions for this sugar cane bagasse to be made available for projects similar to this.Until this occurs or another source can be established for existing projects thesustainability of wood chips must be seriously considered.

GiveLove has great ambitions for sanitary hygiene throughout Haiti and its presentand future projects will be given all the attention and assistance necessary from

financial sources all around the world to try and achieve success after such adevastating disaster.

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References

GiveLove. (2011). Hentede 28. Oct 2011 fra Eco-sanitation:http://www.givelove.org/#!eco-sanitation

Graham, J. (2011). DRAFT Assessment of sanitation options forUSAID/Haiti's new settle program. I Sanitation options for new settlementsUSDA/Haiti (s. 1-17).

Office of the special envoy Haiti. (2011). about Haiti: Water and sanitation.Hentede 27. Oct 2011 fra Office of the special envoy Haiti:http://www.haitispecialenvoy.org/about-haiti/water-sanitation/

Wikipedia. (2011). Hentede 28. Oct 2011 fra List of countries by HumanDevelopment Index:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Ind

ex

World: Countries and Territories: Haiti. (26. Oct 2011). Hentede 27. Oct2011 fra The New York Times:http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html

Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies of Eawag:http://www.eawag.ch/index_EN

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme): http://www.unep.org/

Jenkins, Joseph. 2005. The Humanure Handbook. Third Edition. JosephJenkins, Inc.143 Forest Lane, Grove City, PA 16127 USA. ISBN-13: 978-0-9644258-3-5

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http://www.unep.org/http://www.unep.org/

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