Form 5 Biology Project / Folio

Title : Appreciating the Contribution of Science and Technology to Human Reproduction.

Content : Contraception

Name : Stephenie

Class : 5 Alpha

Biology Teacher : Ms Foh Lian Huai

MarksContents /80Creativity /10Neatness /10Total /100

1.Rhythm Method ( For FEMALE)

NATURA

Procedure/Description This method is also known as calendar-based contraceptive method where a woman will record the previous length of menstrual cycle and assuming the next cycle would be the same. A woman has to avoid copulation during the woman’s fertile period, where most likely an ovum has already been released into the fallopian tube.Women can determine to estimate the time of ovulation through

cervical mucus changes and body temperature.

How?/ Biological principle By avoiding sexual intercourse during fertile period to prevent sperms from fertilising the ovum.

Days 1-7 of a woman's menstrual cycle are considered infertile Days 8-19 are considered fertile; considered unsafe for unprotected

intercourse Day 20 through the end of the cycle are considered infertile.

Advantages

Natural. No cost. No medical. No hormonal side effects and acceptable to most religion.

DisadvantagesUnreliable. Require ongoing , accurate record keeping of fertile period.

2. Withdrawal method ( For MALE )

Procedure/Description

Withdrawal is also called coitus interruptus or the "pull out method" The penis is withdrawn from the vagina before the release of semen or ejaculation during sexual intercourse.

How? / Biological principle

NATURA

Withdrawal prevents pregnancy by keeping sperm out of the vagina during ejaculation.Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no sperm present.

AdvantagesSafe, simple, free and convenient.It can be used to prevent pregnancy when no other method is available. There are no medical or hormonal side effects. No prescription is necessary.

DisadvantagesUnreliable because the semen may leak out of the penis before ejaculation.Require an experience man to perform withdrawal.

MALE

MECHANICAL

3. Condom

Procedure/Description Condoms are worn on the penis during intercourse. They are made of thin latex or plastic that has been molded into the shape of a penis.

It is fitted over the erect penis before copulation.

How? / Biological principleCondoms prevent pregnancy by collecting semen when a man ejaculates. This keeps sperm from entering the vagina. Pregnancy cannot happen if sperm cannot join with an egg.

AdvantagesSafe, effective and easy to get.No side effects.Protects against sexually transmitted diseases.

DisadvantagesSlight decrease in sexual sensation for the male.May break or leak.Male with latex allergies cannot use this method.

SURGICAL

4. Vasectomy

Procedure/Description Vasectomy is a form of birth control for men that is meant to be permanent.Sperm ducts ( vas deferens) are tied and cut in a surgical operation.

How? / Biological principle Vasectomy blocks each vas deferens and keeps sperm out of the seminal fluid. The sperm are absorbed by the body instead of being ejaculated. Semen without sperm, the ejaculation cannot cause pregnancy.

AdvantagesSafe because it lasts for life, simple, most reliable and convenient.No hormonal side effects like masculinity.

DisadvantagesRequire surgeryOperation can rarely be reversed

FEMAL

Mechanical

5. Diaphragm

Procedure/ Description

The diaphragm is a shallow, dome-shaped cup with a flexible, springy rim to ensure a close fit.

FEMAL

It is made of silicone. It is inserted into the vagina.When it is in place, it covers the cervix.

How? / Biological principleThe diaphragm blocks the opening to the uterus Diaphragms prevent pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. In order to be as effective as possible, the diaphragm must be used with spermicide cream, gel, or jelly.The spermicide stops sperm from moving.

AdvantagesSafe, effective and convenientLasts up two yearsNo side effect Give some protection against sexually transmitted diseaseVery reliable if fitted properly and used with spermicide

DisadvantagesMay break or leakLatex allergiesFor some women, may cause some infection and vaginal irritation

6. Female condom or fenidom

Procedure / Description

A thin sheath that shapes like a pouch which lines the vagina.It has flexible rings at each end. Just before vaginal intercourse, it is inserted deep into the vagina.The ring at the closed end holds the pouch in the vagina.The ring at the open end stays outside the vaginal opening during intercourse.

How? / Biological principle

Female condoms work to prevent pregnancy by covering the inside of the vagina.They collect semen when a man ejaculates.This keeps sperm from entering the vagina. Pregnancy cannot happen if sperm cannot join with an egg.

AdvantagesSafe, simple and convenientNo side effectsReliableGive some protection against sexually transmitted disease

DisadvantagesReduce feeling during intercourseCause irritation of the vaginaMay break or leakLatex allergies

7. Intrauterine device

Procedure/ Description

An IUD device is a plastic coated copper coil or a small, “T” shaped device made out of flexible plastic.It is fitted into the uterus by a doctor.A string attached to the lower end allows the device to be removed via the vagina.

How? / Biological PrincipalIt affects the way sperm move so they can't join with an egg.If sperm cannot join with an egg, pregnancy cannot happen.It prevents the implantation of a zygote in the endometrium

AdvantagesSafe and effectiveProvide protection for 8- 10 years

Least expensive

DisadvantagesMild moderate pain during insertionIncrease menstrual flowIncrease risk of pelvic inflammatory diseases and infertilityDoes not protect against STDWorse menstrual crampsIrritation in the uterine lining

Medication8. Contraceptive pills

Procedure/DescriptionContraceptive pills are a kind of medication that women have to take it daily to prevent pregnancy.They are also sometimes called “the pill” or birth control pills.

How? / Biological PrincipleContraceptive pills contain specific hormones such as the combination of oestrogen and synthetic progesterone.It prevents ovulation by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH so that follicle development does not occur.Therefore, the pills keeps eggs the from leaving the ovaries and making cervical mucus thicker which keeps sperm from getting to the eggs.

AdvantagesSafe, simple and convenientReliable if taken regularlyReduce muscle cramps and acnePromotes regularity of monthly period

Lower risks of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer

DisadvantagesMay cause side effects such as nausea and weight gainDoes not protect against STDBleeding between periods

9. Contraceptive implant

Procedure/ Description

The contraceptive implant is a thin, flexible plastic implant about the size of a cardboard matchstick.It is inserted under the skin of the upper arm.It protects against pregnancy for up to three years.

How? / Biological PrincipleThis contraceptive implant releases a hormone called progestin.Progestin is a form of progesterone which is secreted in small quantities over a period of three or four months.The progestin keeps eggs from leaving the ovaries. Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no egg to join with the sperm. Progestin also makes a woman's cervical mucus thicker. This keeps sperm from getting to the eggs.

AdvantagesSafe, simple and convenientLong lasting Does not require daily consumption of medication.Nothing needs to be put in place before vaginal intercourse

DisadvantageNausea, weight gain and headachesPain at the insertion siteIrregular bleedingDoes not protect against STD

10. Depo-Provera injection

Procedure / DescriptionThe Depo-Provera shot is an injection of a hormone that prevents pregnancy.Each shot prevents pregnancy for three months.

How? / Biological Principle

An injection contains synthetic progesterone or progestin.This will cause changes in the uterine lining that interfere with the implantation of a zygote.Thus, inhibiting ovulation.

AdvantagesSafe, simple, and convenientThe shot provides very effective, long-lasting pregnancy protection. No daily pill to rememberPrevent cancer of the lining of the uterus

DisadvantagesChange in appetite or weight gain Depression, nausea and headaches Hair loss or increased hair on the face or body Sore breastsIrregular bleedingDoes not protect against STD

Chemical

11. Spermicide

Procedure / Description

Spermicides are available in different forms, including creams, film, foams, gels, and suppositories.In contains chemicals that stops sperms from moving which indirectly killing them.It is inserted deeply into the vagina before sexual intercourse.

How? / Biological PrincipleSpermicides prevent pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg.Before the sperms can even enter the uterus, the sperms are killed by the spermicide.For higher effectiveness, women should use spermicide accompanied with diaphragm.

AdvantagesSimple and convenientNot expensiveNo hormonal side effects on women

Disadvantages

Not reliable, as some sperms which are not killed will enter the uterus.Messy to useMay cause allergiesMust be applied before intercourse

Surgical

12. Tubal Ligation

Procedure / Description

A surgery that will result both the fallopian tube tied and cut which is called tubal ligation.Another surgery uses cauterize method (an insertion that will grow into tissue and block the fallopian tube) .This operation is meant to be permanent.

How? / Biological PrincipleA released ovum cannot reach the part of the Fallopian tube where sperms are present.Thus, sperms cannot fertilize the ovum.

AdvantagesSafe, simple and convenientLasts for lifeMost reliable methodNo hormonal side effects on women

DisadvantagesRequires surgeryOperation can rarely be reversed