biology form 4: water

35
What do you see? What do the plant need for their growth?

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This slide is about chemical composition in cell. It shows the properties and functions of water

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Page 1: Biology form 4: water

What do you see?

What do the plant need for their growth?

Page 2: Biology form 4: water

Theme : Theme : Investigating the Cell as a Investigating the Cell as a Basic Unit of Living ThingsBasic Unit of Living Things

Learning Area:Learning Area:

Chemical Composition of the CellChemical Composition of the Cell

Page 3: Biology form 4: water

Learning outcomesLearning outcomes

Student is able toStudent is able toState the element in the cellState the element in the cellList the chemical compound in the cellList the chemical compound in the cellExplain the important of organic Explain the important of organic

compound in cellcompound in cellExplain the important of the water in the Explain the important of the water in the

cellcell

Page 4: Biology form 4: water

Most common elementMost common element

1.1. CarbonCarbon2.2. OxygenOxygen3.3. HydrogenHydrogen4.4. NitrogenNitrogen

96% of the mass of body96% of the mass of body

CaCan n nitnita a oobserve bserve hydrhydraa

Page 5: Biology form 4: water

Other elementOther element

1.1. CalciumCalcium2.2. PotassiumPotassium3.3. PhosphorusPhosphorus4.4. SulphurSulphur5.5. SodiumSodium6.6. ChlorineChlorine7.7. MagnesiumMagnesium8.8. FerumFerum

SoSofi fi cacarry rry phophoto to magmaggi gi chlorinechlorine ffor or popolice lice sulsuluu

Page 6: Biology form 4: water

2 major groups2 major groups

Chemical compounds in the Cell

Organic

compounds

Inorganic

compounds

•ORGANIC COMPOUND – chemical compound that contain the element of

carbon & hydrogen•INORGANIC COMPOUND – constitute

non-living matter and do not contain carbon.

Page 7: Biology form 4: water

INORGANIC COMPOUNDORGANIC COMPOUND

Page 8: Biology form 4: water

The important of organic compoundThe important of organic compound

Amino acid- building block of proteinAmino acid- building block of proteinCarbohydrate- major source of energyCarbohydrate- major source of energyLipids- not soluble in waterLipids- not soluble in water

Page 9: Biology form 4: water

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid

Page 10: Biology form 4: water

• Contains:Contains:

Nucleic Acids

HydrogenHydrogen Carbon Carbon NitrogenNitrogen OxygenOxygen PhosphatePhosphate

• Basic unit structure:

Nucleotide

Page 11: Biology form 4: water

• 2 types of nucleic acid:

Nucleic Acids

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Page 12: Biology form 4: water

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA)

It is double stranded polynucleotide. 2 strands 2 strands twisted around each other. around each other. It will form It will form double helix (Watson and Crick) Can be found in nucleus.. Also can be found in chloroplast and

mitochondria.. Contain genetics information that can inherited

from parents to offspring.

Page 13: Biology form 4: water

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

Found in cytoplasm, ribosome and and nucleus.

Copies information carries by DNA for use in protein synthesis (act as messenger)

It is also genetics material in virus.

Page 14: Biology form 4: water

Phosphate group

Pentose sugar

Nitrogenous base

The structure of a nucleotide Structure of DNA

Page 15: Biology form 4: water

Most important inorganic chemical compound.

Makes up 70% of our body.70 – 90% weight of cell It is important because its chemical

properties and physical properties.Present in cell, lymph, blood plasma and

interstitial fluid.

The importance of water in the cell

Page 16: Biology form 4: water

1) Polar molecule- Means : molecule with an equal

distribution of charge.- Have +ve charge end & -ve charge end.- It attract one another.- Considered as solvent of life (universal

solvent) - Can dissolve many ionic compound eg,

salt, sugar

Function of water

Page 17: Biology form 4: water

Structure of water molecule

Page 18: Biology form 4: water

2) Transport medium- Transport medium in blood, lymphatic,

excretory and digestive system and in vascular tissues of plants.

- Blood plasma made of 90% water.- Water dissolve the sugar, amino acids,

and gases. - All this substances will transport to all

parts of the body.- Waste product excreted from body

trough urine.

Page 19: Biology form 4: water

3) Medium for biochemical reactions- Can occur if there is water- Example; water use for breaking downs

protein, lipids and sugars in food.

4) Maintenance stable internal environment- Concentration water & inorganic salt important

maintain osmotic balance.- For activities & life process in cell.- Importance in maintaining body temperature.- Eg; excess heat through perspiration, urination

and defecation.

Page 20: Biology form 4: water

5) Lubrications- Assist movement of food substances in Assist movement of food substances in

interstitial tractinterstitial tract (Mucus).- Lubricates the joints to ease the Lubricates the joints to ease the

movement at the jointsmovement at the joints (Synovial fluid)

6) High cohesion- Water molecule tend to stick to each Water molecule tend to stick to each

other.other.- Move along unbroken column through Move along unbroken column through

vascular tissue in plant.vascular tissue in plant.

Page 21: Biology form 4: water

7) Support- Gives support the plant cells (Gives support the plant cells (non-woody plant

– – turgidity))- Lack of water causes a plant to Lack of water causes a plant to wilt..

8) Buffer- Water is crucial in maintaining the pH of the Water is crucial in maintaining the pH of the

internal environment of the cell.internal environment of the cell.- Substances called Substances called buffer that dissolves in that dissolves in

water are able to mop up excess acid or water are able to mop up excess acid or bases.bases.

9) Cooling agent- Evaporation of water cools down the plant cell

Page 22: Biology form 4: water

Concept Map

Organic Compound Chemical compounds

in the cell

WaterNucleic Acid

DNA RNATransport medium

Polar molecule

Medium

Biochemical reaction

Lubrication

Support

High Cohesion

Buffer

Cooling Agent

Maintenance stable

internal environment

Page 23: Biology form 4: water

Compare and contrast these groups of food

Page 24: Biology form 4: water

Classes of carbohydrate

• simplest sugar

• represent aldehydes or ketones of from 3-6 carbons in length.

• Glucose "blood sugar"

• Fructose "fruit sugar"

• Galactose the breakdown of lactose.

1. monosaccharide

D-glucose

(ring structure)

glucose

Page 25: Biology form 4: water

Classes of carbohydrate

2. disaccharide

• made by connecting two simpler molecules.

•the removal of water from between the two molecules

condensation

Glucose + glucose Maltose + water

condensation

hydrolysisdisaccharide

Page 26: Biology form 4: water

Formation of sucrose ( cane sugar)Formation of sucrose ( cane sugar)

Glucose + fructose sucrose + watercondensation

hydrolysis

disaccharide

Glucose + galactose lactose + watercondensation

hydrolysisdisaccharide

Formation of lactose ( milk sugar)

Remember !!!! Only maltose and lactose are reducing sugar while sucrose is non-reducing sugar

Page 27: Biology form 4: water

polysaccharidespolysaccharides

Hundred monomerHundred monomer combine through the combine through the condensationcondensation to to form form long chainlong chain of molecules of molecules

Insoluble in waterInsoluble in water Do not taste sweetDo not taste sweet Example: starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitinExample: starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

Page 28: Biology form 4: water

Glycogen• branching is more numerous• stored in the liver and muscle tissue of our bodies• Found in animal

Page 29: Biology form 4: water

Starch - found in plantStarch - found in plant

- main carbohydrate reserve- main carbohydrate reserve

Cellulose – found in plantCellulose – found in plant

- make up cell wall- make up cell wall

Chitin - Chitin - structural component same structure with cellulose

Page 30: Biology form 4: water

Amino acids, peptides and protein

• A.a. contains :

1. amino group

2. carboxylic acid group

3. side chain gp/R group

Page 31: Biology form 4: water

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds

Polypeptides : peptides ( up to 50 a.a)

protein (longer)

Page 32: Biology form 4: water
Page 33: Biology form 4: water

Fatty acids and lipids

• Contain :

1. one carboxylic acid

2. with long HC chain

•Are monocarboxylic acids

• Usually contain even number of C atoms

• water insoluble

• E storage

Alkyl gp

Contains

C & H atoms

Carboxyl gpRCH2 C

O

OH

Page 34: Biology form 4: water

•unsaturated f.a. = contain double bond

•Saturated f.a = only single bond (saturated with hydrogens!)

Page 35: Biology form 4: water

Fatty acids are combined with one glycerol to form a fat

molecule triglycerol

Through a process :esterification/dehydration/condensation