forgetting final

8/18/2019 Forgetting Final

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FORGETTING

ANDTHEORIES OF FORGETTING


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F O R G E T T I N

G


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FORGETTING

Forgetting refers to the inability to retrievepreviously stored information.

When you foret somethin it means that it isunavailable to you at the time you are tryin toremember it! not that it is one forever.

The information may be stored in your memorybut for some reason you "annot retrieve it

#hen you #ant to. Forettin is supposed to o""ur #hen the

information in $T% de"ays due to passae oftime or due to interferen"e from othermaterial or due to the time elapsed


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FORGETTINGDefinition:

According to Munn (1967) “Forgetting is the loss, temporary or

Permanent, of the aility to recall or recogni!e something learnt

"arlier#$

According to %re&er (19') “Forgetting means failure at any

time o recall an e*perience, +hen attempting to do so, or to

perform an Action pre&iously learnt #


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Types of Forgetting

A-.A/ F0."2

M0.32% or A30.MA/ F0."2

"".A/ F0."2

4P"52F25 F0."2

P425A/ F0."2

P450/025A/ F0."2


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THE FORGETTING CURVE & forgetting curve sho#s the pattern 'rate

and amount( of forettin that o""urs over

time.

Generally this "urve sho#s that forettin is

rapid at first! then the rate of memory loss

radually de"lines as time passes.

%ore than half of the memory loss o""urs

#ithin the first hour after learnin.


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THE FORGETTING CURVE )ou "an see that

over half of #hat

is learnt is

forotten in the

first hour

%ost of #hat #e

foret 'about

*+, ( is lost in the

first - hours


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THEORIES OF FORGETTING sy"holoists have developed a number of

theories to e/plain #hy #e foret.

Forettin may o""ur be"ause0

The riht retrieval "ue is not used.There is interferen"e from "ompetin material.

There is some underlyin motivation not toremember.

%emory fades throuh disuse.


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RETRIEVAL FAILURE THEORY(LTM

Retriev!" F!i"ure T#eor$ refers to #hen #eforet be"ause #e la"1 or fail to use the riht"ues or prompts to retrieve #hat is stored inour memory.

This theory is often referred to as cue-dependent forgetting and is a usefule/planation of #hy #e sometimes fail to

retrieve information even #hen #e2re sure #e1no# the information.


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RETRIEVAL FAILURE THEORY(LTM Retrieval failure is #here the information is in lon term

memory! but "annot be a""essed.

Su"h information is said to be available 'i.e. it is still

stored( but not a""essible 'i.e. it "annot be retrieved(.

It "annot be a""essed be"ause the retrieval "ues are notpresent. When #e store a ne# memory #e also store

information about the situation and these are 1no#n as

retrieval "ues. When #e "ome into the same situation

aain! these retrieval "ues "an trier the memory of

the situation. Retrieval "ues "an be0 E%tern!" & Conte%t 4 in the environment! e.. smell!

pla"e et".

Intern!" & St!te4 inside of us! e.. physi"al! emotional!mood! drun1 et".


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INTERFERENCE THEORY• Retroactive

Interference: newinformation blocks out old

information.

• Proactive Interference:old information blocks out

new information.

Calling your new girlfriend by oldgirlfriends name.

Getting a newbus numberand forgettingold bus number.


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THEORIES OF FORGETTING Two factors involved in forgetting:

Accessibility: The information available can

be accessed at a specific time/place.

Availability: The information is represented inthe memory.


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THEORIES OF FORGETTING

Freud: Repression, conscious process ofburying memories to protect ego.

The emotions associated with therepressed memory may be recovered, orexpress themselves through:

Dream nalysis.

!ypnosis.Free ssociation.


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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON Have you ever tried to re"all a fa"t 5 perhaps

the name of an a"tor in a movie 5 that you2resure you 1no# and feel 6ust on the vere ofrememberin7

)ou 1no# that you 1no# the ans#er but "annot 8uite brin it forth.

sy"holoists "all this the tip4of4the4tonuephenomenon.


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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON Ti)of)t#e)tongue (TOT is a state! or

9feelin2! that o""urs #hen individuals are

a#are of 1no#in somethin! "onfident they

#ill eventually remember it! but aren2t ableto retrieve it from memory at that point in

time.

When the souht after information isre"alled! its re"all tends to o""ur suddenly!

often seemin to 9pop2 out of memory.


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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON These observations suest that TOT involves

a partial retrieval process in #hi"h bits ofinformation "an a"t as retrieval "ues for the

re8uired information! helpin to 9home in2 onthis information.

Furthermore! the observation that spe"ifi"

bits or types of information assist in retrievalindi"ates information in $T% is stored in an

organised way and in a variety of forms.


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TI' OF THE TONGUE'HENOMENON The TOT phenomenon is sinifi"ant be"ause

it illustrates several aspe"ts of the retrievalpro"ess.

First it sho#s that retrievin is not an all4or4nothin pro"ess.

Se"ond! information is stored in $T% but it is

not a""essible #ithout retrieval "ues.

Third! TOT e/perien"es indi"ate thatinformation stored in $T% is oranised and"onne"ted in relatively loi"al #ays.


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DECAY THEORY(STM * LTM Dec!$ t#eor$ is based on an assumption that

#hen somethin ne# is learned! a physi"al

"hane or "hemi"al tra"e of the e/perien"e

#hi"h "ontains the stored information isformed in the brain.

This is "alled +e+or$ tr!ce and is believed

to radually fade or disinterate as timepasses unless it is rea"tivated by bein used

aain.


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CLASSIC SHA'E OF THE FORGETTINGCURVE (,OOD,ORTH- ./012


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TRACE DECAY THEORY(STM *LTM Tra"e de"ay theory e/plains memories that are

stored in both short term and lon term memory

system. &""ordin to this theory! short term

memory 'ST%( "an only retain information for a

limited amount of time! around :+ to ;< se"ondsunless it is rehearsed.

If it is not rehearsed! the information #ill start

to radually fade a#ay and de"ay. =onald Heb

proposed that in"omin information "auses aseries of neurons to "reate a neuroloi"al

memory tra"e in the brain #hi"h #ould result in

"hane in the morpholoi"al and>or "hemi"al

"hanes in the brain and #ould fade #ith time.


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Repeated firin "auses a stru"tural "hane in

the synapses. Rehearsal of repeated firin

maintains the memory in ST% until a

stru"tural "hane is made.

Therefore! forettin happens as a result of

automati" fadin of the memory tra"e in

brain.


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TRACE DECAY THEORY(STM *LTM One problem #ith the de"ay theory of

forettin is that #e do not 1no# #hether

the failure to re"all somethin refle"ts that

it is no loner in our memory! or that it

refle"ts retrieval failure. erhaps it is still

there but #e "annot retrieve the memory for

some reason.


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CONCLUSIONS OF DECAY

:( Shape of the forettin "urve is reatly

influen"ed by the a"tivities durin the

retention interval.

?( The loarithmi" fun"tion does not hold forautobioraphi"al memories.

;( Therefore! there is little eviden"e that

de"ay is the primary "ause of loss of

information from lon4term memory.


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CONCLUSIONS ON FORGETTING

Four 3ifferent e%"!n!tion45

3ec!$5 +ini+!" ro"e in LTS forgetting

con4o"i3!tion5 3i4rution occur4 un3er

4eci!" circu+4t!nce4 interference t#eor$5 e%"!in4 4o+e

forgetting- 6ut t#e +ec#!ni4+4 nee3 7or8

retriev!" f!i"ure5 ric#e4t- +o4t co+"ete

e%"!n!tion- 6ut +!$ 6e circu"!r2

forgetting final

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