forgetting and remembering the atlantic slave trade: the legacy

25
!"#$%&’ ) !"#$%&&’($ *(+ ,%-%-.%#’($ &/% 0&1*(&’2 31*4% 5#*+%6 5/% 7%$*28 "9 :#*;’1’*( 31*4% <%#2/*(& !#*(2’=2" !>1’? +% 3"@;* !"# %&’(# !)#&*+ ! "#$%&%#’ )&#*+ ,+"-.#’/ 0"#’-%)-1 02&%3 4+ 516$# 789:;<8=;>? @&%+4 .%) /"#4+ A+/B++’ !"#$%& #’4 /.+ B+)/ CD"%-#’ E%’F41, 1D G#.1,+HI ’1B /.+ J+@6A&%- 1D !+’%’K 5%’-+ /.+ 8>LM)I 4+ 516$#N) A%1F"#@.H .#) A++’ /.+ 1AO+-/ 1D ’6,+"16) )/64%+)K 8 P1B+*+"I ,1)/ )-.1&#") .#*+ ’1/ H+/ -1’)%4+"+4 /.+ *%)%A%&%/H .+ !"#$%&’( !* ! &’*$+, -. -./"%!+ 0&-1’",* ,- 0&-2-,’ ,3’ 2’2-&4 -. *+!5’&4 %6 ,3’ 7’0$8+%" -. 9’6%6: ;. <&’!,’& *%<6%/"!6"’ ,3!6 /.+ A#"+ D#-/)I 4+ 516$#N) A%1F"#@.H 1DD+") 6) # ,+/.141&1F%-#& +3#,@&+ 1D .1B /1 4+#& B%/. /.+ 1&4 1@@1)%/%1’ A+/B++’ 1"#& /"#< 4%/%1’ #’4 B"%//+’ )16"-+)K Q/ R6+)/%1’) /.+ "+&#/%1’).%@ A+/B++’ ,+,1"H #’4 /.+ B"%/%’F 1D .%)/1"HK Q’ "+-+’/ H+#")I J1A%’ S#B .#) R6+)/%1’+4 /.+ E+H @1&%/%-#& #’4 +-1’1,%- "1&+ 6)6#&&H #))%F’+4 /1 4+ 516$# %’ /.+ .%)/1"H 1D !+’%’K T G+ 516$#N) %,#F+ )++,) 4%)@"1@1"/%1’#/+ /1 .%) "+#& @&#-+ %’ /.+ )&#*+ /"#4+ %’ /.+ !%F./ 1D !+’%’K U*+’ %D ’+B +*%4+’-+ %’4%< -#/+) /.#/ ,#’H 1/.+" ,+"-.#’/) B+"+ ,1"+ @"1)@+"16)I 4+ 516$# -1’/%’6+) /1 1--6@H # -+’/"#& @&#-+ %’ /.+ ,+,1"H 1D /.+ )&#*+ /"#4+I ’1/ 1’&H %’ !+’%’ A6/ %’ /.+ B.1&+ 516/. C/&#’/%- "+F%1’K V.#/ +&+,+’/) #&&1B+4 /.+ ,+"-.#’/N) ,+,1"H /1 )6"*%*+W V.H

Upload: lenhan

Post on 07-Jan-2017

229 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$%&'()(

!"#$%&&'($)*(+),%-%-.%#'($)&/%)0&1*(&'2)31*4%)5#*+%6)5/%)7%$*28)"9):#*;'1'*()31*4%)<%#2/*(&)!#*(2'=2")!>1'?)+%)3"@;*

!"#$%&'(#$!)#&*+

!"#$%&%#'()&#*+(,+"-.#'/(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#(789:;<8=;>?(@&%+4(.%)(/"#4+(A+/B++'(!"#$%&(#'4(/.+(B+)/(CD"%-#'(E%'F41,(

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

Page 2: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

"#

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

!"#$%&'#()*$#+,-./*").%,*0,1+#2."3

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`

Page 3: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

"$

Q'( 8>>8I( #D/+"( ,1"+( /.#'( /B+'/H( H+#")( 1D( \#"3%)/<S+'%'%)/(,%&%/#"H( 4%-/#/1").%@I( 4+,1-"#/%-( +&+-/%1')( .#4( A++'( .+&4( #'4(Z%[email protected]"+(51F&1(+&+-/+4(@"+)%4+'/(1D(!+'%'K(̂ .+('+B(F1*+"',+'/()16F./('1/(1'&H(/1(@"1,1/+("+&%F%16)(D"++41,(A6/(#&)1(/1(4+*+&1@(/.+('#/%1'#&(+-1'1,H(AH(#//"#-/%'F(/16"%)/)K(Q'(/.%)(-1'/+3/I(A1/.(/.+(a146'( "+&%F%1'( #'4( /.+( /"#')#/&#'/%-( )&#*+( /"#4+( A+-#,+( /.+(D1-6)(1D(@"1F"#,)(#%,+4(#/(4+*+&1@%'F(-6&/6"#&(/16"%),K;(̂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

C)(\#"%#''+(P%")-.( .#)( )/#/+4I( b@1)/,+,1"H( -.#"#-/+"%$+)(/.+( +3@+"%+'-+( 1D( /.1)+( B.1( F"1B( 6@( 41,%'#/+4( AH( '#""#/%*+)(/.#/( @"+-+4+4( /.+%"( A%"/.I(B.1)+( 1B'(A+&#/+4( )/1"%+)( #"+( +*#-6<#/+4(AH(/.+()/1"%+)(1D(/.+(@"+*%16)(F+'+"#/%1'().#@+4(AH(/"#6,#/%-(+*+'/)( /.#/( -#'( A+( '+%/.+"( 6'4+")/114( '1"( "+-"+#/+4Kc9( Q'( /.%)(-1'/+3/(1D(,+4%#/+4(,+,1"HI(/.+('1/%1'(1D(.+"%/#F+I(,#/+"%#&(1"('1'<,#/+"%#&I( %)( 6'#*1%4#A&+I(A+-#6)+(.+"%/#F+( %)( #'( %'.+"%/#'-+(/.#/(#-/%*+&H(@#"/%-%@#/+)(%'(/.+(/"#'),%))%1'(1D(%4+'/%/HK=(01"(/.+(.+%")(1D()&#*+"H(7/.1)+(B.1(-&#%,(/1(A+I(4%"+-/&H(1"(%'4%"+-/&HI(/.+(

Page 4: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

"%

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

!4.,5"#6)+)#$,1+#2.,!"#7.,#$7,1+#2."3,

@3')H-&,$<$'*')='&'),3')/&*,)I$&-0'!6*),-)!&&%5')%6),3')J$+.)1D(d6%'+#K( Q'( 89T8I( /.+H( D16'4+4( /.+( D1"/( 5e1( f1e1(!#/%)/#( 4#(CO64#(%'(X6%4#.K(Q'(89T9I(/.+(E%'F41,(1D(G#.1,+H(-1'R6+"+4(/.+(E%'F41,(1D(P6+4#I()+%$+4(X6%4#.I(#'4(F#%'+4(4%"+-/(#--+))(/1(/.+(-1#)/K(G6"%'F(/.+(@+"%14(1D(/.+()&#*+(/"#4+I(X6%4#.(A+-#,+I(#D/+"(S6#'4#I(/.+(,1)/(%,@1"/#'/(CD"%-#'()&#*+(@1"/K8M

^.+( +')&#*+4( CD"%-#')( )+'/( /1( !"#$%&( -#,+( D"1,( 4%DD+"+'/("+F%1')(-1,,+"-%#&&H(-1'/"1&&+4(AH(/.+(]1"/6F6+)+K(^.+(,#O1"%/H(1D( /.+,(B+"+(-#@/6"+4( %'(V+)/([+'/"#&(CD"%-#( 7,#%'&H(C'F1&#?I(/.16F.()1,+(-#,+(D"1,(/.+(d6&D(1D(d6%'+#(7%'-&64%'F(/.+(!%F./(1D(!+'%'?g(AH( /.+(+'4(1D( /.+(+%F./++'/.(-+'/6"HI( /.+H(#&)1(-#,+(D"1,(\1$#,A%R6+(%'(U#)/(CD"%-#K88(Q'(/.+(516/.(C/&#'/%-("+F%1'I(+)@+-%#&&H(A+/B++'(C'F1&#(#'4(!"#$%&I()&#*+(*1H#F+)(B+"+(4%"+-/(%')/+#4(1D(D1&&1B%'F(/.+(/"#4%/%1'#&(/"%#'F6&#"(,14+&K(

5/#"/%'F(#/( /.+(+'4(1D( /.+()+*+'/++'/.(-+'/6"HI( /.+(!"#$%&%#'()&#*+()H)/+,("+&%+4(1'(/.+(1'+(.#'4(1'(/.+(%,@1"/#/%1'(1D( &#"F+('6,A+")(1D()&#*+)I(#'4(1'( /.+(1/.+"(.#'4(1'(#( &#"F+('6,A+"(1D(

Page 5: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

"&

,#'6,%))%1')K8T(J+-+'/( +)/%,#/%1')( %'4%-#/+( /.#/( A+/B++'( 8::M(#'4(8=:MI(!"#$%&(%,@1"/+4(,1"+(/.#'(:(,%&&%1'(+')&#*+4(CD"%-#')I(/.+( &#"F+)/( '6,A+"( %'( #&&( /.+(C,+"%-#)K8`( Q'( -%/%+)( &%E+( J%1( 4+(f#'+%"1(#'4(5#&*#41"I()&#*+)(-1')/%/6/+4(#&,1)/(.#&D(1D(/.+(@1@6&#</%1'K(̂ .+H(@+"D1",+4(,#'H(4%DD+"+'/(E%'4)(1D(#-/%*%/%+)_(/.+H(B+"+(41,+)/%-( )+"*#'/)I( ,+"-.#'/)I( ).1+,#E+")I( )6"F+1')I( A#"A+")I(-#""%+")I(#"/%)#')I(#"/%)/)I(/#%&1")I(#'4()1(1'K(

Q'( 8=`:I(CD"%-#')( %'(!#.%#( '6,A+"+4( T8I>;M( 16/( 1D( #( /1/#&(@1@6&#/%1'(1D(L:IMMMI(1D(B.1,(89I`T:(7TLK:(@+"-+'/?(B+"+()&#*+)(#'4( ;IL8:( 79K8( @+"-+'/?(B+"+( D"++4( D1",+"( )&#*+)K8;(G6"%'F( /.+(/&*,) ,3&'') ('"!('*) -.) ,3') 6%6',''6,3) "'6,$&4>)2-*,) -.) ,3') K>LLL)CD"%-#')(B.1(#""%*+4(+#-.(H+#"( %'(!#.%#(B+"+(h1"6A#<)@+#E%'F(@+1@&+(D"1,(/.+("+F%1')(/.#/('1B(D1",(Z%F+"%#(#'4(/.+(J+@6A&%-(1D(!+'%'K8:(^.+)+(h1"6A#(#'4I(%'(,6-.(),#&&+"(@"1@1"/%1'I(P#6)#(@1@6&#/%1')(B+"+(-#@/6"+4(46"%'F(/.+(B#")(A+/B++'(/.+(06&#'%(#'4(/.+()/#/+)(41,%'#/+4(AH(/.+(E%'F41,(1D(XH1K(

\6)&%,)(B+"+(#(,%'1"%/H(%'(!#.%#(A6/(.#4("+&%F%16)(D"++41,(/1()1,+(+3/+'/(#'4(B+"+(#A&+(/1(1"F#'%$+(/.+,)+&*+)(%'/1(*#"%16)(F"16@)K(C&/.16F.(/.+H(A+&1'F+4(/1(,#'H(4%)/%'-/(+/.'%-(F"16@)I(CD"%-#'(\6)&%,)(B+"+(#&&("+D+""+4(/1(#)(\#&i)K(^.+(1"%F%'(1D(/.%)(/+",(4+"%*+)(D"1,(/.+(h1"6A#(B1"4(#*%+,-(,+#'%'F(\6)&%,K(^.+(&#"F+(h1"6A#(@1@6&#/%1'I(#'4(/.+(P#6)#(@"+)+'-+I(@&#H+4(#("1&+(%'(/.+(\#&i)(6@"%)%'F(1D(8=`:(%'(!#.%#K8L(\#'H(@#"/%-%@#'/)( %'( /.+(6@"%)%'F(B+"+(D#,%&%#"(B%/.(/.+(j6N"#'K(̂ .+H(-#""%+4(#,6&+/)I(/.+H(B+"+(#A&+( "+#4(#'4(B"%/+( %'(C"#A%-I( #'4(,#'H(B1"+( &1'F(B.%/+("1A+)(-#&&+4(%.%$%/K(CD/+"(/.+("+A+&&%1'N)(4+D+#/(%'(8=`:I(4+@1"/#</%1'(/1(/.+(!%F./(1D(!+'%'(B#)(/.+(,1)/(-1,,1'(@+'#&/H(%,@1)+4(1'(D"++(CD"%-#')(#&&+F+4(/1(.#*+(@#"/%-%@#/+4(%'(/.+("+A+&&%1'(A6/(#F#%')/(B.1,(/.+(!#.%#'(F1*+"',+'/(.#4('1(+*%4+'-+K89(01",+"()&#*+)( -1'/%'6+4( /.%)(,1*+,+'/( 1D( "+/6"'( /."16F.16/( /.+( '%'+</++'/.(-+'/6"H(6'/%&(/.+(*+"H(A+F%''%'F(1D(/.+(/B+'/%+/.(-+'/6"HK

!4.,8*"/#()*$,*0,#$, ,

90"*&:;%*&5"#6)+)#$,<*//;$)(3,

!+/B++'(`IMMM(#'4(=IMMM(D1",+"()&#*+)("+/6"'+4(/1(/.+(!%F./(1D(!+'%'K(X'-+(%'(V+)/(CD"%-#I(/.+H()+//&+4(%'(/.+(-1#)/#&(/1B')(%'(B.#/( %)('1B(/.+(J+@6A&%-(1D(!+'%'(7]+/%/(]1@1I(d"#'4(]1@1I(CF162I(X6%4#.I([1/1'16I(#'4(]1"/1<Z1*1?(#)(B+&&(#)(%'(/.+(-%/%+)(

Page 6: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

"'

1D(B.#/( %)('1B(Z%F+"%#(7!#4#F"H(#'4(S#F1)?K(P+"+I( /.+H(O1%'+4(]1"/6F6+)+(#'4(!"#$%&%#'()&#*+(,+"-.#'/)(#&"+#4H(+)/#A&%).+4(%'(/.+("+F%1'I(D1",%'F(#(-1,,6'%/H(/.#/(-#,+(/1(A+(-#&&+4(CF64#K(Q'(X6%4#.I(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#()6@@1"/+4(D1",+"()&#*+)(#'4(.+&@+4(/.+,(/1()+//&+(%'()+*+"#&('+%F.A1".114)(1D(X6%4#._(\#"1I(!"#$%&I(j62'6,I(k1,#lI(#'4(!1H#K8=

Q'( !+'%'I( /.+(CF64#( "+@"+)+'/( :<8M( @+"-+'/( 1D( /.+( -6""+'/(@1@6&#/%1'K8>( P1B+*+"I( /.+H( #"+( '1/( #( .1,1F+'+16)( -1,,6<'%/H_( #,1'F( /.+,( #"+( 4+)-+'4#'/)( 1D( D1",+"( "+/6"'+4( )&#*+)I(4+)-+'4#'/)( 1D( !"#$%&%#'( #'4( ]1"/6F6+)+( )&#*+( ,+"-.#'/)I( #'4(4+)-+'4#'/)( 1D( /.+( )&#*+)( E+@/( AH( /.+)+( /B1( F"16@)I(B.1(B+"+(&#/+"(#))%,%&#/+4(AH(/.+,K(̂ .+)+(#))%,%&#/+4(4+)-+'4#'/)(-#""H(/.+(]1"/6F6+)+('#,+)(1D(/.+%"(1&4(!"#$%&%#'(,#)/+")I(#'4(/.+H().#"+(!"#$%&%#'( -6)/1,)( #'4( -6&/6"+KTM( ^.+( CF64#( #"+( [#/.1&%-I( A6/(#,1'F(/.+(D1",+"("+/6"'+4()&#*+)(B+"+(#&)1(\6)&%,)(#'4(#4.+"<+'/)(1D(/"#4%/%1'#&("+&%F%1')()6-.(#)(a146'(#'4(X"%).#(B1").%@KT8(CD"%-#'<A1"'(D1",+"()&#*+)(A+&1'F+4(/1(*#"%16)(+/.'%-(F"16@)(#'4(.#4()+*+"#&(4%DD+"+'/('#/%*+(&#'F6#F+)I(A6/()@1E+(,#%'&H(h1"6A#(1"(1'+(1D(dA+(&#'F6#F+)K

G+)@%/+(/.+)+(4%)/%'-/%1')I(#&&(/.+(D1",+"()&#*+)(.#4(#(-1,,1'(@#)/( ,#"E+4( AH( +')&#*+,+'/( #'4( /.+%"( +3@+"%+'-+)( %'( !"#$%&K(Y'&%E+( /.+( %'4%F+'16)( @1@6&#/%1'I( /.+H( B+"+( A#@/%$+4I( -#""%+4(]1"/6F6+)+('#,+)()6-.(#)(5%&*#I(J+%)I(C))6'me1I(C&,+%4#I(5#'/1)I(["6$I(]#"#n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b!"#$%&%#'c( .16)+)I( B.%-.( /H@%-#&&H( .#4( /B1( )/1"+H)( #'4(!) 5'&!6(!>) 'G'&,'() !6) %6D$'6"') -6) ,3') +-"!+) "-22$6%,4>)=3%"3)#41@/+4()1,+(4+-1"#/%*+(+&+,+'/)(1D(/.%)()/H&+KTT

X'-+( )+//&+4( %'( /.+( !%F./( 1D( !+'%'I( /.+)+( D1",+"( )&#*+)(#//+,@/+4(/1(-1'/%'6+(D1&&1B%'F(/.+(,14+&(1D(/.+(!"#$%&%#'()&#*+(

Page 7: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

"(

)1-%+/HI(#'4('1/(1'&H(%'(-6)/1,)(#'4(-6&/6"+g(,#'H(D1",+"()&#*+)(A+-#,+()&#*+(,+"-.#'/)K(U*+'(%D(/.+H(B+"+('1/(#A&+(/1(#,#))(F"+#/(D1"/6'+)I(#)(1/.+"()&#*+(,+"-.#'/)(1D(/.+("+F%1'(4%4I()1,+(A+-#,+(@"1)@+"16)K(!H(8=:MI()+*+"#&(D1",+"("+/6"'+4()&#*+)(B+"+(#-/%*+&H(%'*1&*+4(%'(/.+()&#*+(/"#4+(#/(X6%4#.I(CF162I(#'4(]1"/1<Z1*1KT`

^.+(D1",+"()&#*+)(#&)1(A"16F./(/1(/.+("+F%1'([#/.1&%-(A"1/.+"<.114)()6-.(#)(/.+(Z1))1(5+'.1"(41(!1,(0%,I(B.%-.(.#4(.+&@+4(/1(D"++('6,+"16)()&#*+)(%'(!#.%#K(^.+H(#&)1("+@"146-+4(1'(CD"%-#'()1%&( /.+(.2"68%9-' #(,#)R6+"#4+( @1@6&#"( %'( /.+(!"#$%&%#'( '1"/.<+#)/(#'4(*+"H()%,%&#"(/1(/.+(."*.%:*,":.2#K(^14#HI(AH(@"+@#"%'F(4%).+)(%')@%"+4(AH(!#.%#'(-6%)%'+I()%'F%'F()1'F)(%'(#'(#@@"13%,#</%1'(1D(]1"/6F6+)+IT;(#'4(4#'-%'F(/.+()#,A#I(/.+(CF64#(E++@(#&%*+(#'(C/&#'/%-(,+,1"HK(

^.+( %'4%F+'16)( @1@6&#/%1'( @+"-+%*+4( /.+(CF64#( #)( #(,1"+(+46-#/+4(#'4(-%*%&%$+4(F"16@(A+-#6)+(1D(/.+%"(4%DD+"+'/(,#''+")K(^.+%"(V+)/+"'%$#/%1'(B#)()++'(#)(#))%,%&#/%1'(#'4(4+'%#&(1D(/.+%"(CD"%-#'(1"%F%')I( #'4( /.%)( #@@#"+'/( b)6@+"%1"%/Hc(B#)('1/( #&B#H)(B+&&(#--+@/+4(AH(/.+(&1-#&(@1@6&#/%1'K(C)(A+%'F(#'(CF64#(,+#'/(A+&1'F%'F( /1( #( ,14+"'( A16"F+1%)%+I( )1,+( %'4%F+'16)( D#,%&%+)()16F./(/1(D1&&1B(1"(+*+'(%,%/#/+(/.+(CF64#(B#H(1D(&%D+I()1,+/%,+)(AH(#41@/%'F(]1"/6F6+)+('#,+)K(

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

Page 8: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

")

CD/+"( /.+( %'4+@+'4+'-+( 1D( G#.1,+H( %'( C6F6)/( 8>LMI( /.+(M<$(!) ('/6%,'+4) +-*,) ,3'%&) %6D$'6"':) N%,3) ,3') '2'&<'6"') -.)'#/%1'#&( )+'/%,+'/I( /.+H(B+"+( @+"-+%*+4( #)( .#*%'F( -1&&#A1"#/+4(B%/.(/.+(0"+'-.("+F%,+K(V.+'(d+'+"#&(\#/.%+6(o2"2E16(A+-#,+(@"+)%4+'/(1D(/.+(-16'/"H(%'(8>9T(#'4(+)/#A&%).+4(#(\#"3%)/<S+'%'<%)/(4%-/#/1").%@I(/.+(+-1'1,%-(#'4()1-%#&(-.#'F+)(.#4(#('+F#/%*+(+DD+-/(1'(/.+(,1)/(@"1)@+"16)(CF64#(D#,%&%+)K(̂ .1)+(B.1(1@@1)+4(/.+( '+B( "+F%,+I( )6-.( #)( 0"#'-%)-#( ]#//+")1'( 7A1"'( \+4+%"1)?I(B+"+()+'/( /1(@"%)1'IT=(B.%&+(1/.+"(A6)%'+)),+'I()6-.(#)(Y"A#%'<o#"%,<U&%)%1(4#(5%&*#I(-1')%4+"+4(&+#*%'F(/.+(-16'/"HKT>

Q'(8>>MI( )+*+"#&(4%)/%'F6%).+4(,+,A+")(1D( /.+(CF64#(-1,<,6'%/HI(%'-&64%'F(\1')%F'1"(Q)%41"+(4+(516$#(78>`;<8>>>?I(#"-.<A%).1@(1D([1/1'16I(#-/%*+&H(@#"/%-%@#/+4(%'(/.+(1"F#'%$#/%1'(1D(/.+(Z#/%1'#&([1'D+"+'-+(1D( /.+(S%*%'F(01"-+)(1D( /.+(Z#/%1'I(B.%-.(+)/#A&%).+4( /.+(,+#')( D1"( #( 4+,1-"#/%-( /"#')%/%1'(1D( @1B+"( #'4(@"+@#"+4(/.+()-.+46&+(D1"(@"+)%4+'/%#&(+&+-/%1')K`M(V%/.(/.+(+'4(1D(/.+(4%-/#/1").%@(#'4(/.+(4+*+&1@,+'/(1D(@"1O+-/)(/1(@"1,1/+(a146'(-6&/6"+)(#'4("+&%F%1')(#'4(/1(,+,1"%#&%$+()&#*+"HI()1,+(,+,A+")(1D( /.+(CF64#(-1,,6'%/H("+F#%'+4(@"+)/%F+(#'4(*%)%A%&%/H(1'( /.+(@1&%/%-#&( )-+'+K(^.%)(B#)( /"6+( 1D(a%+H"#( D#,%&HI(B.1)+( #'-+)/1"(5#A%'1(a%+H"#(B#)(#(D1",+"()&#*+(B.1(.#4(b"+/6"'+4c(D"1,(J%1(4+(f#'+%"1K(J1)%'+(a%+H"#(51F&1I(/.+(B%D+(1D(]"+)%4+'/(Z%[email protected]"+(51F&1I(B#)(+&+-/+4(#(4+@6/H(%'(/.+(8>>M)(#'4(@#"/%-%@#/+4(%'(.+"(.6)A#'4N)(F1*+"',+'/I(B.%&+(46"%'F(/.+()#,+(@+"%14(.+"(A"1/.+"I(G2)%"2(a%+H"#I(B#)(#@@1%'/+4(,%'%)/+"(1D(-6&/6"+K

^.+( %'/+"'#/%1'#&( #//+'/%1'( !+'%'( "+-+%*+4( 1*+"( @"1O+-/)( /1(@"1,1/+(a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`8

Page 9: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

"*

U,A"#-%'F( /.+(,+,1"%#&%$#/%1'(,1*+,+'/I( /.+(CF64#( @"1<,1/+4( /.+%"( .%)/1"H( #'4( /.+%"( .+"%/#F+K( C,+"%-#'( /16"%)/)( #'4(!"#$%&%#'(#6/.1"%/%+)(/"#*+&%'F(/1(]1"/1<Z1*1(#'4(X6%4#.(*%)%/(/.+(,1)/(%,@1"/#'/(CF64#(D#,%&%+)K(̂ .+(CF64#(-1'/%'6+(/1(+,@.#)%$+(/.+(-+'/"#&%/H(1D(/.+%"(-1''+-/%1')(B%/.(!"#$%&I(A6/(/.%)(%)('1(&1'F+"(#('#l*+(+'/+"@"%)+K(!"#$%&(%)('1B(#('+B(@1B+"I(4%DD+"+'/(D"1,(/.+(1&4(0"+'-.(-1&1'%$+"K(Q/("+@"+)+'/)('1/(1'&H(#(&%'E(B%/.(/.+(@#)/(A6/(#&)1(#(@"1,%)+(1D(#(D6/6"+I(#(.1"%$1'(1D(.1@+K(

!4.,5"#6)+)#$,1+#2.,-."=4#$(

0"#'-%)-1( 02&%3( 4+( 516$#( %)( -1')%4+"+4( /.+( D16'4+"( 1D( /.+(CF64#(-1,,6'%/H(%'(!+'%'K(P+(,#H(.#*+(A++'(A1"'(%'(89:;(%'(5#&*#41"I(!#.%#I`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``(̂ 14#HI(/.%)(*+")%1'(.#)(A++'()&%F./&H(2-(%/'()84),3').!2%+4)!6()Y&!6"%*"-)YQ+%G)(')A-$P!)%*)*!%(),-)8')/.+(F"#'4)1'(1D(^1,2(4+(516$#I(+*+'(/.16F.(/.%)(-&#%,(%)(%'-1,<@#/%A&+(B%/.(/.+(4+#/.(1D(/.+(F1*+"'1"(#&,1)/(/B1(.6'4"+4(H+#")(A+D1"+(4+(516$#N)(A%"/.K`;)@3%*)&'5%*%-6)%*)!6)!,,'20,),-)/++)%6),3')&#-E(1D(%'D1",#/%1'(#A16/(4+(516$#N)(+#"&H(&%D+I(/.6)(-1'/"%A6/%'F(/1(/.+("+-1')/"6-/%1'(1D(.%)(,+,1"HK(

Z')A-$P!)"!2'),-),3')"-!*,)-.)N'*,'&6)M.&%"!).-&),3')/&*,),%2')%'(89>TK`:(P+()@+'/(/."++(H+#")(%'(/.+("+F%1'I("+/6"'+4(/1(!"#$%&I(#'4(/.+'(-#,+(A#-E(/1()+//&+(@+",#'+'/&H( %'(CD"%-#(AH(8=MMK(Q'(X6%4#.I(.+(,#H(.#*+()+"*+4(#)(F1*+"'1"(1D(/.+(]1"/6F6+)+(D1"/I(#(@1)/(&+D/(*#-#'/(AH(/.+(4+#/.(1D(.%)(A"1/.+"I(f#-%'/1(f1)2(4+(516$#K`L(

Page 10: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

""

51,+(H+#")(&#/+"I(.+(&+D/( /.%)(@1)%/%1'(/1(A+-1,+(#(@"%*#/+()&#*+(,+"-.#'/K`9C--1"4%'F(/1(/"#*+&+")(B.1(,+/(4+(516$#I(.+(B#)()1(0--&)=3'6)3')/&*,)!&&%5'()%6)M.&%"!),3!,)3')=!*)-8+%<'(),-)*,'!+),3')-1B"%+)(F%*+'(#)(1DD+"%'F)(#/(a146'()."%'+)K`=

X'-+(%'(X6%4#.I(4+(516$#(-&#).+4(B%/.(C4#'41$#'(7"K(89>9<8=8=?I(/.+(E%'F(1D(G#.1,+HI(@"1A#A&H(A+-#6)+(1D(#(4+A/(/.#/(C4#'<41$#'(1B+4(.%,K(̂ .+(/"#4%/%1'()#H)(/.#/(4+(516$#(B+'/(/1(CA1,+HI(/.+(-#@%/#&(1D(G#.1,+HI(/1(-&#%,(/.+(,1'+HI(A6/(/.+(E%'F()+'/(.%,(/1(@"%)1'K`>(C--1"4%'F( /1( /"#4%/%1'I( /1(@6'%).(4+(516$#( /.+( O#%&+")(@&6'F+4(.%,(%'(#(&#"F+(O#"(1D(%'4%F1K(^.%)(1@+"#/%1'(B#)("+@+#/+4()+*+"#&(/%,+)(1*+"(,#'H(B++E)K;M(Q'(@"%)1'I(4+(516$#(%)()#%4(/1(.#*+(,+/(]"%'-+(d#E@2I(1'+(1D(/.+()1')(1D(o%'F(CF1'F&1(7"K(89=><89>9?I(B.1(.#4(A++'(,6"4+"+4(%'(89>9K(d#E@2(*%)%/+4(4+(516$#(%'(@"%)1'(!6(),-<',3'&),3'4)('"%('(),-)<!,3'&),3'%&).-&"'*),-)/<3,)M(!6(-P!6:)@-) "-6/&2) ,3'%&) !++%!6"'>) ,3') ,&!(%,%-6) *,!,'*) ,3'4)2!(') !) 8+--()@#-/I(#(B+&&<E'1B'(@"#-/%-+(%'(/.+(1&4(E%'F41,(1D(G#.1,+HK;8

G+(516$#(+)-#@+4(D"1,(@"%)1'(#'4(@"1A#A&H()+//&+4(%'(S%//&+(]1@1(7,14+"'<4#H(C'2-.1?K(0"1,(/.+"+I(.+()6@@&%+4(]"%'-+(d#E@2(B%/.(F6')(#'4(F114)I(#&&1B%'F(.%,( /1(@"+@#"+( /.+(32";'$<=4%4K;T(C4#'41$#'(B#)(4+@1)+4(%'(8=8=I(#'4(]"%'-+(d#E@2(A+-#,+(o%'F(d+$1(7"K(8=8=<8=:M?K(^.+('+B(E%'F(%'*%/+4(4+(516$#(/1()+//&+( %'(X6%4#.(#'4(/#E+(-.#"F+(1D(/.+(E%'F41,N)(-1,,+"-%#&(#DD#%")K(G+(516$#( #41@/+4( /.+( /%/&+( >"3!"3!>B) !6) 3-6-&%/") ,%,+') !**-"%!,'()B%/.(/.+('%-E'#,+(.+(.#4("+-+%*+4(B.+'(.+(+)-#@+4(D"1,(@"%)1'(B%/.(/.+(.+&@(1D(.%)(#&&%+)K;`(C--1"4%'F(/1(/"#4%/%1'I(/.+(G#.1,+#'(F6#"4)( #)E+4( 4+( 516$#N)( ,+'( B.#/( /.+H( B+"+( -#""H%'F( 16/( 1D(/.+( @"%)1'K(^.+H( "+@&%+4( /.#/( %/(B#)( #(3&%3&%I(,+#'%'F( b,#/Kc;;(P1B+*+"I( /.%)(*+")%1'(1D(/.+()/1"H(%)(6'&%E+&HI(#)(%'(/.+(01'(&#'<F6#F+()@1E+'(%'(/.+(E%'F41,(1D(G#.1,+HI(/.+(B1"4(D1"(b,#/c(%)(5?9K(Q'(/.+(01'(&#'F6#F+(/.+(B1"4(3&%3&%(7B"%//+'(3%3??(#-/6#&&H(,+#')(bR6%-E&H(41'+Kc;:(Q/(%)(@"1A#A&H(#'(#4#@/#/%1'(1D(17'17I(#(]1"</6F6+)+(+3@"+))%1'(,+#'%'F(bR6%-EI(R6%-EIc(/.#/(4+(516$#(6)+4(/1("+@+#/K(U*+'/6#&&HI(-.#-.#(-#,+(/1(A+(#(.+"+4%/#"H(/%/&+(F%*+'(/1(/.+(.%F.+)/<"#'E%'F("+@"+)+'/#/%*+(1D(/.+(516$#(D#,%&HK(CD/+"(/.+(4+#/.(-.),3')/&*,)"3!"3!>),3')[%6<)-.)Z!3-2'4)6-2%6!,'()3%*)*$""'**-&:

^.+(@1)%/%1'(1--6@%+4(AH(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#( %)(-1,<,1'&H( +R6#/+4(B%/.( /.#/( 1D( *%-+"1HK;L( Q'( "+-+'/( H+#")I( .1B+*+"I(&1-#&(/"#4%/%1'I(B.%-.(6)6#&&H(4+)%F'#/+)(4+(516$#(#)(/.+(-.%+D(1D(

Page 11: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

"+

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bA+%'F(/.+(E%'FN)(-1,,+"-%#&(#F+'/(B#)(#(@1&%/%-#&(D6'-/%1'Kc;>(^.6)I(%/(%)('1/()6"@"%)%'F(/.#/(4+(516$#(B#)(@+"-+%*+4(#)(#'(#-/1"(1D(F"+#/(%,@1"/#'-+(%'(G#.1,+#'()1-%+/HK(

^.+(@+"%14(1D(d+$1N)("6&+(#'4(4+(516$#N)(#@@1%'/,+'/(#)(.%)(#F+'/( -1%'-%4+4(B%/.( /.+( )&1B(4+-&%'+(1D( /.+( /"#')#/&#'/%-( )&#*+(/"#4+(#'4(#( /"#')%/%1'( /1( /.+(@#&,(1%&( /"#4+K(Y'/%&( /.+(8=`M)I(4+(516$#(B#)(#(*+"H(@"1)@+"16)(,#'(B.1(1B'+4()+*+"#&()&#*+().%@)K:M(P1B+*+"I( %'( /.+( 8=;M)I( .%)( #-/%*%/%+)( -1')%4+"#A&H( 4+-"+#)+4I(@#"/&H(A+-#6)+(1D(.%)(#4*#'-+4(#F+(#'4(@#"/&H(A+-#6)+(1D("+@"+)<)%*+(,+#)6"+)(#F#%')/(/.+()&#*+(/"#4+(%,@1)+4(AH(/.+(!"%/%).('#*HI(=3%"3) "-6/*"!,'() ,='6,4],=-) -.) 3%*) *+!5') *3%0*::8(C/( /.+( /%,+(-.)3%*) ('!,3) %6)S^_W>) (')A-$P!)3!() *%<6%/"!6,) ('8,*)=%,3)`%6<)d+$1(#)(B+&&(#)(B%/.(!"#$%&%#'(#'4([6A#'(,+"-.#'/)K(C--1"4%'F(/1()1,+(,+,A+")(1D(/.+(D#,%&HI(B.+'(4+(516$#(4%+4I(/.+(E%'F(1D(G#.1,+H()+'/(.%)(#F+'/)(/1(.%)("+)%4+'-+(/1()+%$+(.%)(@1))+))%1')K(

!4.,-./*")#+,#(,1)$>?*/.3

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f6&%e1(4+(516$#(B#)(#@@1%'/+4([.#-.#(aQQQK(

Page 12: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

+#

V.+'(Q(*%)%/+4(/.+(,+,1"%#&(%'(/.+(-1,@#'H(1D([."%)/%#'(4+(516$#(#'4(G#*%4(4+(516$#:T(/.+H(B+"+(+*%4+'/&H(/"H%'F(/1("+.#<A%&%/#/+(/.+(,+,1"H(1D(/.+%"(#'-+)/1"I(D"#,%'F(.%,('1/(#)(#()&#*+(/"#4+"(A6/(#)(#(F"+#/(+'/"+@"+'+6"K:`(^.+H(+,@.#)%$+4(/.+(D#,%&HN)(8-6(*)=%,3)9&!P%+>)!6()1$*,%/'(),3')2'&"3!6,\*)!",%5%,%'*)84)%6*%*,<%'F(/.#/()&#*+(/"#4%'F(B#)(#(&+F#&(#-/%*%/H(#/(/.+(/%,+K(C--1"4%'F(/1(/.+(D#,%&HN)(@1%'/(1D(*%+BI(4+(516$#(-1'/"%A6/+4(/1(/.+(4+*+&1@<,+'/(1D(CD"%-#(AH( %'/"146-%'F('+B(F114)(#'4('+B(-"1@)( /1( /.+("+F%1'I(%'-&64%'F(/.+(1%&(@#&,(/"++K

^.+(*#"%16)(#--16'/)(Q(-1&&+-/+4(46"%'F(,H(%'/+"*%+B)(%'4%<-#/+(/.#/(/.+(.%)/1"H(1D(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#N)(D#,%&H(%'-&64+)(A+/"#H#&(1D( +#-.(1/.+"I( #'4(-1&&#A1"#/%1'(B%/.( /.+(U6"1@+#')( %'(+3-.#'F+(D1"(@1&%/%-#&(@1B+"K(^.+(+3%)/+'-+(1D(4%DD+"+'/( %'/+"+)/(<&-$0*) =%,3%6) ,3') .!2%+4) -.,'6) "&'!,'() *'&%-$*) "-6D%",*a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`%6<)J'P-)=!*)0&-/,!8+'>)%/)(@"%-+(B#)(*+"H(.%F.K

V.%&+(*%)%/%'F(/.+(,+,1"%#&I(1'+()++)(/.+(%'/+")+-/%1'(#,1'F()+*+"#&(,+,1"%+)("+&#/+4('1/(1'&H(/1()&#*+"H(#'4(G#.1,+#'("1H#&/H(A6/(#&)1(/1(/.+(+3-.#'F+(A+/B++'(G#.1,+H(#'4(!"#$%&K([."%)/%#'(4+(A-$P!)6-,'(),3!,),3')-./"%!+)3%*,-&4)*,&'**'*),3')-00-*%,%-6)8',=''6)o%'F(d+$1(b/.+(A6%&4+"c(#'4(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#(b/.+()&#*+(2'&"3!6,>B)8$,)F3&%*,%!6)(')A-$P!)3%2*'+.)2%6%2%P'*),3')"-6D%",*)A+/B++'(/.+(D#,%&H(#'4(/.+("1H#&/H(1D(G#.1,+HI(%')/+#4(@6//%'F(/.+(#--+'/(1'(/.+(-1&&#A1"#/%1'(A+/B++'(/.+,K(

C--1"4%'F(/1(/.+(D#,%&HI(4+(516$#("+)-6+4(Z#(CF1'/%,2I::(#(B%D+( 1D(o%'F(CF1'F&1( #'4( "+@6/+4&H( /.+(,1/.+"( 1D(o%'F(d+$1I(D"1,()&#*+"HK(CD/+"(/.+(,6"4+"(1D(.+"(.6)A#'4I(Z#(CF1'/%,2(%)()#%4(/1(.#*+(A++'()1&4(#)(#()&#*+(#'4()+'/(/1(!"#$%&(AH(o%'F(C4#'41$#'K(M+,3-$<3),3'&')%*)!)+!"[)-.)=&%,,'6)'5%('6"')"-6/&2%6<),3%*)'5'6,>)

Page 13: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

+$

)+*+"#&(4+%/%+)(1D(/.+(E%'F)(1D(G#.1,+H(#"+(@"+)+'/(%'(/.+(a146'(@"#-/%-+4(#/( /.+( /+,@&+([#)#(4#)(\%'#)( %'( /.+(!"#$%&%#'( )/#/+(1D(\#"#'.e1K:L(^.+)+(4+%/%+)(+3%)/+4(@"%1"(/1(o%'F(CF1'F&1(#'4(B+"+('1/( bA1""1B+4c( D"1,( /.+( '+%F.A1"%'F( )/#/+)( 46"%'F( /.+( B#")K:9(C--1"4%'F(/1(/.+()/1"H(#--+@/+4(AH()1,+()-.1&#")()6-.(#)(\+&*%&&+(P+")E1*%/)(#'4(]%+""+(a+"F+"I(Z#(CF1'/%,2(%'/"146-+4(/.+(a146'(1D(CA1,+H(/1(!"#$%&K:=(!H(#&&+F+4&H(&%A+"#/%'F(/.+(E%'FN)(,1/.+"I(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#(/"#')D1",+4(/.+("6@/6"+(@"1*1E+4(AH(/.+(/"#')#/&#'/%-()&#*+(/"#4+(%'/1(#(D"6%/D6&(-1''+-/%1'(B%/.(!"#$%&K(

Z'*0%,') ,3%*) ,&!(%,%-6>) 6-) '5%('6"') "-6/&2*) ,3!,) (') A-$P!)#-/6#&&H(/"#*+&&+4(/1(!"#$%&( /1()+#"-.(D1"(Z#(CF1'/%,2K(Q'(8=T8I(.+( 1A/#%'+4( #( @#))@1"/( #&&1B%'F( .%,( /1( *%)%/( .%)( .1,+&#'4I( A6/(.+(4%4('1/(+,A#"E(/1(!"#$%&(#'4(%/(%)(.#"4(/1(+3@&#%'(B.H(.+(4%4('1/(#//+,@/(/.+(/"%@(&#/+"K:>(^.+"+(#"+(/B1(@1))%A%&%/%+)_(+%/.+"(o%'F(d+$1( @"+*+'/+4( 4+( 516$#( D"1,( &+#*%'F(G#.1,+HI( 1"( /.+( )&#*+(,+"-.#'/( .#4( &+F#&( @"1A&+,)( /.#/( @"+*+'/+4( .%,( D"1,( +'/+"%'F(!"#$%&K(o%'F(d+$1(@"1A#A&H( )+'/( 1'+(1D( 4+(516$#N)( +,@&1H++)I(G1))16<h1*1I( 1'+( 1D( /.+(,+'(B.1(,#H( .#*+( .+&@+4( 4+( 516$#(+)-#@+(D"1,(CA1,+HN)(@"%)1'KLM

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

C/( /.+( +'4( 1D( /.+( '%'+/++'/.( -+'/6"HI( B.+'( /.+( G#.1,+#'(,1'#"-.H(B#)(#A1&%).+4(6'4+"(0"+'-.("6&+I(/.+(4+(516$#(D#,%&H(#)(#'(#))+,A&H(A+-#,+("+)@1')%A&+(D1"(-.11)%'F(/.+(-.#-.#K(!H(,3%*),%2'),3').!2%+4)3!()+-*,)2$"3)-.)%,*)%6D$'6"')!6()%,*)%6,'&6!+)(%5%*%-6*)3!()%6"&'!*'(:)@3')(%./"$+,4)%6)'+'",%6<),3')3%<3'*,)&'0<"+)+'/#/%*+(1D(/.+(D#,%&H(&+4(/1(&1'F(@+"%14)(1D(*#-#'-HK

Page 14: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

+%

!4.,@.#+.",9$=.%(*"

Q')%4+(/.+(,+,1"%#&I(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#N)(1&4(A+4"11,(%*)*,%++)%6,!",:)E6)%,)-6')/6(*)6-,)-6+4)3%*)-&%<%6!+)9&!P%+%!6)=--()A+4I(D"+).&H(,#4+(+#-.(4#H(#)(%D(.+(B+"+(#&%*+I(A6/(#&)1(.%)(/1,AK(^.+("11,("+%'D1"-+)( /.+( %4+#( /.#/(.+( "+,#%')(#,1'F(.%)( D#,%&H(,+,A+")K(C--1"4%'F(/1(G#*%4(4+(516$#I(B.+'(.%)(#'-+)/1"(4%+4I(/.+( E%'F( 1D(G#.1,+H( b)+'/( #( 41$+'( )&#*+)I( #( 41$+'(,+'( /1( A+(A6"%+4( #&%*+( #/( /.+( )#,+( /%,+( #)( /.+(,+"-.#'/I( A6/( .%)( -.%&4"+'()#%4(p/.+"+(%)('1(R6+)/%1'I(B+(41('1/()6@@1"/(/.%)(E%'4(1D(/.%'FINq#'4(/.+(,+'(B+"+(D"++4KcL8(G+)@%/+(D#,%&H(1@@1)%/%1'I(4+(516$#("+-+%*+4(#&&(/.+(.1'1")("+&#/+4(/1(/.+(D6'+"#&(1D(#(F"+#/(G#.1,+#'("3%'.b).-$&)%6(%5%($!+*)='&')*!"&%/"'(>),=-)-6),3')8'!"3)!6(),=-)1/.+")(1'(.%)(/1,AKLT(^.+(#--16'/(1D(/.%)(+@%)14+(@"+)+'/)(#(V+)/<+"'%$+4(#'4(.6,#'+(%,#F+(1D(/.+(D#,%&HI(B.%-.("+O+-/+4(A1/.(&1-#&("+&%F%16)(@"#-/%-+)(#'4(/.+(-"6+&/H(@"#-/%-+4(#F#%')/(/.+()&#*+)K(

^.+(4+(516$#)(#"+()#%4(/1(A+([#/.1&%-I(A6/(B.+'(/.+%"(#'-+)/1"()+//&+4( %'(X6%4#.I(o%'F(d+$1(1"4+"+4( /.+( %')/#&&#/%1'(1D()+*+"#&(a146'( )."%'+)( %'( /.+( -%/H( /1( @"1/+-/( .%,K([&1)+( /1( /.+( /1,A( 1D(0"#'-%)-1( 02&%3( 4+( 516$#( %)( #( &#"F+( -+"#,%-( O#"( /.#/(,#H( .#*+(A++'(A"16F./(AH(.%,(D"1,(!"#$%&K(^.%)(O#"(-1'/#%')(B#/+"I(6)+4(%'(&%A#/%1'("%/6#&)(#%,+4(#/(.+#&%'F(,+,A+")(1D(/.+(D#,%&HKL`(Q'(/.%)(-1'/+3/I(/.+(#'-+)/1"(.%,)+&D(A+-1,+)(#()1"/(1D(*146'I(#(4%*%'%/H(B.1( %)(#A&+( /1(.+#&K( Q'( /.+(a146'("+&%F%1'I( /.+()@%"%/(1"(4%*%'%/H(,6)/(A+(&1-#/+4(%'(#(@"+-%)+(@.H)%-#&()@#-+K(̂ .+(@"+)+'-+(1D(0"#'<-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#(%'(.%)(D1",+"("11,(%)(+')6"+4(AH(.%)(/1,AI(B.%&+(B#/+"(D"1,(/.+(+#"/.+'B#"+(O#"(@"146-+)(/.+(-6"+K(̂ .%)("11,(.#)(A+-1,+(#(,#O1"()H,A1&(1D( /.+(1"%F%'#&(A1'4(B%/.(!"#$%&(#)(='++)!*),3')0-+%,%"!+)%6D$'6"')*,%++)'G'&,'()84),3')(')A-$P!).!2%+4)1*+"( /.+(CF64#( -1,,6'%/H( #'4( 1/.+"( -1,,6'%/%+)( %'( X6%4#.K(@3%*)*!6",%/"!,%-6)-.)Y&!6"%*"-)YQ+%G)(')A-$P!)%6"&'!*'*),3').!2<%&HN)(#6/.1"%/HI(B.%-.("+#-.+)(A+H1'4(/.+(@1&%/%-#&I(+-1'1,%-I(#'4(D#,%&H(#"+'#)(/1(#&)1(F#%'(#("+&%F%16)(4%,+')%1'K(

S%E+( 1/.+"( +&%/+( D#,%&%+)( 1D( X6%4#.I( /.+( 4+( 516$#)( 1B'+4()&#*+)(A"16F./(D"1,(/.+('+%F.A1"%'F(#"+#)(#'4(6)+4(%'(/.+(&1-#&(+-1'1,HK( ^.+H( B+"+( +,@&1H+4( %'( #F"%-6&/6"#&( #'4( .16)+.1&4(#-/%*%/%+)K( ^.1)+( B.1( B+"+( %'%/%#/+4( %'/1( /.+( 0#( 1"( UF6'F6'(#'4(k#'FA+/1( D1",)(1D(B1").%@(B+"+(F%*+'( "+&%F%16)( "1&+)K(01"(+3#,@&+I(#'(#'-+)/1"(1D(/.+(X&16F16416(D#,%&H(B.1(A+&1'F+4(/1(

Page 15: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

+&

/.+("1H#&(D#,%&H(1D(CA+1E6/#(B#)(A"16F./(/1(X6%4#.(%'(8=`MI(#/(/.+(/%,+(1D(/.+(%&&+F#&(+3@1"/()&#*+(/"#4+K(C--1"4%'F(/1(/.+(.%)/1"%#'(#'4(@"1D+))1"I(U,%&+(X&16F16416I(.%)(#'-+)/1"(B#)(%'(#()&#*+().%@(=3-*')/6!+)('*,%6!,%-6)=!*),3')M2'&%"!*:)N3%+')*[%&,%6<),3')N'*,)M.&%"!6)"-!*,>) ,3')*3%0)&!6) %6,-)(%./"$+,%'*)!6()='6,) ,-);$%(!3:)C--1"4%'F(/1(X&16F16416I(4+(516$#(A16F./(#&&()%3(.6'4"+4()&#*+)(B.1(B+"+(1'(A1#"4I(/.+"+AH(b)#*%'Fc(/.+,(D"1,(A+%'F()+'/(%'/1()&#*+"H(%'(/.+(C,+"%-#)KL;

X&16F16416N)(#--16'/()6FF+)/)(/.#/(D#"(D"1,(A+%'F(@+"-+%*+4('+F#/%*+&H(AH(.%)()&#*+)I(4+(516$#(B#)("#/.+"()++'(#)(.+&@%'F(/.+,K(^.%)( %,#F+(%)()%,%&#"( /1(/.+(1'+(@"+)+'/+4(%'(!"%/%).(/"#*+&1F6+)(1D(/.+(/%,+K(C--1"4%'F(/1(0"+4+"%-E(01"A+)I(4+(516$#N)(*#&6+)(4%D<D+"+4(D"1,(/.1)+(1D(/.+(%'4%F+'16)(@1@6&#/%1'g(D1"(+3#,@&+I(.+(B#)(-00-*'(),-)3$2!6)*!"&%/"':L:(̂ .+(4+(516$#(D#,%&H(@+"@+/6#/+)(/.%)(#)@+-/(1D(.%)("+@6/#/%1'I(#)(+*%4+'-+4(%'(G#*%4(4+(516$#N)(B1"4)_

V.+'(/.+()&#*+)(B+"+(A"16F./( /1(X6%4#.( /1(A+()1&4I()1,+( D#,%&%+)( "+-1F'%$+4( /.+%"(,+,A+")K(^.+H(6)+4(/1(#)E([.#-.#( /1(.+&@( /.+,("+-1*+"( /.+(-#@/%*+(B.1(B#)(/1(A+()1&4(#'4()+'/(1*+")+#)K(Q'(/.+(@"#%)+('#,+)(r/.+(@#'+FH"%-)s(/.+"+(%)(#(@#"/%-6&#"(B1"4(.#%&%'F(G1,(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#K(V+()#HI(/.+(1'+(B.1("+<A6H)(/.+()&#*+(#'4(F%*+)(.%,(A#-E(/1(.%)(D#,%&H(rqs(%)(/.+(1'+(B.1()#*+)(/.+()&#*+KLL

Q'4++4I(G#*%4(4+(516$#("+D+""+4(/1(=';+='@#';+='9E-(B.%-.(,+#')(b.+(6)+4(/1(A6H(/.+(-.%&4(#'4(/.+(-.%&4N)(,1/.+"Kc(P1B+*+"I(AH(/.+(8>>M)I(B.+'(P1'1"2(0+&%-%#'1(f6&%e1(4+(516$#(B#)(#@@1%'/+4([.#-.#(aQQQI(/.%)(@1"/%1'(1D(/.+(@"#%)+('#,+(.#)(A++'()6@@"+))+4(A+-#6)+(%/(-&+#"&H("+D+""+4(/1(-1,,+"-+(%'(.6,#'(A+%'F)K(C&/.16F.(A6H%'F(/.+(-.%&4(#'4(%/)(,1/.+"(-#'(A+(%'/+"@"+/+4(#)(#'(#//+,@/(/1(@"+*+'/(D#,%&H(,+,A+")(D"1,(A+%'F()+@#"#/+4I(%/(-#'(#&)1(A+(6'4+"<)/114(#)(#(4+,1')/"#/%1'(1D(.1B("%-.(/.+(!"#$%&%#'(,+"-.#'/(B#)g(.+(-16&4(A6H(,#'H(,+,A+")(1D(/.+()#,+(D#,%&HK(^.+(,+,1"H(1D([.#-.#(Q(%)(/.6)("+-1')/"6-/+4(#--1"4%'F(/1(,1"#&(*#&6+)(A+&1'F<%'F(/1(/.+(@"+)+'/K(P+(%)(4+@%-/+4(#)(-1'-+"'+4(B%/.(.6,#'("%F./)(#'4(4%)@1)+4( /1( &%A+"#/+(.%)( )&#*+)K(P1B+*+"I( %/( )++,)( /.%)( %4+#(%)('1/('+BK( Q'(.%)( #--16'/(1D(.%)( /"#*+&)I( f1.'(G6'-#'( "+@1"/+4(/.#/(4+(516$#(B#)(A+'+*1&+'/(/1(.%)()&#*+)KL9(Q'4++4I()1,+(/"#*+&<

Page 16: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

+'

+")(B.1(,+/(.%,(,+'/%1'+4(/.#/(4+(516$#(-1')%4+"+4(.%,)+&D(#(F"+#/( @.%&#'/."1@%)/I( b1'( /.+( F"16'4)( 1D( .#*%'F( )#*+4( /.+( &%*+)(1D( /.+( )&#*+)(B.1,(.+(@6"-.#)+4( D1"( +3@1"/c( #'4(-1')+R6+'/&H(0&'5'6,'(),3'2).&-2)8'%6<)*!"&%/"'(:L=

CA16/( 1'+( .6'4"+4( ,+/+")( D"1,( 5%'FA1,+HI( 1'( /.+( "1#4(/1B#"4)(/.+(A+#-.I(%)(/.+(/+,@&+(1D(G#F16'I(/.+(*146'(1D(0"#'<-%)-1( 02&%3( 4+( 516$#K(C&/.16F.( .+(B#)( [#/.1&%-I( /.+(,+"-.#'/(B#)( /.+(1'&H(CF64#(B.1(.#4(.%)(1B'(*146'K(C--1"4%'F( /1( /.+(,1)/("+&%#A&+(*+")%1'(1D(G#F16'N)(1"%F%'I(B.+'(o%'F(d+$1(%'*%/+4(4+(516$#(/1()+//&+(%'(X6%4#.I(.+(F#*+(.%,(/B1(*146')(/1(@"1/+-/(,3')"%,4a),3')/&*,)=!*)%6*,!++'()!,),3')'6,&!6"'),-),3')"%,4>)!6(),3'))+-1'4(B#)(@&#-+4(#/(/.+(+3%/K(P+(B#)(6&/%,#/+&H(#B#"4+4(#(/.%"4(*146'(D1"(.%)(@+")1'#&(@"1/+-/%1'_(G#F16'FL>

^14#HI(/.+(4+)-+'4#'/)(1D(/.+("+&%F%16)(-.%+D)()+'/(/1(X6%4#.(46"%'F(d+$1N)("+%F'()/%&&("+,#%'(-&1)+(/1(/.+(4+(516$#(D#,%&HK9M(̂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a146'N)()6@"+,+(&+#4+"K

AB7#()$>,(4.,-./*"3,*0, ,

8"#$=)%=*,8C+)D,7.,1*;6#

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

Page 17: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

+(

-#&(-#@%/#&(%/(.#)(A++'('+-+))#"H(D1"(D#,%&H(,+,A+")(/1(1A)-6"+(/.+()&#*+(/"#4%'F(#)@+-/(1D(4+(516$#N)(A%1F"#@.HK

Q'( "+-+'/( H+#")I( @"1A#A&H( A+-#6)+( 1D( /.+( "+@+"-6))%1')( 1D(bX6%4#.( >Tc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

7-8%6)c!=)"+!%2*),3!,)($&%6<),3')/&*,)3!+.)-.),3')6%6',''6,3)-+'/6"H(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#(B#)('1/(/.+(1'&H(%,@1"/#'/(,+"<-.#'/(%'(X6%4#.K(5+*+"#&(1/.+"()6--+))D6&()&#*+(/"#4+")(+)/#A&%).+4(/.+,)+&*+)(%'(/.+(/1B'I(%'-&64%'F(f1#R6%,(̂ +&+)(4+(\+'+$+)I(f6#'(f1)2(k#'F"1'%)I(f1#R6%,(4NC&,+%4#I(#'4(G1,%'F1)(f1)2(\#"/%')K(C&/.16F.( .%)( +3#,%'#/%1'( 1D( X6%4#.( )&#*+( /"#4+( '+/B1"E)( %)( #(4+/#%&+4( 1'+I( S#B( '+F&+-/+4( #'( +))+'/%#&( 4%,+')%1'( "+&#/+4( /1(2'2-&4)&!,3'&) ,3!6) ,-)3%*,-&4>) *0'"%/"!++4)3-=)Y&!6"%*"-)YQ+%G)(')A-$P!)8'"!2')!)24,3%"!+)/<$&')%6),3')3%*,-&4)-.);$%(!3)!6()-.)/.+(E%'F41,(1D(G#.1,+H(4+)@%/+(A+%'F(1'&H(1'+(1D(,#'H(#-/1")(%'(/.+("+F%1'N)()&#*+(/"#4+K(t&%)2+(516,1''%(#'4(C&A+"/1(4#([1)/#(+(5%&*#(.#*+(@6/(D1"/.()1,+(%,@1"/#'/(@1%'/)(B%/.("+)@+-/(/1(/.%)(%))6+K(^.+H('1/+( /.#/(4+(516$#(@&#H+4(#( -+'/"#&( "1&+(46"%'F( /.+(/"#')%/%1'(/1(/.+(@#&,(1%&(/"#4+I(B.%-.(-1'/"%A6/+4(/1(/.+(+)/#A&%).<,+'/(1D(.%)("+@6/#/%1'K(01"(#(&1'F(/%,+I(.+(B#)(@+"-+%*+4(#)(/.+(b@"1/+-/1"c(1D( /.+(CF64#(-1,,6'%/HK(^.+(&1-#&(@1@6&#/%1'(-1'<)%4+"+4(.%,(V+)/+"'%$+4(#'4(,1"+(+*1&*+4( /.#'( /.+( %'4%F+'16)(@1@6&#/%1'K(P+(B#)(#A&+(/1(+3+"-%)+(/.%)("1&+(/.#'E)(/1(/.+(#@@1%'/<,+'/(-1'D+""+4(1'(.%,(AH(o%'F(d+$1K(^.%)(@1)%/%1'(-1'/"%A6/+4(/1(/.+(-1')/"6-/%1'(1D(.%)("+@6/#/%1'(#)(#(F+'+"16)(#'4(A+'+*1&+'/(,#'K(Q'()@%/+(1D(.%)(!"#$%&%#'(#'-+)/"HI(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#(A+-#,+(#(@+"D+-/(CD"%-#'(-.%+DK9T

^.+(,H/.(#"16'4(.%,(%)(A#)+4(1'(/.+(A1'4)(#'4(+3-.#'F+)(A+/B++'(!"#$%&(#'4(/.+(E%'F41,(1D(G#.1,+HK(Q'(/.+(D"#,+B1"E(1D(/.+(-1')/"6-/%1'(1D(#(516/.(C/&#'/%-($1'+I(,#"E+4(AH(/.+(4%)"6@</%1'(@"1*1E+4(AH(/.+(C/&#'/%-()&#*+(/"#4+I(4+(516$#(%)('1(&1'F+"(

Page 18: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

+)

/.+( )&#*+( /"#4+"(B.1(A+-#,+( "%-.(AH(A6H%'F(#'4( )+&&%'F(.6,#'(8'%6<*)8$,),3')8'6'5-+'6,)0!,&-6)=3-)0&'*'&5'()!)D'G%8+')9&!P%+<%#'(%4+'/%/H(#'4(B.1(#&&1B+4(/.+(-1,,6'%/H(1D(D1",+"(!"#$%&%#'(?&',$&6'(B)*+!5'*),-)/6(),3'%&)6!,%5')M.&%"!:

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

U*+'(/.16F.(4+(516$#(#'4(.%)(4+)-+'4#'/)(.#*+(A++'(.#*%'F("3%+(&'6)=%,3)M.&%"!6)=-2'6)*%6"'),3')2'&"3!6,)/&*,)!&&%5'()%6)CD"%-#I(/.+"+()++,)(/1(@+")%)/(#,1'F(/.+(D#,%&H(,+,A+")(#'(%4+#(1D(bA%1&1F%-#&c(#6/.+'/%-%/HK(^.%)(%4+#(%)('1/(#))1-%#/+4(B%/.("#-%#&(@6"%/H(A6/("#/.+"(B%/.(#(-+"/#%'(b!"#$%&%#'%/HIc(B.%-.(.+"+("+D+")(/1( .HA"%4%/H( #'4( ,%)-+F+'#/%1'K( ^.+( 4+( 516$#( ,H/.( A1""1B)(D"1,(/.+(!"#$%&%#'(D16'4+"(,H/.(1D(/.+(/."++("#-+)_(/.+(1"%F%'(1D(/.+(D#,%&H(%)(A#)+4(1'(/.+(+'-16'/+"(1D(#(B.%/+(!"#$%&%#'(1D(]1"</6F6+)+(1"%F%'( #'4( #'(C,+"%'4%#'(B1,#'I(B.1(F#*+(A%"/.( /1( #(F+'6%'+(!"#$%&%#'(%'4%*%46#&I(B.1(/.+'(@+"D+-/&H(#4#@/+4(.%,)+&D(/1(/.+(CD"%-#'(-1'/+3/K(b5,11/.+4(AH(/.+(1%&(1D(/.+(4++@(,%)-+<F+'#/%1'Ic9`(/.%)(.HA"%4%/H(#&&1B+4(4+(516$#(/1(D1"F+(#'(%4+#&%$+4(b!"#$%&%#'c( %4+'/%/H( B.%-.( -1,A%'+4( [#/.1&%-%),I( @#/+"'#&%),I(@1&HF#,HI(#'4(CD"%-#'("+&%F%1')I(#'4(/.+"+D1"+(%'-1"@1"#/+4(4%D<D+"+'/(-6&/6"+)(#'4(/"#4%/%1')K(

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

Page 19: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

+*

-1,,6'%/H( %'(X6%4#.I(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#(B#)(F"#46#&&H(CD"%-#'%$+4K(P+()H,A1&%$+)(/.+(%4+#(1D(,%3+4(%4+'/%/H(A#)+4(1'(A1'4)( B%/.( #'( %,#F%'#"H( 1"( %,#F%'+4( !"#$%&K( ^.+)+( +&+,+'/)I(B.%-.(D1",(/.+(A#)%)(1D( /.+(,H/.I(#"+("+%'D1"-+4(AH(/.+(@"+)+'/(B#*+(1D(,+,1"%#&%$#/%1'(#'4(/.+('+B(%,@1"/#'-+(A+%'F(#--1"4+4(/1( &1-#&(-.%+D)I(#&&1B%'F( /.+(4+(516$#( D#,%&H( /1( "+F#%'(@1&%/%-#&(@1B+"(&1)/()%'-+(/.+(4+-1&1'%$#/%1'(1D(!+'%'K9;

Q'( #(F&1A#&%$+4(B1"&4I( %'(B.%-.( )&#*+"H( #'4( /.+( )&#*+( /"#4+(#"+(-1')%4+"+4(-"%,+)(#F#%')/(.6,#'%/HI(/.+(4+(516$#(D#,%&H(.#)()6--++4+4(%'("+%'D1"-%'F(%/)(@1)%/%1'(1D(&+F%/%,#-HI(#&/.16F.('1/('+-+))#"%&H(#/(/.+(+-1'1,%-(#'4(@1&%/%-#&(&+*+&)K(Q/)('+B()H,A1&%-(@1)%/%1'("+&%+)(1'( %/)(!"#$%&%#'(1"%F%')(#'4(1'( /.+(-+&+A"#/%1'(1D(b,%)-+F+'#/%1'c( #'4( /.+( +'-16'/+"( 1D( -6&/6"+)K( ]#"#413%-#&&HI(,3') -./"%!+) 0&-1'",*) -.)de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

^.+(*#&1"%$#/%1'(1D(/.+(,+,1"H(1D(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#I("+&H%'F(1'(/.+(%4+#(/.#/(.+(B#)('1/(1'&H(/.+(,1)/(%,@1"/#'/()&#*+(,+"-.#'/(1D(/.+("+F%1'(A6/(#&)1(#(@"1/+-/1"(1D(/.+(B+#EI(%)(#("+&#</%*+&H()6--+))D6&(+'/+"@"%)+(#,1'F(/.+(&1-#&(@1@6&#/%1'K(Z+*+"/.+<&+))I( -+"/#%'( /16"%)/)I( %'( @#"/%-6&#"(CD"%-#'(C,+"%-#')( #'4( /.1)+(B.1)+( @1@6&#/%1')( /.#/( @"1*%4+4( #( F"+#/( '6,A+"( 1D( -#@/%*+)( /1(/.+()&#*+(/"#4+I()6-.(#)(/.+(o+/6(#'4(5#*#&6I()/"1'F&H(-1'/+)/(/.%)(.%)/1"%-#&("+-1')/"6-/%1'K

,+-./

8K( 5++(G#*%4(J1))I(b^.+(0%")/([.#-.#(1D(V.H4#._(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(!$"(T(78>L>?I(8><T=g(J1A%'(S#BI(bC(-#""+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#('#(uD"%-#(X-%4+'/#&( 78=MM<8=;>?Ic(B2;2#( 7TMM8?I(

Page 20: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

+"

><`>g(C&A+"/1(4#([1)/#(+(5%&*#I(G6%93#/32'G=+#H'$,'I2"5%-'*,63%$26'$,',/36%@2/(7J%1(4+(f#'+%"1_(Z1*#(0"1'/+%"#I(TMM;?K

TK( 5++( S#BI( bC( -#""+%"#( 4+( 0"#'-%)-1( 02&%3( 4+( 516$#gc( S#BI( b^.+(C/&#'/%-(5&#*+(̂ "#4+(%'(S1-#&(P%)/1"H(V"%/%'F(%'(X6%4#.Ic(%'(J06#3%'%9$'B6%9/:J4+%94#3'K,*26#,/L'M#4,6%68' %9$'J,/4&,4#3'K%9#0,/4%:4#29/'20'N#%/;26%'%9$'O#/4268-'+4K(Z##'#(X@1E6<CFH+,#'FI(]#6&(UK( S1*+O1H( #'4( G#*%4( aK( ^"1/,#'( 7^"+'/1'I( Zf_( CD"%-#( V1"&4(]"+))I( TMM=?g( #'4( J1A%'( S#BI(!"#$%&I( B&,' I23#%+' O#/4268' 20' %'P,/4'J06#3%9'I+%@#9A'>Q264-R'ST)T:SU()'7C/.+')_(X.%1(Y'%*+")%/H(]"+))I(TMM;?K

`K( 5++( U,,#'6+&&+( o#4H#( #̂&&!" bG+( &#( 42,1-"#/%+( +/( 4+)( -6&/+)(*146')( #6(!2'%'Ic(D%&#,6/' $V=4"$,/' %06#3%#9,/( 8`9( 78>>:?I( 8>:<TM=g(C'#(S6-%#(C"#6O1I(b\2,1%"+)(4+(&N+)-&#*#F+(+/(4+(&#(/"#%/+(4+)(+)-&#*+)(4#')(&NC/&#'/%R6+(564_(+'O+63(4+(&#(@#/"%,1'%#&%)#/%1'(#6(!"2)%&(+/(#6(!2'%'c(7(].G(4%))KI(Y'%*+")%/2(S#*#&I(TMM9?I(#'4(C'#(S6-%#(C"#6O1I(Q".+#3'K,*268'20'I+%@,68L'C#34#*/'%9$'Q,6;,46%426/'#9'4&,'I2"4&'J4+%94#3(7C,.+")/I(Zh_([#,A"%#(]"+))I(TM8M?K

;K( a146'( "+&%F%1'( -1,@"%)+)( 4%DD+"+'/( 4+%/%+)( B.1( @+")1'#&%$+( /.+(D1"-+)(1D('#/6"+K(^.+(B1"4(@2$"9(#&)1(,+#')(b4+%/HKc(C--1"4%'F(/1(56$#''+(]"+)/1'(!&%+"I(@2$"9(#"+(b,H)/+"%16)(D1"-+)(1"(@1B+")(/.#/(F1*+"'(/.+(B1"&4(#'4(/.+(&%*+)(1D(/.1)+(B.1("+)%4+(B%/.%'(%/gc()++(J06#3%9'C2$"9L'J64-'Q/83&2+2A8-'%9$'Q2W,6(7[.%-#F1_(Y'%*+")%/H(1D([.%-#F1(]"+))I(8>>:?I(;K(

:K( 5++( #̂&&I( bG+( &#( 42,1-"#/%+( +/( 4+)( -6&/+)( *146')( #6(!2'%'c( #'4(Z#))%"16(!#E1<C"%D#"%I(bS#(,2,1%"+(4+(&#( /"#%/+('2F"%v"+(4#')(&+(42A#/(@1&%/%R6+(#6(!2'%'(4#')(&+)(#''2+)(8>>MIc(X2"69%+'$,/'J06#:3%9#/4,/(9MI('1K(8<T(7TMMM?I(TT8<T`8K(

LK( C"#6O1I(b\2,1%"+)(4+(&N+)-&#*#F+(+/(4+(&#(/"#%/+(4+)(+)-&#*+)(4#')(&NC/&#'/%R6+(564Ic(8:LK

9K( \#"%#''+( P%")-.I( G%*#+8' G6%*,/-' Q&242A6%;&8' Y%66%4#@,' %9$'Q2/4*,*268(7[#,A"%4F+_(P#"*#"4(Y'%*+")%/H(]"+))I(8>>9?I(TTK

=K( !1F6,%&( f+B)%+B%-E%I( b]#/"%,1'%#&%)+"( &+)( ,2,1%"+)( @16"(#--1"4+"(w(&#()16DD"#'-+(&#("+-1''#%))#'-+(R6N+&&+(,2"%/+c(%'(B6%":*%4#/*,'32++,34#0';2"6';%46#*2#9,L'Z,A%6$/'362#/=/'/"6'"9'*2"@,:*,94' 46%9/9%4#29%+I( +4K'!1F6,%&(#+B)%+B%-E%"#'4(a%'-+'/($6$#)'7j6+A+-_(]"+))+)(4+(&NY'%*+")%/2(S#*#&I(TMM=?I(9K

W:) J%+8'&,-)Y&'4&')=!*)-6')-.),3')/&*,)*"3-+!&*),-)%6*%*,)-6),3%*)0!&</%-6&#"(D+#/6"+(1D(/.+(]1"/6F6+)+(-1&1'%$#/%1'(%'(/.+(516/.(C/&#'/%-K(

Page 21: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

++

5++(0"+H"+I(D%/%'[6%9$,'\'I,95%+%(75e1(]#6&1_(d&1A#&(U4%/1"#I(TMM`(r8>``s?K

8MK( 5++(S#BI(!"#$%&-'T(#'4(]#6&(UK(S1*+O1HI(b^.+([1'/+3/(1D(U')&#*+<2'6,)%6)N'*,)M.&%"!b)M32!()9f8f)!6(),3')I,3%"*)-.)A+!5'&4>B)%6)I+%@,/-' I".1,34/' %9$' I".@,6/#@,/L' ]+%3^/' #9' D2+29#%+' M%4#9'J*,6#3%I(+4K(f#'+(S#'4+")(#'4(!#""H(\K(J1A%')1'(7C&A6R6+"R6+_(Y'%*+")%/H(1D(Z+B(\+3%-1(]"+))I(TMM9?I(T:K

SS:) O'&8'&,)`+'%6>)?@&g/"-)(')'*"&!5-*>B)%6)_/4%4`/4#3%/'O#/4a6#3%/'$2'3$&4,'5(67$,-4(-+"%81,+&45(.-1"9$:*+&4(-(4"+,&,4(.-(;<==(&(;>?<(7J%1(4+(f#'+%"1_(Q!dUI(8>=9?I(:`K(

8TK( J#D#+&(4+(!%*#"(\#"R6+)+!(bC(4%'x,%-#(4#(+)-"#*%4e1('1(!"#)%&_(&'*%*,h6"%!>),&g/"-)6'<&'%&-)')!+.-&&%!*>)*Q"$+-*)iCEE)!)iEi>B)Y2@2/'_/4"$2/(9;(7TMML?I(8M>K

8`K( 5++(B&,(B6%9/:J4+%94#3'I+%@,'B6%$,'N%4%.%/,I( .//@_yyBBBK)&#*+<*1H#F+)K-1,K

8;K( f1e1(f1)2(J+%)I(I+%@,'Z,.,++#29'#9']6%5#+L'B&,'K"/+#*'b;6#/#9A'20'SUcd'#9']%&#%(7!#&/%,1"+_(f1.')(P1@E%')(Y'%*+")%/H(]"+))I(8>>`?I(LK

8:K( J+%)I(I+%@,'Z,.,++#29'#9']6%5#+I(>`<>;K

8LK( J+%)I(I+%@,'Z,.,++#29'#9']6%5#+I(>L<>9K

89K( J+%)I(I+%@,'Z,.,++#29'#9']6%5#+I(TM9K

8=K( 5++(S#BI(!"#$%&-'8=8K

8>K( ^.+(@1@6&#/%1'(1D(!+'%'(%'(TMM:(B#)(=IT>;I>;8(%'.#A%/#'/)K

TMK( \%&/1'(d6"#'I(JA"$7/L'!/'>]6%/#+,#62/R'$2'],9#*'7J%1(4+(f#'+%"1_(U4%/1"#(Z1*#(0"1'/+%"#(8>>>?I(==K(

T8K( fz&%1(5#'/#'#(!"#F#I(bZ1/#)()1A"+(1(pj6#"/%+"(!"2)%&N('1(G#1,2Ic(J062:e/#%-''1K(L<9(78>L=?I(8=>g(d6"#'I(JA"$7/I(8:g(#'4(\#'6+&#([#"'+%"1( 4#([6'.#I(Y,A62/-' ,/46%9A,#62/L' 2/' ,/36%@2/' +#.,642/' ,'/"%'@2+4%'?'e06#3%(75e1(]#6&1_(!"#)%&%+')+I(8>=:?I(8=>K

TTK( C&#%'(5%'16I(bS#(a#&1"%)#/%1'(46(@#/"%,1%'+(#"-.%/+-/6"#&(+/(6"A#%'_(&N+3+,@&+(4+(&#(*%&&+(4+(X6%4#.(#6(!2'%'Ic(D%&#,6/'$,/'I3#,93,/'O"*%#9,/(T>I('1K(8(78>>`?I(`LK

T`K( 5++([6'.#I(Y,A62/-'_/46%9A,#62/-'8M>K

T;K( ^14#H(/.+(CF64#(41('1/()@+#E(]1"/6F6+)+I(.1B+*+"(/.+H(@"+)+"*+()1,+(B1"4)(#'4(+3@"+))%1')I()6-.(#)_(3%*%(7bA+4c?I(3&%@#(7bE+Hc?I(3%*#/%(7b).%"/?I(A%0"(7bD1"Ec?I(]29$8='I,9&26(7bF114(,1"'%'F()%"c?I(',":)A'')Z-3-$)F-(1-)Z'6%*>)?E6D$'6"'*)8&Q*%+%'66'*)j);$%(!3>B)J062:e/#%(8T(78>9L?I(8>=<8>>K

Page 22: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

$##

T:K( [#/.+"%'+( [1R6+"H<a%4"1*%/-.I( M<J06#f",' 233#$,94%+,' %"' 4,*;/'$,/'G6%9g%#/'L'32+29#/%4,"6/',4'32+29#/=/'h3FSUij:S(i(k(7]#"%)_(S#(G2-16*+"/+I(8>>T?I(`9`K

TLK( !#E1<C"%D#"%I(bS#(,2,1%"+(4+(&#(/"#%/+('2F"%v"+Ic(TTTK

T9K( C"#6O1I(b\2,1%"+)(4+(&N+)-&#*#F+(+/(4+(&#(/"#%/+(4+)(+)-&#*+)(4#')(&NC/&#'/%R6+(564Ic(8`:<8`LK

T=K( Q'/+"*%+B(B%/.(0"#'-%)-#(]#//+")1'(7A1"'(\+4+%"1)?I(]1"/1<Z1*1I(C6F6)/(TI(TMM:K

T>K( Q'/+"*%+B(B%/.(Y"A#%'<o#"%,(U&%)%1(4#(5%&*#I(]1"/1<Z1*1I(f6&H(TTI(TMM:K(

`MK( 5++( #̂&&I(bG+(&#(42,1-"#/%+(+/(4+)(-6&/+)(*146')(#6(!2'%'Kc

`8K( 5++(!#E1<C"%D#"%I(bS#(,2,1%"+(4+(&#(/"#%/+('2F"%v"+Ic(TT`K

`TK( 5++([1)/#(+(5%&*#I(G6%93#/32'G=+#H'$,'I2"5%I(8Tg(#'4(S#BI(bC(-#"<"+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(:K

``K( 5%,1'+(4+(516$#I(M%'G%*#++,'$,'I2"5%'$"']=9#9:B2A2(7[1/1'16_(S+)(24%/%1')(46(!2'%'I(8>>T?K

`;K( bG%)-16")( 4+( A%+'*+'6+( 46( @1"/+<@#"1&+( 4+( )1'(U3-+&&+'-+(\%/1(P1'1"2( 0+&%-%#'1( f6&%e1( 4+( 516$#I( [.#-.#( =( w( &#( 42&2F#/%1'( 4+(&NY'%*+")%/2(4+(J6/F+")( 7t/#/( 46(Z+B(f+")+H?Ic(X6%4#.I( f6&H(T;I(TMM:K(

`:K( 5++(S#BI(bC(-#""+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(8`<8;g(S#BI(!"#$%&I(8L:(#'4([1)/#(+(5%&*#I(G6%93#/32'G=+#H'$,'I2"5%-(8TK

`LK( S#BI(!"#$%&I(8L:K

`9K( 5++(]%+""+(a+"F+"I(@'#A( -B( $-C#A( .-( '&( B$&,B-( .-4( %D9$-4( -%B$-( '-([2+0,'$,']=9#9',4']%&#%'$,'B2$2/'2/'I%942/-'$"'lCmm,'%"'lml,'/#n3+,(7]#"%)_(\16/1'I(8>L>?I(L`=g,S#BI(bC(-#""+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(8L(g(#'4(S#BI'!"#$%&I(8L:K

`=K( 5++([1)/#(+(5%&*#I(G6%93#/32'G=+#H'$,'I2"5%-(8;g(S#BI(bC(-#""+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(88K

`>K( %#6&( P#$16,2I( M,' Q%34,' $,' I%9A' %"' N%&2*,8( 7]#"%)_( Q')/%/6/(4NU/.'1&1F%+I(8>:L?I(T=K

;MK( P#$16,2I(Q%34,'$,'I%9A'%"'N%&2*,8I(T>K

;8K( P#$16,2I(Q%34,'$,'I%9A'%"'N%&2*,8I(T>K(

;TK( [1)/#(+(5%&*#I(G6%93#/32'G=+#H'$,'I2"5%-(=LK

Page 23: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

$#$

;`K( 5++(C'#(S6-%#(C"#6O1I(bU'O+63(@1&%/%R6+)(4+(&#(,2,1%"+(4+(&N+)<-&#*#F+(4#')(&NC/&#'/%R6+(564_(S#("+-1')/"6-/%1'(4+(&#(A%1F"#@.%+(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(M"/242;#,({aQI('1K(T(7TMM>?_(8M9<8`8K(

;;K( [1)/#(+(5%&*#I(G6%93#/32'G=+#H'$,'I2"5%-(=>K

;:K( !#)%&%1(5+F6"1&#(#'4(f+#'(J#))%'163I(N#34#299%#6,'G29:G6%9g%#/(7\#4"%4_(51-%2/2(4+)(,%))%1')(#D"%-#%'+)I(TMMM?K

;LK( ^.+(%'#--6"#/+(%'D1",#/%1'()/#/%'F(/.#/(4+(516$#("+-+%*+4(/.+(/%/&+(1D( *%-+"1H(B#)( 4%))+,%'#/+4(,#%'&H( *%#(!"6-+([.#/B%'N)( '1*+&I(B&,'C#3,628'20'!"#$%&K(5++(S#BI(bC(-#""+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(8=g(#'4(S#BI(!"#$%&I(8L9<8L=K(d6"#'(7JA"$7/I(TT?(#&)1()/#/+)(/.#/(4+(516$#("+-+%*+4(/.+(/%/&+(1D(*%-+"1HK(

;9K( CD/+"(8=T`I(#(,#'(B.1)+(&#)/('#,+(B#)(G#FA#(1--6@%+4(/.%)(@1)%</%1'K

;=K( S#BI(!"#$%&I(8L=K

;>K( [1)/#(+(5%&*#I(G6%93#/32'G=+#H'$,'I2"5%-(>MK

:MK( 5++(S#BI(bC(-#""+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(T`K

:8K( f1.'(G6'-#'I(B6%@,+/'#9'P,/4,69'J06#3%'#9'SUod'%9$'SUoiL'D2*:;6#/#9A'%'X2"69,8'062*'P&8$%&-'4&62"A&'4&,'p#9A$2*'20'N%&2*,8-'42'J$2022$#%' #9' 4&,' m94,6#26( 7S1'41'_(0"#'E([#))I(8>L=(r8=;9s?I(*1&K(8I(TM;g(#'4(S#BI(bC(-#""+%"#(4+(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#Ic(T=K

:TK( [."%)/%#'(4+(516$#I(46"%'F(/.+(*%)%/(1D(0"#'-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#N)(,+,1"%#&I(5%'FA1,+H(7X6%4#.?I(f6'+(8>I(TMM:K(

:`K( 5++(C'#(S6-%#(C"#6O1I(bJ+'16+"(#*+-(&+(@#))2(A"2)%&%+'_(&#("+-1'<)/"6-/%1'(46(@#/"%,1%'+(@1)/</"#6,#/%R6+(-.+$(&#(D#,%&&+(G+(516$#(#6(!2'%'c( %'(B6%"*%4#/*,'32++,34#0';2"6';%46#*2#9,I( +4K(#+B)%+<B%-E%"#'4($6$#)I(`M:<``MK

T_:) E6,'&5%'=) =%,3) k!&%') (') A-$P!) R/",%,%-$*) 6!2'X) !6() Z!5%() (')516$#I([1/1'16I(f6&H(T`I(TMM:K

::K( U4'#(!#HI(P#@,/'20'4&,'M,2;%6$L'[,9$,6-'Q2+#4#3/'%9$'D"+4"6,'#9'4&,'p#9A$2*'20'N%&2*,8(7[.#"&1//+)*%&&+I(aC_(Y'%*+")%/H(1D(a%"<F%'%#(]"+))I(8>>=?I(8=Mg(#'4(U4'#(!#HI(b]"1/+-/%1'I(]1&%/%-#&(U3%&+I(#'4( /.+(C/&#'/%-(5&#*+(^"#4+_(P%)/1"H(#'4([1&&+-/%*+(\+,1"H( %'(G#.1,+HIc(I+%@,68'%9$'J.2+#4#29(TTI('1K(8(7TMM8?I(8L<8=K

:LK( 5++(S6%)(Z%-1&#6(]#"+)I(b^.+(f+O+(%'(/.+( #̂,A1"(4+(\%'#(1D(\#"#<'.e1(#'4(%'(/.+([#'41,A&2(1D(!#.%#Ic(I+%@,68'%9$'J.2+#4#29'TTI('1K(8(7TMM8?I(>8<88:K

Page 24: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!"#$$%&'()*+#"%*$(,(,!,

$#%

:9K( 5++( ]%+""+(a+"F+"I( bS+( -6&/+( 4+)( *1416'( 4NCA1,+H( #6"#%/<%&( 2/2(#@@1"/2( w( 5#%'/( S16%)( 4+(\#"#'.e1( @#"( &#(,v"+( 46( "1%(d.v$1Wc(q4"$,/' N%&2*=,99,/( =( 78>:T?I( TT<T`g( U4'#( !#HI( b]"1/+-/%1'I(]1&%/%-#&(U3%&+(#'4(/.+(C/&#'/%-(5&#*+<^"#4+_(P%)/1"H(#'4([1&&+-/%*+(\+,1"H( %'(G#.1,+HIc( %'(Z,4&#9^#9A' 4&,'J06#3%9'N#%/;26%L'B&,'K%^#9A'20'%']+%3^'J4+%94#3'P26+$'#9'4&,']#A&4'20'],9#9'%9$']6%5#+I(+4K(o"%)/%'(\#''(#'4(U4'#(dK(!#H(7S1'41'_(0"#'E([#))I(TMM8?I(:9(#'4(f64%/.(d&+#)1'I(JA24#*,L'O,6'M,A,9$(7Z+B(h1"E_(d"1)),#'I(8>9M?K(

:=K( %%+""+(a+"F+"I(!/'M#.,642/L'I,4,'3%*#9&2/'9%'+#.,6$%$,'$,',/36%@2/'$%'.%&#%'92'/=3"+2'lml'75#&*#41"_([1""6@%1I(8>>T?I(98<9TK

:>K( S#BI(!"#$%&I(8LLK

LMK( S#BI(!"#$%&I(899(#'4(!#HI(P#@,/'20'4&,'M,2;%6$-'89>K

L8K( 0%&,+4( %'/+"*%+B(B%/.( [."%)/%#'( 4+( 516$#( #'4(G#*%4( 4+( 516$#I(46"%'F( /.+( *%)%/( 1D( 0"#'-%)-1( 02&%3( 4+( 516$#N)( ,+,1"%#&I( 5%'F<A1,+H(7X6%4#.?I(f6'+(8>(TMM:K

LTK( S#BI(!"#$%&I(T8:K

L`K( 0%&,+4( %'/+"*%+B(B%/.(G#*%4(4+(516$#I(46"%'F( /.+(*%)%/(1D(0"#'<-%)-1(02&%3(4+(516$#N)(,+,1"%#&I(5%'FA1,+H( 7X6%4#.?I( f6'+(8>I(TMM:K(

L;K( Q'/+"*%+B(B%/.(U,%&+(X&16F16416I(X6%4#.I(f6&H(T;I(TMM:K(

L:K( 0"+4+"%-E( UK( 01"A+)I( N%&2*,8' %9$' 4&,' N%&2*%9/F' ],#9A' 4&,'12"69%+/'20'BW2'K#//#29/'42'4&,'p#9A'20'N%&2*,8'%9$'Z,/#$,93,'%4'&#/'D%;#4%+' #9' 4&,'r,%6/'SUo('%9$'SUdj( 7S1'41'_(0"#'E([#))K(8>LL(r8=:8s?I(*1&K(QI(8ML<8M=K

LLK( G#*%4(4+(516$#I(46"%'F(/.+(%'/+"*%+B(B%/.(P1'1"2(02&%-%+'(f6&%e1(4+(516$#(7[.#-.#(aQQQ?(#'4(G#*%4(4+(516$#I(5%'FA1,+HI(X6%4#.I(f6'+(8>I(TMM:K(

L9K( G6'-#'I(B6%@,+/'#9'P,/4,69'J06#3%'#9'SUod'%9$'SUoiI(*1&(QI(88;K

L=K( S#BI( b^.+( C/&#'/%-( 5&#*+( ^"#4+( %'( S1-#&( P%)/1"H( V"%/%'F( %'(X6%4#.Ic(T9;('TMK

L>K( d6"#'I(JA"$7/I(TM`<TM;K

9MK( Q'/+"*%+B(B%/.(P1'1"2(02&%-%+'(f6&%e1(4+(516$#(7[.#-.#(aQQQ?(#'4(G#*%4(4+(516$#I(5%'FA1,+HI(X6%4#.I(f6'+(8>I(TMM:K

98K( ]#6&(UK(S1*+O1HI(B6%9/026*%4#29/'#9'I+%@,68L'J'O#/4268'20'I+%@,68'#9'J06#3%(T'4(+4K(7[#,A"%4F+_([#,A"%4F+(Y'%*+")%/H(]"+))I(TMMM?I(T8K

Page 25: Forgetting and Remembering the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Legacy

!,!,(,(-#"'*..%&'(/&0(1*+*+2*"%&'(.3*(4.5/&.%6(75/8*(9"/0*

$#&

9TK( t&%)2+( 516,1''%I(N%2*=' ,' 2'*"9$2' %4+s94#32( 75U]PQ5I( 516/.<516/.(U3-.#'F+(]"1F"#,,+(D1"(J+)+#"-.(1'(/.+(P%)/1"H(1D(G+*+&<1@,+'/I([+'/"1(4+(U)/641)(CD"1<C)%|/%-1)I(TI(TMM8?I(8`K

9`K( C)(0"+H"+( )/#/+4( /.%)(!"#$%&%#'( %4+'/%/H( b)6#*%$16<#)( #R6%(1(}&+1(&zA"%-1(4#(@"1D6'4#(,%)-%F+'#me1Ic(D%/%:[6%9$,'\'I,95%+%I(T`8K

9;K( 5++( #̂&&I( bG+( &#( 42,1-"#/%+( +/( 4+)( -6&/+)( *146')( #6( !2'%'Ic(#'4( U,,#'6+&&+( o#4H#( #̂&&I( bG%'#,%R6+( 4+)( -6&/+)( *146')( +/(46( [."%)/%#'%),+( -2&+)/+( #6( 564<!2'%'Ic( D%&#,6/' $,/' I3#,93,/'O"*%#9,/(`8I('1K(;(78>>:?I(9>9<=T`(#'4(d6"#'I(JA"$7/I(T9;<T9:K