pedagogy-remembering and forgetting
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Remembering and Forgetting
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Learning
Memory Forgetting
No Learning No Memory Nothing to Forget
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Forgetting (Loss)
Incoming /
Learning /
Information
Short term
Memory
Rehearsal
Long term
Memory
Forgetting(Loss)
Encoding
(Storage)
Retrieval
(Recall)
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MEMORY
Memory can be described as the ability to retainpast experiences and the ability to recall theseexperiences.
In many circumstances, memory is important inthe professional and private lives of every livingperson. Eg: skills needed to play football,remembering a loved one's birthday or arguably
even more important, remembering which sideof the road to drive on and the importance of thelaws of gravity.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A681707http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A138368http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4122811http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4122811http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A565832http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A565832http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4122811http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4122811http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A138368http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A681707 -
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MEMORY
Atan Long (1968): A persons ability to select andreceive stimuli as information or experience, aswell as to store them in the brain
Fein (1978) : A meant of processing and storinginformation which an individual receives, andlater retrieves or recalls them when necessary
Vernon (1980) : A form of storing meaningfulinformation so as to become useful experiencesin future
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MEMORY
Memory: Process of human ability to
receive information (learning), process andstore in the brain, and to retrieves themwhen it is deemed necessary
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Information-Processing Model ofMemory
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Type of Memory
1. Episodic Experienced event orsituation
2. Semantic Meaningful information suchas concepts, principles, prepositions andknowledge
3. Procedural skills and habitualbehaviour or conditioning
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Factors that effect Memory
1. Leaning Materials
- Length of learning material
- Difficulty in learning materialEg. Quatre Vingt Dix Neuf
- Arrangement of learning material
- Meaningful learning material
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Factors that effect Memory
2. Learning Method
- Space practice versus mass practice
- Normal-Learning versus Over-Learning
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Factors that effect Memory
3. Personal factor
- Age Factor
- Sex Factor- Motivation Factor
- Emotion Factor
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FORGETTING
Forgetting Inverse to Memory
A common belief is that ourmemory decays over time.This is called decay theory: thebreakdown of information unlessit is preserved by practice and
reiteration.
?? ??
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FORGETTING
Erikson (1963) : Motive whereby
certain information is purposely
forgotten either it is treated asunimportant or less pleasant
because of individuals mental awareness
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Type of Forgetting
1. Obsolete forgetting
- Information stored in the long-termmemory and is not used or rehearsed fora long time
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Type of Forgetting
2. Forgetting due to Interference
- Information stored in long-term memory isaffected by interference of new information
- Information related to existing informationbut with different entity
-Difference time period between learningnew information and previous existing oneis very short
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Type of Forgetting
3. Forgetting due to Emotional Pressure
- Related with persons emotion and
motivation
- Information stored in the long-termmemory is unconsciously forgotten
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Factors Affecting Forgetting
Time Duration
- If learning activity given did not beingrehearsed within a certain time, the effect
will slowly fade, and as time passes by,this effect would disappear eventually frommemory or forget totally.
- Other activity after learningcould affect memory and
forgetting
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Factors Affecting Forgetting
Retroactive Inhibition
Group Learning Activity Activity to
Follow
Test
A BI PNBM BI
B BI Merarau BI
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Factors Affecting Forgetting
Proactive Inhibition
Group Learning Activity Activity toFollow
Test
A PNBM BI BI
B Merarau BI BI
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Factors Affecting Forgetting
Causes of Inhibition
- Perseveration Theory: after a lesson,learners mental nerve still continuously
active
- Competition-Response Theory:occurrence of inhibition is due to the resultof interference between 2 differentresponses
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Factors Affecting Forgetting
Forgetting Motive
- A person does not wish to remember acertain event which he had experienced.
- Not been forgotten entirely, but storeddeep in the memory and intentionallyforget them.
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Factors Affecting Forgetting
Changes of quantity and quality in memory
Quantity orlearning
materials inmemory
Quality oflearning
materials inmemory
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Teach with Meaningful learningmaterial
Use reasonable length and providesufficient time for consolidationactivities before new learningmaterial introduced
Teach in Interesting and Fun Way
Plan learning material and keep itorganized
Set up conductive learningatmosphere
Ways to
ImproveMemory orReduceForgetting
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Use Mnemonic Method to assist
memoryEg. Music Note sequel in TrebleClef-E,G,B,D,F
Draw attention by focusing on
the important content
Do sufficient revision to enhancelearning materials in the memory
Avoid Proactive and Retroactiveinhibition
Use teaching aids to illustrate theimportant part or fact
Ways to
ImproveMemory orReduceForgetting