Reviewer inFORENSIC MEDICINE

By

MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

Q1

The scope of forensic medicine can be summed in two words.

a. Absolute and complicated

b. Broad and encompassing

c. Definite and wide-ranging

d. Specific and delimiting

answer11/17/15 2

Q2

It is the inner framework of the body. It gives form and rigidity to the body, and serves to protect many vital organs.

a. Digestive system

b. Integumentary system

c. Muscular system

d. Skeletal system

answer11/17/15 3

Q3

An effect of injury that takes place when the stimulus applied is insufficient to cause injury and the body resistance is great.

a. Apparent

b. Real

c. Immediate

d. Delayed

answer11/17/15 4

Q4

Under the physics of wound production, this factor explains why an M-16 will do more damage than .38 caliber bullet.

a. Area of Transfer

b. Elasticity and plasticity of tissue

c. Kinetic energy

d. Time

answer11/17/15 5

Q5

Sensation of heat or increase in temperature.

a. Rubor

b. Calor

c. Dolor

d. Loss of function

answer11/17/15 6

Q6

Wound brought about by blunt instrument could be any of the following, EXCEPT

a. Contusion

b. Hematoma

c. Laceration

d. Incision

answer11/17/15 7

Q7

X, a doctor, wanted to kill his wife by poisoning. During dinner time, he put poison on the food of his wife. Moments after, his wife suffered excruciating pain in the stomach. Seeing his wife in agony, he pitied his wife and administered an antidote. Thus, his wife did not die. What is the crime committed by X?

a. Frustrated parricide

b. Attempted parricide

c. Serious physical injuries

d. Murder

answer11/17/15 8

Q8

answer11/17/15 9

Q9

answer11/17/15 10

Q1

The scope of forensic medicine can be summed in two words.

a. Absolute and complicated

b. Broad and encompassing

c. Definite and wide-ranging

d. Specific and delimiting

TOPIC: Medical Science in Crime Investigation

11/17/15 11

Legal Medicine definition

• Branch of medicine• Application of medical knowledge to law &

admin of justice• Application of basic & clinical, medical &

paramedical sciences to elucidate legal matters

11/17/15 12

Scope of Legal Medicine

• Broad & encompassing• Applies medical & paramedical sciences

– Wounds: surgery

– Abortion: gynecology

– Sudden death & effects of trauma: pathology

• Basic medical sciences:– Anatomy

– Physiology

– Biochemisty,

– Physics

– Other allied sciences

11/17/15 13

Nature of Study

• Knowledge in – Pathology

– Surgery

– Gynecology

– Toxicology

– Other branches of medicine

Next Question11/17/15 14

Q2

It is the inner framework of the body. It gives form and rigidity to the body, and serves to protect many vital organs.

a. Digestive system

b. Integumentary system

c. Muscular system

d. Skeletal system

TOPIC: Human Anatomy & Physiology

11/17/15 15

Systems of Human Body

1. Integumentary System- Outer covering of body

- Function: protection, regulation of temperature, sensation & excretion

2. Skeletal System- Inner framework of body

- Gives form & rigidity to body

- Protects vital organs11/17/15 16

Systems of Human Body

3. Muscular System - Changes energy from food to mechanical

energy

- Enables parts of body to move & perform work

4. Digestive System - Changes food to soluble form: absorbed by

blood & utilized by body

11/17/15 17

Systems of Human Body

5. Circulatory System - Brings food & oxygen to cells of body

- Removes waste materials

- Helps maintain even temperature of body

- Provides defenses against disease

6. Respiratory System- Supplies oxygen to cells: used for production

of energy11/17/15 18

Systems of Human Body

7. Excretory System: Anim. 1 & Anim. 2 - Collects & eliminates metabolic wastes of body

8. Reproductive System: Male & Female- Ensures perpetuation of species

9. Nervous & Endocrine Systems- Coordinate all other systems of body

- Make other systems work together harmoniously & efficiently

Next Question11/17/15 19

Q3

An effect of injury that takes place when the stimulus applied is insufficient to cause injury and the body resistance is great.

a. Apparent

b. Real

c. Immediate

d. Delayed

11/17/15 20

TOPIC: Medico Legal Aspects of Physical Injuries

Concept of Physical Injury

• Effect of some forms of stimulus on body• Effect:

– Apparent: stimulus applied insufficient to cause injury & body resistance great

– Real : effect visible

– Immediate: sharp pointed & sharp edged instrument – immediate production of stab wound

– Delayed: blund object – delayed production of contusion

11/17/15 21

SOURCE: Except as otherwise stated, the materials taken from this slide and subsequent slides were taken from - Solis, P. P. (1987). Medico-Legal Aspects of Physical Injuries. In Legal Medicine (pp. 240-285). Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing Company.

Causes of Physical Injuries

• Physical violence• Heat or cold• Electrical energy• Chemical energy• Radiation by radio-active substances• Change of atmospheric pressure

(barotrauma)• Infection 11/17/15 22Next Question

Q4

Under the physics of wound production, this factor explains why an M-16 will do more damage than .38 caliber bullet.

a. Area of Transfer

b. Elasticity and plasticity of tissue

c. Kinetic energy

d. Time

11/17/15 23

TOPIC: Physical Injuries Brought about by Physical Violence

Effect of Physical Violence

• Production of wound• Wound:– Solution of natural continuity of any tissue of

living body

– Disruption of anatomic integrity of tissue of body

– Interchangeably used w/ wound

– NOTE: physical violence not always resulting to wound but wound always result of physical violence

11/17/15 24

Physics of Wound Production

• Wound = kinetic energy X time X area X “other factors”

• Kinetic Energy = MV2/2• Kinetic Energy:– Explains why M-16 bullet (speed: 3,200 ft/sec)

will do more damage than .38 caliber bullet (heavier but has much slower velocity)

• Time: – Shorter time of transfer of energy, greater

production of damage11/17/15 25

Physics of Wound Production

• Area of transfer– Larger area of contact, lesser damage to body

– Instrument for stabbing greater than blunt instrument

• Other factors– Less elastic & plastic tissue, greater laceration

– Movement of parts of body resulting from force applied & local stretching of tissue cause internal injuries

11/17/15 26Next Question

Q5

Sensation of heat or increase in temperature.

a. Rubor

b. Calor

c. Dolor

d. Loss of function

11/17/15 27

TOPIC: Vital Reaction

Vital Reaction

• Sum total of all reactions of tissue or organ to trauma

• Reaction observable macroscopically & microscopically

• Reactions of living to tissue to trauma:– Rubor: redness or congestion of area due to

increase of blood supply as part of reparative mechanism

11/17/15 28

Vital Reaction

• Reactions of living to tissue to trauma:– Calor: sensation of heat or increase in

temperature

– Dolor: pain on account of involvement of sensory nerve

– Loss of function: tissue losing ability to function normally

11/17/15 29

Vital Reaction

• Importance: differentiates ante-mortem injury vs post-mortem injury

• Vital reactions not observable:– Physical injuries inflicted during agonal state

– Sudden death, ex: sudden coronary occlusion

11/17/15 30Next Question

Q6

Wound brought about by blunt instrument could be any of the following, EXCEPT

a. Contusion

b. Hematoma

c. Laceration

d. Incision

11/17/15 31

TOPIC: Classification of wounds

Classification of Wounds

• As to Severity– Mortal wound: capable of causing death

• Heart & big blood vessels

• Brain & upper portion of spinal cord

• Lungs

• Stomach, liver, spleen & intestine

– Non-Mortal Wound: not capable of producing death

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Classification of Wounds

• Instrument Used– Blunt instrument: contusion, hematoma,

lacerated wound

– Sharp instrument: (1) incised wound – sharp-edged instrument; (2) punctured wound – sharp-pointed instrument; (3) stab wound: sharp-edged & sharp pointed instrument

– Tearing force: lacerated wound

– Change of atmospheric pressure: barotrauma11/17/15 33

Classification of Wounds

• Instrument Used– Heat/Cold: frostbite, burns or scald

– Chemical explosion: gunshot/shrapnel wound

– Infection

11/17/15 34

Classification of Wounds

• Manner of Infliction – Hit: bolo, blunt instrument, axe

– Thrust/Stab: bayonet dagger

– Gunpowder explosion: projectile/shrapnel wound

– Sliding/rubbing or abrasion

11/17/15 35

Classification of Wounds

• Depth of Wound

– Superficial: only layers of skin

– Deep: inner structure beyond layers of skin• Penetrating – no exit: punctured, stab &

gunshot wounds• Perforating – w/ exit

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Classification of Wounds

• Relation of Site of Application of Force & Location of Injury– Coup Injury: injury @ site of application of

force

– Contre-Coup Injury: injury opposite site of application of force

– Coup Contre-Coup Injury: injury @ site & opposite site of application of force

11/17/15 37

Classification of Wounds

• Relation of Site of Application of Force & Location of Injury– Locus Minoris Resistencia: injury not @ site &

opposite but areas offering least resistance. Ex: blow on forehead, contusion @ eyeball

– Extensive injury: injury on greater area more than site of application of force. Ex: fall from height, run-over victim of vehicular accident

11/17/15 38

Classification of Wounds

• Special Types of Wounds

– Defense wound: result of instinct of self-protection

– Patterned wound: w/ nature & shape of object/instrument

– Self-inflicted wound: produced on oneself but no intention to end life

11/17/15 39

Classification of Wounds

• Self-Inflicted Wounds: Motive– Pension/workman’s compensation

– Escape obligations/punishment

– New identity/destroy existing one

– Attention/sympathy

– Psychotic behavior

11/17/15 40Next Question

Q7

X, a doctor, wanted to kill his wife by poisoning. During dinner time, he put poison on the food of his wife. Moments after, his wife suffered excruciating pain in the stomach. Seeing his wife in agony, he pitied his wife and administered an antidote. Thus, his wife did not die. What is the crime committed by X?

a. Frustrated parricide

b. Attempted parricide

c. Serious physical injuries

d. Murder 11/17/15 41

TOPIC: Legal Classification of Physical Injuries

Legal Classification of Physical Injuries

• Mutilation (Art. 262)– Elements

– Penalty

– Important Points to Remembers

• Serious Physical Injuries (Art. 263)– Element & Penalty

– Important Points to Remember

11/17/15 42

Legal Classification of Physical Injuries

• Administering Injurious Substances/Beverages (Art. 264)– Elements

– Penalty

– Important Points to Remembers

• Less Serious Physical Injuries (Art. 265)– Elements

– Penalty

– Important Points to Remembers11/17/15 43

Integumentary System Animation

• Skin: true integument covering surface of body

• Largest organ of vertebrate body• 15-16% of total body weight of adult human• 17.5 sq ft for ave. woman; 20 sq ft for ave.

man• 1-2 mm thick

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Integumentary System

• Layers– Epidermis (thinner; 10-30 cells thick)

– Dermis (thicker)

• Melanocytes – Scattered at juncture between deep layers of

epidermis & dermis

– Cells producing dark pigment melanin

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Integumentary System

• Melanin – Absorbs UV rays

– Tanning: increase in melanin production by much exposure of UVR

– Light vs Dark: Production of melanin

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Stratum Corneum: a.k.a. cornified layer or horny layer; outermost layer; flat, arranged in rows as dead cells.Stratum Lucidum: a.k.a. hyalin layer; flat & translucent dead cells; appears only on palms & solesStratum Granulosum: a.k.a. granular layer; initiates process of keratinization (dying process of cells); last of living cells.Stratum Spinosum: a.k.a. spinous layer; “pickle cells” – many sided cells w/ “spines” protruding from surface. Stratum Basale: a.k.a. stratum germinativum or generating layer; creates new cells; deepest layer; parallel to basement membrane.

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Dermis

• Contains: – Muscle fibers

– Glands

– Pigment cells

– Blood vessels

– Sensory nerves

• 15-40 times thicker than epidermis• Subcutaneous layer

– Beneath dermis

– fat-rich cells of adipose tissue: acts as (1) shock absorbers & (2) insulation to conserve body heat

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The Skin Animation

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Skeletal System Animation

• Skeleton: framework of animal body, composed of– Cartilage

– Bone

– Combination of both

• 2 Parts– Axial Skeleton

– Appendicular 11/17/15 50

Axial Skeleton

• Skull• Vertebral Column• Ribs• Sternum

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Upper pectoral appendages (arms) & girdle (scapula: shoulder blade& clavicle: collarbone)

• Lower pelvic appendages (legs) & girdle (ilium, ischium, & pubis, collectively called as hips)

11/17/15 52

Appendicular Skeleton

Arms Legs

Upper arm Humerus Thigh Femur

Forearm Radius & Ulna

Shank Tibia & Fibula

Wrist Carpals Knee Cap Patella

Palm metacarpals ankle Tarsals

Fingers Phalanges Sole Metatarsals

Toes Phalanges

11/17/15 53

Appendicular Skeleton

• Distribution of Bones: (1) adult human: 206 bones; (2) Infants: over 270 bones

Skeleton No. Skeleton No.

Cranium 8 Face 14

Ears 6 Hyoid 1

Vertebral column 26 Sternum 1

Ribs 24 Pectoral girdle & arms 64

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Muscular System

• Tissues w/ ability to contract• Myofibril: basic unit of all muscles; minute,

thread-like structure • Muscle fiber: each muscle cell; contains

several myofibrils: myofilaments of 2 types, thick & thin.

• Thick myofilament: several hundred molecules of protein myosin

• Thin myofilament: 2 strands of protein actin11/17/15 55

Muscular System Animation

• Human body has 3 types of muscles:– Skeletal muscles

– Smooth muscles &

– Cardiac muscles

11/17/15 56back

Digestive System

• Chain of organs:

– Mouth

– Oral cavity

– Pharynx

– Esophagus

– Stomach

– Small intestine

– Large intestine

– Anus

11/17/15 57

Digestive System Animation

11/17/15 58back

Circulatory System Animation

• After process of digestion, digested food delivered to all parts of body by blood stream

• Blood picks up nutrients @ small intestine, & transports to approx. 17 billion cells; transports oxygen to cells; collects waste materials for elimination

• Heart: pumping station of blood system; cone, muscular organ size of fist; middle of chest cavity; lower end pointed to left11/17/15 59

Circulatory System Animation

• Heart: 4 chambers– Atria (upper 2)

– Ventricles (lower 2)

• Heart Beat: – Systole: alternate contraction

– Diastole: relaxation

Separated by atrio-ventricular valves; tricuspid valve: right & bicuspid valve: left. Valves: allow blood to flow down only, never up. VEINS: carry blood into atria; ARTERIES: carry blood out of ventricles

of muscular walls

11/17/15 60

Circulatory System

• Blood Vessels: circulates thru body by means of tubes that varyin size & function

– Arteries

– Veins

– Capillaries

back11/17/15 61

Respiratory System

• Breathing mechanism operates throughout lifetime: taking in oxygen & giving off carbon dioxide

• Comparative absence & survival– W/out food for 40 days: survives

– W/out water for 5 days: survives

– W/out oxygen for only a few minutes: death

11/17/15 62

Respiratory System Animation

• Respiratory Tract: – Nostrils

– Pharynx (throat)

– Glottis

– Larynx (voice box)

– Trachea (windpipe)

– Bronchi

– lungs11/17/15 63

Respiratory System Animation

back11/17/15 64

Skull

• Framework of head• Most complex of all parts of endoskeleton• Cartilaginous during embryonic stage• Includes:

– Cranium (primary brain case)

– 3 pairs of sense capsule for organs of smell, sight & hearing

– Visceral skeleton for tongue (hyoid apparatus)

– Ear (incus, malleus, & stapes) for sound conduction

– Throat

11/17/15 65

Skull

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Skull Animation

11/17/15 67back

Vertebral Column

• Backbone • Main axial support of vertebrates• Composition: segmentally arranged

vertebrae from base of skull to tip of tail• Protects spinal cord• Provides rigidity of body• Direct or indirect attachment of

appendicular skeleton11/17/15 68

Vertebral Column

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Adult human: 26 vertebrae- 7 cevical vertebrae (neck)- 12 thoracic vertebrae

(chest)- 5 lumbar vertebrae (lower

back)- 1 on pelvis (sacrum)- 1 on tail (coccyx)

SOURCE: General Anatomy & Physiology. (2012). Retrieved August 15, 2012, from Wisc-Online: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12104

Vertebral Column

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Ribs

• Series of cartilaginous/elongated bony structures attached to vertebrae

• Stout, arched structures surrounding thoracic cavity & uniting ventrally w/ sternum

• Forms thoracic cage• 12 pairs of ribs – 1st-7th pairs: true ribs,

directly attached to sternum; 8th-10th pairs: false ribs, ends unite w/ cartilages of true ribs; 11th-12th pairs: floating ribs, ends terminate freely

11/17/15 71

Ribs

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Sternum

• Breatbone• Elongated structure lying in central portion

of chest• Flat & narrow• 3 parts: (1) manubrium: upper part; (2)

gladiolus: middle/body & largest part; (3) xiphoid: lowest portion

• Protect heart; holds sternal ends of ribs & some abdominal muscles11/17/15 73

Sternum

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Skeletal Muscles

back

• Attached to skeleton by tendon

• Responsible for voluntary movement of body

• A.k.a. striated muscles: striations made by alternating light & dark bands of myofibrils

11/17/15 76

Smooth Muscles

• A.k.a. visceral muscles• Found in internal organs (involuntary

movement)• Involved in automatic process w/out

conscious actions: disgestion & blood pressure

back11/17/15 77

Cardiac Muscles

back

- Only in heart- W/ striations like

striated muscles (skeletal muscles)

- Involuntary contraction of heart

11/17/15 78

3 Types of Muscles

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Arteries

- Large, elastic, thick-walled tubes

- Carry blood away from heart

- Location: deep w/in body; exception: in wrists, temples, & neck – felt pulsating very near surface

back11/17/15 80

Veins

- Large, inelastic tubes

- Carry blood back to heart

- Walls: equipped w/ valves preventing blood from flowing backward

back11/17/15 81

Capillaries

• Extremely fine tubes • Form network throughout body• Connect small arteries (arterioles) &

small veins (venules)

• Pathway for exchange of dissolved materials between blood & cells

back

11/17/15 82

Heart: 4 Chambers

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Heart Beat

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Melanocytes

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7 Cervical Vertebrae

11/17/15 86back

SOURCE: General Anatomy & Physiology: The Seven Cervical Vertebrae. (2012). Retrieved August 15, 2012, from Wisc-Online: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12104

12 Thoracic Vertebrae

11/17/15 87back

SOURCE: General Anatomy & Physiology: The Twelve Thoracic Vertebrae. (2012). Retrieved August 15, 2012, from Wisc-Online: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12104

5 Lumbar Vertebrae

11/17/15 88back

SOURCE: General Anatomy & Physiology: The Five Lumbar Vertebrae. (2012). Retrieved August 15, 2012, from Wisc-Online: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12104

Sacrum & Coccyx

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SOURCE: General Anatomy & Physiology: The Sacrum and the Coccyx. (2012). Retrieved August 15, 2012, from Wisc-Online: http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12104

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Elasticity & Plasticity

• Ability of tissue to return to its “normal” size & shape after being deformed by pressue

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Agonal

• “pertaining to death or extreme suffering.”SOURCE: agonal. (2012). Retrieved August 18, 2012, from The Free Dictionary by Farlex: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/agonal

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Sudden Coronary Occlusion

• Coronary refers to “arteries carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients essential to the normal functioning of the heart muscle.”

• Occlusion refers to blockageSOURCE: Team, T. N. (2010, January 11). What is coronary occlusion? Retrieved August 18, 2012, from netdoctor: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/ate/heartandblood/203287.html

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Contusion

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Soft Tissue Emergencies. (2007, January 27). Retrieved August 18, 2012, from http://www.raems.com/softtissueemergencies.htm

Hematoma

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Dreisbach, B. (2011, July 16). Boxing: See Pictures of Pawel Wolak's Face After Brutal Fight with Delvin Rodriguez. Retrieved August 18, 2012, from bleacher report: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/769287-see-pictures-of-pawel-wolaks-face-after-brutal-fight-with-delvin-rodriguez

Lacerated Wound

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Cosmell, H. (2011, May 3). 9 Of The Worst Beatings in Boxing/MMA History. Retrieved August 18, 2012, from totalprosports.com: http://www.totalprosports.com/2011/05/03/9-of-the-worst-beatings-in-boxing-mma-history/

Incised Wound

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Eriksson, S. (2012). The Med Cell: The Foot. Retrieved August` 18, 2012, from Fight Times: http://www.fighttimes.com/magazine/magazine.asp?article=396

Punctured Wound

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Home Treatment for Puncture Wound. (2009, September 18). Retrieved August 18, 2012, from hometreatment net: http://hometreatment.net/home-remedies/common-injuries/home-treatment-for-puncture-wounds/

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Stab Wound

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Lyle, D. (2010, February 20). Stab Wounds Don’t Always Kill. Retrieved August 18, 2012, from The Writer's Forensic Blog: http://writersforensicsblog.wordpress.com/2010/02/20/stab-wounds-don%E2%80%99t-always-kill/

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Barotrauma

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Sinus Barotrauma Symptoms and Treatment. (2012). Retrieved August 18, 2012, from best-diving.org: http://best-diving.org/barotrauma-and-diving/137-sinus-barotrauma/162-sinus-barotrauma-symptoms-and-treatment

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Frostbite

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SOURCE: Stöppler, M. C. (2012). Frostbite (cont.). Retrieved August 19, 2012, from emedicinehealth: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/frostbite/page3_em.htm

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Scald

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Scald Prevention. (2012). Retrieved August 19, 2012, from National Fire Protection Association: http://www.nfpa.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=2360&itemID=55362&URL=Safety%20Information/For%20consumers/Unintentional%20injuries/Scald%20prevention

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Gunshot Wound

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Grey, T. (n.d.). Firearms Tutorial. Retrieved August 19, 2012, from http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/FORHTML/FOR018.html

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Shrapnel Wound

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Addario, L. (n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2012, from lynseyaddario.com: http://www.lynseyaddario.com/#/iraq-medics/42-15133312

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Coup Injury

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SOURCE: Child Head Injury - Brain Injury in Children. (n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2012, from braininjury.com: http://www.braininjury.com/children.shtml

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Contre-Coup Injury

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SOURCE: El Sayed, T., Mota, A., Fraternali, F., & Ortiz, M. (n.d.). Biomechanics of traumatic brain injury. Retrieved August 19, 2012, from Fernando Fraternali research: http://www.fernandofraternaliresearch.com/article.asp?id=7&pg=3

Defense Wound

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SOURCE: Taylor, J. R. (2009, November 17). Love Hurts: Theories on Relationship Violence. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from Living Las Vegas: http://living-las-vegas.com/2009/11/preventing-relationship-violence/

Self-Inflicted Wound

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SOURCE: Marazzi, P. (n.d.). Self-inflicted wounds on arm. Retrieved August 20, 2012, from Sciencephotolibrary: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/264295/view

Elements of Mutilation

1. Castration (intentional mutilation (totally/partially) of organ for reproduction

a. Castration

b. Intention

2. Mayhem – lopping/clipping off any part of body other than organ for reproduction

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Penalty of Mutilation

1. Castration – RT-RP

2. Mayhem – PM med & Max

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Mutilation: Important Points to Remembers

1. Castration: intentional

2. 1 degree higher: victim ↓12 yrs old

3. Offender has intention to deprive offended party of part of his body

4. Mutilation – lopping/clipping off of some part of body

5. Mayhem – other intentional mutilation

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Elements & Penalty of SPI

• Becomes insane, imbecile, impotent or blind by PI = PM

• Loses: (a) use of speech/power to hear/smell, eye, hand, foot, arm, leg, (b) use of any such member; becomes incapacitated for work = PC med & max

• (a) becomes deformed; (b) loses of any member of body; (c) loses use thereof, (d) becomes ill/incapacitated for work for ↑90 days = PC min & med

• Becomes ill/incapacitated for labor for ↑days & not ↑90 days = AM max to PC min

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Mutilation: Important Points to Remember

1. Commission: wounding, beating, assaulting/administering injurious substance

2. Also by reckless imprudence/simple imprudence/negligence

3. No intent to kill4. Blindness (complete) & loss of eye:

(a) par 1 – both eyes; (b) par 2 – 1 eye only

5. Loss of power to hear: (a) par 2 – both ears; (b) par 3 – 1 ear only

6. Loss of hand/incapacity of usual work: permanent

7. Par 2: principal members of body; par 3: any other member not principal member of body

8. Deformity: (a) physical ugliness, (b) permanent & definite abnormality, & (c) conspicuous & visible

9. Deformity by loss of teeth: not reparable by nature

10. Illness: not healing w/in period11. Medical attendance not important in

SPI12. Pars 2 & 3: must have work at time

of injury13. Par 4: incapacity for labor14. Illness/incapacity for labor: needs

proof; otherwise, slight PI only15. SPI by excessive chastisement by

parents: not qualified.

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