For

Miss Sharifah Syahirah

By

AMIRUL BIN MAHAYUDDIN

DIANAH DAIMEL

SITI ASMAH BINTI MAHDI

Refers to the wars that took place in

the year 1912-1913 that were fought

over the last of the European

territories against the Ottoman

Empire

Tensions among the Balkan states over their

rival to the provinces of Ottoman-

controlled Roumelia, namely Eastern Roumelia,

Thrace and Macedonia.

The Balkans aimed at securing both more

complete protection for the provinces' Christian

majority and protection of the status quo.

Serbia's aspirations towards Bosnia and Herzegovina were thwarted by the Austrian annexation of the province in October 1908. The Serbs then focused their attention to the south for expansion

After the annexation the Young Turks tried to induce the Muslim population of Bosnia to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire

These immigrants were settled by the Ottoman authorities in those districts of north Macedonia where the Muslim population was weak

Their presence in Kosovo and north Macedonia proved to be a catastrophe for the Empire since they readily united with the existing population of Albanian Muslims in 1912

These Muslim revolutionaries were joined by some of the Ottoman troops, who had been operating against them, mostly of Albanian origin

 In May 1912 the Albanian revolutionaries forcing the Ottomans to recognize extend regions in western Balkans as Albanian

For Serbia this was also considered problematic

They want to avoid the creation of Albanian state

On 18 October 1912, Peter I of Serbia issued a declaration 'To the Serbian

People' :

“The Turkish governments showed no interest in their duties towards their

citizens and turned a deaf ear to all complaints and suggestions. Things got so

far out of hand that no one was satisfied with the situation in Turkey in

Europe. It became unbearable for the Serbs, the Greeks and for the Albanians,

too. By the grace of God, I have therefore ordered my brave army to join in the

Holy War to free our brethren and to ensure a better future. In Old Serbia, my

army will meet not only upon Christian Serbs, but also upon Moslem Serbs,

who are equally dear to us, and in addition to them, upon Christian and

Moslem Albanians with whom our people have shared joy and sorrow for

thirteen centuries now. To all of them we bring freedom, brotherhood and

equality."

After the event of the first Balkan war, the

Albanian has successfully became an independent

state.

Despite its success, Bulgaria was dissatisfied over

the division of the spoils in Macedonia, which

provoked the start of the Second Balkan War

began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division in Macedonia

1 June 1913- Serbia and Greece formed an alliance against Bulgaria

29/30 June 1913- at night the war begun when Bulgaria king ordered his army to attack Serbian and Greece in Macedonia

10 Aug 1913- after Bulgarian were defeated, a peace treaty was been signed

Under the terms of the treaty, Greece and Serbia divided up most of Macedonia and leaving Bulgaria with only small part of region

an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between April 1992 and December 1995.

The war involved several sides. The main belligerents were the forces of the

Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia.

Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia enjoyed substantial political and military backing from Serbia and Croatia respectively.

The war came about as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from Yugoslavia in 1991, the multiethnic Yugoslavian republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was inhabited by mainly Muslim Bosniaks (44 per cent), Orthodox Serbs (31 per cent) and Catholic Croats (17 per cent), passed a referendum for independence on February 29, 1992.

This was rejected by Bosnian Serb political representatives, who had boycotted the referendum and established their own republic of Republika Srpska.

Following the declaration of independence, Bosnian Serb forces, supported by the Serbian government of Slobodan Milošević and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) attacked the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to secure Serbian territory and war soon broke out across Bosnia, accompanied by the ethnic cleansing of the Bosniak population, especially in Eastern Bosnia.

Kosovo's current status is the result of the turmoil of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, particularly the Kosovo War of 1998 to 1999.

Serbs and Albanians had both long regarded Kosovo as their own historical space.

For Serbs, it is regarded as an integral part of their collective heritage see (Battle of Kosovo in 1389)which, while considered to be a stalemate, eventually lead to the defeat of the Serbian kingdom at the hands of the invading Ottomans.

For Albanians, it is regarded as the birthplace of their ancestors, the Illyrians, and as one of the hotbeds of Albanian Culture and nationalism.

Tensions between the two communities had been simmering throughout the 20th century and had occasionally erupted into major violence, particularly during the First Balkan War, World War I and World War II

• Turkish territory in Europe was reduced to an area around Adrianople and Constantinople, Albania was established, Serbia and Montenegro almost doubled in size, and tension among the Great Powers in Europe was considerably increased.

• Greece gained southern Macedonia and island of Crete

• Serbia gained the Kosovo region and extended into northern and central Macedonia.

• Ottoman Empire lost remaining European territory as well as Macedonia and Albania• Albania was made independent under the German prince• Macedonia was divided among the Balkan allies

The Balkan Wars prepared the way for World War 1 by giving impetus to Serbian desires to annex parts of Austria-Hungary, by stiffening Austrian resolution to crush Serbia, and by giving causes of dissatisfaction to Bulgaria and Turkey.

THANK YOU