quality SANITATION

FOR SUCCESS

PART 1SANITATION & IPM

quality

SANITATION

• Latin sanitas = health• The protection of health by the

maintenance of sanitary conditions.• Our food = Micro food (same nutrients

eaten)• Meet specific regulatory requirements• 2 Basic Approaches: Response &

Prevention• 2 Basic Types of Regulations: Substantive

(Required by Law) & Advisory (Recommended) SHALL/SHOULD RULE

quality

GOALS OF SANITATION PROGRAM:

• To prevent growth of microbial spores that can include both mold and bacteria.

• To prevent insect development.• To protect the quality of our products from

process related issues that result from not running a clean system.

quality

COST OF POOR HYGIENE/SANITATION

• Loss of sales and profits• Damaged food products• Loss of consumer confidence• Bad publicity• Legal Action• Possibly company out of business & loss of

your job

quality

PPE vs. GMP• PPE = Personal

Protective Equipment• PPE = is there to protect

YOU!• Examples = Safety

Eyewear, Earplugs, Protective Toed Shoes, LOTO, Forklift Training, Confined Space Entry Requirements, etc…

• GMP = Good Manufacturing Practices

• GMP = is there to protect the PRODUCT!

• Examples = Hairnets, Shoe Covers, Clean Hands, Designated Hygiene Zones, Equipment Cleaning, Pest Prevention, etc…

quality

MICROORGANISMS COME FROM:

• Water, Air, Dust, Equipment, Sewage, Insects, Rodents, and….EMPLOYEES!

• Your skin, hands, fingernails, jewelry, hair, eyes, mouth, nose, lungs, waste organs.

• Our job is to control, reduce, and eliminate these contaminants, and we do so by our daily choices in the work place.

quality

Key Things We Do

• Integrated Pest Management Programs

• GMP Facility Audits• Sanitation Programs• Employee Training Programs• Equipment & Facility Design • Preventive Maintenance Programs• Responsive Maintenance

Programs

• PROPER CGMPs!

Clean IS Cool!

quality

Employee Training

• Understanding why we have GMPs.• Accepting the responsibility for

working in a food manufacturing environment.

• Utilizing the tools & the knowledge effectively.

• Commitment to the standards & policies.

• Working together to continuously improve the process.

quality

Recognize conditions that contribute to pest problems

and food safety issues

quality

Insects & Temperature (Heat Treatment Options)

quality

Supervisor Follow-up Supervisor Follow-up IS IS ESSENTIAL!ESSENTIAL!

You missed a

spot!

Nag! Nag! Nag!

quality

GMP Facility Auditing (Inspect what you Expect)

quality

Preventive & Responsive Maintenance

• Cleaning Access-ability vs. Safety Concerns• PM of equipment to prevent failures that can

cause oil/grease leaks, metal fatigue/broken pieces, and/or other foreign matter getting into the food stream.

• Responding to failures and repairing problems, as well as cleaning tools and parts used.

• Redesign of equipment to improve functionality and/or access-ability for maintaining it in a food sanitary state.

• Cleaning your tools.

quality

Equipment & Facility Design

• How accessible is the equipment for cleaning?

• Can the design be changed to improve the clean-ability of it?

• What tools or methods should be used?

• Does it mitigate pest or micro harborage?

• Is it on a PM Program?

• Insect Interstate/Highway System?

quality SANITATION

FOR SUCCESS

PART 2MICRO-ORGANISMS & SANITARY DESIGN

quality

MICRO CONCERNS

• An estimated 76 million cases of foodborne illness occur each year in the United States, costing between $6.5 and $34.9 billion in medical care and lost productivity (Buzby, J.C. and Roberts, T.1997, WHO statistic).

• Because food is biological in nature and is capable of supplying consumers with nutrients, it is equally capable of supporting the growth of contaminating microorganisms. (Scientific Status Summary, Institute of Food Technologists, August 2004 edition).

• Of these microorganisms, a few are the following - Salmonella, Shigella, Bacillus cereus, Cronobacter, Enterobacteriaceae.

quality

BiofilmsBiofilms

• Bacterial Attachment

• Mass with Protective Film (Slime)

• Traps Nutrients and Bacteria

• Prevents Anti-Microbial Action

• Effective Cleaning Required

quality

Growth Conditions

• In a perfect growing condition, bacteria can multiply every 20 min. As an example:

•1 cell of Salmonella = 8 cells within a hour

•4096 cells in 4 hours

•16,777,216 cells in 8 hours

quality

Growth ConditionsWater

Temperature (Room)45 – 140 F

Food

GROWTH

quality

Sanitary Design

• It is important to be able to clean the equipment required.

• One key is for the equipment to be designed to be cleanable.

• Engineers/ Contractors in a food plant play an important role in achieving a cleanable process.

quality SANITATION

FOR SUCCESS

PART 3CLEANING FACTS

quality

Cleaning Procedures

• Establish cleaning procedures on all equipment.• Establish a training program for individuals that

are doing the cleaning.• Evaluate the procedures/ individuals for the

effectiveness of the program.

quality

Types of Cleaning DRY

CLEANING• Hand Cleaning = alcohol

wipes, hand brush, scraper, cheesecloth, broom , shovel, etc.

• Vacuum Usage (central or portable, HEPA Filtered, Explosion Proof)

• Compressed Air • Mechanical Sweepers• Removing dry

debris/ingredients is critical to pest control.

WET CLEANING

• Wet = requires the action of hot water/water based cleaning compound, and chemical agent factors will include time, temperature, concentration, and flow rate or agitation. (Pipe Flow OR Brush Stroke)

• Wet = COP or CIP • Wet = Assess these risks:

electrical hazards, drainage, corrosion, and microbial activity, access to the area/equipment, & lighting.

quality

Cleaning Tools CHEMICAL

USAGE• Must follow labels and

use manufacturer’s recommended usage amounts.

• Never mix chemicals unless it has been established that it is okay to do so. (Ex: CIP Caustic Over Ride)

• Improperly mixed chemicals can cause company property and people damage.

• Understand & Follow MSDS.

UTENSILS• Dedicated usage for

product contact and non product contact surfaces.

• All containers and utensils clearly marked and identified.

• Insure all utensils are in good condition.

• Always clean utensils when finished and return to proper storage.

• Brush Color Coded Designated Program.

• Sanitizer Parts Lugs Program.

quality

CHEMICAL REMINDERS CHEMICAL USE &

CONTROL• Preparing for solution

mixing, you should ALWAYS add the chemical to a water solution, and NEVER do in the opposite order (ie, water to the chemical).

• Measure and insure mixing ratios are correct for proper usage; otherwise, have waste of chemicals, it is not an effective cleanser/sanitizer, and/or possible personal injury.

• Most of our detergents are alkaline, and our main sanitizer is an acid (Matrixx) or quat (Sterbac).

• Point to remember: follow MSDS and NEVER mix alkaline and acid together!

quality

Good Cleaning Practices: Good Cleaning Practices: ConditionsConditions

WATER:• Water has many functions in cleaning:• Provides removal of loose, bulk soils.• Mixed with detergents helps aid in soil

removal.• Helps remove dissolved and soluble

wastes away from surfaces.• Rinses detergents away from surfaces

after cleaning.• Can be used to sanitize surfaces, or in

solution with a chemical agent to sanitize.

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: ConditionsConditions

WATER:• Has surface tension.• Surface Tension – surface tension is common in all waters

(ever did a back flip off a high dive and hit the water in a half turn? Like hitting concrete!).

• Surface Tension – is that component of water that keeps it together, or the attraction of water molecules for each other. So droplet on a surface is beaded. Without surface tension, ducks could not swim, and boats would not float.

• Surfactants - in detergents are necessary to achieve effective and efficient cleaning of surfaces. A Surfactant causes the water to spread across the surface in a flat appearance, so the water contacts all surfaces, which aids in cleaning process.

• Surfactant – is a surface active agent that makes water “wetter” by reducing the surface tension.

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: ConditionsConditions

WATER:• Has water hardness scale.• Water Hardness – as water takes its path into the ground as

it is absorbed, it picks up and dissolves a combination of minerals and salts from the earth. These minerals are not removed from municipality treatment plants.

• Water Hardness – the main component of water hardness is calcium. Soap and calcium particles are naturally attracted to each other, resulting in scum formation.

• Detergents – often have components built into them to “bind up” the hardness molecules, such as calcium and magnesium, so that they won’t interfere with the effectiveness of cleaning by causing soap scum. The harder the water, the more detergent will be needed to clean effectively and efficiently; however, detergents can only have so much water conditioning material in their formulas.

• Sequestration or Chelation – the removal or inactivation of water hardness particles by the formation of a soluble complex.

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: ConditionsConditions

WATER:• Water Hardness – is measured in grains per gallon, or in

parts per million.

Soft water 0 – 60 ppm 0 – 3.5 g/g

Moderate Water 60 – 120 ppm 3.5 – 7.0 g/g

Hard Water 120 – 180 ppm 7.0 – 10.5 g/g

Very Hard Water Over 180 ppm Over 10.5 g/g

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: ConditionsConditions

SOILS:• Soils – are either water soluble or non water soluble. • Water Soluble soils – sugars, salts.• Non Water Soluble soils – fats, oils, proteins, starch,

calcium, magnesium, iron.• The basic selection of what cleaner to use is primarily a

determination based upon the soil to be removed and the surface from which the soil must be removed.

• Water Soluble – substance that, when added to water, will go into a liquid solution and will mix thoroughly.

• Saponification – the action of changing insoluble animal fats and oils into a soluble soap.

• Suspension – the action which holds up insoluble particles in a solution.

• Chemicals typically used in cleaning Food Processing equipment fall into 2 categories: Alkalines and Acids.

quality SANITATION

FOR SUCCESS

PART 4CLEANING WITH

SUCCESS

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: PrinciplesPrinciples

METHODS:• Clean by Hand (Manual), Clean Out of Place (COP),

Clean In Place (CIP), Automated Surface Cleaning Systems (Rinse & Foam). Also Dry or Wet Cleaning.

STEPS:• Prepare the area, Pre-rinse the area, Apply the

cleaning agents to the area, Post Rinse the area, Inspect the area, Sanitize the area, and Dry the area.

FACTORS: • Water Temperature, Length of Time, Chemical

Strength, and Mechanical Action.

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: PrinciplesPrinciples

Removal of soil from a surface takes 3 steps:• Soil must be separated from the surface.• Soil must be dispersed into the cleaning solution.• Soil must not be allowed to reattach to the surface.For this occur, the process must be successful, and include:• Soil and surface must be thoroughly wet for a cleaning

compound to help separate soil from surface. The cleaning compound helps loosen the soil from the surface by reducing the strength of the bond between the surface and the soil. Heat and mechanical action (scrubbing, shaking, high pressure spray, etc.) can help reduce the bond.

• Enough cleaning solution must be used to dissolve the soil. Some soils do not dissolve in solution, so it is important to break up the undissolved soil into smaller particles so it can be carried away from the surface.

• A clean surface should be rinsed or flushed to remove all dispersed soil and cleaning residues.

• The type of soil determines which cleaning compound can be used most effectively.

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: PrinciplesPrinciples

Cleaning Methods consists of four basic steps:• Pre-rinse, cleaning, post-rinse, and sanitizing.• There are also steps of preparing the area, inspecting the area, and

drying the area, as well as sampling/testing the area for cleaning success.

The typical tools used in cleaning operations include:• Air (hose), water (hose), low and high pressure sprayers, chemicals,

brushes, mops, squeegees, buckets, absorbent cloths/towels, COP tanks, CIP systems, Foaming units (wall mount, portable, and door mounted), scrub pads, microfiber towels, dustpans, brooms, dust mops, alcohol wipes, chlorine/disinfectant wipes, heaters, and blowers.

For any cleaning, the basic main factors include:• Time, Temperature, Mechanical Action, and Concentration of Solution.• This is consistent, whether you are scrubbing with a brush and a

bucket of solution, or whether you are running a CIP circuit to clean inside a pipe or vessel.

• The following factors are all critical to the overall success of the cleaning effort: the time allotted for surface contact time for rinsing or cleaning, the temperature of the solution, the amount of scrubbing action on the soil, and the chemical concentration of the solution used.

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: PrinciplesPrinciples

Sanitizing Methods:• Sanitizers are used immediately after cleaning to reduce

pathogenic and spoilage organisms on equipment. Any soil deposits remaining on the equipment after cleaning can reduce the effectiveness of a sanitizer through a dilution effect and reaction of the organic material in the soil with the sanitizing compound.

• Sanitizing methods include thermal and chemical sanitizing. • Thermal - is relatively inefficient because of the energy required.

Microorganisms can be destroyed with the correct temperature, if the item is heated long enough, and if the dispensing method and application and equipment design permit the heat to penetrate to all areas.

• Chemical – most often used in food processing plants. The efficacy of sanitizers is affected by factors such as exposure time, temperature, concentration, pH, equipment cleanliness, water hardness, and bacterial attachment.

• Cleaning - removes soil residues.• Sanitizing – reduces microbials.

quality

Good Cleaning Good Cleaning Practices: Practices: PrinciplesPrinciples

WATER in CIP:• There are 128 fluid ounces per 1 gallon of water.• Flow Rate = the gallons per minute (GPM) of solution

flow.• Laminar flow (in pipe) = x<5 feet per second (FPS), no

mechanical action, or “scrubbing” action.• Turbulent Flow (in pipe) = x>5 FPS, so have “scrubbing”

or mechanical action.• Pipe velocity is measured in feet per second (FPS).• The velocity creates the cleaning action.• Bernoulli's Principle = (physics) = concept that as the

speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within that fluid decreases. Concept is also applied to nozzles, where the flow rate is accelerated as the tube diameter is reduced and the pressure drops. If you get misting, the PSI is too high for the orifice size; if dripping, the PSI is too low for the orifice size.

quality

Chemical Usage: Factors• PH Scale – indicates the degree/strength of acidity

or alkalinity a specific cleaning or sanitizing product is. It measures the concentration or amount of hydrogen ions. The PH value helps you understand what type of cleaner you are using, or its corrosiveness, but it does not indicate it’s chemical strength.

____________________________________________________ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14

• At 0 and at 14, chemicals are most corrosive.• At 6-8, chemicals are closest to neutral PH, like

distilled water (7).• From 0-6, dealing with the acidity of a solution.• From 8-14, dealing with the alkalinity of a solution.

quality

Chemical Usage: FactorsCONCENTRATION – the strength of a chemical solution must

be measured by its concentration. Look at the percentage of a chemical in a solution, or how many ounces per gallon is used in solution to determine its strength.

• Standard - 1 ounce per gallon = 7800 PPM = 0.78% solution rate.

• Use 4 point shift average, so – 20,000 PPM = 2% solution rate. (Mathematically = 20,000/7800 = 2.56, and then 2.56 x .78 = 1.99%).

• Another look: • If Dilution Ratio is 1:10 = 13 oz. per gallon.• Math = 1:10, and there are 128 oz. of water per 1 gallon,

then 10 oz. per 100 oz., and 2.8 oz. per 28 oz., so 12.8, or 13 oz., per 1 gallon.

• If Dilution ratio is 1:64 = 2 oz. per gallon.• Math = 1:64, and there are 128 oz. of water per 1 gallon,

then 1:64 same as 2:128, or 2 oz. per every 128 oz.

quality

Chemical Usage: Factors• Detergents – a substance used for the removal of soils.• Alkaline Detergents – remove organic soils such as

fats, oils, carbohydrates, etc.• Acid Detergents – remove inorganic soils, such as

calcium, iron, (minerals) etc.• If a soil contains both organic and inorganic elements,

always clean the organic soils first (the alkalies will saponify/create soap to remove the organic deposits), followed by a fresh water rinse, then acid wash/rinse to remove inorganic soils (accumulated mineral deposits).

• Chlorine – aggressively goes after and removes the protein soil. Chlorine is also an effective sanitizer, but can be very corrosive to all metals. NEVER mix with ACIDS!

• Stainless Steel food processing equipment surfaces such as storage tanks/vessels, lines, etc. are best left in an acidic condition, making them bacteriostatic, a condition where bacteria can not grow.

• Preparing for solution mixing, you should ALWAYS add the chemical to a water solution, and NEVER do in the opposite order (ie, water to the chemical).

quality

Chemical Usage: Factors• Passivation – a periodic acid flush may improve the life of all

your stainless components. During sanitation, the protective chromium oxide film may be removed from the stainless steel surface. Cleaning with an acid solution, and cleaning the lines with sterile air will passivate the stainless steel, this allows the chromium oxide film to reform, thus extending the life of your system. After welding, to remove remaining iron filaments, it is important to clean with an acid (nitric typically, or citric). This removes the “trash debris” metal and allows the chromium oxide coating to re-establish on the surface.

• Temperature – The faster detergent, water, and soil molecules react the more efficient the cleaning becomes. For every rise in temperature of 18 degrees F, the effectiveness of cleaning doubles, to a point. For removal of butterfat in dairy, the standard temp is 140 degrees. At 140 degrees, however, you are into automated systems because over 120 degrees is potentially harmful to touch for people.

• Temperature – Pasteurization – at 161 degrees F for 15 seconds, destruction of most pathogens occurs.

• Sanitizing Criteria - 170 degrees F at 1 minute pure contact time will kill most pathogens; the legal definition requires 170 degrees F at 5 minutes minimum to qualify as sanitizing for water alone.

quality

CIP SYSTEMS: FACTORS• CIP (Clean In Place) Principle – to effectively clean in place, there

are 4 factors that are critical and that must be maximized: Time, Temperature, Mechanical Action, and Chemical Activity.

• Time – the time for pre-rinse, for alkaline or acid wash, for post-rinse, and for sanitizing are all important. Solubility of the soil load, size of vessel or length of line circuit, and amount of build up (organic or inorganic) are all key considerations in determining amount of time for each cycle.

• Temperature – the temperature of the water (or solution in water) can effect the rate of cleaning/rinsing (dissolution) and impact amount of time needed.

• Mechanical Action – this refers to the scrubbing action you get depending upon the turbulent flow, or pressure, in the circuit. Different sized piping requires different flow rates to achieve optimal agitation. The dairy standard is 5 FPS minimum, with most systems designed for 7-8 FPS.

• Chemical Activity – the effectiveness of the cleaning agent can reduce water volumes and time for contact.

• A CIP System has some basic components – CIP Supply Tank, CIP Supply Pump, CIP Return Pump, Heat Exchanger, Chemical Feed Systems, RTD, Valves, and electronic/computerized controllers.

quality

CIP SYSTEMS: Components

• CIP Supply Pump – you need and want high pressure on a supply pump because it must overcome the discharge friction in the lines as it pumps the solutions throughout the system for the circuit wash/rinse. So, you want Higher RPM, Higher Pressure, and Lower Volume. A typical Supply pump is centrifugal, with around 3500 RPM. A supply pump always has positive head pressure supply.

• CIP Return Pump - you need and want high flow/volume on a return pump because you are pulling water/solution from tanks, to avoid a backing up of solution (bath tub ring) in the tank. A typical Return pump is centrifugal, with around 1750 RPM. A return pump pulls about 10-20% more volume of solution/water than a supply pump. Can use a Liquid Ring Pump, since they are capable of pumping air/water solutions. They require larger horsepower motors however, to pump the same volume/flow.

• Cavitation – occurs typically when the inlet port of a pump is restricted. It is the process in which microscopic gas bubbles expand in a vacuum and suddenly implode when entering a pressurized area. Air eliminators are used on Return pumps to compensate for this.

• Air Operated Valves – Valves are a device that control the pressure, direction, or rate of fluid flow. Typically have either NO (Normally Open by spring and air closed) or NC (Normally Closed by spring and air opened).

• Hydraulic Shock – when pressure is with the stem and the stem slams shut, you get a valve “slamming” effect, which can rattle the pipes and damage the valve and the pipe. To offset this, you can deadhead the centrifugal pump with a burst valve to avoid this slamming effect. It is better, however, to design the circuit flow to avoid this situation entirely.

quality

CIP SYSTEMS: Components

• Sprayballs – used to clean vessels. Drilled holes in the spray head allow for directional pressurized cleaning of tank surfaces.

• Heat Exchangers – Shell and Tube style or Plate style – typical for heating the city water/cleaning solution for a CIP system. Usually tied to a boiler for steam as heat source.

• RTD (Resistive Temperature Device) – directly reads the return temperature, allows the temperature set point to be set for any value within its range.

• CIP Supply Tank – Make up wash tank where initial solution is stored and used for the circuit start. Can be chemically treated in tank, or in line, is heated through exchanger, and sent out for wash cycle.

• Chemical Feed Systems – dispensing pumps that introduce the alkaline or acid into the circuit for the washing or sanitizing needs.

• Electronic Controller (PLC) – the (typically) computerized Programmable Logic Controller that controls the cycle of the CIP system, where it holds the program recipe for how the circuit runs, what valves open and when, temperature control, flow rates, pump actions, etc.

• A typical CIP circuit is 5 FPS at 170 degrees F for about 10 minutes. (Sometimes, because of the size of systems and lines, this varies depending upon system being washed).

• The most important component of a cleaning system is the person!

quality

CIP SYSTEMS: Components Diagram

quality

CIP SYSTEMS: Flow Rates for Turbulent Flow to Clean

Here is a look at flow rates needed to clean inside piping, according to pipe diameter/size.

quality

Prevention of Issues: CIP, Cleaning and Dry-out

• During CIP/Dry-Out – Correct chemical concentration– Visual Inspections– Dry-out temperatures @ 160 F– ID all dead legs and leaking CIP Spray balls– Documentation

• Visual inspection for powder and moisture.• All gaskets, boot connectors, and other parts which cannot

be cleaned by CIP must be removed, hand cleaned, and sanitized.

• Take action when the above items are not being met.

quality

The 2009 Training References

• A List of Resources used:• Aries Supply Co., The Chemistry of Cleaning.• Rochester Midland Co., Chemical Fundamentals of Cleaning,

John Enke.• Klenzade/Ecolab, Inc., The Chemistry of Cleaning, and

Environmental Hygiene.• Spartan Chemical Co., The Chemistry of Cleaning, Todd

Seabert.• Poultry Products Safety & Quality Peak of Excellence Program,

Dept. of Poultry Science Auburn University, Cleaning and Sanitizing.

• Pieces Comicstrip-n-Charaters, c. 1986, Chawmps “wash me”, Bob Long.

• W.H.E. BioSystems & bioKinetics, CIP Design Considerations.• Madison Chemical Company, Bill Nelson, CIP Engineering.• Ecolab Chemical Co., Mark Evans, Chemical Representative.• Ecolab CIP Training Course Materials, 1996.